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3fibrarp, 


N  THE  CUSTODY  Or  TME 

BOSTON     PUBLIC   LIBRARY. 


SHELF    N° 

AOAMS 


THE 


AMERICAN    M  U  S  E  U  1^.1 

O  R 

REPOSITORY 

OF    ANCIENT    AND    MODERN 

FUGITIVE     P  I   E  C   E  S,  &c. 
PROSE    AND    POETICAL. 


'<  Wit/i  fcueetejl  fears  enruh'df 

*'  From  various  gardens  cull'd  luith  care.'' 


*' Collet  a  revircfiunt." 


VOLUME    VI. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
INTED  BY  MATHEW  CAREY. 
M.DCC.LXXXIX. 


T    O 

HIS       EXCELLENCY 

THE     PRESIDENT, 

A       K       C 

THE    HONOURABLE    MEMBERS 

OF  THE 

SENATE    AND    HOU$E    OF    REPRESENTATIVES 

OF    THE    UNITED    STATES^ 

WITH    SINCERE     WISHES, 

rOR   THE  SMILES  OF   HEAVEN 

ON    THEIR    PATRIOTIC    LABOURS 

TOPROMOTETI-I? 

VIRTUE,   PEACE,    LIBERTY,    AND   PROSPERITY 

OF    THIS    RISING    EMPIRE; 

AND 

TO    PERPETUATE    THOSE    BLESSINGS 

TO 

THE    LATEST    POSTERITY; 

THISVOLUME 
IS    MOST    RESPECTFULLY    DEDICATED, 

BY    THEIR    HUMBLE    SERVANT, 


P.hiladelpliia,  July  z^,   1789. 


MATHEW    CAREY. 


THE  friendly  and  fuccefsful  endeavours  of  feveral  gentlemen,  dur- 
ing the  profecuiion  of  the  laft  volume  of  thl^  work,  to  procure  it,  in  the 
impfior  parts  of  Pennfylvania,  and  in  Maryland  and  Virginia,  asexten- 
fiv^a  circulation,  as  it  had  already  obtained  in  other  parts  of  the  union, 
demand  the  moil  fincere  acknowledgments  from  the  printer, 

CoNsc  lous  of  the  imperfeftions  of  this  publication,  he  folicits  a 
continuation  of  that  indulgence  which  he  has  hitherto  experienced  frora 
Iii.s  candid  readers. 

The  infertion  of  original  produftions  having  met  with  general  appro- 
bation, he  requcUs  the  further  correfpondence  of  thofe  gentlemen  who 
have  already  favoured  hiin  with  their  writings.  To  other  literary  cha- 
ratlers,  one  obfervation  is  rcfpectfuUy  oflered — that  the  general  diflu- 
fion  of  the  American  Mufeiim.  throughout  the  united  ftates,  feems  to 
ponu  it  out  to  every  man,  blelFed  by  nature  with  talents  to  increafe  the 
knowledge  or  happinels  of  his  countrymen,  as  a  proper  vehicle  to  con- 
vey his  fentimeiits  from  one  extremity  of  the  continent  to  the  other. 

By  the  adv.ce  of  judicious  friends,  he  propofes  occafionally  to  of- 
fer premiums  for  the  bell  pieces  on  given  fubjefts.  As  this  plan,  if 
properly  encouraged  by  men  of  letters,  can  hardly  fail  to  produce  fa- 
Jutary  effects,  he  hopes  it  will  meet  with  the  countenance  of  his  fellow- 
citizens. 

In  purfuance  of  this  defign,  the  following  premiums  are  now  offered: 

I.  For  the  bell  effay  on  the  liberty  of  the  prefs,  dating  f4ie  moft 
efFeclual  means  of  guarding  againfl  its  licentioufnefs,  without  impair- 
ing its  freedom — A  gold  medal. 

II.  For  the  bed  effay  on  the  proper  policy  to  be  purfued  by  America, 
with  refpett  to  manufactures — and  on  the  extent  to  which  they  may  be 
earned,  fo  as  to  avoid,  on  ihe  one  hand,  the  poverty  attendant  on  an  inju- 
rious balance  of  trade — and,  on  the  other,  the  vices — ihe  iniferv — and 
the  obftruttion  of  population,  arifing  from  affembling  multitudes  of  work- 
men together  in  large  cities  or  towns. — A  complete  fet  of  the  American 
Mufeum,  neatly  bound. 

HI.  For  the  beft  effay  on  the  influence  of  luxury  upon  morals— 
aiid  the  moll  proper  mode,  confident  with  republican  freedom,  to  re- 
train the  po:np  and  extravagance  of  ambitious  or  vain  individuals — 
Paley's  moral  philofophy — and  Locke's  effay  on  the  human  under- 
flauJing, 

The  public  may  depend  upon  the  candour  and  impartiality  of  the  gen- 
tlemen to  whole  judgment  the  merits  of  the  refpective  pieces  are  to  be 
fubrpitted. 

Communications  on  the  above  fuhjcfls,  to  be  forwarded  to 
the  primer,  free  of  poll  age,  on  or  before  the  fird  day  of  Ofiober  next, 
without  the  writers'  names  annexed  thereto  ;  but  to  be  marked  with  fuch 
oilier  fignature  as  they  may  ihink  proper;  and  to  be  accompanied  wiih  a 
fettled  paper,  coniainin;;  the  writers'  names  and  addreffes,  and,  on  the  out- 
fide,  lignatures,  ttirrefponding  with  thofe  of  the  pciformances. 


SUBSCRIBER  S'  NAMES*. 

His    Excellency   GEORGE    WASHINGTON,    efq.  prefident  of   the 
united  dates  of  America. 

Senators  of  the  unitedjlates. 

Honourable  Richard   Baffet,  efq.  fenator  for  the  Hate  of  Delaware, 
Honourable  Charles  Carrol,  efq.  fenator  for  the  ftate  of  Maryland, 
Honourable  Jonathan  Elmer,  efq.  fenator  for  the  flate  of  New  Jerf^^y, 
Honourable  Oliver  Elfworih,  efj.  fenator  for  the  Hate  of  ConneCiicut, 
Honourable  William  Few,  6fq.  fenator  for  the  flate  of  Georgia, 
Honourable  Robert  Morris,  efq.  fenator  for  the  flate  of  Pcnnfylvania. 

Members  of  the  houfe  of  repr(fcntatiz)cs  of  the  united  Jlat<s. 
Honourable  Egbert  Benfon,  efq.  member  for  the  flate  of  New  York, 
Honourable  Theodoric  Bland,  efq.  member  for  the  flate  of  Vir.jjioia, 
Honourable  Elias  Boudinot,  el<i.  member  fur  the  flate  of  New  Jei  a.  v. 
Honourable  Lambert  Cadwallader,  eiq.  member  for  ditto. 
Honourable  Daniel  Carrol,  efq.  member  fur  the  flate  of  Maryland, 
Plonourable  George  Clymer,  efq.  member  for  ;he  fla'.e  of  Pennfylvania, 
Honourable  Thomas  Fitzfimons,  efq.  member  for  ditto, 
Honourable  Thomas  Hartley,  efq.  member  for  ditto,  two  copies. 
Honourable  James  Madifon,  efq.  member  for  the  itaie  of  Virginia, 
Honourable  Thomas  Sinnickion,  efq.  member  for  the  flate  of  New  Jerfey, 
Honourable  William  Smith,  Efq,  member  for  the  Rate  of  South  Carolina, 
Honourable  Jeremiah  Wadfworth,  efq.  member  for  the  flate  of  Connecticut, 
Honourable  Alexander  White,  efq.  member  for  the  flate  of  Virf;inia. 

A.  Captain  Hugh  A\llen,  Norr.,>lk,   V. 

MMr.  Thomas  Alibone,  PluUdelohia, 

R.  Ja'.  Abercromb^e,    Philad.  Rev.  Patrick  Allifon,  D.  D.  r-alt. 

Mr.  William  Adcock,  ditto,  Mr.  W.  Alliion,    Gnfencafile,   P. 

Mr.  Jabez  Adgate,  d  tto,  Captain  W.  Alflon,  Charjellon.  S.C. 

Guillim  Aertfen,efq.Charlefton,  S.C.  Jaqiielin  Amblcr,erq.  Pv-.chinond, 

tzvo  copies  J.  P.  Airieliing,  eiq.  N.  Bremen.  Md. 

Dr.  Andrew  Aitken,  Baltimore,  R.  G.  Aniory,  efj.  Bollon, 

Mr.  John  Aiiken,  Phihutclphia,  Mr.  D.  Anderlbn,  Wai^nngtor,  N.C, 

Dr.  William  Adams,   Dover,  D.  Mr.  Jas.  Andorfon,  Marrinfljiifg,  V. 

Andrew  Albright,  efq.  Bethlcheii),   P.  Thes.  Anderfon.  efq.  Albemarle,   F, 

Roger  Alden.  eiq.  New  York,  Thos.  Anderfon,  efq.  Sullcx  co.  N.J. 

Ger.  Alexander,  efci.  Berkley  co.  F.  Rev.  John  Andrews,  D.  D.  Ph'.lad. 

Mr.  Mettor  Alexander,  Dumfries.  V.  Mr.  John  Angu';,   PeterfDure,  V. 

Dr.  NathanielAlexander.Santee.S.C.  Captain  John  Angus,   Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Jof.  Alifon,  Chamberlbiirg,    P.  Mr.  Pecer  Anfpach,    New  \  ork, 

MefT.  AUafon  &  Hunter,  Norfolk,  V.  John  Anthony,  efq.  Bertie  co.  A'.  C. 

*  In  this  lift,  r7.  fignifies  \"ermont;  Ct.  Conneflicut  ;  Ms.  MafTachu- 
fetts  ;  A^.  Y.  New  Yoik  ;  N.  J.  New  Jerfey;  P.  Pennfylvania;  D, 
Delaware;  Md.  Maryland;  F,;  Virginia;  N.C.  North  Carolina  ;  5.  C, 
South  Carolina;  G.  Georgia;  and  A'.  Kentucke, 


Sv^Jcri^eri  nsmt%. 


Mr»  Michaef  App,   Lancafter,  P, 
Mr.  Nathaniel  Appleton,,  Bofton, 
Abrah.un  Archer,  efq.  York,   T. 
Rev.  Sam.  Armor,  Cbcflertawn,  Md. 
Kev.  j.  F.  ArraRrong,  Trenton, 
Mr.  Tbos,  Armltrong,  Phibdelphia, 
Mr.  Wm.  Armltrong, WiBchefter,r, 
John  Arthur,  cfq.  Nevf  York, 
JaiKies  Afh,  efq.  Phitadclpbia, 
Mr.  James  Afh,  Wincbefler,.  T, 
Mr.  Warren  Aftley,  Suffolk,  V, 
Mr.to-hn  Aftnicad.  Philacfeiphia, 
Mr.  Peter  Afton,  d'itto, 
MeiT.  Aitwood  &  IVonfon,  N.York, 
Kr.  P.  S.  Aud.beTf.PbiiadeJpbJa, 
Mr.  Mofes  Auftiri',  Ricbtoond, 

Wm.  Bac?iop,efq.  Guilford,  A',  C. 
Mr.  Jacob  Bailey,  Lancafter,  P. 
Msjor  Wrtiiam  Baitey,  York,   V. 
Mr,  Francis  BaiHie,  Marychciler,  V, 
Mf.  John  Baiue,  Phibdelphia,. 
Mr.  Cbrifiopher  Baker,  ditto, 
HiHary  Baker,  efq.  ditto, 
Mr,  Richard  Baker,  Suffolk.  V. 
K.cv,SiephenBloomerBalch,Ceorge- 

town,  Patowmac, 
Jianiei  Baldwin,  ef(7>.  Phibdelphia, 
S.  Baldwin.  A,  M.  Char!e{ioi.,5.  C. 
Mr.  Jofeph  Ball,   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Samuel  BaUord,  Bo|{on, 
Hev.  Alex.  Balmain,  WinchEfter,^. 
Evert  Bancker,  efq.  New  York, 
Gerard  Bancker,  elq.  ireafurerof  the 

itate  of  New  York, 
Mr.  Alex.  Banks,  Manchefler,  l\ 
Mr.  John  Bankfon,  Baltimore, 
Col.  J.  Banning,  E.   Shore,   Md. 
Mr.  John  Barber,  Peterfburg,  V. 
JMr.  T.  Barclay,  G.town,  Patowmac, 
John  Bard,  M.  D.  New  York, 
Mr.  Brieii  Blake  Barker,  ditto, 
Mr.  Wm.  Barkfdale,  Peterfburg,  V. 
Dr.  Barnes,  Santa  Cruz, 
Mr.  John  Barnes,  New  York, 
John  Barnes,  efq.  Hagerftown,  Md. 
Mr.  Ifaac  Barnes,  IVenton, 
Mefl'.  G.  Barnewal!  &CO.  N.York, 
Jacob  Bartjiiz.  efq.  York,  P. 
Dr.  P.  Barraud,  Williamfburg,  V, 
Jofeph  Barrel,  efq.  Bofton, 
Gjpt,  Samuel  Barrow,  Kent  to.  Md, 
Mr.  F.dward  Bartholomew,  Philad. 
Mr.  Thomas   Bartow,  ditto, 
Rev.  John  Baffet,  Albany,  N.  Y, 
^A\.  K.  Bate,  Peterfburg,  V. 
J^aur.  Baftail,  cfq.  Caroline  co.   V, 
John  W.  Battfon,  efq.  I.ewes,  D. 
i>.c,r.hen  N.  Bayard,  efq.  Ndw  York, 


M.  Bayly,  efq.  FreJencktnwir,  Md, 
Mr.W.BaytyjGeorgetowByPaiowm. 
Caplain  W,  Bayly,  Winsbeftsr,  F, 
William   Murdock    Bcalf,  efq.  Fre- 

d'cjicktC'>wn,  Md, 
Dr.  Eb.  Beardfley,   Newhaven,  Cl. 
CajH.  Henry  Beatty,  Wincbefter,  /''. 
Dr.  John  Beatty,  Princetofl, 
Dr.  Readmg  Beatty,  Bucks  co,  P. 
MefTrs,  Tbos.  Beatly  &  co.  George- 

town,  Patowmac, 
Daniel  Bedmger,  efq^.  Norfolk, 
H,  Bcdinj^er,  efq.  Shepherdftown,^, 
Jofepb  Be«,  efq.  Charlellon,  .S.  C, 
Sjmueli  Beech,  efq,  ditto, 
Ifaac  Beers,  efq.  Newhaven,  Ct. 
Rev,  Francis  Beefton,  D.  D.  Pblb- 

c3elphi3, 
Mr.  Bell,  EHaabelbfown,  N.  J. 
Mr.  David  Bell,  Buckingham,   F^ 
Mr.  John  Bell,  Peterfburg,    F. 
Mr.  Jofepb  Bctl,  Martlnlburg,   F. 
Capt.Tbos.  Bell,  Cbarlotteville,  N.C^ 
Witliam  Bell,  cfq,  Philadelphia, 
Capt.  Wilham  Bell,  ditto. 
Dr.  Nicholas  Belleville,  Trenton, 
Dr.  Wm.  Smith  Belt,  Leefburg,   F. 
Lucas  JacobBenners,  effj.Charlefton, 
Mr.  Paul  Bentaloiij  Baltimore, 
Mr.  Benjamir* Berry,  Baltletov;rf,  F, 
Mr.  Wm.  Berr)'hill,  Greencaftle,  P. 
Mr.  Thomas  Betaqh,  Philadelphia, 
Nathaniel  Betbune,  efq.  Boflon, 
Robert  Beverly,  efq.  Blandfield,   F. 
Captain  T.  Bibby,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Charles  Biddle,  efq.  fecretary  to  the 

fupreme  executive  council  of  Penn- 

fylvania,    Phila<}elphia, 
Mr,  Clement  Biddle,  ditto, 
Mark  J.  Biddle,  efq.  Reading,  P. 
Mr.  Gilbert   Bigger,   Baltimore, 
Mr,  Billings,  Elizabethtown,  A'.  J. 
Andrew  Billmeyer,  efq.  York,  P. 
Hon,  William  Bingham,  cfq,   Phi^ 

ladelpbia, 
Mr.  Thomas  Bird,   Dumfries,  F, 
James  Black,  efq,  Newark,  D. 
Mi.  Wm.  Black,   Kempfville,  F, 
John  Blagge,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  Samuel  Blagge,  Bofton, 
Matthew  Blair,  cfq.  Annapolis, 
Mr.Anthony  L.Bleecker,  N.York, 
Blockley     &    Merrion     agricultural 

fociety,  Pennfylvania,  two  copies. 
Jofepb  Bloomficld,  efq.  attorney-ge- 
neral of  the  flate  of  New  Jerfey, 

Burlington, 
Cornelius  J.  Bogart,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  Jofepb  Boggs,  Newcaftle,  D. 
Phincas  Bond,  efq.  his  Briliftimajef- 


SvSfcTi^ri*  JtJ«KE3« 


,  ty''s  ccnM  for  «fec  flatesof  New 
York,  New  Jerfey,  P^Jinfylvania, 
Virginia,  and  MaJylaHd, 

Mordecai  Booth,  efq^  Trajjhiil,  Serk- 
iey  county,  V., 

Mr-  John  Bordley.,  Kent  c-ouTHy,  Md. 

Eiifha  BoudiKot,  efq.  Newark,  N.  J.. 

KoE,  D.   BourdeauK,  efij.    CiiarJeif- 

tOR,    S.'C. 

Jvlr.  Thomas  &o\vde,  Lancafljer,  F. 
Han.  James  Bowdoin,  ei^.  late  gover- 
nor of  MaSachuieus,  BoUonj 
Ralj?^  Bowie,  €f<!j,  York,  JP^ 
Mj-.„  Thojaias  Bowie,   Geerge-tewa, 

Pato<wnRac, 
Dr^  B«yd,  Bahinoore, 
J  oil  n  Boyd,  efq.  Nortlmnnibcr'Ia'nd.j  i*. 
Mr.  Robert  Beyd,  Richmond, 
Mr.  Hugh  Boyle,  Phiiladelphia, 
Mr.  John  Boyle,  Winchefter,  9\ 
Major  EliES  Boys,  Pkiladelfhia^ 
%ViJliatK  Bradford,  efq^  ^torney  ge- 
neral of  the  ftate  of  Pe;mfyi'7Eni2, 
Wr^  M,  Brailciord,  Ch»2-leSon,  S.  C 
Mr^  James  Brander,  Manchelier^   i\ 
Hon^  David  BrearJey,  efq^  chief  juf- 

tict  of  the  ftate  of  New  Jerfey, 
5vlr.  Luke  Breen,  Charleiion,  S.C 
?vichard  Brent,  efq^  X?uaifries,;Fl, 
Mt.  Nicholas  BrevGort,  New  York, 
Mr.  Robert  Bridget,  Philadelphia, 
rAr.  Abr.  Brinckerhoff,  New  York^ 
Ivlu  James  BringhurA.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.    Daniel  N.   Brififniade,   W.ilh- 

Mr.  Thomas  BrvttO'n,  Phi'ladeJphia, 
Daniel  BrcwJhcad,  efq.  X. 
Mt.  James  Bromley,  PeierliurjT,  V, 
iSeerpfe  Brooke.,  ef(|.  Fauquier,  V. 
Mr.  T«  Brooke,  Montgomery  co..   fi, 
C'ol,  Viv^  Brooking,  Dinwiddieco.  V^ 
Kir..  Phtlij:.  Brsoks,  Cheftertown, Svid. 
Jacob  Broome,  efe^.  Wilmington.,  J}^ 
.R.CV..   Theodore  Brouwers^  Philadel. 
■M^'Sfri.  Brown  end  Shortall,  ditto., 
Mr.,  Andrew  Browni,  ditto, 
Dj^nie!  Brov/n.,  efq.  Camden,  "5.  C 
Mr,  Jair.es  Brown,  Bsltimor?, 
.IVin.  John  Brown, Ciiarr.beri'burgj   P^ 
Jc>hr.  Brown,  efq.  fvichmond 
Mr.  John  Brown,  ChAptr.rik,  Md. 
John  lir'^wn,  efq..  Pnnce  Wm.co.  V. 
Mr..  JoVcph  Brown,  Chi-iieflon,  S.C 
Mt.  Peter  Brown,  Philadf Iphiz, 
Dr..  W.lliara  Brown,  Alexardriz, 
Mr.  William  Rnjwn,  Fhiladelphia, 
^■\Si.  Bruce,  eTq,  BlaJcnn)uriT,  'Md, 
M  r.  'I'irrjoth.y  .Brundi5.;,  Du;Trfri.2?, '/'', 
M.r.  Pot  or  Brnr.st,  Norfolk, 
jJukii.^diya.aL,  jutu  e!-j,.  Bq'Aup.^ 


Mc.  Alex.  P.  Bacli&nan,  Baltimore, 

Mfv,  Arrdrew  Buchanan,  <iitto 

Mr.  James  Buchanan,  ditio, 

Mr,  Wailtfjr  Buchanan,  IVew  York.^ 

Jamej  Buck,  eiij.  Londciz, 

Mr.  WiUiana  Buckie,   Nc%v  York, 

Mr.  Daniel  Buckley,  Pequea,  P^ 

hlv„  Bu<2den,  Philadelphia, 

M'T.  Calei)  Bugiafs.,  ditt«., 

Edv/ard  Burd,  efq.  ditto, 

Joiin  Suirgeft,  efq.  Charleiloi-, 

Dt.«  Michael  Burke,  Portfraoud),  '-y.. 

Mr.  SaBiuel  Bbirke,  Norfolk, 

Dr.  Tbofnas  Burke,  CaEibri.dge^ /ii, 

Mr.  William  Burley.,  Bolk>n,^ 

James  BurnGde.  efc^.  New  Yorlc 

Colonel  Aa^ron  Bujr,  ditto, 

John  Burral,  efq<  ditto, 

Captain    Nathaniel    Burwellj   Xing 

William  CGunty.;  /■C 
Dr.  E.  W.  BhM,   Batiletovvn,  F. 
Mr.  Henry  BuQi,  Wifiche9er,  K 
Mr,  Philip  Bu(h,  -ditto, 
James  Byrne,  efq.  Peter&nrg,  V^ 
Mu  JeQiua  B.yron.,  Pbilade^'phia, 

Mr.  Chrlftopher  Cthiil,  Philade^Iiia, 
M.r.  James  Calbraith, ditto, 
Mr..  Andrew  Caldwell,  ditto, 
Mr.  £.  C.  Caldwell,  New-Yoil, 
Mr.  James  Caldwell,  Albany, 
Mr.  Co\m  CEmpbeil,  Dumfries, '/<« 
Mr.  .Donald  Campbell,    Norfolk, 
Mr.  F.  Camph;?!!,  jun.  Shi^ipentfljurg, 
Dr.  Guft.  B.  Camj/bell,  Duinfncs.i:, 
James  Campbell,  efq.  York,   /'. 
Mr.  James  C£mpbelL,   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  James  Campbell,  Peteriburg,  V.. 
Rev.  df.  John  Campbell,   York,  P. 
John  Campbell,  ef?..  Bladen'^urg,  J/^, 
Mr.  Malcolm  Campb^-ll,  New  York, 
Mr.  Pat,  Campbell.  Ckamberiburg, 
Mr.  R.  Campbell,  Philad.  Ztopie<., 
Mr.  Thon^.as  Campbell,  dmo. 
Col.   Johu  Cannoa,  'Eiornber  of  the 

fuprefiieexeicutive  council  of  Pecn- 

'fylv^nia,  Cumherbnd  county. 
Dr.  Capeiie,   Wilmington,  iQ. 
Mr,  IMichael  Care-/.,  G-reercalMe, '/', 
Jof.  Carlton,  efq.  G..tcwn.Petowmac, 
Richard  B.  Carmichacl,   efjj.  Queen 

Anne's  county,  Md, 
Jalsn  Carne'i,  efq.  TnefnberJi   tire  fc- 

nate  of  Vir^ginia,  Portfmouih, 
Mr,  Ab..  Ce!;pcnter.  Lancalier  co,  P. 
.Mt.  Edward  Carrell,  Philadelphia, 
Hon-  Paul  <^ai!ririgtoa5  sia.  Charlotte 

-county.,  V, 
Mr.  Carroll^  Efitlern  Shore,  'Md. 
■Gii^,  Carroll, -fe.fg.,  Diidd)ngton,  Md. 


8 


Sulifcribers^  names. 


Riirht  rev.  John  Carroll,  D.  D.   bi - 

(imp  of  the  Roman  catholic  church 

ui  the  united  Hates,  Baltimore, 
Dr.  George  Carter,  Charleiton,  S,  C, 
John  Carter,  jun.  efq.  Richmond, 
R.  Carter,  efq.  Weltmoreiand  co.  V. 
Dr.  WiUiam  Carter,  fen.  Richmond, 
William  Cary,  efq.  York,   V. 
Mr.  Peter  Caianave,    George-town, 

Patowinac. 
Count  CaHighoni,  Milan, 
Mr.  John  Cathcart,  Peterfburg,   V. 
Richard  Caton,  efq.  Baltimore, 
Patrick  Cavan,  efq.  Leelbnrg,  F. 
Pe.er  Chaille,  efq,  Snovvhill,  Md. 
Jvlr.  Alex.  Chambers,  Trenton,  N'.}. 
JSlr.  G.  Chambers,  Chamberibg.    P. 
Mr.  Jofeph  Chambers,  ditto. 
Rev.  J.  Chapman,  Elizabethtn.  A\  J, 
Charleilon  Library,  5.  C. 
Edw.  Charlton,  elq,  Williamfburg,  F. 
Hon.  John  Chetwood,  efq.  jullice  of 

the  fiipreme  court  of  New  Jerfey, 

Elizabeth  town, 
Mr.  R.  B.  Chew,  Frederickfbg.    V. 
Francis  ChilfAs,   efq.  member  of  the 

ailembly  of  iVew  York, 
Abraham  Chovet,  M.  D.  Philadel. 
Mr.  Charles  Cill,  Philadelphia, 
Meffrs.   A.  &  PI.  Clagett,    Hagerf- 

town,  Md. 
Rev.  A.  L.  Claik,  Huntingdon  co. 
Mr.  John  Clark,  Richmond,  V. 
Major  John  Clark,  York,   P. 
Mr.  George  Clarke,  Greencaitle,  P. 
Jeff.  Clarke,  efq.  Gloucellerco.  N.J. 
Cerardus  Clarkfon,  M.  D.    Phiiad. 
Philip  Clayton,  efq.  Richmond, 
J.  Clerk,  efq.  Prince  George 'sco.A/i. 
Andrew     Clinefmith,    efq.    Hagerf- 

town,  Md. 
Cliofophic  I'ociety,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Mr.  N.  Clopper,  Chamberfburg,  P. 
Mellrs.  A.Clow  and  co.  Philadelphia, 
John  Clowes,  efq.  Suliex  county,  D. 
Daniel   Clymer,   ef(i.  member  of  the 

general  ailembly  of  Pennfylvania, 
Col.  William  Coates,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  John  Cobbifon,  CharleRon,  S.C. 
Mr.  Alex.  Cobean,  Frederic  co.  AW. 
Mr.  James  Cochran,  New  York, 
Dr.  John  Cochran,  ditto, 
Capt.  Nicol  Cochran,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  William  Cochran,  York  co.  P. 
William  Cock,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  R.  Cockerton,  Cheftertown,  Md. 
Mr.  Robert  Cocks,  New  York, 
Mr.  Nicholas  Coleman,  Baltimore, 
Mr.  John  Colhoun,  Chamberfbg.  P. 
Columbia  College  fociety,  New  York, 


Rev.  Nich.  Collin,  D.  D.  Philadel. 
Mr.  Ifaac  Collins,  Trenton,  A'.  ^. 
Mr.  N.  Combes,  Lamberton,  A^.  J. 
Mr.  Ger.  T.  Conn,  Hagerllown,  Md, 
Mr.  John  Connelly,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Frd.  Conrad,  jun.  Winchefter,r, 
Mr.  John  Conrad,  ditto, 
William  Conftable,  efq.  New  York, 
Richard  Conway,   efq.  Alexandria. 
Mr.  Wm.  Cook,  Chamberfburg.  P, 
Mr.  Wm.  Cook,  Charlefton,  .S.  C. 
Dr.  James  Cooke,  Delaware, 
Mr.  flamilton  Cooper,  Wincheft.  V, 
Matthew  Cooper,  efq.  New  York, 
Richard  Cooper,  efq.  Kent  county, /J. 
Mr.  James  Corran,  Peterfburg,  V. 
Mr.  C.  G.  Corre,  Charlefton,  5.  C. 
Mr.  Robert  Correy,  Philadelphia, 
Meff,  Brothers  Collar  and  co.  N.  Y, 
Dr.  John  Coulter,  Baltimore, 
Wm.  Covviin,  efq,  Lunenburg,   V, 
Col.  Roe  Cowper,  Hampton,   V. 
Col.  J.  Cowperthwaite,  Philadelphia, 
John  Coxe,  efq.  Bloomil)iiry,    N.  J, 
John  D.  Coxe,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Tench  Coxe,  efq.  ditto, 
M'm.  Coxe,  fell. efq.  Sunbiiry,  P. 
Mr.  Wm.  Coxe,  jun.  Philadelphia, 
John  Cozine,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  Nathl.  Craghill,  Martinfbg.  V, 
Adam  Craig,  efq.  Richmond, 
Dr.  James  Craik,  jun.  Alexandri.i, 
James  Cramond,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Matthew  Crane,  New  York, 
Edw.  Crawford,  efq.  Chamberfbg,  P., 
Dr.  John  Crocker,  Charleilon,  5.  C. 
William  Croft,  efq.  ditto, 
Mr.  Charles  Crookfhank,  Baltimore, 
Capt.  George  Crofs,  Charlefton,  5.  C.- 
John Cruger,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  Wm.  Cumming,  Philadelphia, 
Col,  J.  N.  Cummings.  Newark,  N.J. 
John  CunlifHe,  efq.  Richmond, 
Mr.  J.  Cunningham,  Charleilon,  S,  C. 
Mr.  Ignatius  Cnrley,  Dumfries,  F. 
Mefl".  A.  and  D.  Currie,  New  York, 
Dr.  William  Currie,  Philadelphia; 
Mr.  Thomas  Cuthbert,  d  tio, 
Leonard  M.  Cutting,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  John  C.  Cuyler,  Albany,  N.  V. 
Mr.  John  Cuyler,  jun.  ditto. 

<s> 
Mr.  Langhorn  Dade,  Dumfries,  F. 
David  Dagget,  cfcj.  Newhaven,  Ci. 
Philip  Dalbv,efq.  Wincheflcr,  F. 
A.  J.  Dallas,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  J.  Dalrymple,   Frederickfbg.  F, 
Mr.  James  Dalzel,  Richmond, 
Julius  B.  Dandridge,  efq.  ditto, 
Le  Chevalier  D'Anmours,  his  tnoit 


Subjcribers''  names^ 


chrillian  majefty's  conful,  for  the 
ftate  ofiVIarylAiid,  Baltimore, 
Mr.  John  Davau,  Elizabethtn.  h-,  J. 
Meir.  K.  Daviwi  &  CO.  HagerHn.  Md. 
F.  Davenport,  efq.  Woodbury,  A^.  7" 
MoH. Davenport  &  Triplett,Falni.  P'. 
Mr.  James  Davidfon,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Samuel  Davidfon,  George-toVk'n, 

Patovvinac. 
Mr.  Cornelius  Davis.  New  York, 
Mr.  George  Davis,  Trenton, 
Mr.  John  Davis,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Wm.  Davis,  Chelier  county,  P, 
Wm.  R.  Davi^,  efq.  Charlefton,  5\  C. 
Mr.  J.  Dawes,  jun.  Bofton, 
Major  Ben.  Day,  Frederickfbg.  V. 
Gen.  Dayton,  Elizabethtown,  A".  J. 
Mr.  J.  Dayton,  ditto, 
Dr.  J.  J,  Dayton,  ditto, 
Col.  Wni.  Deakins,   George    Town 

Patowmac, 
Peter  Pean,  efq.  New  Providence, 
James  Deane,  efq.  Cumberland,  V. 
John  Deane,  efq.  Fluntmgton  co.    P. 
John  Deas,  efq.  Charlelton,  5.  C. 
Dr.  Daniel  De  Benneville,  Mooref- 

town,   A".  J, 
Mr.  G.  De  Bernoux,  Dumfries,  V. 
Capf.  Stephen  Decatur,  Philadelphia, 
Le  Marquis  De  Chappedelam,  Paris, 
Monf.  La  Ray  De  Chaumont,  Philad. 
Hon.   St.   John  De    Crevectciir,  his 
moft  chriftian  majelly's   conful  ge- 
neral to  the  ftate  of  New  York, 
His  excellency  Don  Diego  De  Gar- 
doqui,    plenipotentiary    Encargado 
desnegocias  of  his  cathohc  majclly, 
New  York, 
Balthazar  De  Hacrt,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  John  DelaHcld,  ditto, 
Le  Sieur  De  la  Forell,  his  moll  chrif- 
tian majefty's  vice  conful,  for   the 
ftate  of  New  York, 
Sharp  Delaiiy.  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Samuel  Delaplitne,  New  York, 
Monf.  De  la  Tombe,   his  m<ift  chnf- 
tain  majelly's  conful  for  the  Hate  of 
MafTachufetts,  BoHon, 
Don  Salvador  De  los  Monteros,  Cuba, 
Le  Sieur  De  Marbois,  his  moft  chrif- 
tain  majefty's  vicc-confulfor  Philad, 
His  excellency  Le  Comte  De  Mouf- 
tier,     his    moil    clinitian    rhajefty's 
rninifter  plenipotentiary  to  the  uni- 
ted ftates  of  America,  New  York, 
George  Deneale,  efq.  Alexandria, 
Mr.  William  Denning,    New  York, 
Mr.  Michael  Dennifon,  England^ 
Mr.  David  Denny,  P, 
VOJL.  VI. 


Mr.  H.  W.  Defauffure,  Charlef- 
ton,  5.  C. 

Mr.  John  Deverel,  Bofton, 

Ebenr.  Devotion,  efq.  Vv  indham,  Ct, 

Monf.  J.  P.  KriHot  De  WarviUe, 
Paris, 

Robt.  Dick,  efq.  Bladenftjurg,  Md. 

Mr.  Peter  Dickey,  bhippenlburg.  P. 

Mr.  Gilcrift  Dickinfon,  New  York, 

H.  Dickinfoii.   efq.  Caroline  cu.  Md. 

Hon.  John  Dickinfon,  efq.  Wilnvng- 
ton,  D. 

Hon.  Phil.  Dickinfon.  efq.  Ti   nton, 

Meft"r«.  J.  T.  aiid  W.  Dickfon, 
Baltimore, 

John  Dixon,  efq.  Winchefter.  F. 

Mr.  Thoma-.  Dobbins,  York,  P. 

Mr.  Robt.  Donaldfon,  Peteriburg,/" 

John  Donnaldfon,  efq.   Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Jos.  Donnaldfon,    ditto, 

Mr.   John  Donneil,  Dumfries,  T. 

Mr.  John  Donneil,  Philadelphia. 

Mr.  James  Donuinfon,  Baltimore.    - 

Mr.  Colin  Douglas,  Manchefter,  F. 

Mr.  Win.  Douglas,    Peterfburg  /'. 

Mr.  Sam.  Douglafs,  GreencalUe,  i*. 

Mr.  James  Dowdall,  Norfolk. 

Col.J.Gamul  Dowdall, Winchef.  T. 

Mr.  Alex.  DoyljGeorge  Town,  Pa- 
towmac. 

Dr.  George  Draper,  New  York, 

William  Drayton,  efq.  L.  L.  D. 
CharleUon,  Souih  Carolina, 

Mefi\  Drinkall  and  Elkrigge,  Rich- 
mond, 

Mr.  Wm.  Drinker,  Philadelphia, 

Capt.  Jacob  Dritt,  York,  P. 

Col.  Wm.  Duer,  New  York, 

Mr.  George   Duffield,   Philadelphia, 

Mr,  John  Duffield.  ditto, 

Mijor  Pairick  Durfey,  ditto, 

Mr.  Jofeph  Dugan,  ditto, 

Mr.  Daniel  Duncan, Shippenfburgi*. 

Thomas  Duncan,  efq.  Ca.lifle,  P. 

Aaron  Dunham,  efq.  Trenton,  jV.  J, 

Mr.    Robert  Dunkin,    Ph  ladelphia, 

Mr.  J.  Dunlap,  George  Town,  Pa- 
towmac, 

Andre wDunfcomb,  efq.  commiflioner 
for  adju fling  the  continental  ac- 
counts, Richmond, 

Edwd.  Diinfcomb,   efq.  New  York, 

Monfieur  Duplaine,   Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Peter  Le  Barbier  Duplefiis,  do, 

Mr.  Francis  Dupont,  ditto, 

Mr.  Francis  Durand,  New  Y'ork, 

Mr.  Thomas  Durie,  ditto, 

Mr.  Michael  Durney,  Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Etienne  Dutilh,  ditto. 


Shbfcribers'  names. 


I^'Ir.  Sam.  DuvaU,  rrederif7town,  Md. 

iaainuel  iJyer,  efiq.  Albemarle,  F. 
<^> 

S.  Earle.  efq.  Queen  Anne's  co.  Md. 

i^r,  JohnEcclclton.  DorcheOer  co. 

Mr.  Win.    Edgar,  New  York, 

John  ¥.(\\e,  clq.  York,  P.    . 

John   Edwards,  efq.   commirfinner  of 
the  treai\iiy,  ChaiMon,  S.  C, 

Dr.  'I'honias  Elder,  Philadr-lphia, 

Rev.  Andrew  Eiliof,  Fairfield.  Ct. 

Benj.  Elli(it,  elq.  tlnniinjjton  co.  P. 

Mr.  Robert  Ellio;,  Hayerlrown,   Md. 

Mr.  Stephen  Eiiiot,  Yale  coHegc,  Cl. 

Mr.  Thomas  Elliot,  haitmiore. 

Thos.  O.  Ellloit.  efq.  Charld}un,5.  C. 

Mr.IlKtm.is  Elliioii,  New  \'ork, 

Mr.  Nat.  Elinaker,  I.ancaftc-r  co.  P. 

Dr.  Ebenezer  Elmer,  Cohanl'e,  A'.  J. 

Mr.  Peter  Eltmg,  New  York, 

Mr.  \Vm.  Embieion,  Kent  co.   Md. 

Mrs.  Ann  Emien,  Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Caleb  Einlen,  ditto, 

John  Einlcy,  efq.  Pottiiown,  N.J. 

Gapt.  Silas  Eiigies,  Philadelphia, 

Geoi-ne  Englis,  efq.  5;.  Fi?icrvts. 

Mr.   Severin     Enchfon,    Wilming- 
ton. A'.  C. 

Capt.  John  Eifkine,  Talbotton,  Md. 

Ed.  Eubanks,  efq.  EaRern-lhore,  Md. 

Mr.  John  pA'ans,  Philadelphia, 
Col;  James  Ewell,  Prince  VV'm.  co.  F. 
Gapt.  James  Ewing,  Somerfet  co.  Md. 

Gen.  James  Ewin^j,   Wright's  ferry, 

Sufquehannali,  P. 
Mr.  James  Ewing,  York  county,    P. 
Rev.  John  Ewing.  D.  D,  provoU  of 
the  uiiiveriity  t>f  Pennfyivania. 
<s> 
J><hn  J.  Fiefch.  efq.  Morris  CO.  N.  J. 
'Ihorras  Panning,  efq.  Norwich,  Ct. 
Mr.  Junes  Farquhar,  New  York, 
Mr.  F^rnngton,  Long  iiiand, 
Abrah.  Faw,  efq.  FredenctovMi,  Md, 
Mr.  Wm.  Fenwick,  Richmond, 
Mr.  J^lm  Ferris,  Wilmington,  D. 
Mitis  FHher,  elq.  Philadelphia, 
Ihfim'a^  Fiilier,  efq.  York./', 
William  Filher,  eOj.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  F,d.  Fitzi^erald.  Chainberlbg.  P. 
Col.  John  Fitzgerald,  AlT-xandria, 
(rKorge  Fitzhugh,  elq.    Md. 
'Fho.nas  Fiizhiigh,  riq.  Jiufcobel,   P'. 
M^ir.  Firming  and  Vv  oodiop,  Peterf- 

•burrr,  V. 
Samloii  Fleming,  efq.  New  York, 
Flori?'W.  Fleming,  Ch'-HerHcid,  F. 
Mr.  Richard   Folwell,  Philadelphia. 
MeU,D.  and  J.  Fonda.  Albany,  .V.r. 
rvii.  Adam  ]ronerdcii,'bauii5iui't. 


Mr.  J.  Fnrman,  Cheflerfown,  A/af. 
Mr.  bcrahno   Formicola,  P,.iclinioiid, 
Mr.  Geo.  Forrell,  Charlelton,  S.  C. 
Col.  una  bForreit,  Georgetown  5  l-a:0. 
John  Forfyih,    elq.  York,  P. 
Capt.  Thomas  Fort,  Wilmington,  D, 
Samuel  Foulke,  eia.  Bucks  county .  P, 
Dr.  William  Foulhee,  Richmond, 
Mr.  George  Fox,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Samuel  M.  Fox,  ditto, 
John  Foxcroft,  efq.  agent  for  his  Bri- 

laiinic    majclly's     packets,      New 

Yorlr, 
Hi-' excellency    Benjamin    Franklin,, 

efq.  late  prefident  of  Penufylvama, 
M'jil^S.' Franklin  &  co.  iNew  York, 
Mr.  '\^  alrcr  Franklin,  Philadelphia, 
AlexanderFrazerjefq.Chav!eJion,.S.C. 
Mr.  James  Freeland,  Peterfburg,  y. 
Peier   Ireneau,  ciq.  iecreiary   oi   the 

llate'ot  South  CaroUna, 
Dr.  Wm.  Frilby,  Kent  county,  Md. 
Mr.  Benjamin  Fuller,    Philadelphia, 
Dr.  James  Fulton,  Cecd  county,  Md, . 
Mr.  W'm.    Fuiion,  junr.  Bakunore,  |- 
Moore  Furman,  efq.  Trenton,  N.  J, 

Hon.  Thomas  Gadfden,  efq.  Charlei- 

ton.  .S.  C. 
Mr,  Hugh  Gaine,  New  York, 
Ekjah  l^aither,  efq.  Hagerliown,AjV. 
Mr.  Albert  Gallatin,  1  ayetie  co.  P, 
Mr.  P.  W.  Gallaudri,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  R.  Galloway,  PYedericfburg,  V. 
Capt.  Jas.  (jamblc,  Chelnut  Level,  P 
?»L.  Joleph  (iamble,  Vvincheller, /''. 
Mr.  Robert  Gamble,     Siaur.ton,    /''. 
Levi  Gantt,   efq.    Hladenfburg,  Md. 
Dr.  Jas.  Gardetie,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  J.  L.  Gardiner,  Princeton, _iV.y. 
Mr.  Peter  Garts,  BakiDiore, 
Benjamin  Gautt,  eiq.  St.  Lujatia^  . 
Mr.  Dav:d  Gedde^,  Annapolis, 
Charles  Ghequiere,  elq,  Lauimore, 
Mr.  Wm.  Gibb,  Accomack,  T. 
Jimrs  Gibbon<:,  clq.  W  ilinington,  D. 
iVir.  Laurence  Gibbons,  York,^'. 
Mr.    Henry  Gibbs,  Charlellori,  6".  C 
Joci  G'hbs,  eiq,  ^'ianshcld,  A'.  Jf. 
Samuel  Gihbs,  efi;.  Bucks  county,  P, 
Mr.  John  Gibfor,  Dumfries,  V. 
W  t)olman    Glbfon,  ciqairc,  Eallcrn 

Shore,  Md. 
Dr.  Reuben  Gilder,  Baltimore, 
Flon.  A.  Gillon,  Charle«on,..S'.  C. 
Robert  Gilmor,  eiq.  Baltimore, 
Rev.  L.   Girelius,  Wilmington,  D, 
Mr.  A.  GlafTel,  Frcdcnckiburg,  /'. 
Kir.  A.  (Jlalsforrl,  Newcallleco.  D. 
Mr. Jas, Guldlborou^^hjE. Shore,  Md, 


SvSfcr-iers'  names. 


11 


?4r.  Winkles  B.  GoIdthwaJte,  Phil. 
Mr.  John  Gooiiwin,  Peterlburf^,  /^. 
Mr.  Edwaid  (joold,  New  York, 
William  Goodly,  efq.  York,   (^. 
Mr.  PeterGorrton,Mount-hoily,A^./. 
Mr.  Samuel  Gore,   BoHon, 
Harry  DoilVy  Gough,  efq, Baltimore, 
Mr.  John  Goulding,  Baltimore, 
Theod.  Goiirdin,efq.ChdrleUon,S.  C. 
Ifaac  Gouverneur,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  George  Graeff,  Lancafter,  P, 
Mr.  John  Graeff,  ditto, 
Mr.  Sebaftian  Graeff,  ditto, 
Mr.  John  Graff,   Philadelphia, 
John  Graham,  efq.  Charlelloii,    <S.  C. 
Richard  Graham,  efq.  Dumfries,  ^. 
John  (iiraininer,  el(i.  Feierfburg,  ^. 
Mr.  John  Granbury,  Norfolk,    f^-. 
Mr.  Francis  Graves,   Richmond, 
Mr.  Richard  Graves,   Kent  co.  Md. 
Capt.  David  Gray,  Martinfhurg,   V, 
Mr.  G.  Gray,  jiin.  Gray's  ferry,/*. 
Mr.  James  Gray,  New  ^  ork, 
Mr.  John  Gray,  Baltimore,'' 
Mr.  Robert  Gray,  Philadclphlaj 
Mr.  William  Gray,  ditto, 
Phil  p  (rrayueil.  efq.  Baltimore, 
Col.  Abraham  Green,  Peierlbiirg,  V. 
Rev.  Afhbel  Green,   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  John  Green,   Peterfburg,  F. 
Mr.  Da\'id  Greene,  BoiUm, 
Mr.  Jofeph  Greene,  ditto, 
Mr.  Samuel   Greene,   Annapolis, 
James  Greenleaf",  efq.  Amfierdam^ 
Mr.  Mofes  Greenleaf,  Newbury  Port, 
Mr.  John  Greer,  Y'ork,  P. 
David  Grier,  efq.  ditto, 
Corbin  Griffin,  efq.  York,  V. 
Mr.  Selwood  Griffin,   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  R.  E.  Griffith,  ditto. 
Mr.  Anthony  Griffiths,   New  York, 
Capt.MolesGueft.N.Brunfwic./,'.  7. 
Mr.  J.G.Gu'.gnard.Charlellon,'  S'.C. 
Mr.  John  Gunn,  Richmond, 
Meir.  Gurney  &  Smith,  Phiiadelphia, 

Mr.  James  Racket,  Baltimore, 
Mr.  John  Kacket,  ditto, 
Mr.  John  N.  Hagenau,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Ph  lip  Plagner,  diito, 
Mr.  Frederic  Ilaiter,  duto, 
Mr.  John  Hall,  Flemingion,   N.  J. 
Dr.  Ifaac  Hall,   Feierfturg,    V. 
Thos.  Hall,  efq.  Tharlellon,  5.  C. 
Mr.  Edw.Halfcy,Eallern  Shore,  Md. 
Mr,  Jofeph  Hallet,  New  York, 
Hon.  Alex.  Hamilton,  efq.  ditto, 
James  Hamilton,  efq.  Carhfle,  /*. 
Pail  Hamilton,  efq.  Charldlon.  8.  C. 
\Vai.  Hamilton,  efq.  Bullihillj  P. 


Abijah  Hammord,  efq.  New  Y'ork, 
Mr.  John  Hammond,  Eaitimore, 
N.  Hammond,  efq.   Cambridge,  Aid, 
Mr.  Wm.  Plammond,  Baltimore, 
Renj.  A.  Hamp,  efq.  Alexardria, 
Gen.  Edward  Hand,  Lancaller,  P. 
Mr.  T.  B.  Elands,  Chefienowii.  Md, 
John  C.  Handy,  efq.  SnowhiU  .  Md. 
Captain  Bernard  Hanlon,  Trenton, 
Hon.  A.  C.  Elanfon,  efq.  Frederick- 
town,  Md. 
Mr.  Leonard  Harbaugh,  Baltimore, 
John  Harper,  clq.  Alexandria, 
John  Elarper,  efq.   Porifmouth,  F. 
Mr.  Frederic  Harris,   L-oiufa.   F. 
Mr.  R.G.  Harris,   Phi'addphia. 
Dr.  Tucher  Harris,  Chariellon.  5.  C, 
William  Harris,  efq.  York,  /'. 
Mr.  Edmund  Harrifon,  Peterfburg.  F. 
Richard  Harrifon,  efq.  New  "V'ork, 
MefTrs.  Hart   &   Rotheltcr,  Hagerf- 

town.   Md. 
Robert  Hart,  efq.  Spotfylvania,   F". 
Silas  Hartj  efq.  member  of  the   le- 

gifiatiiie  of  North  Carolina, 
Jacob  Hartman,  elq.   Santa  Cruz. 
Mr.  Jon.  Hafbrouck.TjUterco.A'.r. 
Meff.  Ilafwell  &  Rulfel,    Benning- 
ton,  Vt. 
Mr.  J.  Hafklns,  EaRern  Shore,  Md. 
Mr.  Henry  Haughn,   Philadelphia, 
Hon,  Benjamin  Elawkins,  efq,  War- 
rington, A'.  C. 
Mr.  John  Haworth,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Jacob  Hay,   Lancaller,    P. 
Mr,  James  Hayes,  New  '^'oik, 
Mr.  Robert  Eiayes,  Norfolk, 
Wm.  Hayward,efq.  Talbotton,  Md. 
Ebenezer    Hazard,     efq.    poftmaller 

general,  New  York, 
Nathaniel  Hazard,  efq.  ditto, 
Mr.  Ifaac   ria/.Iehiirll,  Philadelph'a, 
Robt.Hazlchurft.efq.CharleOon.S.C. 
Commodore  Hazlewood,  Philad. 
Mr.  John  Heap,  Shippenf.urg,  P. 
John  Hcaih,  efq.  Lancaller  co.  P. 
Mr.  Michl.Heathcote,  Peterfbg.  T. 
Charles  Lleatly,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  John  Heffernan,  ditto, 
Mr.  Frederic  Heifz,  ditto,  _ 
Mr.  \^'ni.  Hemphill, Wilmington,  D. 
Rev.W.Hendet,  D.D.Lancafier,  P. 
Mr.  A.  HendeiTon, Huntington  CO./*. 
Pvich.  Hcnderfon,efq.  Bladenlb.  Md, 
Cap.  W .  Henderfon,  Grecncalile,  P. 
Col.  George  Henry,  Princeton,  A''.  J, 
Mr.  Hugh  Henry,  Philadelphia, 
John  Henry,  efq.  ditto, 
Mr.  Thomas  Hepburn,  Baltimore, 
Will. am  Heibert,  efq.  Alexandriaj 


Subfcrihers'  names. 


Mr.  Wm.  Hereford,  Dumfries,  V. 
Mr.  James  Heron,  Richmond, 
Mr.  Pvobert  Heterick,  York,  P. 
lion.  Wm.  Heth,  efq.  ShUlelah,  V, 
Mr.  Jofiah  Hewes,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  S.  Hewes,  jun.  Bofton, 
William  Heyer,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  Samuel  Hig^infon,  Baltimore, 
Henry  Hill,  efq.  Bertie  county,  N.  C. 
Hon.  Henry  Hill,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Jofeph  B.  Hill,  efq.  Bertie  co,  N.C. 
Mr.  William  Hill,  New  York, 
Michael   Hillegas,   efq.    continental 

treafurer,   two  copies, 
Jacob  Hiltzheimer,  efq.  member  of  the 

general  alTembly  of  Pennfylvania, 
Col.Okey  HoaglandjBurlingt,  A^.  J. 
lion.  John  Slofs  Hobart,  efq.  judge 
of  the  fupreme  court,  New  York, 
Col,  Samuel  Hodgdon,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  William  Hoclgfon,  Alexandria, 
Jacob  HochllrafTer,  efq.  Albany  coun- 

ty,  N.y. 
Mr.  J.  Hoffman,  Frederictown,  Md. 
Martin  Hoffman,  efq.  New  York, 
Philip  L.  Hoffman,  efq.  ditto, 
Rev.  Mofes  Huge,  Shepherdrtown,  F. 
Dr.  G.  Hohnbaiim,  Charleffon,  S.C. 
Mr.  Jan-.es  Holli(lr.y,  Winchelter,  V. 
Mr.  William  Holiiday,  ditto, 
Teffe  Hollingfworih,  elq.  Baltimore, 
Levi    Hollingfworih,    efq.  Philad. 
Levi  Holiingi'worth,  jun.   efq.    Elk- 
ton,  ^l(i'. 
Sam.  Hnllingfworth,  efq.  Baltimore, 
Thomas  Holllngfworth,  efq.  ditto, 
Zebulon  Hollingfworih,  efq.  ditto, 
Mr.  Hugh  Holmes,   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  John  Holmes,  Cape  May, 
Mr.  J.  B.  Holmes,  Charledon,  S.C. 
Col.  Jofeph  Holmes,  Wincheffer,  F. 
Mr.  N.  Plolmes,  Morris  river,  A^.  J. 
Mr.  Charles  Homalfel,  Philadelphia, 
Meff.  Hooe  &  Harrifon,  Alexandria, 
James  Hopkins,  efq.  Lancafter,  P. 
Major  David  Hopkins,  Elkridge,  M. 
John  Hopkins,  efq.  continental  loan- 
officer,  Richmond, 
Mr.  Richard  Hopkins,  Philadelphia, 
lion.  Francis  Houkmfon,  efq.  judge 

of  admiralty,  Philadelphia, 
Aaron  Howell,  efq.  Trenton, 
Jofeph  Howell,  e(q.   pqymalter  gene- 
ral to  the  united  Uatei,  New  York, 
Capt.  W.Howell,  Charleflown,  Md. 
Adam   Hublv,  efq.    member  of  the 
general   affembly  of   Pennfylvania, 
Lancafier, 
Mr.  John  Hubly,  Philadelphia, 
Jaffph  Ilubl;, ,  efq.  Lancafter, 


Dr.  James  Huchinfon,  Philadelphia, 
Melf.  Hudlon  &  Goodwin,  Hartford, 
Chnilopher  Hughes,  efq.  Baltimore, 
James  M.   Plughes,  efq.  New  York, 
Asiheton  Humphreys,  efq.  Philad. 
Col.  Rich.  Plumpton,  Chefter  co.  P, 
Abraham  Hunt,  eiq.  Trenton, 
Mr.  S.  W.  Hunt,  BofJon, 
Mr.  Thomas  Hunt,  New  York, 
Meff.  Hunter  &  Glafs,  Peterfburg, 
Mr.  David  Hunter,  Martinfburg,   F. 
Mr.  George  Hunter,  Alexandria, 
Mr.  James  Hunter,  Philadelphia, 
Captain  John    Hunter,   Hampton,  F. 
Mr.  Robert  Hunter,   New  York, 
Col.  Eben.  Huntington,  Norwich,  Ct. 
Gen.  Jedidiali  Huntington,  do, 
John  Hurke,  eiq.  Wilmington,  N.  C. 
Rev.  Jofeph  Hutchins,  Philadelphia. 
Hon.R.Hutfon,  efq.  CharlelU>n,5.C. 
John  Hyatt,  efq.NewcalUe  county,  ZJ. 
Mrs.  Hyatt,  Port  Penn,  D. 
Mr.  John  Hyndman,  Baltimore. 
Richard  Hyndfon,  eiq.  Kent  co,  Md. 

Jared  Ingerfol,  efq.  Philadelphia. 
Col.  Harry  Innes,    Danville,    A'. 
Col.  James  Innes,  attorney  general  of 
the   flate  of   Virginia.    Richmond. 
Gen,  James  Irvine,  Ptiiladelphia. 

"^    . 
James  Jacks,  cfi.  Lancafler,  P. 
jilr.    Samuel  Jackfon,    Philadelphia. 
Major  William  Jackfon,  do. 
Mr.  Jacob  Jacobs.  Charleilon,  5.   C. 
Mr.  Abel  James,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  James  Jame^.  Dumfries,  F. 
Mr.  Jofeph  James.  Philadelphia. 
David  Jameloii,  ei<|.  York,  F. 
Mr.  Johnjanney,  Leefburg,do. 
Mr.  Thomas  January,    A'. 
Mr.  B.  Jarvis,   Bodon. 
His  excellency  John  Jay,  efq.    fecrc- 
tary  to  the'  united  Hates  for  foreign 
aflairs,   New  York. 
Mr.  John  Jeffers,  Peterfburg,  F. 
Plon.  Tho.  Jefferton.efq.  late  minifler 
plenipotentiary  from  the  united  flatcs 
to  the  court  of  V^eriailies. 
Patrick  Jeffrey,  efq.  Boffon. 
Daniel  of  St,    Thomas  Jenifer,    efq. 

Annapolis. 
Mr.  J. Jenkins, Northumbcrlandco./*. 
Mr.  Matthew  Jenkins,   New   York. 
Melfrs.    Jennings    and    Wooddrop, 

Charleilon,    S.  C. 
Mr.  Thomas  Jervey,  do. 
Col.  ii.  Johnlbn,  FrcderiBown,  Md. 
Mr.  Thomas  Johnfon,  do. 
Capt,  Andrew  Johnflon,  York,  P. 


Suhfcribtrs^  vames. 


Col.  Francis  Johnnon,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  James  JohnDon,    New  Yo;k, 
John  JohiiOoTi,  efq.  do. 
John  Johnflon,efii.  Chamberfbiircr.P. 
Dr.  Robert  Johnfl on. Greencaltie,  P. 
Rev.    Daniel  Jones,  Carliflc,   F. 
Hon.  Jofeph  Jones,   Richmond, 
Mr.  liiiac  Jones,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  T.  Jones,  Frederiftown,  Md. 
Mr.  Henry  Joyce,   Richmond. 
Mr.  Alex.  Juhan,   Charleljon,  5.  C. 

Mr.  John  Kean,   WincheQer,  V. 
Capt.  Roger  Kean,  Philadelphia. 
Jolin  Kearflcy.elq.  Shepherdllown,/'. 
Mr.  Adam   Keelinjj,   Norfolk, 
Rev.  S.Keene,  jnn.CheHertown,  Md. 
Mr.  Thomas  Keene,  Richmond, 
John  Keefe,    eU\.   New  York. 
Mr.  Michael  Keller,  York,  P. 
Geo,  Kellv,  efq.  Norfolk, 
Mr.  Nat.  Kelfw,   Manchefter,  F.  _ 
Mr.  Andrew  Kennedy,  Philadelphia, 
David  Kennedy,  efq.  do. 
T.  Kennedy,  efq.  Cumberland  co.P. 
Mr.  James  Kent,  Poughkeepfie,  N.V. 
Mr.  John  Kercheval,  VVincheiler,  V. 
Mr.  Andrew  Kerr,  Charleflon,  S.  C. 
Meff.  Ed.  Kerr  and  co.  Acconuc;,  F, 
Mr.  John  Kerr,  Richmond, 
Mr.  William  Kidd,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Alexander  King,  VVincheiler,  F. 
Mr.  John  King,  York  county.  P. 
Miles  King,  elq.  Hampton,  F. 
Mr.  Samuel  Kingfley,  Philadelphia, 
Ephraim  Kirby,  efq.  Litchfield,   Ct. 
Rev.  Sam.  Kirkland,  Oneida,  A'.  V. 
Andrew      Kirkpatnck,     efq.     New 

Bninfwic,  iV.  /. 
Mr.  J.  Kirkpatnck,  Chamberfbg.  P. 
Dr.  Benjamin  KiflTam,  New  York, 
John  W.  Kittara,  efq.  Lancafler,  P, 
Mr.  George  Kline,  Carlifle,  P, 
Capt.  Francis  Knox,  Philadelphia, 
Hon.  gen.  Henry  Knox,  Secretary  at 

war,  to  the  united  Hates,  New  York, 
Dr.  Hugh  Knox,  Santa  Cruz. 
Dr.  Samuel  Knox,  York  county,  P, 
Mr.  William  Knox,  Peterfburg,  F. 
Col.  Simon  Kollock,  Lewes,  D. 
Mr.  Samuel  Krams,  Salem,  N.  C. 
Mr.  Jacob  Krug.  Lancaller,  P. 
Mr.  Chriftopher  Kucher,  Philad. 

<^ 
Brig.  gen. Lacy,  Burlington,  co.N.'J. 
Edmond  B.  Lacy,  efq.  Richmond, 
fvlr.  William  Laight,  New  Y'ork, 
Col.  John  Laird,  ^'ork  county,  P. 
Mr.  John  Laird,   George  to w;i,  Pa- 

fuwmac. 


53 

General  John  Lamb,  New  Yor1<, 
Mr.  James  Lamberton,  Carliile,  P. 
Mr.  benjamin  Laming,  Baltimore, 
John  Lardner,  efq.  P, 
Mr.  (jeorge  L,atiiner,  Philadelphia, 
Dr.  Henry  Latimer,  Newport.  D. 
Mr.  John  Laurence,  Greencaftle.  P, 
Jonathan  Laurence,  elq.  New  York, 
Mr.  Thomas  Latirence,  ditto, 
Hon.  Richard  Law,  efq.  chief  juHice 
of  the  iupreme  court  of  Connecti- 
cut, New  London,  Ce. 
Mr.  James  Lawrafon,  Alexandria, 
Mr.  John  Lawfon,  Dumfries,  F. 
Jonathan  Lay,  efq.  Saybrook,  Cf. 
Mr.  John  Lea,  Wilmington,   D. 
Mr.   Thomas  Lea,  Philadelphia, 
Samtiel'Leake,  efq.  Trenton, 
Mark  Leavenworth,  efq.  Newbaveri. 
Mr.  Jofeph  Leblanc,  Philadelphia  eo. 
Lewis  Le  Couteulx,  efq.  Briftol,  P. 
Ludwell  Lee,  efq.  Alexandria, 
Hon.  Thomas  Sun  Lee,  efq.  George 

town,  Patowmac. 
Mr.  Wm.  Lee,  Hagerdown,  Md. 
Mr.  Maximilian  Leech,  Kingfellinj;; 

townlhip,  P. 
Hon.  D.   Leertonwer,    conful   from 

the  united  Netherlands,  Bofton, 
Mr.  Derrick  Leilerts,  New  York,     , 
Mr.  Johji  Legge,  Frederic fburg,  F. 

Dr.  John  Leigh,  Tarborough,   N.  C. 

Mr.  Thomas  Lciper,  Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Peter  Le  Maigre,  ditto, 

Mr.  Hueh  Lennox,  ditto, 

Mr.  Chrift.  L.  Lente,'  New  York. 

LewisLellarjette,efq.Charle{ton,|S.r, 

Peregrine   Lethrbury,   efq.   Chefter- 
towri.  Aid. 

Aaron  Levi, efq.  Northumberland,./'. 

Mofes  Levi,  elq.  Philadelphia. 

Mr.  William  Levis,  Carlifle,  P. 

Charles  L.  Lewis,  efq.  Albemarle,  F. 

Lion.  Francis  Lewis,  efq.  New  York, 

Mordecai  Lewis,  efq.  Philadelphia, 

Morgan  Lewis,  efq.  ditto, 

William  Lewis,  efq.  ditto, 

John  Lightwood, efq. Charleflon,  S.C. 

Mr.G.  Lindenberger,jun. Baltimore, 

Mr.  Adam    Lvndfay,  Norfolk,  F. 

Reuben  Lindfav,   efq.  Albemarle,/'. 

Mr.   James     M.     Lingan,    George 
town,  Patowmac. 

Rev.  William  Linn,  New  York, 

Linonian  Library,  Yale  college,  O, 

Mr.  John  Linton,  Dumfries,  F. 

Mr.  William  Lippencott,  Phil. 

Col.  Charles  Little,  Alexandria. 

John  Littlejuhn,  elq.  Lecfbiirg,  f, 

Brockholll  Livingfiunjcfq,  N.  Yori:;j 


14 


Subfcribers*  names. 


Edward  Livingfton,  efq.  New  York, 

Rev.  J.  H.  Livingfloiu  D.D.  preli- 
dcni  of  Eralinus  hall,  Ao, 

Hon.  Robert  R.  LivingHon,  efq, 
chancellor  ofiheftate  of  N.  York, 

H;s  excellency  Wm.  Livingfton,  efq. 
governor  of  the  ftate  of   N .  Jerfey , 

Wm.  Livingfton,  efq.  Elizabeihtowri, 

W.  S.  Livingfton,  eiq.   New  York, 

Mr.  J:^mes  Lockwood,  Philadelphia, 

James  Logan,  efq.  ditto. 

Mr.  Lombart.  do. 

Capt.  Jno.  Long,  Chefnut  Level,  P. 

Mr.  Sefh  Lothrop,  Charleflon.  5,  C. 

Rev.  Peter  Louw,  New  York. 

John  Love,  efq.  Dumfries,  V. 

Samuel  Love,  efq.  Lr.iidon.  V. 

Mr.  Wm.  Loveil,    Fredericfbiirg,  V. 

}.  Loveti,  efq.  Fort  Miller,  N.  York, 

B.  Lowndes,  efq,  Bladeufburg,    Md. 

Hon.  Rawlins  Lowndes,  efq.  Char- 
leflon, 5.  C. 

Mr.  William  I-owry,  Alexandria, 

Wm.  Lowry,efq.PlLinterdon  co. N.J. 

Mr.  John  Lucas,  BoUon, 

Mr,  William  Lucas  Philadelphia, 

Rev.  George  Luckey,  Md. 

Cary  Ludlow,  efq.  New  York., 

Rev.  Brandt  Schuyler  Lupion,  Al- 
bany, A'.  Y. 

H.L.Lu!ielow,erq.Wilmington,./V.C. 

Co\,  Wilham  Lyles  Alexandria, 
Dr.  James  Lynah,  Charleflon,   S,  C, 
Mr.  George   Lynan,  Norfolk, 
Dominic  Lynch,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  William  Lyons,  Philadelphia, 

<^ 
MelTrs.  John  and  James   M'Alefter, 

Wine-heller,   V. 
Mr.  John  M'AUifter,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Henrv   M'Cabe,  Leelburg,  F, 
Archibald    M'Call,  efq.  Philad. 
Mr.  James  M'Call,  Charlellon,  S.  C 
Mr.  Jas.  M'Clean,  Cheilertown,  AW. 
Blair   M'Clenachan,    efq.  German- 
town,  P. 
Capt.  J.  M'Clenachan,  Alexandria, 
Mr  .Thomas  M'Clure,  Kent  co.  Md. 
Mr.  John   M'Coll,   Manchefter,  (■'. 
Alex.  M'Comb.  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  Matthew  M'Connell,  Philad. 
Daniel  M'Cormick,  efq.  New  York, 
Dr.  Sam.  A.  M'Coflcry,  Carlifle,  P. 
Sam.  M"Cr3w,  efq.  Richmond, 
Mr.  John  M'Ctea,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.Edw.M'Cr^d.e.Chiirlefton,S.C. 
Mr.  S.M'Cullnch,  Greencaflle,?. 
Mr.  Robert  M'Culloh,  do. 
Mr.  D.  M'Curtin.Chcncrtown,,'W. 
Mr.  Win  M'Dan-el,  Dumfries,  A',, 


^r.  Alexander M' Donald, Northnm- 

berl.uid  county,  P. 
Mr.  Archibald  M-Dougal, Richmond, 
Mr.  John  M' El  wee,   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  M'  Farran,  Hagerftown,  Md. 
Mr.  John   M'Garvey,    Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Alex.  M'Gregor,  ditto, 
Edw.  M'Guire,efq.  Winchefler,  V. 
Jas.  M'Hcnry,  efq.  L.  L.D.B;iUim. 
Mr.  James  Machir,  Mooi  field,  ^. 
Rev.  Wm.  M'Kee,  Frederica,  D. 
Mr.  Alexander  M'Kechen,  P. 
Dr.  John  M'Ksnly,  Wilmington^  D, 
Mr.  James  M'Kenna,  Alexandria, 
Capti  W.  M'Kennau,  Newcallle,  D. 
John  M'KefTbn,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  M.  M'Kewan,  Martinfbiirg, 
Mr.  Charle";  M'Kiernan,  Philad. 
Mr.  John  Mackie,  Peterlburg,    F. 
Thomas  Mackie,  efq.  ditto, 
MefT.  R.  &  A.  M'Kimm, Baltimore, 
Mr.  Thomas  M'Kimm,  ditto, 
W".  M'Kimmv, efq.  Charleflon,  5. r. 
Dr.  Charles  M'Knight,   New  York,. 
Mr.  D.  M' Knight,    Shippenfbg.    P. 
At.  Madame,  elq.  W  ilmington,  A'.C. 
Mr.  Wm.  M'Laughlin,  Bakim<M-e, 
Mr.  Jas.M'Clenahan,Greencallle.P. 
Mr.  Wm.  M'Mahon,Wincheltcr,  T. 
Mr.  A\ndrew  M'Minn,  Bucks  co.  P. 
Dr.P.M'"Naughian,Cumbcrld.co./*, 
Mr.  Robert  M'Nell,   Bollon, 
Mr.  John  Macon,  Powhatan,  F. 
John     M'Pherfon,    efq.    Frederick- 
town,  Md. 
Alex.  M'Kobert,  efq.  Richmond, 
John  M'Vicker.efq.  New  York, 
Rev.  Wm.  M'Whir,  Alexandria, 
Col.  Wm.  M'Will.ams,  Frederickf- 

burgh,   r. 
Rev.  James    Madifon,  D.  D.  prcfi- 

dent  of  William  &  Mary   college, 

Williamfburg,  r. 
Col.  Robert  Magaw,  Carlllle,  P. 
Rev.  Samuel   Magaw,   D.  D.  vice- 

provoU  of  the  univerfuy  of  Penn- 

fylvania, 
Mr.  Alex.  Magee.  Shi]»penfbiirg.  P. 
Charles  Magill,  efq.  Wincheller,  K 
John  Magill,  efq.  dmo, 
Wm.B.  Magruder,  efq. Georgetown, 
Mr.  Jer.  Mahoiiy,  Chamberfburg, /\ 
Mr.  William  Maiiland, Peterlburg, r. 
Peter  Mallet,  efq.  Wilmington,  N.C, 
Mr.  Ifaac  Maltby,   Berlin,  Ct. 
Mr.  David  Mandel,   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Philip  Mark,  New  York, 
Mr.  John  Markland,Charle(lon,5.C, 
Mr.  Abraham  Marklev,  ditto, 
Charles  Marihall,eiq.  Fauquier,  F, 


Subfcrihers'  names. 


John  Marfiial,  efq.  RichmoiKl, 
Mr.Chril.Marfiialljfen.Phiiadelphia, 
Hon.  Alex.  Martin,  Halifax,  A',  C. 
Dr.  Ennals  Martin,   Talbotton,  Md. 
Francis  Martin,  efq,  Antigua. 
George  Martin,  M.  D.  Richmond, 
John    Martin,  elq.  Chamberfburg,  F. 
Mr.  John  Martin,  Baltimore, 
Mr.Jof.  Martin, Northumberland, P. 
Capt. William  Martin,  Philadelphia, 
Dr.  Wm.  Martin,  Chefter count), /^. 
Mr.  William  Martin,  Fhiladelpha, 
Mr.  G.  Mafon,  jun.  Colcheller,  F. 
Mr.  J.  Maton,  junior,  BoRon, 
Ji)hn  r. Mafon,  efq,Hagerilown,iW. 
Thompfon  Malon,  elq.  Alexandria, 
Mr.  Pv-ichard  Mather,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  John  Mathias,  Leclburg,  F. 
Mr.  Samuel  Mathis,  CharieUoHj^.C. 
Sampfon  Matthew,  efq.  Richmond, 
Mr.  James  Matthews,  Philadelphia, 
Dr.  Wm.  Matthews,  Jiohemia,  Md. 
Mr.  Fontaine    Maury,    Frederick.!- 

burg,  y.  ' 
Thomas  Mawhorter,  efq.  member  of 
the  gen.  alfembly  of  Pennlylvania, 

Capt.  Jis.  Maxv.'cll,  Martmfbuig, 
Wm.  Maxwell,  efq.  New  "^  oik. 

Mr.  John  G.  Mayer,  C'harlellon.S.C 

Stephen  Mazyck.  efq.  Charlefton,^.C 

Gtorge  Meade,  elq.   Philadelphia. 

Mr.  John  Melbeck,  do. 

Capt.  Jofeph  Meredith,  Hampton,  T. 

Kon.  S.  Meredith,    efq.    Philad.   co. 

Mr. T.  Meredith,  Cheller  county,  P. 

Mr.  Sara.   Merian,  Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Lot  Mcrkel,  New  York, 

Ivlr.  John  Merryman,   Baltimore, 

Dr.l'.Micheau,  Elizabcthtown,  N.J. 

Mr.  Sam,  Mickic,  Woodbury,  A^y. 

Dr.  B.  Middleion,   Cabbinpoinr,  F. 

J>hn  Milllin.  elq.   Philadelphia. 

John  F.  Mifflin,  efq.  do. 

His  excellency  T.  Mifiln,    efq.  pre- 
lident  of  the  ftate  of  Pennfyivanla. 

Col.  Samuel  Miles,   Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Eleazar  Miller,  jun.  A'.  Y. 

Col.  Henry  Mitler,  York,  P. 

Mr.  Henry  Miller,   Philadelphia. 

John  Miller,  efq.  do. 

Jofeph  Miller,  efq.   Lewes.  D. 

Mr.  Jofeph  J.  Miller,   Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Magnus  Miller,  do. 

Mr.  Robert  Miller,  'jun.  Carlifle,  P. 

Mr.'Tho.  Miller,  Frederickfburg,^. 

James  Milligan,  efq.   Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Ifaac  Miinor,  do. 

Mr.   John    Milton,  Wincheftcr.    F, 

ISfr.  Garret  Minor,  Louifa,  F. 

PvCv.dr.W  dUcrlvIinio, Princeton. *V/, 


15 

George  Mitchel,  efq.  Daglbury.  D. 
Col.  John  Miichel,  Charlclion,  .S.  C, 
Capt.  Robert  Mirchel,  Richmond  T.. 
Richard  Moale,  efq.  Baltimore. 
Mr.  John  Molich,  Charlcflon,  S.  C. 
Archibald  Moncrietf,  efq.  Baltimore, 
Mr.  J.  Montaudevert,  New  York. 
Meffrs.    Montgomerys   and     Henry, 

Richmond. 
MefTrs.  J,  and  W.  Montgomery,  Phi- 
ladelphia. 
Major  S.  Montgomery,    Carlifle,  P. 
W.  Montgomery,  efq.  Lancafter,  P. 
Mr.  Wm,  Mooney,   New  York, 
Rev.  Benjamin  Moore,  do. 
Cato  Moore, efq.  Shepherdflown,  F. 
Dr.  Chas.  Moore,  member  of  the  ge- 
neral afiembly  of  Peniifylvama, 
James  Moore,  efq.  LancaUcr,  P. 
Capt.  John  Moore,  Kent  co.  Md. 
Capt.  John  Moore,  Wilmington,  D, 
Mr.  Robert  Moore,  Peieilburgh,  /'. 
Mr.  Wm.  Moore,  Huntington  co,  P. 
Mr.   George  Morewood,  New  York, 
Mr.  S.   Morford,    Princeton,  A^.  J, 
Mr.  Geo.  Morifon,    Peterfburgh,  /'. 
^Ir.  John  Morifon,  ditto, 
James  R.  Morris  eiq.    SnowhilljA/i/. 
Dr.  John  Morris,  Philadelphia, 
Dr.  John  Morris,  York,  P. 
Mr.  John  Morris,  ditto 
Dr.  J.F.  Morns,Middlebrook,  N.  J. 
Col.  Lewis  Morns,  Charlellon,  S-  C. 
Mr.  Thomas  Morns,  ditto, 
Mr.  James  Morriion,  York  co.  P. 
Mr.  Mercer  Morriion,  PeterlLurg,  F. 
Vo\,y.  Morrow,  Shepherdilown.  /'. 
Mr.  Wm.  Morrow,  Chambeiibg.  P. 
Alexander  Morfon,efq.  Palmoutn.  F. 
Dr.  Cha.  Mortimer,  Fredericfaarg  F. 
Perez  Morton,  efq.  Bolton, 
Mr.  George  Mofs,  Charlelton,  5.  C. 
Captain  John  Mofs,   York,  F. 
Alexander  Moulirie  efq.  ditto, 
Hon.  William  Moultrie,  elq.  ditto. 
John  Moylan,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Edward  Moyfton,  ditto, 
Rev.  H.  Muhlenberg,  D.  D.    Lan- 
cafter, F. 
Mr.  James  Miiir,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  T."  Mumford,  Yale  College,  Cl. 
Mr.  John  Murchie,  Manchefter.    F. 
G.  Murdoch,  efq.  Frederi£iowB,  Md, 
Mr.  John  Murray,   Alexandria, 
Mr.  John  Murray,  Elkton,  Md. 
J^r.    Samuel  Murrey,   Leelburg,    F, 
^^r.   James  Mufchett,   Dumfries,   T. 
Mr.  Geo.  MufTer,  Lancafter,  P. 
JJr.  Jofeph  Mufti,  Philadelphia, 
^r.  Ckriftian  M>ers,  Baltimoie, 


i6 


Subjcriben*  names. 


Mr.  Jacob    Myers,  Baltimore, 
Mr.  Sam.   Myers.  Peteribur^,  V. 
<5s5> 

Capt.  W.  Xeely,  Bucks  county,    P. 

Coi.  Henry  Neil,  Lewes,  D. 

!)r.  John  Neil.  SnowhiU,  AW. 

-Mr.  Thomas  Ncill,  York,  P. 

j.  Neilfon,  efi}.  New  Brunrwic,  N.J. 

W.Neilfon.elq.  Cecil  crofs  roadsjAW. 

Cy.t.  Hush  Nelibn,  York.  V. 

Thomas  Nelfon.  efq.  ditto, 

Col.  William  Nelfon,  ditto, 

Clayt.Newbold,efq.  Burlington, A'jJ. 

Cyrus  Newlin,  Brandewine,  D. 

Cot.  Thomas  Newton,  Norfolk, 

William  Nichols,  efq.  Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Philip  Nicklin,  ditto, 

Mr.  Jer.  Nicols,  Chellertown,  Md, 

Robert  Nicolfon,  efq.  York,   T. 

Mr':.    Caroline     Henrietta    Norton, 
Winchefter,    V. 

Mr.  Jofeph  P.  Norrls,  Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Jofeph  North,  ditto, 

Geo.  F.  Norton,  cfq.Winchefler,  F. 

J.  H.  Norton,  efq.  ditto, 

Jofeph  Nourfe,  efq.  New  York, 

Mr.  Edmond  Nugent,  Philadelp'iia, 
<^ 

Michar^l  Morgan  O'Brien,   efq.  Phi- 
ladelphia, 

Robert  Ogden,  efq.  SufTex  co.   N.J. 

S.  Ogden,  efq.  Delaware  works,  P. 

Mr.  Thomas  O'Hara.  New  York, 

Mr.  James  O'Hear,  CharleHon,  S.  C. 

Mr.  David  Olden,  Princeton,  N.J. 
•ohn  Oldham,  efq.  Elkton,  Md. 
vcv.  AlbnOliott,  Farmington,  Ct. 

Bernard  O  Neill,   efq.   Georgetown, 
Patowmac, 

Tapf.  (ieortfe  Orde,  Philadelphia, 

^^liadrach  Ofborne,   efq.  New  York, 

■:.i!uuel  Ofgood,  efq.  ditto, 
\.-lam  Otr,  efq.  Hagerftown,  Md. 

.'.hn  Owen.  efq.  Charleflon.  S.  C. 

Mr.  Edward  Owens,  Norfolk,  F. 

Mr. Thomas Owram,WincheUer,  V. 

Mann  Page,  efq.  Rofewell,  Gloucef- 

ter  county,  V. 
Mr.  Samuel  Paine,  Richmond, 
^^Ir.  Charles  Palefke,  Philadelphia, 
iiaac  Paris,   efq.  Canajohary,  Mont- 
gomery county.  New  York, 
Rev.  Samuel  Parker,  Bofton, 
T)r,  Parnam,  Charles  county,  Md. 
Mr.  William  Parret,  Salem,  A'.  J. 
Mr.  Robert  Parrifli,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Eben  Parfons,  Bofton, 
]Mr.  Lewis  Pafcauli,  Baltimore, 
William  Patterfon,  tffq.  Baltimore, 


William  Pafterfon,  efq.  Chrifllana,/). 
Mr.  John  Paiton,  Huntington  co.  P, 
Mr.  Jeremiah  Paul,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  1  homas  Paul,  ditto, 
T.  G.  Peachy,  efq.  Peterfburg,  F. 
Charles  Wilion  Peale,  efq.  Philad. 
Mr.  Thomas  Pearce,  Norfolk,  F. 
Mr.  Vmcent  Peiofi,  Camden,  N.J.' 
Mr.  James  Pemberton,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.    Michael  Pender,  Peterfburg,/'". 
Hon.  Edmond    Pendleton,  efq.  Ca- 
roline county,   F, 
Col.  P.  Pendleton,  Martinfburg,  F. 
Hon.  John  Penn,  efq.  England. 
Mr.  Benjamin    Pennington,   Philad. 
Mr.  George  Pcnnock.  ditto, 
Dr.  EHfha  Perkins,   Fairfield,  Ct. 
Ifaac  Perkins,  efq.  Kent  county,  Md. 
Mr,  John  Perry.  Hampton,  F. 
P-obt.  Peter,  efq.  Georgetown,  Patow. 
Mr.  Thomas  Peters,  Baltimore, 
Mr.  Derrick  Peterfon,  Philadelphia, 
Charles  Pctiit,  efq,  ditto, 
Samuel  O.  Petlus,  efq.  Louifa,  F. 
Mr.  Henry  Philips,  Maiichejltr.,  E^i' 

land. 
Daniel  Phoenix,  efq.   New  York, 
Col.  Tim.  Picketing,  Luzerne  co.  P. 
MelT.  Pickett  &  Hopkins,  Richmond, 
Rev.  Henry  Pile,  Newport,   Md. 
Ro\ ,  Jofeph  Piimore,  Philadelphia, 
Pi '.5  excellency  Charles  Pinckney,  clq. 
gv)vernorofthe{late  SouthCarolina, 
two  copies, 
Charles    Cotefworth  Pinckney,   efq. 

Chailellon,  5.  C. 
ThomiN  Pinckney,  jun.  efq.  dilto, 
Mr.  David  Pinkerton,  Philadelphia, 
John  Pintard,  efq.  New  Yoik, 
John   Marfden  Piniard,  efq.   Ameri- 
can conful,   Madeira, 
James  Piper,  efq,  Chellertown,  Md, 
Richard  Piatt,  eiq.  New  York, 
Mr.  William  Plume,  Norfolk, 
Dr.  Thomas  Pole,  London, 
Benjamin  Pollard,  efq.  Norfolk, 
Thomas  Pollock,  efq.  New  York, 
S.  W.  Pomeroy,  efq.  Hartford,  C. 
Capt.  Poole,  Wilmington,  D, 
Matthew  Pope,  eiq.  York,  F. 
William  Popham,  efq.  New  York, 
J.  R.  PolUeihwaite,  efq.  Carldle,  P, 
Col.  Samuel  PolUeihwaite,  duio. 
Col.  J.  Podly,  Buckingham,  Md. 
Mr,  jofeph  Potts,  Philadelphia, 
Rich.  Potts,  efq.  Fredcr  cktown,  Md. 
Mr.  Stacy  Potts,  Harnfburg.  P. 
Mr.  James  Poupard,  Philadelphia, 
Dr.  J  imes  Powel.  Savannah,   C. 
Col.  Levcn  Powell,  Loudon,  V, 


Svijcribers*  names. 


Samuel  Powell,  efq.  Philadelphia, 

Mr.  Seymour  Powell.  York,   V. 

Mr.  William  Powell,  Bofton, 

Me(r.Pragcrs,Liebaertand  co.Philad. 

Mr,  Naihaniel  Prentifs,  do. 

Mr.T.  PreniifsjElizabethiown,  A^.  J. 

Na.haii  Prellon,  e fq. ^W'oodbury,  Ct. 

Mr,  Smith  Price,  Bucks  county,  P. 

Mr.  William  Prichard,  Philadelphia, 

Mr.  John  Pringle,  do. 

Mr.  Mark  Pruiuic.  Baltimore, 

R.  Prlnglc,  M.b.'Charlellon,  S.  C. 

Col.  Thomas  Plotter,    Philadelphia, 

Mr.  John  Proudfit,  Fredericfbiirg,  F. 

Right  rev,  Samuel  Provoolt,  D.  D. 
bilhop  of  the  proteftant  epifcopal 
church  in  the  Hate  of  New  York. 
<^ 

M,Pet.  Quackenbofs,  Hebron,  A'^.  Y. 

Mr.  John  Ragan,  Hagerflown,  Md. 
Mr.  Claudius  P,  Raguet,  Philad. 
Mr.  Robert  Raldon,  ditto, 
John  Ramage,  efq.  New  York, 
Hon.D.Ramfey,  efq.CharleHon,5.C. 
Mr.  John  Ramfey,  New  York, 
Mi.  Reynold  Ramfey,  York  co.    P. 
"1  .  M.  Randolph,  eiq.  Goochland,  F. 
W  illiam  Rawle,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Sampfon  Rea,  ditto, 
Jacob  Read,  efq.  fpeaker  of  the  houfe 
of  reprefentatives  of  South  Caro- 
lina, Charlcfton, 
,Mr.  J,  Reader,  iui\.  Chamberfbg,  P. 
Philip  Read,  eiq,  Kent  county,   MJ. 
Mr.  Samuel  Redick,  Shippenfbg.  P. 
Dr.   Jofeph     Redman,  Philadelphia, 
Bowes  Reed,  efq,  Burlington  N.  J. 
Samuel  Reed,  efq.  Martinlburg  F, 
Mr.  Jacob  Reed,   New  York, 
Rev,  James  Rees,  Charlellon,    5.  C. 
Mr.  James  Reid,  Dumfries,  F. 
Rev.  Charles  Reichel,  Nazareth,  P. 
Adam  Rcigart,  jun.efq.  Lancaller,/". 
Anthony  Reintzel,  efq.  Georgetown, 

Patowmac, 
Henry  Remfen,  efq.  New  York, 
William  Reynolds,  efq,  York,    F. 
Jonathan  Rhea,  efq.  Freehold,  A^.  J, 
Mr.  Jofeph  Rice,  Baltimore, 
Mr.,  Daniel   Richards,   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Archibald  Richardfon,  Suffolk  V. 
Mr.  Wm.  Richardfon,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  James  Ricker,  A'.  Y. 
Mr.  Randal  Rickey,  Trenton,  N.  J, 
James  Riddle,  efq.  Chamberlturg, 
Mr.  John  Riddle,   Hagerftnwn,  ^ Md. 
Mr.  Jofeph  Riddle,  Martinfburg,  F. 
Mr.  Jofliua  Riddle,  ditto. 
Dr.  Abr.  Ridgcly,  ChcftertownjAW, 
Vet.  VI. 


■"'Jacob  Rieger,  efq.  Lancafter.  P. 

Capt.  W.  Rippey,  Shippenlburg,  P. 

Mr,  Robt.  Ritchie,  Fredeiicib'irg,  F. 

David  Rittenhoufe,    efq.  trcafarer  of 
the  Hate  of  Pennfylvania,    Philad. 

Mr.  Alex.  Roane,  Fredericihurt;.  V, 

Mr.  Wm.  Robertfon,  Albany, >.F. 

W.  Robertfon,  efq.  G.iown  ,Faiow. 

Mr.    Wm.    Robertfon,   New  York. 

Mr.  Wm.  Robefon,  Charlellon.  5.  C. 

Mr,  Ezekiel  Robins,  New  York, 

Mr.  James B.  Robins,  Snowhili,  m. 

Mr.  A.  Robinfon,  Hunt:ngtcn  co.  P. 

Mr.  Mau.  Robinfon, Potdiown,  A',  j. 

Mr.  Samuel  Robinfon,  Philadelphia. 

Gen.  Roberdeau,  Alexandria. 

Rev.  dr,  John  Rodgers,  New  York, 

Mr.  Walter  Roe,  Bahimore, 

Capt.  John  Rogers,    Planipton,  F. 

Mr.  Jofeph  Rowers,  Philadclph'a, 

Col.  Nicholas  Rogers,   Baltimore, 

Mr.  William  Rogers,  New  York, 

Melfrs,  Rogerfon  and  Dabney,  Alex- 
andria, 

Mr.  James  Roney.  Philadelphia, 

J.  F.  Roorbach,  efq.  New  York, 

Ifaac  Roofevelt,  efq..  do. 

Col.  Jefle  Root,  Hartford,  Ct. 

Mr.  William  Rofr.  Richmond, 

Mr.  Colin  Rofs,  !•  rcd^riclbiirg.  F. 

Capi.HoratioRofs,Shepherdfiown,r. 

Mr.  Hugh  Rofs,  Fort  Pitt,  P. 

Mr.  jas.  Rofs,  Dickmfon  colfeg-,  P. 

Thomas  Rofs,  efq.  Cheiicr  co.  P. 

Mr.  John  Rowe,  BoHon. 

Benjamin  Rumfey,  efq.  Md. 

Dottor  John  Ruinfcy,  George-town, 
Eaflern  fhore,  Md. 

Mr.   Richard  Rundle,   Philadelphia, 

Benjamin  Rufli,  M.  D.    do. 

Hon.  Jacob  Rulh.  efq.     do. 

Mr,  William  Rufh,  do, 

Meffrs.  Rulfel  and    Smith,  Berming' 
ham,  England, 

Caleb  Ruflel.  efq,  Morriflown,  A',  /. 

Mr.  Naih.  Rullel,  Charlellon;  S.  C. 

Henry  Rutgers,  eiq.  New  York, 

John  Rutherford,  efq.  do. 

Edw.  Rutledge,  eiq.  Charlellon,  S.  C. 
<s> 

Mr.  James  Saidler,  New  York, 

Mr.  Samuel  Sal.fh;iry,  Boflon, 

Mr.  Jon.  Salter,  (r.town,  Patowmac, 

Mr.  T.  Salter,  Eli/abethiown,  A'.  /. 

Col.  R.  H.  Saundcr-,  Goochland,  /'. 

Mr.  Jacob  Schaller.   Lancaller,  P. 

Mr.  John  Schaffer,' Philadelphia, 

George  Schloffer,  efq,  ditto, 

Mr.  S.  Schneiders    Northumberland 
county,  P. 


i8 


Suhfcribcrs^  names* 


George  Scott,  efq.  Freclerictown,A/^, 
Guflavus  Scott,  efq.  Cambridge,  Md. 
John    Scott,  eiq.  -Cheftertown,  Md. 
John  Scott,  cfq.    Chamberfburg,    P, 
John  B.   Scott,  efq.  Charlotte,  V. 
Capt.  Mat.  Scott,    Shippenfbur^T,  P, 
Richard  B.  Scott,  efq.  Charlotte.^. 
Mr.  Richard  M.  Scott,   Alexandria, 
Mr.  Robert  Scott,  Philadelphia, 
William  Scoit,  efq.  York,  P. 
Mr.  Samuel  Scotten,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Jacob  Seaman,  New  York, 
Mr.  Jacob  Sebor,  ditto, 
Wilfon  C.  Selden,  M.  D.  Leefbg.r. 
Mr.  Nathan  Sellers,  Philadelphia, 
Col.  William  Semple,  ditto, 
Mr.  John  Service,  ditto, 
Mr.  Jacob  Servofs,  ditto, 
William  Seton,  efq.  New  York, 
Thomas  Jennings   Seth,   efq.    Queen 

Ann's  county,  Md. 
Thomas  Seymour,  efq.  Hartford,  Ct. 
Mr.  Clement  Sharp,  Bollon, 
Jacob  Sharpe,  efq.  Long  Ifland,  A^.  Y. 
Mr.  Ifaac  Sharplefs,  New  \  ork, 
Mr.  James  Sharfwood,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  John  Shaw,  New  York, 
Mr.  Frederic   Sheets,    Merrion,  P. 
Col.  Ifaac  Shelby,  Danville,  K. 
W^.  Sheppard.  efq.  member  of  the  le- 
gillature  of  North  Carolina,  New- 
bern, 
Mr.  Nathan  Sheppard,  Philadelphia. 
Mr.  Peter  Sherman,  Wafliington,  Ct, 
William    Shermer,  efq.    Richmond, 
Mr.  Robert  Shcrrard,Winchcftcr,  ^. 
Hon.  Edward  Shippen,  efq.  chief  juf- 
tice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas, 
Philadelphia. 
Jof.  Shippen,  jun.  efq.  Lancafter, /*. 
Wm.  Shippen,  M.  D.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Jofiah  Shippey,  New  York, 
Abr.  Shoemaker,  eiq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  C.  Shoemaker,  Germantown,  P, 
John  Shoemaker,  efq.  Cheltenham,/*. 
Dr.  John  Shore,   Peterfburg, 
Mr.  Thomas  Shore,  ditto. 
Mr.  James  Short,  York,  P. 
Meffrs.    Short  and    Richards,    Fal- 
mouth, v. 
Mr.    Benjamin  Shreve,  Alexandria, 
Thomas  Sickels,  efq.  New  York, 
Mr.  Laurence  Sickels,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Paul  Siemen,  Lewes,  D. 
Charles  Simms,  efq.  Alexandria, 
MefT.    Wooddrop  and  Jos.    Siinms, 

Philadelphia, 
John  Smmons,  efq.  Charlefton,  5.  C. 
'I'homas  Simmons,  efq.  ditto, 
Johw  Singer,  efq.  Trenton, 


Mr.  Ifaac  Siitler,  Wlnchefler,  V. 
Mr.  Wm.  Skinner,  Martinfburg,  V, 
Dr.  A.  Slaughter,  Portfmouth,  K 
Smith  Slaughter,  efq.  Shepherdftn.r. 
Hon.    John    Smilie,  efq.  member  of 
the  fupreme   executive  council  of 
Pennfylvania, 
Dr.  Smith,  Charleflon,  S.  C. 
Mr.  Abiel  Smith,  Bollon, 
Mr.  Alex.  Smith,  G.town,Patowm. 
Bartlee  Smith,  efq.  Charleflon,  S.C, 
Benjamin  Smith,  efq.  ditto, 
Mr.  Ez.  Smith,  Stoneybrook,  N.  J. 
Mr.  Hugh  Smith,   New  York, 
Maj.  J.  Smith,  Queen  Anne's  co.Md, 
James  Smith,  efq.  York,  P. 
James  Smith,  efq.  Charlellon,  S.  C. 
Jafper  Smith,  efq.Hunterdonco.A'.^, 
John  Smith,  efq.  Winchefler,  T. 
John  Sm  th,  efq  Mooreftown,  N.J. 
Jonathan  B.  Smith,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Hon.  Ifaac  Smith,  efq.  juflice  of  the 

fupreme  court  of  New  Jerfey, 
J.  S.  Smith,  efq.  Redhook, 
Melantlon  Smith,  efq.  New  York, 
Robert  Smith,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Robert  Smith,  ditto, 
Robert  Smith,  efq.  Baltimore, 
Roger  Smith,  efq.  Charleflon,   S.  C, 
R.  S.  Smith,  efq.  Mooreftown,  N.  J. 
Col.  Samuel  Smith,  Baltimore, 
Mr.  S.  J.  Smith,  Burlington,  N.J. 
Thomas  Smith,  fen.  efq.  New  York, 
Thomas  Smith,  jun.  efq.  ditto, 
Thomas  Smith,  efq.  Carlifle,  P. 
Thomas  Smith,  efq.  continental  loan- 
officer,   Philadelphia, 
Thomas    Duncan    Smith,  efq.  Hunt- 
ington county,  P. 
Thorowgood  Smith,  efq.  Baltimore, 
Wilbam  Smith,  efq.  New  York, 
William  Smith,  efq.  Baltimore, 
Mr.  William  Smith,  Boflon, 
Mr.  William  Smith,  Hampton,  F. 
Wm.  More  Smith, efq.  Montgomery 

county,  P. 
Robert  Smyly,  efq.  Eaflernfhore,A/(/. 
Mr.  Geo.  Snowden,jun.  New  York. 
Mr.  Gilbert  T.  Snowden,  Md. 
Mr.  Jofeph  Snowden,   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  W.  Spalding,  Shepherdllown,  P", 
Mr.  Baltzer  Spangler,  York,  P. 
Mr.  S.  Spear,  Baltimore, 
Tho.  Sprigg,  efq.   Hagerflown,   Md. 
Mr.  W.  Somervale,  Charleflon,  S.  C. 
Mr.  John  Souder,  Philadelphia, 
Col.  Jas.  Southall,  Williamlburg,  F. 
Mr.    Edward   Stabler,    Leefburg,  r, 
Mr.  Wm.  Stackpole,  Boflon, 
Capt.  John  Stagg,  NewYork, 


Subfcribcrs'  names. 


»9 


Mr.  John  Stapler,    Wilmington,  D. 
Mr.  John  Starck,  jun.  Baltimore, 
Mr.    F.  W.  Starman,    Philadelphia, 
Abraham  Steiner,    efq.  Hope,  N.  J. 
Mr.  J.  Sieiner,  jun.Frederictown  Md. 
Mr.  G.  W.  Steinhauer,  Philadelphia, 
Gen.  Adam  Stephen,  Martinfburg,  F. 
James  Sterling,  efq.  Burlington,  A". /. 
Dr.  John  Steuart,  Bladenfburg,   Md. 
Mr.  Stevenfon,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Clotwonhy  Stevenfon,  Richmd. 
Dr.  Geo.  Stevenlon,  Carlifle,  P. 
Mr.  Hay  Stevenfon,  New  York, 
MeflTrs.  Stewart  and  Nefoitt,  Philad. 
Dr.  Alex. Stewart,  Chamberfburg,  P. 
Mr.  Alex.  Stewart,  New  York, 
Mr.  Arthur  Stewart,    Richmond, 
Mr.  A.  Stewart,  Pougkeepfie,  N.    Y. 
Mr.  D.  Stewart,  Huntingdon,  co.P. 
Mr.  Andrew  Stockholm,  New  York, 
Benjamin  Stoddert,  efq.  Georgetown, 

Patowmac. 
Mr.  Leman  Stone,   Derby,  Ct. 
Mr.  W.  S.  Stone,  Fredericfnurg,  F, 
Dr.  Storck,  Williamfport,  Md. 
Meffrs.  Storm  and  Sickels,  A^.  Y. 
Thomas  Stoughton,  efq.  ditto, 
Mr.  Sam.  Stout,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Mr.  Jofeph  Stretch,  New  York, 
Mr.  Wm.  Stribling,  Battletown,   F. 
Mr.  John  Strieker,  Baltimore, 
Mr.  Daniel  Strobel,  Charlefion,  S.C. 
Dr.  David  Stuart,  Alexandria, 
Henry  Stuber,  B.  M.  Philadelphia, 
Edward  Styles,  efq.  ditto, 
Mr.  William  Summers,  Alexandria, 
Mr.  J.  Suter,  Georgetown,  Patowm. 
Major  J.  Swan,  Baltimore, 
John  Swanwick,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Col.  Jofeph  Swearingen,  Shephcrdf- 

town,  V. 
Mr.  Doyle  Sweeny,  New  York, 
Mr.  Hugh  Sweeny,  Philadelphia, 
Meff.  Sweetman  and  Rudolph,   do. 
Jonathan  Swift,  efq.  Alexandria, 
W.  Sydeboiham,  efq.  Bladenfb.  Md. 
Mr.  Richard  Sydnor,  Baltimore, 
Dr.  James  Sykes,  Dover,  D. 
Capt.  J.  Sytes,  Albany,  A'.  Y. 

Philip  Tabb,  efq.  Gloucefler,  F. 
Mr.  Jofeph  Tagcrt,  Philadeiphia, 
Mr.  Robert  Taggart,  ditto, 
Col.  Jer.  Talbot,  Ciiamberfbg.  P. 
Nathan  Tart,  efq.  Charlefton^^S.  C. 
Monkhoufe  Tate,  efq.  London, 
Mr.  Samuel  Tate,  Carlide.  P. 
Creed  Taylor,  efq.  Cumberland  co.  /'. 
Ji-iFe  Taylor,  efq.  Alexandria, 
Col.  J.  Taylorj  New  Brunfwic,  A',.7 


Capt.  Richard  Taylor,   Hampton,  F. 
William  Taylor,  efq.  Falmouth,  F. 
Col.  Willoughby  Tebbs.  Dumfries,/^. 
Sir  John  Temple,  hart,  his  Britainnic 

majedy'sconlul  general,  NewYork, 
Mr.    Cornelius   Ten  Broeck,    New- 

Brunfwic,   N.  J. 
Dirck  Ten  Broeck,  efq.  Albany,  A'',  Y. 
Mr.  Bart.  TerralTun,  Philadelphia, 
Mr,   Benjamin    Thaw,  Philadelphia, 
Meffrs.    Thavcr,  Barilett,    and     co. 

Charlellon,  S.  C. 
Mr.  James  1  heus,  do. 
Dr.  Philip  Thomas,  Yrt6.sr\c\i\.  Md. 
Richard  Thomas,  efq.  Cneller  co.  P, 
Mr.  Richard  Thomas,  George  town, 

Patowmac. 
MefTrs.  Thompfun  and  Taylor,   near 

Leefburg,  F. 
Hoii.Chas.  Thomfon,  efq.  N.York, 
Mr.  J. H. Thomfon,  Charlefion,  S.C. 
Col .  J.  Thomfon,  Q.  Ann's  co,  Md. 
Mr.  jofeph  Thornbuigh,  Carldle,  P. 
Rev.  Sydenham  Thorne.  Milford,  D. 
John  Threlkeld,   efq.    George  town, 

Patowmac. 
Mr.  John  Thurman,  New  York, 
Mr.  Daniel  Thuun,  Philadelphia, 
Jofeph  Tidball.efq.  Lancafier  co.   P. 
Mr.  Silvefter  Tiffany,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
W.  Tilghman,  efq.  Cheflertown,  Md, 
MajorR.Tilghman,Eafiern  fhore,Afa'. 
Mr.  T.  R.  Tilghman,  Baltimore, 
Dr.  James  Tillary,  New  York, 
Mr.  Charles  Tillinghaft,  do. 
Col.  Nehemiah    Tilton,    Dover,    D, 
Jer.  Tmker,  efq.  New  Providence, 
Meffrs.  John    Titlermary    and  fons, 

Philadelphia, 
Mr.  C.  Tod,  near  Frcdericfburg,    F, 
Mr.  Henry  Toland,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Thomas  Tom,  New  York, 
Mr.  JefTe  Townfend,  Yale  college,  Ct, 
Mr.  Solomon  Townfend,  NewYork, 
Mr.  Jamci  Trenchard,  Philadelphia. 
Edw.  Trefcott,  efc],  Charlefion,  S.C. 
Mr.  James  Tnpletf,  Dumfries  F, 
('ol,  Simon  Triplett.  Alexandria, 
Mr.  Hore   Browfe   'J'nfi,   Philadel. 
I  uther  Trowbridge,  efq.  Albany, 
Hon.  Charles  If.  Tucker,  efq.  N.  V, 
Wm.  Tudor,  efq.  Bofton, 
Dr.  A.  Tumball,  Charlefion,  S.  C. 
Mr.  Georgje  Tunno,  ditto. 
Sam.  Turbett,  efq.  Lancafler,  P. 
Major  George  Turner,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  John  Turner,  jun.    New   York, 
Mr.  T.  Turner,  (i.  town,  Patowmac, 
Dr.  I.  Tyler,  Frederiffown,   Md. 
Meffrs.  Ty  fon  8z  Andcrfon,  iiahiin. 


Suhfcribers'  names. 


>vir.  ](t\)n  Underwood,  Carlifle.  P. 

Robert  Unoerwood,  cfq.  New  York 

Urui!;an  locteiy,  ditio, 

Mr.  C"ha.  Urqiihart,   f  rcdc-ricfbg.  V, 

Ivir.  ALr-ihani  Ufher,   IJaliunorCj 

Mr.  1  lidinas  Ufher,  ditro, 

Mr.  Will.aiu  Uliick,  New  York, 

Adrian  Vslck,  efq.  conful  from  fhe 
united  Netherlands,  lialtiiiiore,  two 
copies,  1 

Andrew  Van  Bibber,  efq.  Baltimore, 
Mr.  Kaac  Van  Bibber,  ditto, 
Rev.  Hugh  Vanre,  Martinfburgr,  V. 
Mr. J.  VV.  Vancleve.  Princeton,  N.  J. 
Ml.  Jo!in  Vandegrift,  Trenion, 
Cajii.  liaac  Vanhorne,  Bucks  co.  P. 
D.  Van  Inccn.  ern,Schene6tady,A^.y. 
MHV.   M.&W.    Vanlear,   Hagerf- 

town,  Md. 
W.  Van  Murray, efq. Cambridge,  Md. 
?vlr,  Jotin  Van  Reed,  Philadelphia, 
Jchn  J.  X^'an  Renffcllaer,  efq.  Green- 

bu!i,,  a;  Y. 
K.  K.  Van  Renfitllaire,  efq.  Clave- 

rac, 
Stephen    Van  Renflellaire,   efq.  Al- 
bany, N.  V. 
Mr.  S.  P.  Van  RenlTcUaire,  N.V. 
Mr.  Jimes  Vanuxcni,  Philadelphia, 
;vlr.  VitierVan  Zandt.  Newark. iV.y. 
Richard  Varick,  efq.  New  York, 
Charles  Vaughan,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
ham^iel  Vaughan,  jun.  efq.  ditto, 
D.  C.  Verplanck,  efq.  New  York, 
Cuban  Verplanck,  eiq.  fpeaker  of  the 

aflenibly  of  New  York. 
MidFrs,  Vos  &   Graves.,  Charlcllon, 

.9.  C. 
Mr.  Edward  Vr.fs,  R-chmond, 
Major  H.Vowles,  Falmouth,  F. 

<^ 
McfT.Wadfworth  &  Turpin.Charlef- 

ton,  .9.  C. 
Peter  Wagener,  efq.  Colchcfier,  l'. 
Mr.  Philip  Wager,  J'hiladelphia, 
Mr.  A.  Waldron,  New  York, 
Mr.  D.  Waldron,  ditto, 
George  Walker,  efq.  ditto, 
Mr,  George  Vv'alker,    Georgetown, 

Fatowmac, 
Mr.Jas.  Wallace,  Wilmington.  A'^.C. 
Mr.  William  Wallace.  Carlifle,  P. 
Mr.  Thomas  Walley,  Bo!l<.n, 
Gerard  Vv'alion,  efq.  New  York, 
Rev.  James  Walton,  St.  Inigo,  Md. 
Mr.  William  Walton,  New  Yoik, 
Mr.  Pvichard  Ward,  ditto, 
Dr.  Waring,  Charldloi.,  S.  C. 


Meffrs.  M.  &  H.  Waring,  George- 
town, Patowmac, 
Felix  Warlfv,  efq.  Charleflon,  5.  C. 
Dr.  John  Warren,  Bollon, 
Mr.  John  Warren,  Frederica,  D. 
Bulhrod  Wafhington,   efq.  Alexand. 
Col.  Warner  Wafliiugton,   Frederic 

county,  F. 
Mr.  Francis  Vv'^aters,  Dorfetco.  F, 
Mr.  Owen  Waters,  Philadelphia, 
Mr..  Richard  Waters,  Dorfet  co..-  F. 
Thomas  Waties,  efq. Charleflon,  S.C. 
Francis    W^atkins,   efq.    Prince    Ed- 

v/ard  county,  F. 
Thomas  V/atkins,  efq.  Augulla,  G. 
John  Watfon,  efq.  New  York,  . 
Mr.  Jofeph  Watfon,  Winchefler,  F. 
Hon.   Frederic  Watts,    efq.  member 
of  the  fijpreme  executive  council  of 
Pcr.nfylvania, 
"Jacob  Weaver,  efq.   Philadelphia, 
Mr.  C.  R.  Webfler,  Albany,  N.  V. 
Major  gen.  Weedon,  Frederufbg.  F, 
Mr.  Cafparus  Weiberg,  Phi  lad. 
Mr.  Jofeph  Weifiger,  Peterfl;urg,  F. 
Mr.  Anthony  Weiff,  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Cyprian  Wells.  Baltimore, 
Mr.  John  Vv'ells,   New  Providence, 
Mr.  Robert,  Wells,  Wincheller,  F. 
Mr.  Jacob  Welfh,  jun.  Baltimore, 
Mr.  James  Wellli,  Philadelphia, 
Roger  WeU,  efq.  Alexandria, 
Mr.  John  VVeflcott,  Phdadelphia, 
Mr.  Jof.'ph  Weflmore,  Peierfbg,  F. 
Profper  "Vl'etmore,  efq.  New  York, 
William  Wetniore,  efq.  BoHon, 
Mr.  John  Wharton,  Aciomack,  F. 
Mr.  Patrick  White,  Psterfburg,  F. 
Capt.  Peter  White,  Lewes,   D. 
R.  White,  jun.  efq.  V/inchcller,  F. 
Rifrht  rev.  William  While,  biihop  of 
the  proteflaiu  epifcopal  church  in 
the  common  wealth  of  FennfyKanui, 
Col.  W.  XA'hiteley,  Caroline  co.  M(5?. 
Mrs.  Eliza  Whiting,  CotragCj  Berk- 
ley county,  F. 
Mr.  Conway  \V'hittle,  Peterfhg.  F. 
Mr.  W.  Wightman,  Charielion,  S.C. 
Mr.  Henry  WikofF,  Philadelphia, 
William  Wilcocks,  efq.  New  York, 
Mark  Wilcox,  efq.    nicnibcr  of  the 
general  alTembly  of  Pennfylvania, 
Cheller  county, 
John  Wilkes,  efq.  New  York, 
Brian  Wilkiiifon,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Col.  Marinus  Wiilet,  NewYov!<, 
Mel!.  Williams,  Cary  &co.  Alexan. 
Dr.  i'i.d.YV'illiams.  Shtpherddown,  F, 
Mr.  Juhu  WilUa::!£,  Dumfries,  F. 


SuhJ'crihcrs.''  names. 


2f 


Gen.  Oiho  II.  Williams,  Baltimore, 
Mr.  Samuel  Williams,  Bofton, 
Mr.  Thomas  "William';,  Richmond, 
Mr.  William  William>,  Bollon, 
W.C.  Williams,  cfq.  WoodUock,  V. 
Hon.  Richard  Wilhng,  elq.  member 

ofihe  fupreme  executive  council  of 

i^cni'.fyivaiva, 
Thomas  Willing,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  Scih  VvMlis,  ditto, 
Mr.  Thomas  Willock,  Norfolk,  V, 
Mr.  Pate  Wilis,  York,  V. 
Wilminjnon  library,  D. 
Mr,  S.  Wilmijrp.  Cheliertown,Arc^. 
Mr.  David  WiUon,  \\' inchcder,  V, 
J::mes  WilfMi,  efq.  Philadelphia, 
Mr.  John  \V  ilfiim,  diitn, 
Rev.  Malt.  Wiiron,D.D.  I.cwrs,  D. 
Dr.  Sam.  VVillon,  Charleflon,  S.  C. 
JS.Wilfon,  jiin.efq.Eadendhore,  Md. 
Stephen  Vv'iHbn,  efq.  Baltimore, 
Wm.  Wilfon,  efq.  Northumberland 

county,  P. 
Mr,  Wm.  Wilfon,  Baltimore, 
r^ir.  Olney  Winfor.  Alexandria, 
Mr.  Jofeph  Winter.  New  York, 
Mr.  Peter  Wife,  Alexandria, 
Mr.  Wm.   Wifeham,  Richmond, 
Mr.  James  Wiihy,  Cheiter,  P. 
OliverWolcot,  jun.efq.  Hartford. O. 
Mr.  John  Wood,  Philadelphia, 
Capiain  John  Woods,  ditm. 
Turner  Wootton,  efq,  l^ahimnre, 
James  Wormeley,  efq. Berkley  co.  V. 
J.Tol!y\V^orihinston,erq.  Baltimore, 
Mr.  Joieph  Wiinht,  New  York, 
Matthew  \V'rij;!u,elq.  Wincheder.r, 
Mr.  Stephen  Wrijrht.  Norfolk,  V. 
Tho5.Wr!sht,  efq.Wilmitiston,  iV.C 
John  C'.  Wynkoop,  el(|.  Kinderhook, 

New  Y'ork. 

Mr.  R.  Yarboroiiah,  Cumberland.  V, 
Richatd  Yates,  elq.  New  York, 


Donnaldfon  Y'eats,  efq.  Kent  co, 

Capt.  J.  Yellot,  Baltimore, 

Rev.  dr.  G.  Young.  Hagerftown,  Af^/. 

Mr.  Hugh  Young,'  Norfolk,   V. 

Mofes  Young,  efq.  Trinidad. 

Notley  Young,  e(q.  Georgetown,  Md, 

Samuel  Young,  elq.  Philadelphia^ 

Mr.   Samuel  Young,  ditto. 

Dr.  S.  Young,  Plagerilown,  Md. 

<s> 
Meffrs.  Zacharie,  Coopman,  and  co, 

Baltimore, 
Col.   I.  Zane,  Marlborough    works, 

near  Winchefter,  V. 
Mr,  Adam  Zantzinger,  Philadelphia. 
P.jul  Zantzinger,  ef).  Lancaller,  P. 
Mr.  John  C.  ZoUikottcr,  Bahiinore. 

Names  omitted  in  the  preceding  lijl. 
Mr.  P.  Campbell,  jun.  Franklin  co./*. 
Mr.  Derrick  Lelierts,  New  York, 
Mr.  John  Bradford,  Lexington,  /T,. 
Mr.  Rice,  Baltimore, 
Pvlr.  Soloiiion  M'Nair,  Ph  ladclphia, 
Mr.  W.  H.  Beaumont,  Pitilburg. 
Uz  Gaunt,  efq.  Springfield  townlhip, 

Burlmgton  county, 
M.  le  Chevalier  de  la  Terriere,  Bor» 

demon, 
Miles  Philips,  elq. 

ERRORS. 

Page  6,  line  i,  for  Jofeph  Antho- 
ny, elq;  Lunenhvrrr.  read  Jofeph  A-a- 
thony,  elq.  Lynchburg. 

Page  11,  line  46,  for  inr.  James 
Hacket,  Baltimore^  read,  nir.  James 
Hacket,  Queen  Ann's  county.  Md, 

Should  any  other  errors  orormlfions 
be  difcovcred  in  the  above  lill,  th°; 
printer  rcqueils  to  be  inforriied  of 
them,  that  they  may  be  corrected  in  a 
future  one. 


THE 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM, 

For  J  U  L  Y,    1789. 


To  the  printer  of  the  Amer.  Mufeum^ 
SIR, 

THE  lolution  of  the  following  que- 
ries involving  much  valuable 
information,  you  will  oblige  many  of 
your  readers  by  giving  them  a  place 
in  your  Mufeum.  From  the  fpirit  of 
enquiry  and  obfervation,  which  has 
lately  extended  itfelf  through  the 
united  ftates,  I  flatter  myfelf,  anfwers 
will  be  obtained  to  them,  through  the 
medium  of  the  fame  channel,  in  which 
the  queries  are  made. 

Are  there  any  fath  which  prove,  that 
longevity  and  fruitfulnels  teave  been 
promoted,  by  emigration  to  America 
from  European  countries  ? 


Are  there  any  fafts  which  prove, 
that  there  is  a  diminution  of  the  iize 
of  the  human  body,  in  fuccellive  ge- 
nerations in  America  ? 

What  ages  do  horfes  ufually  attain 
in  this  country,  under  different  kinds 
of  treatment  ?  and  what  is  the  greateil 
age,  any  of  them  have  been  known  to 
auain  to  ? 

Are  there  any  inllances,  in  which 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  or  barley,  have 
been  found  wild  in  any  parts  of  Ame- 
rica? or,  are  there  any  inilances  of 
apples,  peaches,  or  pear  trees,  bemg 
found  wild  in  the  woods?  What  arc 
the  eftefts  of  cultivation  upon  the  com- 
mon crab  apple  ? 

Are  there  any  inftances  of  the  in- 
fluence of  tranfplanting  the  whortle 
and  blackberry  into  agarden,  upon  the 
i^uallty  of  ihofe  fruits  ?  Has  a  wine 
of  any  kind  ever  been  made  from 
them,  and  if  fo,  what  is  its  quality  ? 

Is  population  among  the  Indians, 
out  of  the  fphere  of  the  European 
fettlements,  on  the  increafe,  or  the 
contrary?  or  is  it  ftationary  ? 

In  a  late  number  of  the  Mufeum, 
I  faw  a  letter  from  Willam  Penn,  in 
London,  requefting  the  loan  of  a  fum 
of  money  from  h;s  friends  in  Penn- 
fylvania.  Queie — Did  ihey  comply 
wuh  that  recmell  ? 


I  have  feveral  times  heard  and  read 
of  doubts  being  fuggefled,  whether 
Carver  made  the  extenfive  tour  he 
has  defcribed  ;  or  whether  his  book 
be  not  compiled  from  thofe  of  Char« 
levoix,  Hennepin,  &c.  1  wilh  feme 
of  your  correipondents  would  fo  far 
gratify  my  curiofity,  which  I  fuppofe 
fimilar  to  that  of  many  of  your  rea- 
ders, as  to  inform  me  whether  or  no 
this  point  has  ever  beea  fatisfaftoniy 
afccrtained  ? 


Adirefs  of  the  governor  and  council 
of  North  Carolina^  to  his  exceileif 
cy  general  Wafhington. 

To  his  excellency  George  Wafhington^ 
efq.prefident  of  the  united  Jlates, 
J>  I  R, 

AMIDST  the  congratulations, 
which  furround  you  from  all  quar- 
ters, we,  the  governor  and  council  of 
the  ifate  of  North  Carolina,  beg  leave 
to  offer  ours,  with  equal  fincerity  and 
fervency,  with  any  which  can  be  pre- 
fented  to  you.  Though  this  Hate  be  not 
yet  a  member  of  the  union,  under  the 
new  form  of  government,  we  look 
forward,  with  the  pieafing  hope  of  its 
fhortly  becoming  fuch ;  and,  in  the 
mean  time,  confider  ourfelves  bound 
in  a  common  intercfl  and  affettion, 
wilh  the  other  ftates.  waiting  on  I. v  for 
the  happy  event  of  fuch  alterations 
being  propofed,  as  will  remove  the 
apprehen lions  of  many  of  the  ^ood 
citizens  of  this  Hate,  for  thofe  liber- 
ties, for  which  they  have  fought  and 
fuffered,  in  common  with  others ; 
This  happy  event,  we  doubt  not,  will 
be  accelerated  by  your  excellency's 
appointment  to  the  firft  office  in  the 
union  ;  fnice  we  are  well  affured,  that 
the  fame  greatnefs  of  mind,  which  ia 
all  fcenes  has  fo  eminently  charafter- 
ifed  your  excellency,  will  induce  you 
to  advife  every  meafure,  calculated  to 
compofe  party  divifions,  and  to  abate 
any  animofitv,  that  may  be  excited 
bv  a  mere  difference  in  opinion; 
Your  excellency  will  confider  (how- 
ever others  may  forget)  how  extreme- 
ly difficult  it  is  to  unite  all  the  people 
of  a  great  country  in  one  common 
J'enfiment,  uv>on  almoft  any  political 
liibjefl,  much  nioje  upon  a  new  form 


24   Anfwer  of  the  prcf  dent  of  the  U.  S.  to  if,  t  addrcfsfrcm  N.  Carolina,  [July, 

alfo  indicaiive  of  the  good  difpo- 
luions  of  the  citizens  of  your  fiate, 
towards  their  lilbr  ftates,  and  of  the 
probabihty  of  their  Ipeedily  acceding 
to  the  new  general  government. 

In  jultiHcaiion  of  the  opinion, 
which  you  are  pleafed  to  exprels,  of 
my  readmefs,  "  to  advifc  every  mea- 
lure,  calculated  to  coinpofe  party  di- 
vilionSj  and  to  abate  any  ammofuy 
that  miy  bee>;cited  by  mere  diBcrence 
of  opinion,  "  1  take  the  liberty  of  re- 
ferring you  to  the  lentimetits  commu- 
nicated by  nie  to  the  two  houfes  of 
coiigrefs.  On  this  occafion,  I  arn 
lilcewife  happy  in  being  able  to  add 
the  lliongett  iiffurances,  that  1  en- 
ttriam  a  well  grounded  expectation, 
thill  nothing  will  be  waniuig,  on  the 
part  or"  tiie  ddfcrent  branches  of  the 
general  government,  to  render  the 
union  "as  perfect,  and  more  late,  than 
ever  it  has  been." 

A  difference  of  opinion,  on  poli- 
tical points,  is  not  to  be  imputed  to 
freemen,  as  a  fault  ;  fincc  it  ts  to  be 
prelumed,  that  they  are  all  attuated- 
by  an  equally  laudable  and  facred  re- 
gard for  the  liberties  of  their  coun- 
try. If  the  mind  is  lo  formed  in  dif- 
ferent perlons,  as  to  conlider  the  fame 
object  to  be  (omewhat  ditterent  in  its 
nature  and  coniequence',  as  tt  hap- 
pens to  be  placed  in  different  points 
of  view  ;  and  if  the  oldell,  the  ableft, 
and  the  mofl  virtuous  Itatelmen  have 
often  differed  in  judgment,  as  to  the 
bed  forms  of  government — we  ought, 
indeed,  ra:her  to  rejoice,  that  fo  much 
has  been  rffected,  than  to  regret,  that 
more  could  not,  all  at  once,  be  ac- 
complifhed. 

Gratified  by  the  favourable  fenti- 
meni*,  which  are  evinced  in  your  ad- 
drefs  to  me,  and  impreffed  with  an 
idea,  that  the  citizens  of  your  ftate  are 
finterely  attached  to  the  intereff,  the 
prolp.'rity  and  the  glory  of  America,  I 
inofl  earneflly  implore  the  divine  be- 
nediction and  guidance,  in  the  coun- 
cils, which  are  fhortly  to  be  taken  by 
their  delegate;,  on  a  fiibjed  of  the 
moft  momentous  confcqucnce,  I  mean 
the  political  relation,  wh  ch  is  to  fub- 
fift  hereafter  between  the  ftate  of 
North  Carolina,  and  the  ilates  now 
in  union  under  the  new  general  go- 
vernment. 

G.  Washington. 

Hlxu  York,  June  ig,  1789/ 


of  government,  materially  different 
fioui  one  they  have  been  accuitomed 
to  ;  and  will  therettire  rather  be  ddpof- 
to  rejoice,  that  lo  much  lias  been  ef- 
fected, than  regret,  that  more  could 
not  all  at  once  accompliihed.  "VVe 
lincerely  believe,  America  is  the  only 
country  m  the  world,  where  luch  a 
deliberate  change  of  government  could 
lake  place,  under  any  circumlUnces 
whatever. 

We  hope,  your  excellency  w-ill 
pardon  the  liberty  we  take,  in  writing 
io  particularly  on  this  fubjeci :  but 
this  fiate,  however  it  may  differ  in  a- 
ny  political  opinions  from  the  other 
Itaies,  cordaliy  joins  with  them,  in  ien- 
Imients  of  iheutmoll  gratitude  and  ve- 
neration, for  thofe  diJtingudhed  ta- 
lents, and  thatilhillrious  virtue,  which 
ve  i<iA  apr;de  in  faying  we  believe,  un- 
der God,  have  been  theprincipal  means 
of  preferving  the  liberty,  and  procur- 
ing the  independence  of  your  country. 
We  cannot  help  confidering  you,  fir, 
in  lome  meafure,  as  the  father  of  it  ; 
and  hope  to  experience  the  good  ef- 
fect of  that  confidence  you  lo  juflly 
have  acquired,  in  an  abatement  of  the 
praty  fpirit,  which  fo  much  endangers 
a  union,  on  which  the  fafeiy  and  hap- 
oinefs  of  America  can  alone  be  found- 
ed. May  iha't  union,  at  a  fhoit  dil- 
tance  of  time,  b-^  as  perfect,  and  more 
fafe  than  ever !  and  in  the  mean 
while,  may  the  fiate  of  North  Caro- 
lina be  confidered,  as  it  truly  dcferves 
lo  be,  attached,  with  equal  warmth 
with  any  fiate  in  the  union,  to  the 
true  intcrcil,  prolperity,  and  glory  of 
America,  differing  only,  in  fome  par- 
ticulars, in  opinion,  as  to  the  means 
of  promoting  them  ! 

SAMUEL  JOHNSTON. 
Bjr  order  and  on  behalf  of  the  council^ 
JAIVIES  IREDEL,  prefdcnt. 
By  order. 
William  J.  Dawson, 

Clerk  council. 
May  10,   1789. 

ANSWER. 

Gentlemen, 

IT  was  fcarcely  pofTible  for  any  ad- 
dieCs  to  have  given  me  greater 
pleafiire,  than  that  which  I  have  juft 
received  from  you :  becaufe  I  confi- 
der  it  not  only  demonflrative  of  your 
approbation  of  my  condutf  in  accept- 
ing the  lirft  effice  in   the  union,  but 


1789. 


Account  of  the  climate  of  Pennfylvaniak 


«5 


Account  of  the  climate  of  Pennfylva- 
nia,  and  its  influence  upon  the  hu- 
man body.  From  tncdical  enqui- 
ries and  obfrvations. — By  Benja- 
min Rufk^  M.  D.  frofefjor  of  che- 
niflry  in  the  uni-Oerfty  of  Penn- 
fylvania. — Printed  and  Jold  by 
Prichard  and  Hall. 

THE  Itaie  of  Pennfylvania  lies 
between  39°  43'  25"  and  42  ° 
north  latitude,  including, oFccurfe,  2  ° 
16'  35",  equal  to  157  miles,  from  its 
fouctiern  to  its  northern  boundary. 
The  weftern  extremity  of  rhe  (lace  is 
in  the  longitude  of  5  °  23'  40",  and 
the  eallern,  in  that  of  27'  tVom  the 
meridian  of  Philadelphia,  compre- 
hending, in  a  due  vvell  courfe,  311 
riiiles,  exclufive  of  the  territory  lately 
purchafed  by  Pennfylvania  from  the 
united  Hates,  of  which,  as  vet,  no 
accurate  furveys  have  been  obtained. 
The  llatc  is  bounded  on  the  fouth  by 
part  of  the  (late  of  Delaware,  by  the 
whole  ftate  of  Maryland,  and  by  Vir- 
ginia to  her  weltern  extremity.  The 
kit  named  ftate,  the  territory  lately 
ceded  to  Connefticut,  and  Lake 
Erie,  (part  of  which  is  included  in 
Pcnni^ylvaniaj  form  the  wcrtern  and 
north-vv'eflern  boundaries  of  (he  IJate. 
Part  of  the  (late  of  New  York,  and 
the  territory  lately  ceded  to  Pennfyl- 
vania, with  a  part  of  Lake  Erie,  coni- 
pofe  the  northern,  and  another  part 
of  New- York,  wiih  a  large  extent  of 
New  Jerfey  (feparaled  from  F-ennfyl- 
vania  by  the  river  Delaware)  roin- 
pofe  the  eallern  boundaries  of  the 
liate.  The  lands,  which  form  thefe 
boundaries  (except  a  part  of  ihe  Hates 
of  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  New 
Jerf?y)  are  in  a  Hate  of  nature.  A 
large  tract  of  the  weltern,  and  north- 
eallern  parts  of  Pennfylvania,  is  near- 
ly in  the  fame  uncultivated  lituation. 

*The  Hate  of  Pennfylvania  is  interfer- 
ed and  diverlified  with  numerous  rivers 
and  mountains.  Todefcribe,oreven  to 
eiuimerate  them  all,  would  far  exceed 
the  limits  J  have  propofed  to  this  ac- 
count of  our  climai'e.  It  will  be  fuf- 
ficient  only  to  remark,  that  one  of 
thefe  rivers,  viz.  the  tpufquchannah, 
begins  at  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
Hate,  twelve  miles  from  the  river 
Delaware,  and  winding  feveral  hun- 
dred miles  through  a  variegated  coun- 
try, enters  the  Hate  of  Maryland  on 
the  fouthern  line,  fifiv-eight  axles 
Vol.  VI, 


weHward  of  Philadelphia  ;  that  each 
of  thefe  rivers  is  lupplicd  hy  Pume« 
rous  (treains  of  various  fizes  ;  tbv.t 
tides  flow  in  uarts  of  two  of  tliein, 
viz.  in  the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  ; 
that  the  reil  rife  andLll  alternately  in 
wet  and  dry  weather  ;  and  that  they  Je- 
fcend  w'th  great  rapidity,  over  promi- 
nent bedsof  rocks  in  many  places,  until 
they  empty  themfelves  into  the  bays 
of  Delaware  and  Chefapeak  on  ths 
eaH.  and  into  the  Ohio  on  the  weileru 
parts  of  the  tlate. 

The  mountains  form  a  conHueralile 
part  of  the  Hate  of  Pennfylva  lia. 
Many  of  them  appear  to  be  refcrved, 
as  perpeiual  marks  of  the  orig  nal  tin- 
pire  of  nature  in  this  country.  The 
Allegany,  which  croffes  the  Hate  a- 
bout  two  hundred  miles  from  Phila- 
delphia, in  a  north,  inclining  to  an 
eaH  courfe,  is  the  moft  conhdcrafcie 
and  extend  ve  of  thefe  mounlans.  It 
is  called  by  the  Indians,  the  backbore 
of  the  coniin^nt.  Its  heiijht,  in  dif- 
ferent places,  is  fuppofed  to  be  about 
one  thoulaiid  three  hundied  feet  from 
the  adjacent  plains*. 

The  loil  of  Pennfylvania  is  diver- 
fified,  by  its  vicinity  to  mountains  and 
rivers.  The  vallies  and  botioins  con- 
fift  of  a  black  mould,  which  extendi 
from  a  font  to  four  feet  in  riepih,  Bui, 
in  general,  a  deep  clay  forms  ihe  fur- 
face  of  the  earth.  Im.nenfe  beds  of 
limeHone  lie  beneath  this  clay,  in  ma- 
ny parts  of  the  Hate.  This  account 
of  the  (oil  of  Penn'.ylvania  i«;  confin- 
ed wholly  to  the  lands  on  the  eaH  fids 
ofth-  Alletrany  mountain.  The  foil, 
on  the  weH  hde  of  this  irjontTtaiii, 
fliall  he  defcribed  in  anothc^r  pi.ice. 

The  city  of  Ph  ladclphia  lies  in  ihc 
latitude  of  35  °  57',  in  longitude  75  ° 
8'  from  Greanwich,  and  fifty- hve 
miles  weft  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

It  IS  fituaied  about  four  miles  due- 
north  from  the  conOux  of  ihe  rivers 
Delaware  and  Schuylkill.  Ihe  build- 
ings, which  coniift  chiefly  of  brick, 

NOTE. 

*  The  author  is  happy  in  being  a- 
ble  to  inform  the  public,  that  a  cor- 
reft  view  of  thefe  mountains  and  ri- 
vers, with  their  heights,  d' dances, 
and  courfes,  will  be  publifhcd  in  a 
few  months  by  mr,  Read:ng  Howell, 
of  tlie  city  of  PhiUdelph.a.  iii  a  Lr^e 
map  oi  Petinf)  Ivan  a. 
D 


ti 


Account  of  the  clinate  of  Pennjyivanh 


[J-al/, 


extcncl  nearly  three  miles,  north 
,aail  fouth,  along  the  Delaware,  and 
aliove  half  a  mile,  due  well,  towards 
the  Schuylkill,  to  which  river  the  li- 
mits of  liie  city  extend  ;  the  whole 
including  a  diHance  of  two  miles  from 
the  Delaware.  The  land  near  the 
rivers,  between  the  city  and  the  con- 
flux of  the  rivers,  is,  in  general,  low, 
inoif},and  fubjeittobeovcifiowcd.'l  he 
greatelt  part  of  it  is  meadow  ground. 
The  land  to  the  northward  and  welf- 
Vfardj  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city,  is 
high,  and,  in  general,  well  cultivated. 
Before  the  year  1778,  the  ground  be- 
tween the  prefent  improvements  of 
ihe  city,  and  the  raer  Schuylkill, 
was  covered  with  wood«.  Thele,  to- 
gether with  large  traMs  of  wood  to 
inc  iiorihward  of  the  city,  were  cut 
dc»wn  durm.t;  1  he  winter  that  ihe  Britilh 
armv  had  p  ifTeJhon  of  Philadelphia.  I 
fii:ili  hereafter  mention  the  inHuence, 
which  ihe  cutting  down  of  thefe 
woods,  and  the  lublequent  cultivation 
of  (he  grounds  in  ihe  neighbourhood 
of  the  city,  have  had  upon  the  health 
of  u<  inhabitants. 

The  mean  height  nf  the  ground, 
Hpon  which  the  city-  Hands,  is  about 
forty  feet  above  the  river  Delaware. 
One  of , the  longed  and  moH  pv)pulous 
directs  in  the  city,  rifcs  only  a  few 
feet  above  the  river.  The  air  is  much 
purer  at  the  iiorih,  than  at  the  louih 
end  of  theciiy  ;  hcnte  the  lamps  ex- 
hibit a  fainter  flame  in  us  foiuhein 
than  in  its  northern  pans. 

1  he  tide  of  the  Delaware  fcldom 
rlfcs  more  than  lix  feet.  It  flows 
four  mlesan  hour.  The  widih  of  the 
river,  near  the  city,  is  about  a  mile. 

The  ciiy,  with  the  ad  o  'tnig  dif- 
Iritts  of  houthwark  and  the  Nor- 
thern Liberties,  contains  between 
forty  and  Hfty  ihonlaud  inhahuants. 

From  t'he  arcouius,  which  have  been 
handed  down  to  us  by  our  anceftovs, 
there  is  rcafon  to  heheve,  that  the 
clivnaie  oi  Pennfylvania  has  under- 
gone a  material  change.  Thunder 
and  tighining  are  Lis  fref;aenr ;  the 
cold  of  our  winters,  and  (he  heat  of  our 
fuminer^,  are  lefs  uniform,  than  thev 
were  forty  or  hfty  yeais  aso.  Nor  is 
this  all  :  (he  (prings  are  much  colder, 
and  rhe  aunimns  more  temperate,  than 
formerly,  infomiich  that  caitle  arc  nut 
houfed  lo  foon,  by  one  month,  as 
tiiey  vvrr*"  iw  former  yi;ars.      VvuUui 


the  laft  eight  years,  there  have  been 
exceptions  to  pan  of  thele  oblerva- 
tions.  Ihe  winter  of  the  year  1779 — 
80,  was  nniiormly  and  uncommonly 
cold.  Ihe  river  Delaware  was  fro- 
zen near  three  months,  during  this 
winter;  and  public  roads,  for  wag- 
gons and  ileighs,  connetted  the  ciiy 
of  Philadelphia  ,  in  many  places, 
with  the  Jcrley  Ihore.  The  thicknefs 
of  the  ice  in  the  river,  near  the  ciiy, 
was  from  hxteen  to  nineteen  inches ; 
and  the  depth  of  the  froft  in  the  ground 
was  from  four  to  five  feet,  according 
to  the  expofure  of  the  ground  and  the 
quality  of  the  foil.  '1  his  extraordi- 
nary depth  of  the  frotl  in  the  earth, 
compared  wnh  its  depth  in  more  nor- 
thern and  colder  countries,  is  occa- 
fioned  by  the  long  delay  of  fnow, 
which  leaves  the  eanh  without  a  co- 
vering, during  the  lall  autumnal  and 
the  hfil  winter  months.  Many  planrs 
were  deUroyed  by  the  intenfenefs  of 
the  cold,  during  that  winter.  The 
ears  of  horned  cattle,  and  the  feet  of 
hv)gs  expoted  to  the  air,  were  frofl- 
bmen  ;  Iqiurrels  perilLed  in  their 
holes,  and  pircridges  werei^ften  found 
dead  111  the  neighbourhood  of  farm- 
houle";.  In  January,  the  mercury 
flood  for  fcveval  hours  at  5  °  below  o, 
m  Farenheir's  thermoineicr ;  anddui- 
ing  the  whole  of  this  month,  (except 
on  one  dav)  it  never  role,  in  the  city 
of  Philadi-lphia,  to  the  freezing  point. 
The  Cjld,  in  t'le  winter  of  the  year 
1783 — 4,  wasasuitenle,  but  not  lo  Hea- 
dy as  it  was  in  the  wint(  rthat  has  been 
delcnbed.  It  dilfered  from  it  materi- 
ally in  one  particular,  viz.  there  was  a 
thaw  in  the  month  of  January,  which 
opened  all  our  rivers  for  a  few  days. 

Ihe  fummer,  which  liicceeded  the 
winter  of  1779—80,  was  uniformly 
warm.  The  mercury  m  the  thermo- 
meter during  ihis  fummer,  Hood  on 
one  day,  the  i5;h  of  AuguH,  at  95  °  , 
and  fluctuated  between  93  °  and  «o  " 
for  many  weeks.  The  thermometer, 
in  every  reference,  that  has  been,  or 
ftiall  he  made  to  it,  llocjd  in  the  fliade 
in  the  open  air. 

I  know,  it  has  been  faid  by  many 
old  pt  uplr,  that  the  winters  in  Penn- 
fylvania are  lefs  cold,  and  the  fum- 
mers  leL  warm,  than  they  were 
forty  or  hfty  years  ago.  The  want 
of  ihernKJinetrical  oblervations,  be- 
fore and  during  ihofc  years,  readers  it 


1789.]      Letter  reffeRing  the  fortrfcations  inthe  zacjlern  country. 


t? 


difficult  to  deride  this  qwftion. 
Pcrtiap^i  the  difference  of  clothing 
and  fenfation  between  yoiiih  and  old 
pge,  in  winter  and  (LimmcT,  may  have 
laid  the  foundation  o-f  ihis  opinion. 
I  fiifpeth  the  mean  teniperature  of  the 
air  in  Peiinfylvania  has  not  altered  ; 
Vnit  that  the  principal  change  in  our 
climate  confifls  in  the  heat  and  cold 
b-'ing  lef-i  confined,  than  formerly, 
to  their  natural  feafon^.  I  adopt  the 
opinion  of  dr.  Williamfon*,  refpect- 
ing  the  diminution  of  the  cold  in  the 
foutbern,  being  occafioned  by  thecui- 
tivation  of  the  northern  parts  of  Eu- 
rope ;  hut  no  fiirh  cultivation  has 
taken  place  m  the  countries,  which  lie 
to  the  north- well  of  Pennfylvama  ; 
nor  do  the  partial  and  imperfert  im- 
provements, which  have  been  made  in 
the  northwcft-parts  of  the  Hate,  ap- 
pear to  be  fufficient  to  lefTen  the  cold, 
even  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia^  I 
have  been  able  to  collefcl  no  facts, 
which  difpofe  me  to  believe,  that  the 
winters  were  colder  before  the  year 
1740,  than  they  have  b"en  fince.  In 
ihe  m  Mnorah'Ie  winter  nf  ly-jf) — 40, 
the  Delaware  wa^  croifcd  on  the  ice 
in  Uetghs,  on  the  ,5th  of  March,  old 
llyte,  and  did  not  open  lill  the  13th 
of  the  fame  month.  1  he  ground  was 
covered,  during  this  winter,  with  a 
deep  fnow  ;  and  the  rays  <if  the  fun 
were  conftanMy  obfcured  hy  a  mili, 
which  hung  in  the  upper  regions  of 
the  air.  In  the  winter  of  1779 — 80, 
the  nver  was  navigable  on  the  ^ih  of 
March  ;  the  depth  of  the  fnow  was 
moderate,  and  the  gloommefs  of  the 
rold  was  fometimes  fiifpended,  for  a 
few  ddvs,  by  a  cheerful  fun.  From 
thefe  fafts,  it  is  probable,  the  winter 
of  1739 — 40,  was  co*lder  thau  the 
Winter  of  1779 — 80. 

Having  premiled  thefe  general  re- 
marks, I  proceed  to  oblerve,  that 
there  are  (eldom  more  than  twenty  or 
thirty  davs.  m  fummer  or  winter, 
in  Pennfvlvyn  a.  in  which  the  mer- 
ciirv  rifcs  above  80 -^^  in  the  former, 
or  fall  below  30®  in  the  latter  fea- 
fon.  Some  old  people  have  remark- 
ed, that  the  number  of  extremely  cold 
ai^d  warm  days,  in  iuccelfive  iummers 
and  Winters,  bears  an  exafet   prupor- 


♦   American  Philofophica^  Tranf- 
actioiis,  voL  i. 


tion  to-  each  other.     This  was  ftricl- 
ly  true  in  the  years  1787  and  1788. 

The  warmeU  part  of  theday  in  fum- 
mer IS  at  two  o'clock,  inordinary,  and 
at  three  in  the  afternoon,  in  extreme- 
ly warm  weather.  From  thefe  hours, 
the  heat  gradually  dimmilhes  till  ths 
enfuing  morning.  The  cooled  part 
of  the  four  and-twenty  hours  is  at  the 
break  of  day.  There  are  (eldom  more 
than  three  or  four  nights  in  a  fummer, 
in  which  the  heat  of  the  air  is  neaily 
tihe  fame,  as  in  the  preceding  dav. 
After  the  warmeft  days,  the  evenings 
are  generally  agreeable,  and  often  dc- 
lighifil.  The  higher  the  mercury- 
riles  in  theday  time,  ihc  lower  it  falls 
the  fiicceeding  night.  Th''  mercury 
froniSo  °  generally  falls  to  68;  while  X 
delcends,  when  at  00  ° ,  only  to  56  ®  . 
This  difprnportiou  between  the  tem- 
perature of  the  day  and  nighi,  in  fimi- 
rcer,  is  always  giedielt  in  the  monih 
of  Auguft.  The  dews,  at  this  time, 
are  heavy,  in  proportion  to  the  cool- 
nefs  of  the  evemng.  They  a<"e  fome- 
times fo  confiderable,  as  to  wet  the 
clothes;  and  there  are  inllances,  in 
which  marfe-meftdows.and  even  creeks 
which  have  been  dry  during  the  fum- 
mer, have  'been  fuppiied  with  their 
ufiial  waters,  from  no  other  foiirce 
rha-n  the  dews  which  have  fallen  in  this 
month,  c,r  in  the  firft  weeks  of  Stp- 
temher. 

There  is  another  circumflance  con- 
nefted  with  the  one  ju!l  mentiotied, 
which  contributes  very  much  to  miiigafc 
the  heat  of  fummer  ;  and  that  is,  it 
ft*ldom  continues  more  than  two  or 
three  days,  without  being  fucceeded 
by  (howers  of  rain,  accompanied 
fometimes  by  thunder  and  lightning, 
and  aftarwards  by  a  Horth-weft  wind, 
which  produces  a  coolnels  in  the  ar, 
that  is  highly  invigorating  and  agree- 
ahle^  \^'fo  be  continue d.~\ 

••<►•  <S;  <»><S>  ••<>•• 
Correfpondrnce    between    Noah   Web- 
Jicr,  cfq.  avd  the  rev.  Ezra  Stilis, 

D.    D.    prefident  of  ¥aie   college, 

v'/peQing  the  /'ortificatiom  in  the 

wjlern  couvtry. 

I.  \:  TIER     I . 

From  Noah  Wehjfer.   efq.   ta  the   rev-, 
Ezra  StUes,   D.  D. 
Philadelphia.,  061.  22,  1787. 
FevereJid  Jir, 

YOU   will  recoiled  that,  when  I 
came  to  Philadelphia,  lall  win- 


?.s 


Letter  refpeEiing  ihr  fortijiealiens  in  the  wejlern  country.       [July, 


ter,  you  wrote  to  dr.  Franklin,  re- 
qucRing  his  opinion  of  the  tortihcati- 
ons,  which  have  been  difcovered  in 
Kentucky  and  Mufkingiini,  and  par- 
ticularly defcnbed  by  general.Parlons 
and  others,  who  have  travelled  into 
that  country.  The  do51or  could  give 
no  certain  account  of  the  time  when 
tncy  were  raifed,  or  bv  what  nation  ; 
hut  mentioned  the  celebrated  expedi- 
tion of  Ferdinand  de  Soto,  who  pe- 
netrated into  that  couniry  as  early  as 
ihe  middle  of  the  fixteeiuh  century, 
in  fearch  of  gold  mines ;  and  thought 
it  probable,  the  forts  might  have  been 
erifted  by  this  commander,  to  fecure 
bi''  troops  from  the  favages.  The 
doctor's  mind  is  a  rich  treafurc  of 
knowledge  ;  but  although  he  retained 
the  principal  fafls  refpecling  the  ex- 
pedition, yet  he  could  not  recoiled, 
in  what  colleftion  of  voyages  he  had 
found  the  account.  I  took  pams  to 
examine  feveral  colleSions  in  his  li- 
brary, but  without  effcft. 

A  few  days  ago,  I  was  in  a  book- 
*£ore  in  this  city,  and  accideiually 
laid  my  hands  upon  a  {uiali  ouarto  vo- 
lume, entitled  the  hiltory  of  Florida, 
compiled  by  mr.  Wiiiiam  Rober;s. 
Il  gave  rnc  much  pk-afure  and  fir- 
pnie,  on  opening  the  book,  to  fee 
the  name  of  Fcrdm?,ad  de  Soto.  I 
immediately  procured  the  book,  in 
fiypectation  of  fatisfying  myfelf,  re- 
fpeiT:ing  the  original  conlirutnon  of 
th- fortifications  wellof  the  Allegany, 
Tvhu  h  have  caufeo  io  much  fpeculat ion 
itPiong  the  curiou'-,.  Th  s  work,  con- 
tains a  particuUr  account  of  Ferdi- 
nand'.^  expedition  into  Florida,  which 
I  have  read  with  fume  attention.  But 
I  find  it  very  difficult  to  determine, 
bv  this  account,  and  the  maps  that 
a  ■company  the  work,  how  far  he  pe- 
uei rated  into  ihe'countrv.  or  in  what 
particular  places  he  wintered  ;  for  ve- 
rv  few  of  the  name^  of  rivers  and  In- 
dian towns,  here  mentioned,  are  ntcd 
i;i  modi-rn  times,  in  defcril/ing  this 
p  fvi  of  ilie  couniry.  I  will,  however, 
•ibridte  the  account,  and  fuhmii  it  to 
your  fupcrior  knowledge  cf  the  geo- 
graphy of  that  quar:er  of  America,  ro 
♦k'lermine,  where  the  plai  es  njcntum- 
fd  are  htuaied.  and  how  far  I'V-rdi- 
natiil  HinU  havf?  travelled  from  the 
g\.\\{  of  {'  iorida. 

Fer.dinand  de  S"to  had   ferv^^d  nn- 
jier  Francis  Fizjuo,  lii  hi?  conqueA 


of  Peru.  His  good  condufl  recom- 
mended him  to  the  emperor  Charles 
V.  who  conferred  on  him  the  go- 
vernment of  Cuba,  with  the  rank  of 
genera!  i/f  -Florida,  and  marquis  of 
the  lands  m  ir,  which  he  fliould  con- 
quer. He  (a  led  from  the  Havanna, 
on  the  i2ih  of  May,  1539,  with  nine 
velTels,  three  hundred  and  fifty  horfe 
and  nine  hundred  foot.  On  the  25th  he 
anchored  in  the  bay  of  Spiritu  Santo. 
The  troops  were  landed,  and  Ferdi- 
nand began  to  march  in  quell  of  gold 
mines,  the  principal  objecl  of  all  the 
Sanifli  expeditions  to  the  new  world. 
Fla  diretted  his  courfe  firft  to  the  pro- 
vince of  Paracoxi,  a  powerful  Indiar\ 
chief,  which  is  faid  to  be  thirty 
leagues  diftant  ;  but  the  courfe  is  not 
mentioned.  He  then  went  to  Cale, 
which  is  faid  to  be  weftward,  but  the 
diltance  is  not  noticed.  On  his  way, 
he  palfed  a  rapid  river,  but  its  name  is 
not  mentioned.  It  is  faid  that,  feven 
leagues  beyond  Cale,  is  Palache,  a  pro- 
vince abounding  in  maize.  Ferdinand 
left  Cale,  on  the  11th  of  Augull,  foi' 
Palsrhe,  which  I  take  to  be  a  river, 
that  falK  info  the  gulf  of  Mexic6,  on 
the  north  eaft,  afcout  fifty  mile?  from 
the  great  river,  now  called  Apalachi- 
Cola,  and  (as  it  is  laid  down  on  th^ 
map  before  me)  about  one  hundred 
and  eighty  miles  from  the  bay  of  Spi- 
ritu Santo,  where  Ferdinand  firft 
landed.  So  far  his  march  feeins  well 
afcertained.  On  his  way  from  Cale, 
he  pafled  through  feveral  Indian  fet- 
tleinenls,  viz.  Hara,  Potano,  Utima- 
ma,  Malapaz,  Cholupnba,  and  then 
through  a  defart  of  two  days  journey, 
to  Coliqucn.  This  muft  have  beeu 
in  the  large  province  of  Palache, 
whuh  takes  its  name  from  the  nver. 
and  from  which  the  foiithern  part  of 
the  Allegany  mountains  takes  it« 
na'ne,  Apalachian. 

Ferdinand  Hayed  at  Cpliqucn  fom« 
time,  and  colletted  the  troops  which 
were  left  behind.  On  the  io(\\  of 
September  he  marched,  and  in  five 
days  arrived  at  Napetaca.  1  he  courfe 
is  not  mentioned  ;  but  it  is  moft  like- 
ly to  be  northward.  From  Napctac^ 
he  marched  to  Uzachii,  and  thence, 
in  two  days,  to  Axille.  Here  he  paff- 
e.l  a  nver,  and  arrived  at  Vitachuco, 
which  is  faid  to  he  tn  the  province  of 
Palache.  This  province  is  faid  to  be 
fciuie  and  well  peopl-dj  iioi!,fe.s  aofi 


J  789.]     Letter  rrf piling  the  /ortificdttoni  in  the  zoijurn  covntry. 


«9 


villages  appearing  on  every  fide.  By 
the  [ime  fpeiit  in  marching,  one 
would  fufpett,  that  Ferdinand  muft 
hd\'c.  by  this  time  penetraied  far  into 
the  cuuniry.  Yet  the  account  fays, 
he  was  but  ten  leagues  from  the  fea  : 
which,  fuppofing  it  to  be  on  the  river 
Palachc,  could  not  be  more  than  two 
hundred  or  two  hundred  aad  nfty 
miles  from  Spiritu  Santo.  Another 
circumftance  corroborates  this  con- 
jeciure  ;  Ferdinand  dilpatched  a  body 
of  horfe  to  Spiruu  Santa,  with  orders 
for  the  party  left  there,  to  join  him  at 
Palache.  i.  he  horfcmen  arrived  in 
fix  days,  which,  at  forty  miles  a  day, 
will  make  the  diRance,  two  hundred 
and  forty  miles. 

The  party,  upon  this  order,  left 
Spiniu  Santo,  and  coading  alonjJ, 
arrived  at  Palache  bay  on  the  2.5ih  of 
December.  Ferdinand  difpatched 
Ivlaldonado  to  reconnoitre  the  coun- 
Iry  weilward :  he  went  to  Ochiiie, 
li.\ty  leagues  from  Palache,  and  re- 
turned with  a  favourable  account  of 
tlie  country.  Ferdinand  then  difpatch- 
ed  M»i»lonado  with  the  fleet  to  the 
Havanna,  for  a  fupply  of  wailike 
implements.  On  the  information  of 
an  Indian,  that  the  country  Yupaha, 
to  the  eaRward,  abounded  in  gold, 
Ferdinand  left  Palache  on  the  3d  of 
March  1540,  palled  throuj^h  Capachi- 
^ui,  and  arrived  aj  ioalli.  On  the 
»3d,  he  proceeded  through  Achefe 
and  Altaraca  to  Ocuta,  wheir  the 
caffique,  or  chief,  furniriied  him  with 
four  hundred  Indians  for  fervicc.  He 
left  Ocuta,  on  the  i2ih  of  April, 
and  proceeded  to  Cofaqui  and  to  Pa- 
tofo.  Not  finding  the  gold  mines 
which  he  expetted,  Ferdinand  was 
embarralli'd ;  but  being  informed, 
that  to  the  northweft  lay  a  fertile, 
\veil  peopled  province,  called  Coca, 
he  changed  his  route,  and  encounter- 
ing all  difficulties,  he  proceeded  to 
Aymay  and  Catafachiqui.  Here  he 
was  told,  that,  at  the  diRance  of 
twelve  days  iournev,  lay  the  pro- 
vmce  of  Chiarha,  which,  by  its  d'i- 
tance  and  direttioa,  w-ih  the  anal^i^y 
of  names,  I  am  inclined  to  believe, 
•was  iome  part  of  the  tountry  of  the 
ChaHaws  or  Chikalaws,  •  Iliihcr 
Ferdinand  determined  to  march,  ihe 
d  ftaiue  from  Ocuta  to  C'aiafathiqui 
IS  faid  to  he  one  hundred  and  tJiiriy 
Dfiiies  ;    from    the    latter    to    Xi;alli, 


two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  of  moun- 
tainous country.  This  diRance,  reck- 
oning from  ihe  river  A  palache  north 
weR,  will  bring  Ferdinand  into  the 
Chikafaw  country,  to  the  northward 
of  the  upper  Creeks.  The  town  of 
Chidca  is  laid  to  be  fituaied  at  the 
forks  of  a  river.  Here  the  army  re- 
pofed  for  fouie  time  ;  and  Ferdinand 
was  told,  that,  to  the  northward  of 
this,  lay  the  country  of  Chifca  which 
abounded  in  ore.  He  marched  for 
Chlfca  and  a/nved  ar  AcoRa  on  the 
leih  of  July.  He  palled  through  Tali 
and  Cofa,  Tallimuchule  and  Itava; 
at  the  laR  place  he  was  detained  by 
the  overilpwu'g  of  a  river;  then  pro- 
ceeded to  UUibail:,  Toafi,  Tallife, 
Tafcaliica,  Piacha,  and  Maville, 
where  he  had  a  fevere  engagement 
with  the  natives.  Here  he  heard  that 
Maidonado  had  arrived  at  Ochufc 
with  the  fleet  from  the  Havanna; 
but  he  determined  not  to  return,  till 
he  led  his  army  into  fome  neb 
country,  where  they  might  be  reward- 
ed for  their  toil  and  danger.  He  then 
marched  to  Pafallaya,  and  thence  pro- 
ceed to  Chicaca,  where  he  wintered. 
In  April  1541,  he  lefc  Chicaca, 
and  palled  feven  days  journey  to 
Quizqiiiz,  and  then  advanced  to  Rio 
Grande.  This  is  undoubtedly  the 
MiffiHippi,  as  It  is  defcribed  to  be  one 
and  a  half  mile  wide,  very  deep  and 
rapid.  Boats  were  conftrutted,  and  the 
army  crolTcd  into  Quixo.  Ferdinand 
marched  to  Pacaha,  through  Cafqui  ; 
and  was  obliged,  on  his  way,  to  crofs 
an  arin  of  the  great  river  ;  he  arrived 
at  Pacaha  in  June.  He  then  proceed- 
ed loufhward,  ro  a  great  province 
called  Quigate,  then  to  Coligoa,  Pa- 
lifemu,  Taf?.licoya  and  Cayas,  to 
the  province  of  Tnlla,  then  to  the 
province  Autiamque,  eighty  lea<',ueS 
ioiithc-aftward,  where  he  wintered. 

He  Icf;  A^utiarrqiie  in  March  154"!, 
and  proceeded  to  Nilco,  a  fertile  and 
populous  countiy,  on  the  banks  of  a 
great  riyer.  Tli  s  is  the  fame  rivcT, 
that  waters  Cayas  and  Autiamque  ;  it 
ilows  into  a  larger  river,  that  waters 
Pacaha  and  Aquixo :  their  junciipa 
linear  Guachaya.  Ihe  great  nvec 
is  called  at  this  place,  Tamalifeu  ;  at 
Nilco,  I'apatu  ;  at  Cofa,  Mico.  and 
at  the  fea,  Ri.  ~ 

Ferdinnnd  dird'of  a  fever  at  Gua^- 
tiioy.!.  aficv  hav:D^  nominated  Lewis 


^o 


CJ  tompUxion  and  figure 


[July, 


Mafcofo  to  fucc-eed  him.  Soon  after 
his  death,  Lewis  attempted  to  travel 
by  land  fouth-weft  to  Mexico  ;  ha 
iiKirched  one  hundred  and  fifty  leagues 
welt  of  the  great  nver,  but  meeting 
wuh  infuperable  obftacles,  the  army 
returned  to  Nilco,  at  fome  diftance 
from  which  was  the  town  Minoya, 
where  the  Spaniards  determined  to 
build  themfelves  fome  veiTcIs,  and 
fail  out  of  the  river,  for  Mexico. 
Seven  veflT-Is  were  finilhed  m  June, 
and  the  rifmg  of  the  water  carried 
them  off  the  ftocks  into  the  river. 
The  army  eiribarkeil,  July  sd,  1543  ; 
arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  on 
the  16  h  ;  on  the  18th  proceeded  to 
fea,  and,  after  a  paffags  of  fitty-two 
days,  arrived  in  the  river  Panico,  on 
the  Mexican  coalt,  having  endured 
every  fatigue,  and  loft  half  their 
number  of  men. 

This  account  is  very  imperfect, 
and,  in  fome  inflances,  contradictory, 
as  it  Hands  in  the  hiflory  ;  the  courfe, 
and  dirtance  of  places,  are  not  always 
mentioned,  and  the  dates  of  events 
are  vifholly  irreconcileable. 

Thefc  circumftances,  however,  do 
not  prove,  that  there  never  was  fuch 
an  expedition  ;  they  only  prove,  that 
the  original  writers  or  tranfcribers 
have  been  negligent. 

The  truth  ot  the  expedition  is  un- 
^ueRionable  ;  and,  on  this  fatt,  I 
have  only  to  make  the  following  ra- 
marks. 

^S{.  That  Ferdinand,  with  an  army 
of  one  thoufand  or  twelve  hundred 
men,  wintered  two  ficcefTive  years 
in  the  country  called  Florida,  or  be- 
tween the  gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
lakes  on  the  eall  of  MifTiffippi  ;  the 
fird  wini'^r  he  palFed  near  the  gulf, 
and  the  fecond  at  a  great  diftance  to 
the  northward*. 

ad.  That  the  remains  of  the  forti- 
fications, as  they  are  defcribed,  are 
fcartered  in  difFtrent  parts  of  the 
country,  and  are  {>f  a  fize  or  extent, 
for  fecuring  and  accommodating  that 
number  of  ni-en. 

3d.  The  grear  river,  mentioned  in 
the  relation,   muft  be  the  Miihlfippi, 

K  o  T  F, . 

*  "  From  the  mouth  of  the  MiffiT- 
/ipp',  to  the  Ob'o,  is  about  a  thoufand 
Tn'l°-  by  vvater,  and  ijut  five  hiifdred 
by  laiid."  Ji:iycil<jii. 


which  is  def*p  and  rapid,  and  from 
one  and  a  quarter,  to  a  mile  and  a 
half  wide. 

4th.  Ferdinand  muO  have  been  fe- 
veral  hundred  miles  from  the  fea  ; 
for  his  troops  ware  fourteen  days  na- 
vigating the  river,  from  the  place 
where  the  veffels  were  conllructed, 
10  the  mouth. 

5th.  In  the  original,  mention  is 
feveral  times  made  of  falr-lpnngs, 
which  abound  not  only  in  Rentutke, 
but  in  Mufk  ngum,  and  on  the  well 
of  the  MiHilfippi. 

6th.  It  is  laid  th?t  feveral  very 
large  trees  are  grown  out  of  the 
brcaftworks  ;  this  proves  the  antiquity 
of  them  ;  and  Ferdinand's  expedition 
was  two  hundred  and  forty-feven 
years  ago, — a  length  of  time,  in 
whichtrees  will  grow  to  any  fize. 

If  this  arrount  can  g've  any  fat's- 
faftion  to  you  or  to  other  enquirers, 
it  will  gratify  the  wifh(="s  of. 

Rev.   fir,  your  moll  obedient, 
and  very  humble  fevant, 

NOAH  WEBSTER. 

(Letter  II.  in  our  next.) 

An  ejfay  on  the  caufes  of  the  variety 
of  complexion  and  figure  in  the 
human f pedes..  Touihich  are  added, 
firitlurei  on  lord  Kai?ns's  dijcourje^ 
on  the  original  divrrfity  of  man- 
kind. By  the  reverend  Samurt 
Stan/iope  Smith,  D.  D.  vice-prefi- 
drnt,  and  profcffor  ef  moral  phi- 
lofophy,  in  the  college  of  New  Jer^ 
fey  ;  and  M.  A.  P.  S. 

IN  the  hiftory  and  pliilofophy  of 
human  nature,  one  o!  thfe  firit  ob- 
jetls  that  llrikes  an  obferver.  is  the 
variety  of  complexion,  and  of  figure, 
among  mankind.  To  alhgn  the  cauies 
of  this  phenomenon,  has  been  fre- 
quently a  fubject  of  curious  (pecula- 
tion. Many  philofophers  have  re- 
folved  the  difficulties,  with  which  this 
enquiry  is  attended,  by  having  re- 
courfe  to  the  arbitrary  hvp'^thelis,  ihat 
men  are  ongmallv  fpriin^  from  dille- 
rent  ftock-;,  and  are,  therefore,  divid- 
ed bv  nauire  into  diiff-rent  fpccies. 
But  a'  we  are  not  at  liberty  to  make 
this  fuppontion,  fo  I  hold  it  to  be  im- 
p'uloloph'cal  to  recur  to  hypothehs, 
when   the   whole  clicCt  tudy,  on  pro- 


1799.] 


in  t/if  human  /pedes. 


31 


fer  inveftigation,  be  accounted  for, 
y  the  ordinary  laws  of  naiure*. 
On  this  difcuirioii  I  am  now  about 
to  enter ;  and  fliall  probably  unfold, 
in  Its  progreh,  fome  principles,  the 
full  ui)p(»riance  ot  wh:ch  will  not  be 
obvious,  at  firft  view,  to  ihofe  who 
have  not  been  accuftomtd  to  obferve 
the  operations  of  naiure,  with  minute 
and  careful  auention — principles, how- 
ever, which,  experience  leads  me  10 
believe,  will  acquire  additional  evi- 
dence from  tune  and  obicrvation. 

Of  the  cauies  of  thefe  varieties  a- 
hiong  mankind,  I  liiall  iiai  under 
the  htad^ — 

I.  Of  climate. 

II.  Of  the  flate  of  fociety. 

In  treating  this  fubject,  I  Ihall  not 
efpoufe  any  pecuhar  iyilem  of  medi- 
cal principles,  which,  in  the  continu- 
al revolutions  of  opinion,  might  be  in 
hazard  of  being  hereafter  dilcardcd. 
I  Ihall,  as  much  as  pofTible,  avoid 
ufing  terms  oi  art ;  or  attempting  to 
expLun  thi  manner  of  operation  of  the 
i'aifes,  where  diverfify  of  opinion  a- 
mong  phyiicians  has  left  the  iubjecl  in 
doubt. 

And,  in  the  beginning,  permit  me  to 
make  one  general  remark,  which  mult 
wiicn  have  occurred  to  every  judicious 
enquirer  into  the  pov/ers  both  of  mo- 
ral and  of  phyfical  caufes— that  every 
permanent  and  charaderlfiic  variety 
m  human  nature,  is  eftected  by  flow 
and  ahnod  imperceptible  gradations. 
I J  real  and  fudden  cjiange"!  are  too  vi- 
olent for  the  delicate  confiitution  of 
man,  and  always  tend  to  dcilroy  the 
fyftem.  But  changes,  that  become 
incorporated,  and  that  form  a  char- 
ader  of  a  climate  or  a  nation,  are  pro- 
grelTively  carried  on  through  feveral 
generations,  till  the  caufes,  that  pro- 
duce them,  have  attained  their  utmolt 

N  o  T  £. 

*  It  is  no  fmall  objeftion  to  this 
hypothefis,  that  thefe  fpecies  can  ne- 
ver be  ai'certained.  We  have  no 
means  of  dillir>guiihing,  how  many 
v/ere  originally  formed,  or  where  any 
of  tiieui  are  now  to  be  found.  And  they 
mull  have  been  longfmcefo  mixed  by 
the  migrations  of  mankind,  that  the 
proper; ies  of  each  fpecies  can  never 
be  deiermiiied.  Belidss,  this  fuppo- 
fuion  unavoidably  conf)unds  the  whole 
philufopliy    of    human    nature. 


operation.  In  this  way,  the  m'nuteft 
caufes,  afting  conftantly,  and  long 
continued,  will  necefianly  create  great 
and  confpicuous  ditterences  among 
mankind, 

I.  Of  the    firft   clafs  of  caufes   I 
fiiall  treat,  under  the  head  of  climate. 

In  tracing  the  globe  from  the  pole 
to  the  equator,  we  obferve  a  gradation 
in  the  complexion,  nearly  in  propor- 
tion to  the  latitude  of  the  country. 
Immediately  below  the  arctic  circle, 
a  high  and  fanguioe  colour  prevails. 
From  this,  you  defcend  to  the  mixture 
of  rad  in  white;  afterwards  fuccced 
the  brown,  the  olive,  the  tawny,  and, 
at  length,  the  black,  as  you  proceed 
to  the  line.  The  fame  diftance  from 
the  fun,  however,  does  not,  in  every 
region,  indicate  the  fame  tempera- 
ture of  climate.  Some  fecondary 
caufes  mult  be  taken  into  confidera- 
tion,  as  correcting  and  limiting  its  in- 
fluence. The  elevation  of  the  land — 
its  vicinity  to  the  lea — .he  nature  of 
the  foil — the  ilate  of  cultivation — the 
courfeof  winds — and  many  other  cir- 
cumllances — enter  into  this  view.  Ele- 
vated and  mountainous  countries  are 
cool,  in  proportion  to  their  altitude  a- 
bove  the  level  of  the  fea — vicimty  to 
the  ocean  produces  oppofite  effects, 
in  northern  and  foiuhern  latitudes ; 
for  the  ocean,  being  of  a  more  equal 
temperature  than  the  land,  in  one  cafe, 
corretts  the  co'd,  in  the  other,  mo- 
derates the  heat.  Ranges  of  niauu- 
tauis,  fuch  as  the  Appenninesin  Iialy, 
and  Taurus,  Caucdfus,  and  I  mans  in 
Ailia,  by  interrupting  the  courfe  of 
cold  winds,  render  the  p.rotetffd 
countries  below  them  warmer,  and  the 
countries  above  them  colder,  than  is 
equivalent  to  the  proportional  ditie- 
rence  of  latitude.  The  frigid  zcme 
in  Alia  is  much  wider,  rtian  it  is  in 
Europe;  and  that  continent  hardlv 
knows  a  temperate  zone.  From  the 
northern  cctan  to  Ca';cafus,  fays 
Montefquieu,  Afia  msy  be  considered 
as  a  fiat  mountain,  I'hcnce,  to  the 
ocean  that  wafhes  Perlia  and  India, 
ills  a  low  and  level  country,  wuhout 
feas,  and  pro  ectL-d  by  this  iinmenfe 
range  of  hills  from  the  polar  winds. 
The  Afiatic  is,  therefore,  warmer 
than  the  European  continent,  btlow 
the  fortieth  degree  of  latitude;  and, 
above  that  latitude,  it  is  much  more 
cold.     Clim^ie  j'  v  rt-ic-.-tcs  fonit  dif- 


3* 


Of  complexion  and  figure 


[>Jy. 


ference  from  tHe  nature  of  the  foil  ; 
and  fome  from  the  degree  of  cultiva- 
tion, band  IS  fa-lceptible  of  greater 
heat  than  clay  ;  aad  an  uncultivated 
region,  fhadcd  wuli  fore  (Is,  and  cover- 
ed v;iih  undraineJ  marllies,  is  rmire 
frigid  la  northern,  and  more  temperate 
in  fouthern  latitudes,  than  a  country 
laid  open  to  the  direct  and  conftant 
adion  of  the  fun.  Hiftory  informs 
us,  that,  when  Germany  and  Scythia 
were  buried  in  forelb,  the  Romans 
often  traniported  iheir  armies  acrofi 
the  frozen  Danube  ;  but,  fince  the  ci- 
vilization of  thofe  barbarous  regions, 
the  Danube  rarely  freezes.  Many  o- 
iher  circumRances  might  be  eiuime- 
irated,  which  modify  the  influence  or 
climate.  Thefe  will  be  fufficicnt  to 
give  a  general  idea  of  the  fubjett :  and 
by  the  intelligent  reader  t!acy  may  be 
cafily  extended,  and  applied  to  the 
ftate  of  particular  countries.     ~ 

From  the  preceding  obfervations 
we  derive  ih'<;  conclufion,  that  there 
is  a  general  ratio  of  heat  and  cold, 
which  forms  what  vi;e  call  climate, 
awd  a  general  refemblance  of  riatiotis, 
according  to  the  latitude  from  the  e- 
qiiator — fuhjett,  however,  to  innu- 
metable  varieties,  from  th'»  innnlre 
combinations  of  the  circuinflances  I 
have  fuggcfled.  After  having  exhi- 
bited the  general  effe'il,  I  (hall  take 
up  the  capital  deviations  from  it,  that 
are  found  in  the  world,  and  endea- 
vour t,>  Qi'^w  that  they  na'urally  re- 
fiilt  from  certain  concurrences  of  ihcle 
modifying  caufes. 

0.ir  expe'nence  verifies  the  power 
of  clirriate  on  the  complexion,  'ihe 
heat  of  f  inimer  darkens  the  flim,  the 
cold  of  winter  chafes  it,  and  excites  a 
fangume  colour.  Thefe  alternate  ef- 
fetts,  in  the  temperate  zone,  tend  in 
fome  degree  to  correfl  each  other. 
But  when  heat  or  cold  predominates 
in  any  region,  it  impreflcs,  in  the  fame 
proportion,  a  permanent  and  charac- 
teriiticai  ct>mplexion.  The  degree,  in 
wh'Ch  it  predominates,  may  be  con- 
Cdercd  as  a  conflant  caufe,  to  the  action 
ef  which  the  human  body  is  expofed. 
This  caufe  will  atfecf  the  nerves,  by 
tcntion  or  relaxation,  by  diL^iatioii  or 
contraction — it  wdl  affect  the  fliiicis, 
by  increafing  or  Icffi^ning  the  pcrlpi- 
ration,  and  hy  altering  the  proportions 
of  all  the  fccretions— it  will  peculiarly 
kiicct  the  ikin,  by  the  immediate  ope- 


ration cf  iheatmofpherc — of  the  fun's 
rays-^-or  of  the  principle  of  cold,  up- 
on its  delicate  texture.  Every  len- 
fible  difference  in  the  degree  of  the 
caufe,  will  create  a  vifible  change  in 
the  human  body.  To  fuggell  at  prefent 
a  fingle  example — a  cold  and  piercing 
air  chai'"es  the  countenance  and  exalts 
the  complexion — an  air  that  is  warm 
and  milty,  relaxes  the  conftitution, 
and  gives,  efprcially  in  valetudina- 
rians, fome  tendency  to  a  bilious  hue. 
Thefe  elFeds  are  tranfient,  and  inter- 
changeable, in  countries  where  heat 
and  cold  alternately  fucceed  in  nearly 
equal  propor;ions.  But  when  the 
climate  couilantly  repeats  the  one  or 
the  other  of  thefe  cfFetts  in  any  degree, 
then,  in  proportion,  an  habitual  co- 
lour begins  to  be  formed.  Colour 
and  figure  may  be  ffyled  habits  of  the 
body.  Like  other  habits,  they  are 
created  not  by  great  and  fuddeii  im- 
prellions,  but  by  continual  ind  almofl 
imperceptible  touches.  Of  habits, 
both  of  mind  and  body,  nations  are 
fufceptible,  as  well  as  individuals. 
They  are  iranfmitted  to  their  oS- 
fpring,  and  augmented  by  inheritance. 
Long  in  growing  to  maturity,  nation- 
al features,  like  national  manners,  he- 
come  fixed,  only  after  a  fucceflion  of 
ages.  I'hey  become,  however,  fixed 
at  lift.  And  if  we  can  afcertain  any 
elfetf,  produced  by  a  given  ffate  ef 
weather  or  of  cl'.male,  it  requires  on^ 
ly  repetition  during  a  fufficient  length 
of  time,  to  augment  and  impre{s  it 
with  a  permanent  charatler.  The 
fanguine  countenance  will,  for  this 
reafon,  be  p"rpetual  in  the  highefl  la- 
titudes of  the  temperate  zone  ;  and 
we  fhall  forever  find  the  fwarthy,  the 
olive,  the  tawny,  and  the  black,  as 
we  defcend  to  the  foiith. 

'i'iie  uniformity  of  the  effect  in  the 
fam?  climate,  and  on  men  in  a  fimilar 
flate  of  fociety,  proves  the  power  and 
certainty  of  the  caufe.  If  the  advo- 
cates of  different  human  fpecies  fjp- 
pofe  that  the  beneficent  Deity  created 
the  inhaSiiants  of  the  earth  of  diffe- 
rent colours,  becaiife  thefe  colours 
are  beff  adapted  to  their  refpetfive 
zones,  It  furely  places  his  benevolence 
in  a  more  advantageous  light,  to  fay, 
he  has  given  to  human  nature  the  pow- 
er of  accommodating  itlclf  to  every 
lont.  This  pliancy  of  nature  is  fa- 
vourable  to  the   unions  of  the  moll 


1789.] 


in  the  human  fpecies^ 


S3 


diftant  nations,  and  facilitates  ;he  ac- 
quifition  and  the  extenfion  of  icience, 
which  would  oiherwife  be  confined  to 
few  objects,  and  to  a  very  limited 
finge.  It  opens  the  way  parfictilarly 
to  the  knowledge  of  the  globe  which 
we  inhabit — a  fubje^t  fo  important  and 
interelting  to  man.  It  is  verified  by 
experience.  Mankind  are  forever 
changing  their  habitations,  by  con- 
quell  or  by  commerce.  And  we  find 
them,  in  all  climates,  not  only  able  to 
endure  the  change,  but  fo  alfimilated 
by  lime,  that  we  cannot  fay  with  cer- 
tainty, v.hofe  anceflor  was  the  native 
of  the  clime,  and  whofe  the  intruding 
foreigner. 

I  will  hpre  prnpofe  a  few  principles 
on  the  change  of  colour,  that  are  not 
liable  to  difpute,  and  that  may  tend 
to  Ihed  foine  light  on  this  fubjett. 

In  the  beginning,  it  may  be  proper 
to  obfervc,  that  the  fkin,  though  ex- 
tieniely  delicate,  and  eafily  fulcepti- 
Meof  imprellion  from  external  cauies, 
IS,  from  us  llrufture,  among  the  lealt 
mutable  pans  of  the  body*.  Change 
of  complexion  does  for  this  reafon 
continue  lon^,  from  whatever  caufe  it 
may  have  arifen.  And  if  the  cauCes 
of  colour  have  deeply  penetrated  the 
texture  of  the  flcin,  it  becomes  per- 
petual. Figures,  therefore,  that  are 
ilained  with  paints  inferted  by  punc- 
tures made  in  us  furface,  can  never 
be  effaced  f.  An  ardent  fun  is  able 
entirely  to  penetrate  iis  texture.  Even 
in  our  climate,  the  {km,  when  firll 

NOTES. 

*  Anatomifls  inform  us,  that,  like 
the  bones,  it  has  few  or  no  veifels, 
and  therefore  is  not  liable  to  thofe 
changes  of  augmentation  or  diminu- 
tion, and  continual  alteration  of  parts, 
to  which  ihe  flefh,  the  blood,  and  the 
whole  vafcular  fyflem  is  fubjerl. 

+  It  is  well  known,  what  a  length 
of  time  is  required  to  etiace  the 
freckles,  contracted  in  a  fair  fkm,  by 
the  expofiireof  afingle  day.  Freckles 
are  feeu  of  allftiades  of  colour.  They 
are  known  to  be  created  by  the  fun  ; 
and  become  indelible  by  time.  The 
fun  has  power  equally  to  change  every 
part  of  the  fkin,  when  equally  expof- 
ed  to  its  aflion.  And  it  is,  not  im- 
properly, obferved  by  fomc^  writers, 
that  colour  mav  be  juilly  confidered 
as  an  univetfa!  ffeckie. 

Vol.  VI. 


expofed  to  the  dire£l  and  conriniiej 
atlion  of  the  folar  ra\s,  is  inflamed 
into  bliflers,  and  fcorched  through  its 
whole  fubiiance.  Such  an  operation 
not  only  changes  iis  colour,  but  in- 
creafes  iis  thicknefs.  The  ftlmulus 
of  heat  cxciiing  a  greater  flux  of  hu- 
mours to  the  Ik  in,  tends  to  incradata 
its  fubiiance.  till  it  becomes  denfe 
enough  to  reiift  the  attion  of  the  ex- 
citing caufe :!:.  On  the  fame  principle, 
fnciion  excites  bliflers  in  the  hand  of 
the  labourer,  and  thickens  the  fkin, 
till  it  becomes  able  to  endure  the  con- 
tinued operation  of  his  inflrumcnt-s. 
The  face  or  the  hand,  expofed  unco- 
vered during  an  entire  fummer,  con- 
tra8s  a  colour  of  the  darkefl  brown. 
In  a  torrid  clmate,  where  the  inha- 
bitants are  naked,  the  colour  will  be 
as  much  deeper,  as  the  ardor  of  the 
fun  IS  more  coidlant  and  more  intenfe. 
And  if  we  compare  tlie  dark  hue.  that, 
among  us,  is  lomeumes  formed  by 
continual  expofure,  wiih  the  colour 
cf  the  African,  the  difference  is  not 
greater,  than  is  proporiioned  to  the 
augmented  heat  and  conflancy  of  the 
climatelj. 

The  principle  of  colour  is  not.how- 
ever,to  be  derived  i'olely  from  the  attion 
of  the  fun  upon  the  fkin,  Ilear,efv)e- 
cially,  when  united  with  putrid  exha- 
lations, (hat  copioufly  impregnate  the 
atmofphere  in  warm  and  uncultivated 
regions,  relaxes  the  nervous  fyflem. 
Ihe  bile,  in  confequencc,  is  aug- 
mented, and  Hied  through  the  whole 
mafs  of  the  body.  This  liquor  tinges 
the  complexion  of  a  yellow  colour, 
which  affuines  by  time  a  darker  hue. 
In  many  other  indance^,  we  fee,  ihat 
relaxation,  whether  it  be  caufed  bv 
the  vapours  of  llagnant  waters,  or  by 
fedentary  occupations,  or  by  lofs  of 
blood,  or  by  indolence,  fubjefts  men 
to  diforders  of  the  bile,  and  difco- 
lours  the  Ikin.     It  has  been   proved, 

NOTES. 

X  Anatomifls  know,  that  all  peo- 
ple of  colour  have  their  fkin  thicker 
than  people  of  a  fair  cornnlexion,  !n 
proportion  to  ihe  darkncfs  of  (he  huf, 

!|  If  the  force  of  fire  be  fuf'-^- 
cienf,  at  a  given  diiiance,  to  fcorrh 
the  fuel,  approach  it  as  much  nearer, 
as  is  proportional  to  the  difrerence  of 
heat  between  cur  climate  and  that  of 
Africa,  »i:d  it  will  butn  ii  black. 


OJ"  complexion  and  Jigure  in  the  human  /pedes. 


34 

by  phyncians,  that,  in  fervid  climates, 
the  bile  is  always  augraerned  in  pro- 
poitiori  to  the  heat*.  Bile  expofed 
to  the  fun  and  air,  is  known  to  change 
its  colour  to  black — black  is  therefore 
the  tropical  hue.  Men,  who  remove 
from  riorihern  to  fouthern  regions, 
ure  ulually  attacked  by  dangerous  dil- 
orders,  that  leave  the  blood  impo- 
verifhed,  and  (bed  a  yellow  appear- 
ance over  the  fkin.  Thefe  diforders 
are  perhaps  the  etiorcs  of  nature,  in 
breaking  down  and  changing  the  con- 
fluution,  m  order  to  accominoddte  it 
to  the  climate  ;  or  to  give  it  that  de- 
gree of  reliixaiion,  and  to  mingl-"  with 
It  tti^i.t  proportion  of  bile,  which  is 
neceifdry  for  its  new  fuuaiionf.  On 
i|iis  dark  ground,  the  hue  of  the  cli- 
iiiaie  becomes,  at  lertjth,  deeply  and 
permanently  impre(lc;d. 

On  the  lubjectof  ihcphyfical  caufes 
of  colour,  I  fhall  reduce  my  principles 
to  a  few  fliort  propofitions,  derived 
chifily  from  experience  and  obferva- 
lioii,  and  placed  in  fiich  connexion, 
as  lu  lUufiratc  and  fupport  each  other. 
They  may  be  enlarged  and  multiplied 
by  men  ofleifiirc  and  talents,  who  are 
difpofed  to  piirfue  the  inquiry  farther. 

1.  It  is  a  fact,  that  the  fun  darkens 
the  {];in,  although  there  be  no  uncom- 
mon redundancy  of  the  bile. 

2.  It  is  alfo  a  fact,  that  a  redundan- 
cy of  bile  darketis  th-?  ikin,  although 
there  be  no  uncommon  expolure  to 
the  funX. 

o.  It  IS  a  faft  equally  certain,  that, 

NOTES. 

*  See  dr.  M'Clurg  on  the  bile. 

+  Phylicians  diticr  in  their-  opi- 
nions, concernmg  the  ftate  of  the 
bile  in  warm  countries.  Some  fup- 
pofe  that  it  is  throw^n  out  to  be  a  cor- 
rector of  putridity.  Others  fuppole, 
thai,  in  all  relaxed  habits,  the  bile  is 
itlelt  in  a  putrid  Hate,  i  decide  not 
among  the  opinions  of  phylicians. 
Whichever  be  true,  the  theory  I  ad- 
vance will  be  equally  juft.  The  bile 
wli  be  augmented ;  it  will  tinge  the 
Ikiu  ;  and  there,  whether  in  a  louiid 
or  putr  d  Hate,  will  receive  the  attion 
of  the  fun  and  aimofphere,  and  be,  in 
proportion,  changed  towards  black. 

t  f<.edundancy  of  ble  long  conti- 
nued, as  in  the  cafe  of  tlw?  blark  jaun- 
dice, '.r  of  extreme  me '.incholv,  creates 
a  colour  aliiioR  perfottly  black. 


[July, 


v\'!.-ere,both  caufes  co-operate,  the  cf- 
fefcl  is  much  greater^  and  the  colour 
much  deeperJI. 

4.  It  is  difcovered  by  anatomifts, 
that  the  Ikin  ct)nfiits  of  three  lamellaj^ 
or  folds — the  external,  which,  in  all  na- 
tions, is  an  extremely  fine  and  tranipa- 
rent  integument — the  interior,  which 
is  alfo  white — and  an  intermediate, 
which  IS  a  cellular  membrane,  filled 
with  a  mucous  iubliance. 

5.  Th's  fub (lance,  what  ever  it  be, 
is  altered  in  its  appearance  and  colour, 
wiih  every  change  of  the  conliiiution 
— as  appears  in  blufiimg,  in  fevers,  or 
in  conkquence  of  exerc;fe.  A  lax 
nerve,  that  does  not  propel  the  blood 
with  vigour,  leaves  it  pale  and  fallow 
— U  is  ihll.iiuly  afttcted  with  the 
Itnallefl  furchage  of  bile,  and  liained 
of  a  yellow  colour, 

6.  The  change  of  climite  produces 
a  proportionate  alteration  in  the  in« 
ternal  ilate  and  ftructure  of  the  body, 
and  in  the  quantity  of  the  fecreti- 
ons*.  In  fouthern  climates  particu- 
larly, the  bile,  a^  has  been  rer»arked, 
is  always  augmented. 

7.  Bile,  expofed  to  the  fun  and  air, 
in  a  ftagnant,  or  nearly  in  a  Uagnant 
flate,  tends  in  its  colour  towards  black. 

8.  The  fecretions,  as  they  ap- 
proach the  extremities,  become  more 
languid  in  their  motion,  till  at  length 
they  come  almoll  to  a  fixed  ftate  in 
the  Ikin. 

9.  The  aqueous  parts  efcaping  eafi- 
ly  by  perfpiration  through  the  pores 
of  the  fkin,  thofe  that  are  more  denfe 
and  incralFated  remain  in  a'mucous  or 
glutinous  Hate,  in  that  cellular  mem- 
brane between  the  interior  {kin  and 
the  fcarf,  and  receive  there,  during  a 
long  time,  the  imprcfhons  of  exter- 
nal and  diicolouring  caufes, 

NOTES. 

11  This  we  fee  verified  in  thofe 
perf ms,  who  have  been  long  fibiecl 
to  bilious  diforders,  if  they  have  been 
much  cxpofcd  to  the  fun.  Their  com- 
plexion becomes  in  that  cafe  extreme- 
ly dark. 

*  This  appears  from  the  diforders, 
with  which  men  are  ufually  attacked, 
on  changing  their  climate  ;  and  from 
the  diifcrence  of  figure  and  afpett, 
which  takes  place  in  confequence  of 
fuch  removal^.  This  latter  reflexion 
will  hereafter  be  farther  illudrated. 


■17%-3  Account  of  tke/aciety  of  Dunkards  in  Pinnjylvania. 


35 


10.  The  bile  is  peculiarly  liable  to 
become  mucous  and  incra{ratecl+ ; 
and  in  this  Oate,  being  unfit  for  per- 
fpiration,  and  attaching  itfelf  flrong- 
ly  to  that  fpongy  tiffue  of  nerves,  it 
j-:  there  detained  for  a  length  of  time, 
till  it  receives  the  repeated  aclion  of 
the  fun  and  atmofphere. 

11.  From  all  the  preceding  prin- 
ciples taken  together,  it  appear*;,  that 
the  complexion,  in  any  climate,  will 
be  changed  towards  black,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  degree  of  heat  in  the 
atmofphere,  and  to  the  quantity  of 
bite  in  the  fkin. 

12.  The  vapfuirs  of  ftagnant  wa- 
ters, with  which  uncultivated  rcg'ons 
abound — all  great  fatigues  and  liard- 
fhips — poverty  and  naihncfs — tend,  as 
well  as  heat,  to  augment  the  bile. 
Hence,  no  lefs  than  from  their  nak- 
ednef's,  favages  will  always  be  difco- 
lourfd,  even  in  cold  climates,  tor, 
though  cold,  when  afl'ifled  by  fuc- 
ciilent  noiinlhment,  and  by  the  com- 
fortable lodcjing  and  clothing  furnifh- 
ed  in  civilized  focieiy,  propels  the 
blood  with  force  to  the  extremities, 
and  clears  the  complexion  ;  yet  when 
bardfliips  and  bad  living  relax  the 
fyllem,  and  when  poor  and  (liivering 
favatres,  under  the  ardic  cold,  do  not 
poffefs  thofe  convenicncies,  that,  by 
opening  the  pores,  and  cherifhing 
the  body,  amll  the  mo;ion  of  the 
Jalood  to  the  furface,  the  florid  and 
fanguine  principle  is  repelled  ;  and 
the  complexion  is  left  to  be  formed 
by  the  dark-coloured  bile  ;  which,  in 
that  itate,  becomes  the  more  dark,  be- 
caufe  the  obOruRion  of  the  pores 
preferves  it  longer  in  a  fixed  (iare  in 
the  fkin.  Hence,  perhaps,  the  deep 
Lappoiiian  complexion,  which  has 
been  efteemed  a  phenomenon  fo  dif- 
ficult to  be  explained. 

13.  Cold,  where  it  is  not  extreme*, 
is  followed  by  a.  contrary  efteS.  It 
cOrretts  the  bile,  it  braces  the  confti- 

NOTES, 

+  In  this  flate  it  is  always  copiouf- 
ly  found,  in  the  flomach  and  intef- 
tines,  at  leaftin  confequenceof  a  bili- 
ous habit  of  body. 

*  Extreme  cold  i-^  followed  by  an 
cfFeft  fimilar  to  that  of  extreme  heat  ; 
jt  relaxes  the  conftitution  by  over- 
framing  it,  and  augments  the  bile. 
This,    together    With    the   fatigues. 


tutiovi,  it  propels  the  blood  to  the  fur- 
face  of  the  body  with  vigour,  and 
renders  the  complexion  clear  and 
florid+. 

Such  are  the  obfervations,  which  I 
propgfe,  concerning  the  proximate 
caufe  of  colour  in  the  human  fpecies. 
But  1  remark,  with  pleafure,  that, 
whether  this  theory  be  well  founded 
or  not,  the  fact  may  be  perfeBly  af- 
certained,  that  climate  has  all  that 
power  to  change  the  complexion, 
which  I  fujipofe,  and  which  is  necef- 
fapy  to  the  prefent  fubjetl.  It  appears 
from  the  whole  ftateof  the  world — it 
appears  from  obvious  and  undeniable 
events  within  the  memory  of  h'.ftory, 
and  from  events  even  withm  our  own 
view. 

..<v-«B.<S><S>  ••♦- 

Account  of  the  foctety  of  Dunkards 
in  Pevnfylvania.  Coinmunicated  by 
a  Britijh  ofjicer  to  the  editor  of  the 
Edinburgh.  Magazine. 

S  I  R,         Edin.  April  7,^,  1786. 

THE  whole  road,  from  Lancafter 
to  Ephrata,  aftords  a  variety  of 
beautiful  profpefts ;  the  ground  is  rich 
and  well  cultivated,  the  wood  (except- 
ing upon  the  road,  where  it  ierves  a<; 
a  {belter  from  the  piercing  beams  of 
the  fun)  thoroughly  cleared,  and  the 
meadosvs  abundantly  watered  by  nu- 
merous refrefhing  fpiings.  About 
tv/elve  miles  from  Lancafter,  we  left 
the  great  road,  and  flruck  into  the 
woods,  through  which  we  were  led  by 
"wildly  devious  paths"  ro  the  delight- 
ful fpot  where  Ephrata  Hands.  The 
fituation  of  this  place  is  molt  jndici- 
oufly  chofen  ;  it  is  equally  fiieltered 
from  the  piercing  cold  winds  of  win- 
ter, and  the  beams  of  the  fun  in  fum- 
mer ;  an  extenfive  orchard  fupphes 
the  inhabitants  with  peaches,  apples, 
cherries,  &c.  their  beautiful  gardens 
with  every  vegetable  they  can  defire. 

KOTES. 

bardfliips  and  other  evils  of  favaga 
life,  renders  the  complexion  darker 
beneath  the  arctic  circle,  than  it  is  iti 
the  midddle  regions  of  the  temperate 
zone,  even  in  a  favage  flate  of  lo- 
ciety. 

+  Cold  air  is  known  to  contain  a 
confiderable  quantity  of  nitre  ;  and 
this  ingredient  is  known  to  be  favour- 
able to  a  clear  and  ruddy  ccmpiexion. 


36 


Account  of  the  fecit ty  of  Dunkards 


[JuW, 


1  he  rivulet  which  fefves  as  a  boundary 
to  their  poffeHions  upon  one  fide,  is, 
though  firtall,  of  infinite  advantage  to 
their,  grounds;  and,  in  its  courfe, 
drives  a  paper-mill,  from  which  they 
derive  conhderable  profits. 

We  arrived  about  the  hour  of  break- 
faft,  and  vs^ere  moll  hofpitably  enter- 
t-iied  by  the  prior,  Peter  Miller,  a 
German.  He  is  a  judicious,  fenfiblc, 
intelligfi-nt  man  :  he  had  none  of  that 
ftiffnefs,  which  might  naturally  have 
bten  expected  from  hi<;  retired  man- 
ner of  life  ;  but  fcemed  ea{y,  cheer- 
ful, and  exceedingly  deriroii<;  to  ren- 
der us  every  information  in  his  pow- 
er. While  breakfift  was  preparing, 
he  propofed  to  give  us  fome  account 
of  their  fociety  ;  which,  as  it  was 
the  ch'ef  objetl  of  our  journey,  we 
very  willingly  acceded  to. 

He  told  us,  that  their  fociety  was 
ellabliflied  about  fifty  years  ago,  by  a 
very  worthy  old  man,  by  b:rih,  a  Ger- 
man, who  had,  from  repeated  and  nu- 
merous misfortunes,  formed  a  rooted 
difgufl  to  fociety,  and  had  retired 
from  the  world  for  fome  years.  Se- 
veral others,  both  male  and  female, 
Irom  fimilar  m!sf)rtuncs,  or  other 
cnules,  had  likcwife  retired  ;  and, 
trorn  their  habitations  being  contigu- 
ous, they  had  fonietimrsoppcrtnnitjes 
of  feeing  and  conv^rfing  with  each 
other.  As  their  diflike  to  focietv  di- 
minilhcd,  and  their  love  of  focial  hcir- 
inony  mcreafed,  thcfe  meetings  be- 
came more  and  more  frequent ;  they 
began  to  feel  the  intonvenienceof  to- 
tal folitude  ;  fimilarity  of  fcntiment 
and  fituation  attached  them  to  ench 
other;  and  thcv  ardently  wiflied  for 
the  fiiggeflion  of  foine  fcheme,  which 
might  tend  to  linLihem  together  IHll 
more  clofely.  The  fagacious  old 
German,  whom  they  revered  as  a  fa- 
ther, at  length  propofed  the  pref^nt 
fociety.  He  pointed  out  to  them  the 
manv  and  great  advantages,  which 
vi Diild  be  derived  from  fiu  h  a  fcheme  ; 
and,  with  very  great  pnius.  wrote  out  a 
vodect  laws  for  the  regiilu  ion  of  their 
iijtureconduft.  His  rules,  thoiiijh  rigid, 
ivere  admirablv  contrived,  to  preferve 
"I  tier  and  regularity  in  fucli  a  numerous 
tuv-.tety  :  he  held  forth  to  them,  how 
?;i!!bluicly  nccefVrirv  it  was,  to  fubmit 
\viih  implicit  obedience  lo  the  rules 
pre/lnbed  :  at  length,  by  hiseloqiience, 
which  fecms  to  iuve  been  very  great. 


he  formed  a  perfe£l  union  ;  and,  hav- 
ing obtained  a  grant  of  land,  they  be- 
gan their  work  with  ardour  and  acti- 
vity. A  fpirit  of  enthufiafm  feeins 
to  have  infpired  the  whole  ;  unalhfted 
by  any  thing  but  their  own  labour, 
they  in  three  weeks  erefted  the  three 
buildings  which  yet  remain,  and  which, 
from  their  prefent  found  Hate,  prove 
them  to  have  been  built  of  fubllantlal 
materials.  Their  whole  fociety,  at 
this  period,  aniounted  to  about  fift/ 
men  and  thirty  women  ;  they  lived  in 
harmony,  innocence,  and  peace,  nor 
had  any  of  them  ever  expreffed  the 
fmalleil  difgufl,  at  the  fevere  and  ri- 
gid difciphne  tliey  had  fworn  to  ob- 
lerve.  1  he  molt  remarkable  vows, 
and  upon  v.'h:ch  all  the  other  depend- 
ed, were  chaftityj  poverty,  and  obe- 
dience, :  a  defire  to  encroach  upon 
the  firll  of  thefe,  and  an  impatience 
of  the  lalt,  proved  the  firll  fource  of 
contention,  and  occaltoned  a  tempo- 
rary revolution,  which  at  one  time 
threatened  to  exterminate  them  for 
ever. 

Among  thofe  who  had  lall  joined 
them,  were  two  brothers,  men  of  ac- 
tive, daring  fp!rits;bold  and  enter- 
priling,  but  headftri.  rg  and  obllinate. 
Thefe  men  had  experienced  a  multi- 
plicity of  adventures ;  they  had  been 
alternately  rich  and  poor,  happy  and 
mi  lerable;  they  had  traverfed  the  whole 
continent  of  America  ;  had  been  engag- 
ed in  innumerable  purlults,  and  been 
expofed  to  a  variety  of  dangers:  from 
fome  unlucky  hits,  however,  or  fuf- 
picious  dealings,  they  found  it  necef- 
fary  to  abfcond.  They  conceived  a 
rooted  difgnft  for  a  world,  which  would 
no  longer  be  the  dupe  of  their  villainy  ; 
they  became  hermits,  and  profeffed  to 
be  the  warmed  enthufialls  in  religion  : 
they  had  refided  for  a  confiderable 
time  in  the  back  parts  of  Nevv  Eng- 
land ;  in  which  retreat,  they  hf-ard  of 
the  dunkards,  and  feemingly  from  mo- 
tives of  pure  piety,  were  induced  to 
join  them. 

For  fome  time  after  their  arrival, 
their  behaviour  was  moft  exemplary  ; 
they  were  aftive  and  induftrioiis,  and 
were  confiantly  the  firll  in  their  nu- 
merous religious  exercifes ;  they  were 
tiniverfally  cdeemed,  and  in  very 
high  cllimatlon  with  the  original 
founder,  who  had  now  attained  the 
title  of  fpiritual  father.     This  good 


■1 


in  Pennfylvania, 


37 


man  feems  really  to  have  been  a  moft 
finilhed  charatter  :  he  faw  the  necef- 
fity  there  was  for  a  prefident  or  ruler 
to  this  numerous  body;  but  faw  like- 
wile,  that  a  llntt  attendance  upon 
this  duty  would  too  much  inter- 
fere with  the  afts  of  devotion,  in 
which  he  fo  much  delighted  ;  he  there- 
fore fixed  upon  an  old  German,  a 
ttian  of  profound  fenfe  and  exem- 
plary piety,  to  perform  this  oifice — 
This  man  was  invefted  with  unlimit- 
ed authority  :  his  voice  was  a  law,  but 
he  did  not  abufe  his  power  ;  his  whole 
behaviour  was  truly  noble. 

One  of  the  brothers  already  men- 
tioned had  attained  to  thir  place  of 
ireafurer  to  the  fociety  ;  for  notwith- 
ftanding  their  vow  of  poverty. ^  ihey 
had  always  a  ftock  of  cafli  by  them, 
in  caieofpanicnlar exigencies.  Some 
fiiiliues  here  firft  created  fufpicions  of 
this  man  :  he  was  aware  of  his  danger, 
and  had  been  tampering  with  fome  of 
the  weaker  brethren  for  fome  time  ; 
the  prior  interfered;  an  inveftigation 
took  place,  and  they  foon  found  that 
he  had  embezzled  the  cafli  to  a  very 
tonfiderable  amount  ;  they  likewife 
difcovered,  that  he  had  been  guilty  of 
fome  moll  infamous  debaucheries  in 
the  adjacent  country,  and  thit  he  hid 
formed  a  party  in  the  fociety,  to  de- 
pofe  the  prefent  prior,  and  be  defied 
in  his  room.  An  immediate  contu- 
fion  commenced  ;  parties  were  fonn- 
e^;  and  it  feemcd  as  if  a  final  end 
was  to  be  put  to  this  innocent  and  in- 
dullrious  fociety.  This  fcoundrel 
had  polluted  the  minds  of  muny  of 
the  brethren,  with  ideas  ol  indepen- 
dence, and  with  rebellious  notions, 
perfecHy  inconliilent  with  their  ori- 
ginal conftitution  ;  he  was  an  artful, 
cunning,  deficning  man  :  he  difi^ay- 
ed,  in  the  flrongell  colours,  the  fer- 
vility  they  were  held  in.  and  argued 
the  natural  freedom  of  niankind  in 
fupport  of  his  opinion.  He  was 
liliened  to  with  attention,  and  he  did 
not  fail  to  make  ufe  of  his  good  for- 
tune ;  that  cnthufmlm,  v/nich  at  firll 
inlpired  them,  arofe  clnelly  from  no- 
veliy  of  fituation,  or  relpectful  ado- 
ration of  the  good  old  German  ;  thele 
feelings,  in  many  ol  them,  were 
blunted,  in  foine,  totally  fubfuled  ; 
which  })i(n'ed  no  imall  ;ifli{lance  to 
him  in  his  endeavours.  Things  feem- 
cd approaching  to  a  crilis  ;  bufincl's 


was  at  an  end  f  even  their  religious 
duties  were  for  a  while  fufpended,  and, 
an  immediate  revolution  wws  expected. 
This  little  fociety  was  an  epitome  of 
the  moll  celebrated  revolutions ;  fears, 
jealoufies,  fufpicions,  invaded  the 
heart  of  each  member  of  the  com- 
munity :  the  good  brothers  were  in- 
timidated by  the  greatnefs  of  the  dan- 
gei  ;  the  bad  were  not  yet  prepared 
for  a  general  revolt. 

Thingshad  continued  in  tKisfituation 
for  five  days  ;  upon  the  fixth,  in  the 
morning,  the  old  prior,  Peter  MiUer 
the  preient  prior,  who  was  at  that  time 
printer,  and  ten  more  of  the  original 
lollituiors,  went  and  boldly  fcized  the 
brothers.  Relillance  was  vain;  they 
carried  them  into  the  great  hall ;  the 
whole  brotherhood  was  foon  colleft- 
cd,  and  the  fpiritual  father  made  his 
appearance.  The  venerable  figure  of 
tins  good  man,  his  rigid  devotion,  his 
exemplary  piety,  his  numerous  vir- 
tues, ftruck  at  once  upon  their  minds, 
and  they  liliened  to  him  with  atten- 
tion, whiKl  he  made  a  very  long  and 
pathetic  harangue.  He  lamented  the 
melancholy  occafion  of  this  meeting; 
recounted  the  caufes,  which  had  firll 
brought  them  together  ;  gave  them  a 
clear  view  of  their  original  inltitution, 
of  the  oath  which  ihcy  had  made  to  obey 
implicitly  the  rules  prefcribed,  thehap- 
pmels  they  had  experienced,  previous 
to  the  admidion  of  thefe  wicked  bro- 
thers, and  thefatal  confequences,  which 
would  inevitably  anie  from  being  left 
to  themfelves,  or  the  (liU  more  dread- 
ful alternative  ofiubmitting  to  be  go- 
verned by  fuch  a  reprobate  :  he  then 
finilhed,  by  propofing  to  baniih  this 
vagabond  from  tne'r  iociety  ;  to  per- 
mit anv  other  dilcoiitented  members 
to  depart  in  peace  ;  and,  finally,  that 
the  great  power  of  the  prior  Ihouldbc 
fomewhat  limited. 

This  fpeech  had  the  defired  effect ; 
the  luiligator  of  thjs  rebellion  was  ba- 
nlfhed  ;  and  Peter  told  me,  he  retired 
to  Canada  ;  the  other  brother,  with  a 
few  of  the  meml'erswho  were  difcon- 
teiited.  left  them,  and  all  things  re- 
mained upon  the  fame  footing  as  be- 
fore. Thus  was  this  dangerous  rev(i~ 
lufioi',  which feemed  to  threaten  their 
dellrihHion,  finally  ended,  and  their 
former  happmels  re  eftablifhed.  Wh.it 
IS  moll  extraordinary,  the  women 
were  entirely  paifive  in  this  affair,  and 


38 


Account  of  the  Jociety  of  Dunkards 


[July, 


received  the  acknowledgments  of  the 
fociety  for  ihc^ir  behaviour. 

For  foine  time  previou*-  to  this  re- 
solution, the  good  old  fpiruual  fa- 
ther had  retired  to  a  hut  about  a  mile 
from  Ephrata,  chiefly  wtth  a  view  of 
indulging  himfclf  more  freely  in  his 
devotions.  After  this  period,  he  he- 
came  more  and  more  attached  to  his 
folitude,  and  feldom  made  his  appear- 
ance in  p'lblic  ;  a  fettled  melaticholy 
feemed  to  opprels  him,  and  he  died, 
poor  man,  in  the  courfe  of  the  year, 
eieven  years  from  their  inftitution.  He 
Vr-a"-.  buried  at  the  door  of  his  cabin  ; 
a  flat  ffone  is  laid  over  his  grave,  but 
at  bisowndelire  there  is  no  inicrip- 
tion.  The  hut  yet  remains  ;  and  Pe- 
ter tells  me,  he  often  retires  to  it,  and 
waters  the  good  man's  grave  with  his 
tears.  Some  few  years  after  this,  the 
pnordied,  and  Peter  Miller  was  una- 
jjinioudy  elected  in  his  room.  Ibey 
have  lived  in  harmony  and  peace  ever 
iince  ;  they  never  quarrel  :  indeed, 
peter  favs,  his  office  is  merely  nomi- 
nal, as  he  has  never  once  had  occa- 
fion  to  exert  the  authority  veiled  in 
him. 

They  are  now  reduced  to  feven  men 
and  five  women.  Their  original  grant 
of  lands  conlidedof  fcveial  thoaland 
acres ;  part  was  wrefted  from  thein  by 
force,  part  was  difpoted  of  to  fettlers, 
■who  chofe  to  live  near  them,  and 
wtio  entertain  the  fame  religious  o- 
pinions,  and  attend  at  the  place  of 
public  worfliip  on  Sundays  and  holi- 
days, of  which  they  have  a  great 
number. 

The  number  of  thf  fe  people  may 
amount  to  five  hundred  ;  bui  they 
have  no  manner  of  connexion  with 
the  dunkard*  at  Ephrata  (i.hou.-^li  they 
hear  the  fi-na  lurne,}  farther  than  a 
fiiu'lirily  of  reli^jious  opinion.  Ma- 
ny of  c'l^iiJ,  frmii  chejice,  wear  the 
fame  drets,  and  allow  their  benrds  (o 
jjrow  ;  v.'hicii  n^ay  have  jtu'en  rife  to 
liie  m'.ftake  of  fcvcra!  ^entjemen,  who 
have  written  upon  this  (ubjecl.  It  is 
iikewifetobe  obterved,  thai  the  me- 
iionills  of  Pennlvlvaina  alle^t  tins 
sn.Kleof  drel; ;  and  that  manv  wdow- 
crs  III  the  hack  iettlemeius  atrmne  no 
o'her  mourning  than  a  ionj,'  beard  ;  all 
v/b'chmay  ha^e  deceived  ciufoty  ob- 
iervers,  and  given  rife  to  tlse  opinion 
of  thefe  people  beinii  io  very  nu- 
merous. 


The  ground  they  at  prefent  pofTefs, 

and  where  their  town  is  built,  is  not 
above  fix  acres.  It  is  almoii  filled 
with  fruit  trees ;  the  rivulei  formerly 
mentioned,  ferves  as  a  boundary  on 
one  fide,  and  the  reft  is  inclofed  by 
a  deep  ditch  and  hornbeam  hedge. 
The  town  confiUs  of  three  wooden 
hoiifes  of  three  ftory  high  each,  and 
a  few  outer  houfes :  the  cells  of  the 
breihrcn  are  exceedingly  finall,  and 
the  windows  and  doors  extremely  ill- 
contrived  for  a  hot  climate;  the 
doors  in  particular  are  narrow  and 
very  low.  I  enquired,  but  could  nat 
dilcover,  the  caufe  of  this  aukward 
and  inconvenient  mode  of  building. 
Each  biothsr  has  a  cell  with  a  clofet 
adjoining;  he  isi'iipplicd  with  a  table, 
a  chair,  and  a  bench  for  fieepuig  on  ; 
the  bench  is  ct)vered  with  a  woolen 
mat,  and  a  billet  of  wood  for  a  pil- 
low ;  the  fmalinefs  and  darknefs  of 
the  rooms  are  extremely  difagreeable, 
and  they  were  by  no  means  clean  : 
their  drcfs  likewife  is  moll  unfavour- 
able to  clcanhnefs  ;  and  in  faft, 
my  friend  Peter  had  a  moll  unfavory 
imell :  his  winter  drefs  was  not  laid 
ahde,  though  it  was  the  middle  of 
May,  and  very  warm  wea.'her;  and 
his  gown  of  while  fianne!  had  attain- 
ed a  yellow  hue  from  the  perfpiration, 
which  really  proved  a  moft  unfeemly 
fight ;  the  length  and  blacknefs  of 
his  heard,  with  the  greafinefs  of  his 
cowl  or  hood,  for  they  wear  no  hats, 
added  nrrt  a  little  to  the  unconthnefs 
of  his  figure.  They  are  mod  tin fo- 
ciable  ;  they  do  not  eat  together,  but 
eich  in  his  own  cell,  which  li'erally 
ferves  him  for  kitchen,  for  parlour, 
and  hall ;  they  arc  continualiv  engaged 
cither  in  aits  of  devotion,  orhufinefs ; 
indeed,  ihey  feldom  meet,  excepting 
at  worfhip,  which  ihey  have  twice  a- 
day,and  twice  durinj;  the  night.  Their 
churches,  for  they  have  two,  were 
clean  and  neat,  but  perf  Mly  unadorn- 
ed, excepting  by  fome  German  texts 
of  very  cle'^ant  penmanlhip  by  the  fe- 
males. \  hcv  li?ve  no  fet  form  of 
tervice,  bin  pr<w  and  preacli  extem- 
pore ;  and  in  this  the  females  join 
ihem.  1  heir  church  is  fiipplied  with 
a  luull  but  neat  lleeple  and  clock  ; 
this  clock  flrikes  the. hours  fiomone 
to  twelve  progrelTivcly,  from  the  riling 
of  I  he  lun,  and  begins  again  at  fnn-fet, 
'ihey  have  a  papcj  inili,   formerty 


iyig.] 


in  Pennfylvania, 


3> 


mentionecl,  a  prinfing-houfe,  and  a 
library  :  they  derive  a  confiderable 
protit  from  the  mill ;  but  they  print 
little,  and  have  but  a  trifling  library. 
1  expreiled  iome  furprile  at  this,  and 
was  informed  by  Peter,  that,  before 
the  war,  they  had  a  very  excellent 
one,  ana  were  poffeffed  of  many  va- 
luable books  in  Iheets  for  binding  ;  but 
that  the  rebels  being  at  this  period  at  a 
lols  for  paper  to  make  cartridges,  ge- 
neral Wamington  fent  an  oliicer  to 
feize  all  the  paper  and  bov)ks  he  could 
find  at  Ephrata  :  his  orders  were  im- 
plicitly obeyed*.  In  vain  did  poor 
Peter  reprefent  the  inhumanity  of  this 
atlion  ;  in  vain  did  he  oiler  to  redeem 
them  with  a  fnin  of  money  :  in  vain 
did  he  remonllrate  :  infuit  was  added 
to  inhumanity  ;  and  books  were  taken, 
which,  froin  their  fmallnels,  were  un- 
fit for  the  ul'e  alhgned.    A  fimiUr  ar- 

NOTE. 

*  The  writer  of  this  account  of  the 
dunkards  has  fhamefuUy  milrepreient- 
ed  fads,  and  deviated  from  the  truth  in 
many  particulars.  The  reverend  Pe- 
ter Miller,  the  worthy  prehdent  of 
the  dunkards,  whofe  charatter  is  Jo 
indecently  and  unjuflly  afperfed  by 
this  illiberal  writer,  gives,  in  a  letter  to 
William  Barton,  efq.  of  this  city, 
dated  in  April  lall,  the  following 
account  of  the  tranfaftions  refer- 
red to,  in  oppofition  to  the  royalid's 
alfertions. — ''  It  is  faife,"  lays  he, 
*'  that  we  ever  had  any  library — the 
books,  taken  from  us,  were  of  one  iin- 
preilion,  unbound."  It  is  alfo  falfe, 
that  we  ofFejed  money  to  releafe  ihofe 
books  ;  much  lefs  is  it  true,  that  we 
had  a  woolen  nianufaclure,  except  for 
Dur  own  exigency ;  and  never  was 
any  woolen  cloth  demanded  of  us, 
except  our  blanket-.,  when  the  mili- 
tia went  out  firit,  for  which  we  were 
paid.  The  truth  is,  that  an  embargo 
was  laid  on  all  our  printed  paper — ^1- 
fo,  that,  for  a  time,  we  could  not 
fell  any  book.  At  length,  came  one 
captain  Hendcrfon,  with  tv^'o  wag- 
gons, to  fetch  away  all  our  printed 
paper:  he  pretended  to  have  an  or- 
der fram  general  Wafhington.  As,  at 
that  time,  the  Englilh  army  was  in 
our  V  cmity — we  remonfliated,  and 
fold  the  capta'n,  thar,  as  this  wo«id 
hurt  oircharafter,  we  would  not  C'.jrs- 
leiu,  unlefs  he  would   take   them    by 


bitrary  order  was  ifTued,  to  feize  their 
woolen  cloth,  of  which  they  general- 
ly have  a  large  Itore  ;  but  fortunately  a 
French  frigate  arrived  in  the  Dela- 
ware, before  this  fecond  order  could 
be  put  in  execution. 

In  the  courle  of  our  walk,  we  met 
with  one  or  two  of  the  brethren,  one 
in  particular  an  Engklhman,  indeed 
the  only  one  in  ihe  fociety  ;  he  was 
employed  in  making  ihmgjes,  a  bufi- 
neis  that  requires  both  Urength  and 
dexterity;  his  head  uncovered,  and 
his  veneialile  countenance  expoied 
to  the  piercing  rays  of  a  mid-day  fun. 
He  w.is  eighty  five  years  of  age,  yet 
was  hale  and  Itouf  ;  he  wa<;  affable 
and  cheerful  ;  he  afked  fcverai  quef- 
tions  about   England   and   about  the 

N  o  1  t . 
force,  for  which  we  fhoul^  have  a 
ceriihcate;  to  which  he  confenicd. 
Accordingly,  he  ordered  fix  men,  with 
fixed  bayonets,  from  the  hofpital, 
which  was  at  that  time  at  Ephrata  : 
and  they  loaded  two  waggons  full. 
l"hc  captain  afterwards  fettled  wnli 
us,  pay;iig  us  honelily,  and  we  parted 
in  peace  ;  itiough  we  never  afked  fiom 
him  a  ccriiHcate,  but  trulted  to  provi- 
dence. Whether  the  faid  captain 
attert  herein,  by  anexprefs  or  implied 
order  of  his  excellency,  1  cannot  fav  : 
1  never  faw  any  written  one."  "  Yon 
are  rij^ht,"  continues  mr.  Miller, 
"  when  yoi;  fay,  the  account  was  writ- 
tcn  by  a  Britilh  officer.  They  (the 
Britiih  officers)  came  here  but  once, 
wheii  peace  was  concluded;  but,  be- 
ing itrong  roydlids,  they  foi'nd  little 
Idtisr.^Ccion  with  us.  I  may  havetold 
them,  that  the  paper  was  taken  upon 
the  general's  order;  for,  all  military 
orders  were  ifTued  under  that  name, 
and  we  always  obeyed  fuch  verbal  or- 
ders, without  feeing  any  written  one, 
I  he  gentleman  is  very  liberal,  in  grant- 
ing me  new  titles  :  I  thank  him  for  it ; 
and  wifh  that  fuch  greedy  vultures.  ai> 
he  and  his  companions  were,  may  ne- 
ver more  conie  to  America." 

Mr.  Miller's  flaiement  of  thefe 
faffs  may  be  relied  on.  The  charac- 
ter of  th's  venerable  man  needs  no 
defence,  p.gainll  the  {lander,  calf  upon 
it  by  the  man,  who  hid  been  kindly 
and    hoipitaijly   received    under    his 


ro 


^of 


Indian  magTumimityt 


[J^iy, 


war  ;  and  (hewed  no  fignsof  age,  ex- 
cept in  being  ratber  deaf. 

vVe  ihen  proceeded  to  the  houfe 
©ccupied  by  the  nuns,  to  whom  we 
were  introduced  by  Feter,  as  Britiih 
oiiicers.  The  priorefs,  who  was,  I 
think,  near  eighty,  received  us  with 
the  utinoll  poluenefs,  thanked  us  for 
the  honour  we  did  her  in  calling  upon 
her,  and  conducted  us  chrotigh  the 
houle  ;  it  was  uniformly  clean,  and 
the  cells  were  in  excellent  order  ;  they 
did  not,  however,  flick  up  to  the 
ftritl  rules  of  their  order,  but  indulg- 
ed themlelves  upon  good  feather  beds, 
cf  which  chey  had  a  great  number. 
They  fhcwed  us  lome  volumes  of  moll 
elegant  penmanihip  and  needlework. 
Tliey  were  employed  in  inlkucting 
ibme  grls  in  fewmg,  others  in  reading 
and  writing  ;  they  were  the  children 
©f  the  neighbouring  dunkards,  who 
are  by  them  initiated  into  the  myilery 
©f  their  religion  :  the  boys  are,  in 
)ikc  manner,  educated  by  the  men. 

Peier  expreiTed  great  fears,  that 
the.r  fociety  would  become  extinct; 
tv;a  members  only,  one  a  female, 
the  other  a  male,  had  joined  ihcm  in 
the  coiirfe  of  forty  years.  He  faid  he 
had  fomc  hopes,  that  they  might  be 
jo;ned  by  fome  of  the  Britilh  oiiicers 
at  the  peace  :  we  could  not  give  him 
much  encouragement  in  the  op.nlon. 
He  a:Lred  us  that  he  was  perfi^ctly 
happy  :  at  hrll,  indeed,  their  fieq'ient 
and  faiiguiiig  religious  duties,  their 
abflincnce,  and,  in  particular,  iheir 
vows  of  challity,  were  hard  to  be  ob- 
ferved  ;  but  thefe  ideas  had  long  hnce 
luhfided.  He  employed  his  time,  he 
ia:d,  when  unoccupied  by  buhnefs, 
in  reading  and  expounding  the  Icrip- 
tures ;  he  dilcovered  many  things, 
which  fome  lime  or  another  he  meant 
topubliih;  he  was  liill  difcovering, 
with  regard  to  hi?  prefent  religions  opi- 
nions, which  were  thefeiitmientsoflhe 
whole.  They  retain  both  {acramenis,. 
but  admit  only  adults  (o  baptdni ;  ihey 
deny  original  iin,  as  to  its  ettccts  up- 
on Adam's  policrity  :  they  deny,  like- 
wife,  tlie  eicrnity  of  torments;  and 
fuppofe,  thu  we  only  fuBer  a  certain 
time,  in  proportion  to  the  nature  and 
number  of  the  fins  we  have  committed 
in  this  life;  thefe  being  purged  away 
by  a  thorough  repentance,  the  fouls 
are  railed  into  heaven.  All  violence 
they  elleeai  unlawful ;  even  going  to 


law,  they  look  upon  as  contrary  to  the 
Ipirn  of  the  gofpel.  Feier  paid  taxes  : 
U  was  his  principle  to  fubmit  to  the 
ruling  power;  but  he  confcHed,  ihat 
had  he  been  to  choofe,  he  would  have 
given  the  preference  to  a  Britifh  go- 
vernment. He  had  been  a  clergyman 
of  the  Lutheran  church  ;  he  was  an 
excellent  fcholar,  and  well  qualihed 
to  teach  Greek  ;  he  underllood  the 
Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin,  fpoke 
l"  lench  tolerably,  and  had  a  very  com- 
petent knowledge  of  the  Engliih  :  he 
feemed  in  all  refpects  afcnfiblc,  well- 
ialormed,  intelligent  man.  At  part- 
ing, he  prefented  me  with  a  p-am- 
pjilet,  written  originally  in  German  by 
the  ipiritual  father,  and  tranflated  by 
Peter:  it  is,  a  Differtation  upon 
Man's  Fall,  and  is,  in  truth,  a  cu- 
rious piece.  We  rode  about  fix  miles 
further  to  a  village  called  Reams 
I'own,  where  we  dined.  The  coun- 
try was  level  and  well  cultivated  ;  as 
we  returned,  we  called  upon  Peter, 
who,  to  our  great  furpnfe,  prefented 
us  wiih  a  glals  of  excellent  Madeira  r 
he  told  us,  that,  by  the  ftrict  rules  of 
their  order,  they  were  allowed  only 
vegetables  and  water;  but  that,  as  old 
age  advanced,  he  really  found  it  ini- 
poifible  to  fubmit  to  fuch  rigid  d.fci- 
pliiic  ;  v^'e  aduured  his  candour,  znA 
joined  him  in  dtinking  a  cheerful 
glafs. 

Upon  our  return  to  Lancafler,  we 
could  not  help  giving  Peter  and  his 
brethren  very  great  cicdit  for  their 
peaceable  difpofitions,  and  prafmo; 
them  for  their  prudence  in  avoiding 
law-pleas:  we  had  formed  plans  ot 
tranfplanting  iome  of  them  to  this  part 
of  the  world,  if  podible,  to  ijuell  tl^at 
fpirit  of  litigaiion  and  love  of  law,  ii' 
prevalent  among  us;  but  we  were,  I 
confefs,  not  a  iitilc  furprifed,  to  Hnd, 
that  Peter  himlelf  was  one  of  the  moll 
troublcfome,  litigious  fellows  in  the 
v,hole  county,  and  that  he  never  failed 
to  make  hi«  appearance  at  the  quarterly 
fedions  in  Lancaller,  with  fome  fri- 
volous, lilly  complaint  :  we  were  hear- 
tily alhamed  cf  our  tooeafy  credulitv, 
and  detsrmined  to  afk  no  more  quei- 
tions,  ictt  ihey  might  tend  to  further 
difcoveries. 

Indian   magnanimity, 

AN    Indian,    who    had    not    met 
with  his  ufual  fuccefs  in  hunt- 


5780.] 


Protejiant  religiov,  politically  confidered. 


ing,  wandere3  down  to  a  plantation 
among  the  back  fettleme  its  in  Vir- 
giniaj  and  feeing  a  planter  at  his 
door,  afksd  for  a  morfel  of  bread, 
for  he  was  very  hungry.  1  he  plan- 
ter bid  him  begone,  for  he  would 
give  hun  none.  '  Will  you  give  me 
then  a  cup  of  your  beer  ?'  faid  the 
Ind  an.  '  No,  you  (hall  have  none 
horc,'  replied  the  planter.  But  I 
am  very  faint,' faid  the  favagc,  '  will 
you  give  me  only  a  draught  of  cold 
•water?'  '  Get  you  gone,  you  Indian 
dog,  you  (liall  have  nothing  here,' 
faid  I  he  planter.  It  happened,  fome 
months  after,  that  the  planter  went 
on  a  {hooting  party  up  into  thewoodf, 
where,  intent  upon  his  game,  he  mil- 
fed  his  company,  and  loll  his  way  ; 
and  night  coming  on,  he  wandered 
through  the  forefl,  till  he  efpied  an 
Indian  wigwam.  He  approached 
thf  favage's  habitation,  and  afkedhira 
to  fliew  him  the  way  to  a  plantation 
on  that  fide  the  country.  '  It  is  too 
Jate  for  you  to  go  there  this  evening, 
fir,'  faid  the  Indian  :  but  if  you  will 
aeccpt  of  my  homely  fare,  you  are 
v/elcome.'  He  then  offered  him  fome 
venifon,  and  fuch  other  refrefhment 
as  his  ftore  afforded  ;  and  having  laid 
fome  bear  Ikins  for  his  bed,  hedefired 
that  he  would  repofe  hinjfelf  for  the 
night,  and  he  would  awake  him  early 
m  the  morning,  and  condufl  him  on 
.his  way.  Accordingly  in  the  morn- 
ing they  fet  off,  and  the  Indian  led 
bim  out  of  the  forefl,  and  put  him  in  the 
road  he  wastogo  ;  but  jufl  as  they  were 
taking  leave,  he  ftepped  before  the 
planter,  then  turninground,  and  flar- 
ing full  in  his  face, bid  him  fay,  whe- 
ther he  recollected  his  features.  The 
p!an;cr  was  now  ftruck  with  fhame 
and  horror,  when  he  beheld,  in  his 
kind  protector,  the  Indian  whom  he 
had  fo  harfhly  treated.  He  confefTed 
that  he  knew  him,  and  was  full  of 
excufes  for  his  brutal  behaviour  ;  to 
which  the  Indian  only  replied  : 
'  When  you  fee  poor  Indians  faint- 
ing for  a  cup  of  cold  water,  don't  fay 
again,  '  Get  you  gone,  you  Indian 
dog!'  The  Indian  then  wifhed  him 
well  on  his  journey,  and  left  him.  It 
is  not  difficult  to  fay,  which  of  ihefe 
two  had  (he  befl.  claim  to  the  name  of 
chriftian. 


Vol.  Vr. 


[From  the  Gazetteoftheunitedflates.] 

The  importance  of  the  protejiant  rtli- 
gtun  politically  confidered. 

Teinpora  mutantur,  et  r.cs  rtiU' 
tamur  in  illis. 

THE  religion,  v/hich  the  citizens 
of  America  in  general  pi(<i'c-ls. 
isihat,  for  the  fake  of  which,  our 
virtuous  fore- fathers  lefigi-ied  all  ih.e 
honours,  llie  plrauires,  the  comforis, 
and  almoll  all  the  neceflTaries  of  iif;, 
which  many  of  them  enjoyed  in  abu'i- 
danceiti  the  old  v^orld;  and  traverlcd 
the  vail  and  perilous  a;lantic,  to 
tranfplant  themfelves  and  faniil  es  to 
this, then  rude,  uncultivated  wildcrncfj  j 
fwarming  with  favage  beaiis,  and  fiic 
more  favage  men.  It  is,  thercfoie^ 
that  religion,  which  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  tin's  new  and  great  empire  :  it 
is  the  religion,  of  all  others,  the  moll 
favourable  to  indufiry,  commerce,  the 
arts,  fcience,  freedom,  and  confc- 
quenily  the  temporal  happinefs  of 
mankind  :  it  is  the  profeffcd  religion 
of  the  greatell,  wifcft,  and  bcO  men 
this  world  has  produced  ;  and  it  is  the 
religion,  of  which  we  acknowledge 
God  to  be  the  author.  Thefe  will 
furcly  he  admitted  as  powerful  claims 
to  our  particular  reverence  and  re- 
fpett.  To  this  religion,  Britain  is 
principally  indebted,  for  that  happy 
reformation  and  fubfcquent  glonous 
revolution,  which  were  the  harbin- 
gers of  her  prefent  dilhnguifhed  great- 
nef';.  To  this  religion  and  its  worthy 
profelTors,  it  mufl  be  acknowledged, 
much  is  due,  in  bringing  about  the 
late  glorious  American  revolution, 
InfpLred  by  this  religion,  our  truly 
patriotic  clergy  boldly  and  zealoufiy 
flepped  forth,  and  bravely  flood  our 
difiingmfhed  centmels.  to  watch,  and 
warn  us  againft  approaching  danger: 
they  wifely  faw,  that  our  religioui 
and  civil  liberties  were  infeparably 
connected  ;  and  therefore  warmly  ex- 
cited and  animated  the  people,  reio- 
liitely  to  oppofe  and  repel  every  hof- 
tile  invader.  Thefe  are  fome  of  the 
temporal  blefTings,  flowing  from  ouf 
religion  ;  and  yet  many  of  thofe  pioiis 
chrifiianS,  to  whom,  under  God,  we 
owe  much  of  that  fortitude,  zeal,  perfe- 
veraiice,  and  infpiration,  which  carried 
the  American  army  through  difficulties 
and  dangers,  apparently  infui mount- 
able — may  at  this  day  be  ranked  amor^ 


Importance  of  tin  protejlant  religion^ 


42 

the  moft  needy  and  dependent  men  in 
the  community  :  this  is  an  evil  greatly 
tobe  deplored  ;  and  urgently  demands 
every  polTible  public   and  private  ex- 
ertion, for  the  fakeofthoie,  vv'hohave 
thus  generoufly  embraced  a  life  of  cer- 
tain indigence,  for  the  caufe  of  religioxi 
and  mankind — for   the   lake  of  their 
willows  and  offspring,  who  are  ohcn 
left    in    the   molt   dillrelfed    circurn- 
ftances,  and  for  the  honour  and  fccu- 
rity  of  thaF  religion,  to  which  we  are 
largely   indebted  for  this  happy  coun- 
try.    The  generality  of  mankind  are 
more  or  lefs  inlluenced  and  attracted  by 
the  powerandfplendour  of  riches  ;  and 
there  are  too  many  of  all   ranks,  in 
every  community,  who  annex  an  idea 
of  contempt  to  the  appearance  of  po- 
verty.   This  is  too  evident,  to  be  con- 
troverted. •  If,  therefore,  poverty  is 
often  treated  with  contempt,  and  al- 
ways  with  negieft,  what  may  we  not 
fear   for  that   religion,  of  which,  m 
this  country,  poverty  is  a  diftinguiOi- 
ing  badge  ?  The  mafs  of  mankind  are 
ever  captivated   by  external   appear- 
ances and  (hew — barren  minds  receive 
no  light  from   within  ;  and  therefore 
cannot  be  fo  eafiiy  informed  and  con- 
vinced, of  the  iiurinfic  worth  of  true 
religion,  as  they  may  be  caught  and 
infnared  by  the  tinfel  and  trappings  of 
any  other  ;  it  is  therefore  worthy  of  con- 
fideration,what  may  be  the  probable  ef- 
fects oft  he  introduttion  of  other  religi- 
ons ;  and  how  far  their  ellcfts,  if  in  any 
view  dangerous,  may  be  counterafted, 
conliflentiy  with  the  jull  and  generous 
principles  of  toleration. 

The  ignorant  and  illiterate,  confli- 
tnte  a  large  majority  in  all  communi- 
ties— thele  are  awed,  their  excelTes 
controled,  and  rheir  opinions  bialfed, 
more  from  the  exertions  of  religion, 
aod  the  vifihle  relpecl  paid  to  it  by 
thofe,  whom  they  deem  their  fupe- 
ri'>rs,  tliai!  from  its  immediate,  fenfi- 
ble  intliience  on  their  own  minds.  It 
js  ihercfore  well  worthy  the  attention 
of  tlv^le,  whoalFent  to  the  import- 
ance of  ihe  prottllant  religion,  poli- 
tically conhdered,  and  who  conceive, 
that  It  has  had  any  (liare  in  producing 
the  temporal  bleHings  we  now  enjov, 
to  honour  it  with  every  polhble  dil- 
tinguifhing  mark  of  pre-eminence  and 
refpect,  not  rrjiiignani  to  the  true  fpi- 
rit  of  lolera.'f.n  ;  andlibfraily  to  aid 
cur  relifiious  faihcrs.  in   the   glorious 


[July, 


work  of  fiipporting  tliis  important 
bulwark  of  (jur  conllitution  ;  and  m 
the  commemoration  of  thofe  great 
events,  conducive  to  the  revolution 
and  independence  of  America.  May 
the  virtue,  zeal,  and  patriotifm  of  our 
clergy,  be  ever  particularly  remem- 
bered ;  for  it  is  a  truth,  as  facred  as 
the  idea  is  ferious  and  alarming,  that 
as  our  protellant  clergy  {hall  hnk  into 
contempt  or  neglctt,  however  unde- 
ferved,  the  learned  will  decline  the 
profcllion  ;  and  then — adieu  to  reli- 
gion, morality,  and  liberty  !  While 
in  conformity  to  the  benevolent  pre- 
cepts of  true  religion,  as  well  as  the 
liberal  principles  of  our  conllitution, 
Americans  hold  out  religious  liberty 
to  all  the  various  fetls,  who  may  be 
dilpofed  to  become  our  fellow  citi- 
zens, let  us  not  be  wanting  in  that  at- 
tention and  refpett,  due  to  the  religi- 
on we  profefs  ;  left  it  fhould  be  fui- 
pctted,  that  our  tolerant  fpirit  pro- 
ceeded more  from  a  total  indiflerence 
to  all  religion,  than  from  that  liberal- 
ity of  fentiment  and  god-like  charity, 
which  true  religion  inculcates  and 
inlpires,  and  which  (it  is  hoped)  will 
never  be  diflodged  from  the  generous 
and  benevolent  breads  of  Americans. 

71%  9,  1789.  E.  C. 

[_To  the  editor  of  the  Gazette   of  the 
unitedjlates.^ 
S  t  R, 

EVERY  friend  to  the  rights  of 
confcience,  equal  liberty,  and 
diUuiive  happinefs,  muft  have  felt 
pain,  on  feeing  the  attempt  made  by 
one  of  your  correlpondenls,  in  the 
gazette  of  the  united  llates,  No.  J^, 
PvLiy  the  5th,  to  revive,  an  odious 
fyilemof  religious  intolennce.  The 
auihor  may  not  have  been  fully  fen- 
fible  of  the  tendency  of  his  publica- 
tion, becaufe  he  fpeaks  of  preferving 
univerfal  toleration.  Perhaps  he  is 
one  of  thofe,  who  think  it  confiflcnt 
wiih  juftice,  to  exclude  certain  citi- 
zens from  the  honours  and  emolu- 
ments of  fociety,  merely  on  account 
of  their  religious  opinions,  provided 
they  be  not  reftrained,  by  racks  and 
forfeitures,  from  the  exercife  of  that 
worfhip  which  their  confciences  ap- 
prove. If  fuch  be  his  views,  in  ya;n 
then  have  Americans  aifociated  into 
one   great   national  union,  under  the 


J  789.] 


poliiically  csr.Jldered, 


43 


exprefs  condition  of  notbeing  fliackled 
by  religious  teils  ;  and  und;rr  a  firm 
perfuafion,  that  they  were  to  retain, 
when  aliociated,  every  natural  right, 
not  exprefsly  lurrendered. 

Is  it  pretended,  that  they,  v/ho  are 
the  objetis  of  an  intended  exclufion 
from  certain  offices  of  hoHOur  and  ad- 
vantage, have  forfeited,  by  any  acl 
of  treafon  again II  the  united  Hates, 
the  common  rights  of  nature,  or  the 
Hipulated  rights  of  the  political  foci- 
ety,  of  v.'hich  they  foim  a  part  ?  This 
the  author  has  not  prefumcd  to  aiTert. 
Their  blood  flowed  as  freely  (in  pro- 
portion to  their  numbers)  to  cement 
the  fabric  of  independence,  as  ihal  of 
any  oftheirfellow-citizens.  1  hey  con- 
curred, with  perhaps  greater  unanimity, 
than  any  other  body  of  men,  in  re- 
commending and  promoting  that  go- 
vernment, from  whofe  influence  A- 
merica  anticipates  all  the  blelTings  of 
juftice,  peace,  plenty,  good  order, 
and  civil  and  religious  liberty.  What 
charafter  fliall  we  then  give  to  a  fyf- 
tem  of  policy,  calculated  for  the  ex- 
preCs  purpofe  of  divelting  of  rights, 
legally  acquired,  thofe  citizens,  who 
are  not  only  unoffending,  but  whofe 
condufl  has  been  highly  meritorious  ? 

Thefe  obfervatiuns  refer  to  the  ge- 
neral tendency  of  the  publication, 
which  I  now  proceed  to  confider 
more  particularly.  Is  it  true  (as  the 
author  flates)  that  our  forefathers  a- 
bandoned  their  native  home ;  re- 
nounced its  honours  and  comforts,  and 
buried  themfelves  in  the  immenfe  fo- 
refts  of  this  new  world,  for  the  fake 
of  that  religion,  which  he  recom- 
mends as  preferable  to  any  other? 
Was  rot  the  religion,  which  the 
emigrants  to  the  four  fouthern  flates 
brought  with  them  to  America,  the 
pre-eminent  and  favoured  religion  of 
the  country  which  they  left  ?  Did  the 
R-oman  catholics,  who  firll  came  to 
Maryland,  leave  their  native  foil,  for 
the  fake  of  preferving  the  protellant 
church  ?  Was  this  the  motive  of  the 
peaceable  quakers,  in  the  fettlement 
of  Pennfylvania  ?  Did  the  firll  In- 
habitants of  the  Jerfeys  and  New 
York,  qmt  Europe  for  fear  of  being 
compelled  to  renounce  their  protellant 
tenets  ?  Can  it  be  even  truly  affirmed, 
that  this  motive  operated  on  all,  or  a 
majority  of  thofe,  who  began  to  fettle 
and  improve  the  four  eaftcrn  fiate«  ? 


Or,  even,  if  they  realiy  were  influ- 
enced by  a  delire  of  preferving  their 
religion,  what  will  enfue  from  the 
fad,  but  that  one  denomination  of 
proteftantK  fought  a  retreat  from  the 
perfecution  of  another  ?  Will  hiftory 
jiiflify  [he  affertion,  that  they  left 
their  native  homes  for  the  fake  of  the 
protellant  religion,  undcrftanding  it 
in  acomprehenhve  fenfeasdilfinguifli- 
ed  from  every  other  ? 

This  leading  fact  being  fo  much 
mis-ftated,  no  wonder  that  the  author 
fliouldgo  on,  bewildering  himfelfmore 
and  more.  He  allerts  that  the  re- 
ligion, wliicii  he  recommmends,  laid 
the  foundation  of  this  great  and  new 
empire ;  and  therefore  contends,  that 
it  is  entitled  to  pre-eminence  and  dil- 
tinguiflied  favour.  Might  1  not  fay, 
with  equal  truth,  that  the  religion, 
which  he  recommends,  exerted  her 
powers  to  crufli  this  empire  in  its 
birth,  and  is  Hill  labouring  to  prevent 
its  growth  ?  For,  can  we  fo  foon  for- 
get, or  now  help  feeing,  that  the  bit- 
terell  enemies  of  our  national  prof- 
perity  profefs  the  fame  religion,  which 
prevails  generally  in  the  unitedftates  ? 
What  inference  v.il!  a  philofophic 
mind  draw  from  this  view,  but  that  re- 
ligion is  out  of  the  queftion — that  it 
is  ridiculous  to  fay,  the  protellant  re- 
ligion IS  the  important  bulwark  of  our 
conftitution — that  the  ellabliffiment 
of  the  American  empire  was  not  the 
work  of  this  or  that  religion,  but  a- 
rofe  from  a  generous  exertion  of  all 
her  citizens,  to  redrefs  their  wrongs, 
to  aliert  their  rights,  and  lay  its  foun- 
dations on  the  ioundeft  principles  of 
juftice  and  equal  liberty  ? 

When  he  afcribed  fo  many  valu- 
able eRefts  to  his  cheriffied  religion,  as 
that  ffie  was  the  nurfe  of  arts  and  fci- 
ences,  could  he  not  refletl,  that  Ho- 
mer and  Virgil,  Demofthenes  and  Ci- 
cero, Tlmcydides  and  Livy,  Phidias 
and  Apelles,  flouriffied  long  before 
this  nurfe  of  arts  and  fciences  had  an 
exillence?  Was  he  fo  inconfiderate, 
as  not  to  attend  to  the  confequences, 
favourable  to  Polytheifm,  which  flow 
from  his  reafoning — or  did  he  forget, 
that  the  emperor  Julian,  thai  Usbiie  and 
inveterate  enemv  of  chi  illianity,  ap- 
plied this  very  fame  argument  to  the 
defence  of  Heathenifli  fuperflition  ? 
The  recoUeftion  of  thit  circuiuilancc 
may  induce  him  to  fufpctl  the  weight 


Proteflant  religion,  politically  conjidered. 


41 

cf  his  obfervation,  and  perhaps  to 
doubt  of  the  faci,  whicU  he  airumed 
fur  Us  bafis. 

But  he  tells  us  that  Britain  "  owes 
to  her  rehgion  her  prefent  cjiilinguifli- 
ed  greatnefs" — a  gentle  invitation  to 
America  to  piirfue  the  fame  pohtical 
maxims,  in  heapm^j  exchifive  favours 
on  one  and  deprelfing  all  other  re- 
ligion^ ! 

But  does  Britain  indeed  owe  the 
perfeduin  and  extent  of  her  manufac- 
tures, and  the  enormous  wealth  of  ma- 
r.y  individuals,  to  thecaufe  alfigned  by 
this  writer?  Can  he  io  foon  put  it  out 
of  his  mmd,  that  the  paiient  indullry, 
fo  natural  to  Englilh  artificers,  and 
the  long  monopoly  of  our  trade,  and 
that  of  their  dependencies,  by  increaf- 
jng  the  demand,  and  a  competition  a- 
mong  her  artizans,  contributed  prin- 
cipally to  the  perfetlion  of  the  manu- 
faftures  of  Britain  ;  and  that  the  plun- 
der of  Indian  provinces  poured  into 
her  lap  the  immenfe  fortunes,  which 
mirder  and  rapacity  accumulated  in 
thofe  fertile  clunes  i^  God  forbid,  that 
rel'gion  (hould  be  initrumental  in  raif- 
ing  Inch  great nefs ! 

When  the  author  proceeds  to  fay, 
that  the  clergy  of  liiai  religion,  which 
operated  inch  wonders  m  Br  tain, 
'■  boldly  and  zeah^ufly  flepped  forth, 
and  bravely  ilood  our  dltinguiflied 
ceiiiiiiels,  to  bring  about  the  late  glo- 
rioiiv  revolution "t— I  am  almriftdeter- 
m'ned  !Q  follow  him  no  further  :  he  is 
Iciduig  'lie  oil  too  tender  ground,  on 
vhicb  I  choofe  not  to  venture,  1  he 
clergy  of  that  religion  behaved,  I  be- 
lieve, a^  any  otlier  ( lergy  would  have 
don-:^  in  fiimlar  circumllances  :  but  the 
voice  of  Amer  ca  will  not  contradift 
nie,  when  1  afTert,  ihat  ihry  difcover- 
ed  no  greater  zeal  for  the  revolution, 
than  ihe  muiidry  of  any  other  deno- 
mination whatever. 

When  men  comprehend  not,  or  re- 
fufe  to  admit,  the  luininons  principles, 
on  which  the  rights  of  confcience  and 
liberty  of  religion  depend,  they  are  in- 
dull  nous  to  find  out  pretences  for  in- 
tolerance. If  they  cannot  dlfcover 
ihem  in  the  attions,  they  drain  to  cull 
them  out  of  the  tenets  of  the  religion, 
•v.'hich  they  wifli  to  exchide  from  a 
free  participation  of  equal  rights. 
Thus  this  wriif  r  aitnbu'es  to  his  reli- 
frion  the  merit  of  being  the  mod  favour- 
j^bje  to  freedom  ;  and  aairriis  that  not 


tJ^iy, 


only  morality,  but  liberty  likewifo 
mull  expire,  if  his  clergy  (hould  ever 
be  contemned  or  negleded  ;  all  which 
conveys  a  refined  infinuation,  that  li- 
beriv  cannot  confilt  with,  or  be  cher-. 
ilhed  by  any  other  religious  inftitu- 
tion  ;  wh  ch  therefore,  he  would  give 
to  underlland,  it  is  not  fafe  to  counte- 
nance in  a  free  government. 

I  am  anxious  to  guard  aga'infl  the 
imprelhon,  intended  by  fuch  infinua- 
tions  ;  not  merely  for  the  fake  of  any 
one  profeffion,  but  from  an  earneil 
regard  to  preferve  inviolate  for  ever, 
in  our  new  empire,  the  great  princir 
pie  of  religious  freedom.  T.he  cori- 
ilitutionsof  fome  of  the  Hates  conti- 
nue Hill  to  entrench  on  the  facred 
rights  of  confcience  ;  and  men,  who 
have  bled,  and  opened  their  ptirfes  as 
freely,  in  the  caufe  of  liberty  and  in- 
dependence, as  any  other  citizens,  are 
moft  unjulUy  excluded  from  the  ad- 
vantages, which  they  contributed  to 
eftablilh.  But  if  bigotry  and  narrow 
prejudices  have  hitherto  prevented 
the  cure  of  thefe  evils,  be  it  the  duty 
of  every  lover  of  peace  and  juftice  to 
extend  them  no  further.  Let  the  au- 
thor, who  has  opened  this  field  for 
difcufJion,  bev/are  of  flily  imputing,  to 
any  fet  of  men,  principles  or  confe- 
quencesj  which  they  difavow.  He 
perhaps  may  meet  with  retaliation. 
He  may  he  told,  and  referred  to  lord 
Littl'-'on,  as  zealous  a  proteftant  as 
any  man  of  his  days,  for  information, 
that  the  principles  of  non-refiOence 
fecmed  the  principles  of  that  religion, 
which  (we  are  now  told)  is  molt  fa- 
vourable to  freedom  ;  and  that  Us  op- 
ponents had  gone  too  far  in  the  other 
extreme*. 

He  may  be  told  farther,  that  a  reve- 
rend prelaie  of  Ireland,  the  bifiiop  of 
Cloyne,  has  lately  attempted  to  prove 
that  ihe  proteftant  epifcopal  church  is 
bell  fitted  to  unite  with  ihe  civil  con- 
ftituiion  of  a  mixf'd  monarchy,  while 
prefbvterianifra  is  only  congenial  with 
repiibhcanifm.  Mufl  America,  then, 
yielding  to  thefe  fanciful  fyflems, 
confine  her  didinguirning  favours  to 
the  followers  of  (.'alvin,  and  keep  a 
jealous  eye  on  all  others  ?  Ought  (he 
not  rather  to  treat  with  contempt  thefe 


*  See  dialogues  of  the  dead,  ^11 
dialoi'ue. 


17?9.] 


Exercife  pr'ferable  tomtdicine. 


idle,  and  (generally  fpeaking)  interefl- 
ed  fpeculatiiiiis,  refuted  by  reafon, 
hiftory,  and  daily  experience  ;  and  reft 
the  prefervation  of  her  liberties,  and 
her  (jovernment,  on  the  attachment  of 
mankind  to  ihcir  political  happinefs, 
to  the  fecurity  of  their  perions  and 
their  property,  which  is  independent 
of  religious  do6trines,  and  not  re- 
Urained  by  any  ? 

June  \o,  i-]2,g.         Pacificus. 

Tke  benejiti  of  exercife,  in  preference 
tomtdicine,  in  chronic  diftafes,  il- 
luflrated  by  an  all'-»vry — cxtra&- 
ed from  a  publication  07i  temper- 
ance and  exercife,  printed  by  John 
Dunlap  in  the  year  1772,  and  af- 
cribcdto  dr.  Rufh. 

IN  the  iflaiid  of  Ceylon,  in  the  In- 
dian ocean,  a  number  of  inva- 
lids were  affeiTibled  together,  who 
were  affliftcd  with  mod  of  the  chronic 
difea'es,  to  which  the  human  body 
is  fnbjecl.  In  the  midtl  of  them  fat 
fcveral  venerable  figures,  who  amwf- 
cd  them  with  encomiums  upon  fonie 
medicineSj  which  they  alTured  thein 
would  afford  infallible  relief  in  all 
cafes.  One  boafled  of  an  elixir — an- 
other of  a  powder,  brought  from  A- 
merica — a  third,  of  a  medicine,  in- 
vented and  prepared  in  Germany — all 
of  which,  they  faid.  were  certain  an- 
tidotes to  the  gout — a  fourih,  cried 
up  a  nollrum  for  the  vapours — a  fifth, 
drops  for  the  gravel — a  fixth,  a  bal- 
fam,  prepared  from  honey,  as  a  fo- 
vereign  remedy  fur  a  ccniumpt:on — 
a  ieventh,  a  pill  for  ciraneous  erup- 
tions— while  an  eighth  cried  down 
the  whole,  and  extolkd  a  mineral 
water,  which  lay  a  few  miles  from 
ihe  place  were  they  were  adembltd. 
The  credulous  muhitude  partook  ea- 
gerlyof  thefe  medicines,  but  wiihoiu 
any  relief  of  their  refpeBive  com- 
plaints. Several  of  thole  v;ho  made 
ufe  of  the  antidotes  10  the  gout,  were 
hurried  fuddenly  out  of  the  world. 
Some  faid,  their  medicines  were  adul- 
terated— others,  that  the  dofiors  had 
niniaken  their  difordcrs — while  molt 
of  them  agreed,  that  they  were  much 
worfe  than  ever.  While  they  were 
all,  with  one  accord,  giving  vent,  in 
luis  manner,  to  the  tir.nipons  of  dif- 
apnoiniment  and  vexiition,  a  clap  of 
thunder  w^s  heard  over   their  htMiis, 


Upon  looking  up,  a  light  vas  feen 
in  thefky.  In  the  niidit  of  this  ap- 
peared the  figure  of  fomethuig  more 
than  human — £he  was  tail  and  come- 
ly— her  (kin  was  fair  as  ihe  driven 
fnow — a  rofy  hue  tinged  her  cheek:; 
— her  hair  hung  loofe  upon  her  (houl- 
dets — her  flowing  robes  dtfclofcd  a 
fliape,  which  would  have  caft  a  (hadti 
upon  the  flatue  of  Venus  of  Mrdi- 
cis.  In  her  right  hand  Cie  held  a 
bough  of  an  evergreen — in  her  left 
hand  (lie  had  a  fcroll  of  parchmeri. 
She  defcended  {lowly,  and  Hood  e- 
recl  upon  the  earth — Ihe  fixed  her 
eyes,  which  fparkled  with  bfe,  upon 
the  deluded  and  afflitted  company — 
there  was  a  mixture  of  pity  and  in- 
dignation in  her  countenance — (lie 
ft  retched  forth  her  r'ght  arm,  and 
with  a  voice,  which  was  Iweeter  than 
melody  itfelf,  fhe  addreffcd  them  ir* 
the  following  language;  "Ye  chil- 
dren of  men,  hllen  for  a  while  to  the 
voiceof  inftruttion.  You  feek health 
where  it  is  not  to  be  found.  The 
boaded  fpecifics  you  have  been  ufing, 
have  no  virtues.  Even  the  perfon^ 
who  gave  them,  labour  under  reany 
of  the  diforders  they  attempt  to  cure. 
My  name  is  Hygiea.  I  prefide  over 
the  healih  of  mankind.  Dilc^rrta'i 
your  medicines,  and  feek  relief  f; cm 
temperance  and  exercife  alone.  E.ve- 
ry  thing,  you  lee,  isattivc  around  yoj. 
All  the  br;i'c  animals  in  nature  are  ac- 
tive m  their  it, fiinchve  piirfuits*  Ini'ii- 
mate  nature  is  active  too — air — h;" — 
and  watf;r  are  always  in  motion.  Un- 
lels  ihiS  were  the  cafe,  they  would  looij 
be  unfit  for  thepurpofes,  for  which 
they  were  defigned,  in  t\\e  ecor.oruy 
of  nature.  Shun  iloth — this  unh'ng- 
es  all  tiie  fprings  of  life.  Fly  from 
your  difeafes — they  will  not — they 
cannot  purfue  you."  Here  fhe  end- 
ed— (lie  dropped  the  parchment  upon 
the  earth— a  cloud  received  her,  and 
file  immediately  afcended,  and  difap- 
peared  from  their  fi^ht — a  filence  eu- 
lued,  more  exprelTive  of  approba- 
tion, than  the  loude'l  peals  of  ap- 
plaufe.  One  of  ihcm  approached, 
with  reverence,  to  the  foot  where  Ifie 
had  flood — took  up  the  fcroll,  and  read 
the  contents  of  it  to  his  conip^n'on". 
It  contained  direftions  to  each  of 
them,  W'hat  they  fiMvjld  do  ro  re- 
flore  their  health.  They  all  prepar- 
ed thcmfelves  to  obey   the  advice  of 


46 


JVilliam   Penn^s  defcription 


[July, 


the  heavenly  vifion.     The  gouty  man 
broke   his  vial   of  elixir,    threw  his 
powders  into  the  fire,  and  walked  four 
or  five  miles  every  day  before  break- 
fad.     Theman,  afflifted  with  the  gra- 
vel, threw  afide  his  drops,  and  began 
to  work  in  his  garden,  or  to  play  two 
or  three  hours  every   day  at    bowls. 
The  hypochondriac  and   hyileric    pa- 
tients  difcharged  their  boxes  of  afa- 
foetida,  and   took  a  journey  on  horfe- 
back,  to  diftart  and  oppofitc  ends  of 
the  ifland.     The   melancholic   threw 
afide  his  gloomy  fyliems  of  philofo- 
phy,  and  fent  for   a  dancincr   mafler. 
The  Hudious   man  flint  up  his  folios, 
and  fought  amnfement  from  thefports 
of  children.     The  leper   threw  away 
bis  mercurial  pills,  and   fwam  every 
day  in   a    neighbouring   river.     The 
confumptive  man  threw  his  balfam  out 
of  his  window,  and  took    a    voyage 
to  a    diflant    country.     After    forae 
months,  they  all  returned  to  the  place 
they  were  v/ont  to  alFemble  in.     Joy 
appeared  in  each  of  their  countenan- 
ces.    One  had  renewed  his  youth — 
another  had  recovered  the  ufe  of  his 
limbs — a  third,    who   had   been  half 
bent   for  many  years,    now  walked 
upright — a  fourth  began  to  firg  fome 
jovial   fong,  without  being    alked — 
a  fifth  could  talk  for  hours  together, 
without  being  interrupted  with  a  cough 
— in  a  word,  they  all  now  enjoyed  a 
complete   recovery     of  their   health. 
They  joined  in   oiFenng  facrifices  to 
Hyglea.     Temples   were    erefted  to 
her   memory  ;  and  (he  continues,    to 
this  day,  to  be  worfhipped  by  all   the 
inhabitants  of  that  ifland. 

Letter  cf  William  Penv,  to  //is 
Jritnds  in  Londcv,  giving  a  de- 
Jcription  of  Penvjylvania. 

Philadelphia,  the  iSth   of  the  Gtk 
month,  called  Augiijl,  1683. 

My  hindfriends, 

THE  kindnefs  of  yours  by  the  fliip 
Thomas  and  Anne,  doth  much 
oblige  me  ;  for  by  it  I  perceive  the 
intereft  you  take  in  my  healih  and 
reputation,  and  the  profperous  be- 
j^innitig  of  this  province,  which  you 
are  fo  kind  as  to  think  may  much 
depend  upon  ihem.  In  return  of 
which,  I  have  fent  you  &  long  let- 
ter, and  yet   containing  as  brief  an 


account  of  myfelf,  and  the  affairs  of 
this  province,  as  1  have  been  able 
to  make. 

In  the  firfl;  place,  I  take  notice 
of  the  news  you  fent  me,  whereby 
I  hiid,  fome  pcrfons  have  had  fo  lit- 
tle wit,  and  fo  much  malice,  as  to 
report  my  death  ;  and  to  mend  the 
matter,  dead  a  Jeiuit  too,  Oae  might 
have  reafonably  hoped,  that  this  dif- 
tancc,  like  death,  would  have  been 
a  protection  againft  fp'ite  and  envy  ; 
and  indeed,  abfence  being  a  kind  of 
death,  ought  alike  to  fecure  the  name 
of  the  abfciit,  as  the  dead  ;  becaufe 
they  arc  equally  unable,  as  fuch,  to 
defend  thsmfclves:  but  they  that  in- 
tend mifchief,  do  not  ufe  to  follow 
good  rules  10  effeft  it.  However, 
to  the  great  forrow  and  fliame  of 
the  inventors,  T  am  ftiil  alive,  and 
no  Jefuit,  and,  I  thank  God,  very 
well.  And  without  injiiftice  to  the 
authors  of  this,  I  may  venture  to 
infer,  that  they  that  wilfully  and 
faflely  report,  would  have  been  glad 
it  had  been  fo.  But  1  perceive,  ma- 
ny frivolous  and  idle  (lories  have  been 
invented,  fince  my  departure  from 
England,  which,  perhaps,  at  this  time, 
are   no  more  a!;ve,  than  I  am  dead. 

But  if  1  have  been  unkindly  ufed 
by  fome  I  left  behind  me,  I  found 
love  and  refuett  enough  where  1 
came — an  uuiverfal  kind  welcome, 
every  fort  in  their  way.  For  here  are 
fome  of  feveral  nations,  as  well 
as  divers  judgments :  nor  were  the 
natives  wanting  in  this ;  for  their  kings, 
queens,  and  great  men,  both  vifited 
and  prefentcd  me  ;  to  whom  I  made 
faifable  returns,  &c. 

For  the  province,  the  general  con- 
dition of  it  take  as  followeth, 

I.  The  country  itfelf,  in  its  foil, 
air,  water,  feafons,  and  produce, 
both  natural  amd  artificial,  is  not  to 
be  defpifed.  The  land  containeth  di- 
vers forts  of  earth,  as  fand.  yellow 
and  black,  poor  and  rich  ;  alfo  gravel 
both  loamy  and  diifly  ;  and  in  fome 
places,  a  fafl,  fat  earth,  like  to  our 
bell  vales  in  England,  efpecially  by 
inland  brooks  and  rivers  ;  God  m  his 
wifdom  having  ordered  it  fo,  that  the 
advantages  of  the  cojintry  are  divided, 
the  back  lands,  being  generally,  three 
to  one,  richer  than  thofe  that  lie  by 
navigable  waters,  \\^c  have  niuth 
of  another  foil,   and   that  is  a  blatk 


1789.] 


hafel-moulJj  upon  a  ftony  or  rocky 
bottom. 

II.  The  air  is  fweet  and  clear,  the 
heavens  ferene,  like  thefouth  parts  of 
France,  rarely  overcad  ;  and  as  the 
woods  come,  by  numbers  of  people, 
to  be  more  cleared,  that '  itielf  will 
refine. 

III.  The  waters  are  generally  good  ; 
for  the  rivers  and  brooks  have  mollly 
gravel  and  llony  bottoms,  and  in 
number  hardly  credible^.  We  have 
alfo  mineral  waters,  that  operate  in 
the  fame  manner  with  Bainet  and 
Xorth-liall,  not  two  nules  from 
Philadelphia. 

IV.  For  the  feafons  of  the  year, 
having,  by  God's  goodnefs,  now 
lived  over  the  coldeil  L:nd  hottcil,  that 
the  oldell  liver  in  the  pro? ince  can 
remember,  I  can  fay  fomeiliing  to  an 
Enghfh  underftanding. 

Firlt,  of  the  fall,  for  then  I  came 
in  : — I  found  it,  from  the  ii4th  of 
October,  to  the  beginning  of  Decem- 
ber, as  we  have  it  ufually  m  England 
in  September,  or  rather  like  an  Fng- 
lifli  mdd  fpring.  From  December,  to 
the  beginning  of  the  month  called 
March,  we  had  (harp,  frofty  w'eather, 
not  foul,  thick,  black  weather,  as  our 
north-eaft  winds  bring  with  them  in 
England ;  but  a  fky  as  clear  as  in 
fummer,  and  the  air  dry,  cold,  rier- 
cing,  and  hungry  ;  yet  I  remember 
not  that  I  wore  more  cloaths,  than  in 
England.  The  reafon  of  this  cold  is 
given,  from  the  great  lakes,  that  are 
fed  by  the  fountains  of  Canada.  The 
winter  before  was  as  mild,  fcarce  any 
ice  at  all ;  while  this,  for  a  few  days, 
froze  up  our  great  river  Delaware. 
Fiom  that  month,  to  the  month  cal- 
led June,  we  enjoyed  a  fwcet  fpnng, 
no  gufts,  but  gentle  fliowers,  and  a 
fine  fky.  Yet  this  I  obferve.  that  the 
winds  here,  as  there,  are  more  incon- 
llanr,  fpring  and  fall,  upon  that  turn 
of  nature,  than  in  fummer  or  winter. 
From  thence  to  this  prefent  month, 
\vhich  endeih  the  fummer  (commonly 
fpeaking)  we  have  had  extraordinary 
hears,  yet  mitigated  fometinies  by 
cool  breezes.  The  wind,  that  raleth 
the  (uinmer  feafon,  is  the  fouth-wed  ; 
but  fpring,  fall,  and  winter,  it  is  rare 
to  want  the  wholefoms  north-wellern, 
fevpn  days  together  ;  and  whatever 
mills,  fog^,  or  vapours,  foul  the  hea- 
vens by  eailerlyor  foutherly  winds,  in 


of  Pennfylvania,  t^-j 

two  hours  time  are  blown  away  :  the 
one  is  fallowed  by  the  other — a  re- 
medy, that  feems  to  have  a  peculiar 
providence  in  it  to  the  inhabitants  ; 
the  multitude  of  trees,  yet  Handing, 
being  liable  to  retain  mills  and  va- 
pours, and  yet  not  one  quarter  fo 
thick  as  I  expefted. 

V.  The  natural  produce  of  the 
country — of  vegetables,  is  trees,  fruits, 
plants,  flowers.  The  trees  of  moll 
note,  are  the  black  walnut,  cedar, 
cyprefs,  chelnut,  poplar,  gumwood, 
hickery,  fall'afras,  alli,  beech,  and 
oak  of  divers  forts,  as  red,  white  and 
black,  Spanifh  chefnut  and  fwamp. 
the  moll  durable  of  all :  of  all  which, 
there  is  plenty  for  the  uie  of  man. 

The  fruits  that  I  find  in  the  woods, 
are  the  white  and  black  mulberry, 
chelnut,  walnut,  plumbs,  flrawber- 
ries,  cranberries,  hurtleberries,  and 
grapes  of  divers  forts.  The  great 
red  grape,  now  ripe,  called  by  igno- 
rance, •' the  fox-grape,"  (becaule  of 
the  reiifli  it  hath  with  unikilful  palates,) 
is  in  itfelf  an  extraordinary  grape, 
and  by  art,  doubtiefs,  may  be  culti- 
vated to  an  excellent  wine,  if  not  fo 
fweet.  yet  little  inferior  to  the  fronti- 
n;ac  ;  as  it  is  not  much  unlike  in 
lafle,  ruddinefs  fet  alide  ;  which  m 
fuch  things,  as  well  as  mankind,  dif- 
fers the  cafe  much.  There  is  a  white 
kind  of  mufkadel,  and  a  little  black 
grape,  like  the  clufler-grape  of  Eng- 
land, not  yet  fo  ripe  as  the  other ; 
but  they  tell  me,  when  ripe,  fweeter, 
and  that  they  only  want  fkilful  vinerons 
to  make  good  ufe  of  them.  1  intend 
to  venture  on  it  with  my  Frenchman 
this  feafon,  who  fliews  fome  know- 
ledge in  thofe  things.  Here  are  alfo 
peaches,  very  good,  and  in  great 
quantities  ;  not  an  Indian  plantation 
without  them  :  but  whether  naturally 
here  at  lirft ,  I  know  not ;  however, 
one  may  have  them  by  bufhels,  for 
little.  They  make  a  pleafant  drink, 
and,  I  think,  not  inferior  to  any 
peach  yon  have  in  England,  except 
the  true  Newington.  It  isdiiputable 
with  me,  wheiher  it  be  beil  to  fall  to 
fining  the  fruits  of  the  country,  efpe- 
cially  the  grape,  by  the  care  and  fkill 
of  art.  or  fend  for  foreign  Hems  and 
fets,  already  good  and  approved.  It 
feems  moil  rcafonable  to  believe,  that 
not  only  a  thing  groweth  heft,  where 
it  naturally  grows,  but  'v:l!  hardly  be. 


48 


h  lamare  medical  focicty. 


[J"iy, 


equalled  by  another  fpecies  of  the 
iame  kind,  that  doth  not  naturally 
«;ro\v  there,  Jiui  to  lolve  the  doubt, 
i  intend,  if  God  give  me  hfe,  to  try 
both,  and  hope  the  confecjueiice  Will 
be  as  gi.iud  wine,  as  any  Jiuropean 
countries,  of  the  lame  latitude,  do 
yield. 

VI.  The  artificial  produce  of  the 
country,  is  wheat*,  barley,  oats,  rye, 
peafe,  beans,  fq  lajhes,  pLiuikuis,  wa- 
ter-meioiis,  muik  melons,  and  all 
herbs  and  roots,  that  our  gardens  in 
i£ngland  ufuaily  bring  foith. 

VII.  Of  living  creatures,  fidi, 
fowl,  and  the  bealts,  of  the  wouds, 
here  are  divers  forts,  iome  for  tood 
and  profit,  and  fome  for  proht  only  : 
for  food,  as  well  as  proht,  the  elk,  as 
big  as  a  fmall  ox  ;  deer,  bigger  ihan 
ours  ;  beaver,  racoon,  rabbits,  Iquir- 
rels  :  and  fome  eat  young  bear,  and 
commend  it.  Of  fowl  of  the'  land, 
there  is  the  turkey  (forty  and  hfiy  pounds 
■weight)  which  is  very  gieat  ;  phea- 
faiits,  heath-birds,  pigeons,  and  par- 
tridges in  abundance.  'Of  the  water, 
the  fvvan.  goole,  white  and  grey  ; 
brands,  ducks,  teal;  alfb'the  fnipe 
and  curlew,  and  that  in  great  num- 
bers ;  but  the  duck  and  teal  excel  ; 
Dor  lo  good  have  I  ever  eat  in  other 
countries.  Of  hfli,  there  is  the  ilur- 
geon,  herring,  r<Kk,  ihad,  cailhead, 
Ui^eplhead,  eel,  fmeit,  perch,  roach  ; 
and  in  inland  rivers,  trout,  fome  fay 
iaimon  above  the  falls.  Of  Ihell  fiih, 
we  have  oyllers,  crabs,  cockles, 
cenchs,  and  muicles ;  fome  oyllers 
hx  inches  long  ;  and  one  fort  of  coc- 
kles, as  big  as  the  hewing  oyllers ; 
ihey  make  a  rich  broth.  The  creatures 
lor  profit  only,  by  (kin  or  fur,  and 
that  are  natural  to  thefe  parts,  are 
the  wild  cat,  panther,  otter,  woU,  fox, 
filher,  m;nx,  mufk  rat :  and  of  the 
•jvater,  the  whale  for  ol,  of  which 
%e  have  good  llore  ;  and  two  com- 
panies of  whalers,  whofe   boats  are 

NOTE. 

*  Edward  Jones,  fon-in-l.iw  to 
Thomas  Wynn,  living  on  the  Schuyl- 
k'l,  had,  with  ordinary  cultivation, 
from  one  grain  of  Englilh  barley,  fe- 
venty  (lalks  and  cars  of  barley  ;  and 
it  is  common  in  this  country,  from 
one  b'.lhel  fown,  to  reap  forty,  ofien 
fifty,  and  fometimes  fixty — and  three 
pecks  of  wheat  fov/  an  acre  here. 


built,  will  foon  begin  their  work, 
which  hath  the  aiipearance  of  a  con- 
hderable  improvement  ;  to  fay  no- 
thing of  our  reafonable  hopes  of 
good  cod  in  the  bay, 

VIII.  Wehave  no  wantof  horfes, 
and  fome  are  very  good,  and  fliapely 
enough  ;  two  (hips  have  been  freight- 
ed to  Barbadoes  with  horfes  and  pipc- 
Haves,  hnce  my  coming  in.  Here  is 
alio  plenty  of  cow-cattle,  and  fome 
fliecp  ;  the  people  plough  moftly  with 
oxen. 

IX.  There  are  divers  plants,  that 
not  only  the  Indians  tell  us,  but  wc 
have  had  occafion  fo  prove,  by  fwell- 
ings,  burnings,  cuts,  &c.  that  they 
are  of  great  virtue,  fuddenly  curing 
the  patient  :  and  for  finell,  I  have 
obferved  leveral,  efpecially  one,  the 
wild  myrtle  ;  the  others,  Ikoow  nat 
what  to  call,  but  are  mofi  fragrant, 

X.  The  woods  are  adorned  with 
lovely  flowers,  for  colour,  greatnefs, 
figure,  and  variety.  I  have  feen  the 
gardens  of  London,  befl  flored  with 
that  fort  of  beaiiiy  ;  but  think  they 
may  be  improved  by  our  woods.  I 
have  fent  a  few  to  a  perfon  of  quality 
this  year,  for  a  trial. 

Thus  much  of  the  country  ;  next 
of  the  natives,  or  Aborigines. 
(To  be  continued.) 


Mtdtcal focicty  cfabliJJied  in  thtjatr 
of  Delaware. 

1"^HE  phyficians  of  the  Delaware 
Hate  had  long  regretted  their  un-  ' 
connected  fituation.  Defpainrg  ta 
obiain  fome  of  the  moli  important  ob- 
jecls  of  their  profehion,  while  thus 
detached  from  one  another — and  con- 
vinced, that  experience  has  uniform- 
ly attelted  the  advaniagesof  literary 
affociation,  they  lately  prclented  a 
memorial  to  the  honorable  legiflaiure, 
on  that  fubject.  After  duly  corfid- 
eriug  the  application,  the  general  af- 
femblv,  fv>r  ihe  liberal  purp)fe  of  fof- 
tenng  the  interett  of  fcicnce,  granied 
a  charter  of  incorporation  to  a  num- 
ber oF  the  faid  phylicians,  and  their 
ficcelfors.  for  ever,  under  the  name 
and  flile  of  "  the  prehdent  and  fel- 
lon's  of  the  medical  focicty  of  the 
D'Hnware  flate." 

TheobjeCf  of  this  fo:iety  is,  to  ani- 
mate and  unue  us  refpetbve  mem- 
bers, in  the  arduous  work  of  cuitiva:- 


J789»l 


Delatuare  medical fociety. 


49 


ing  the  fcience  of  medicine,  and  all  its 
Auxiliary  branches :  wuh  an  efpecial 
view  to  us  practical  ule,  the  alleviat- 
ing of  human  niifery,  the  diminution 
of  mortality,  and  the  cure  of  difeafes. 
To  accompli(h  this  intereiling  pur- 
pofe,  they  will  dirett  their  endea- 
vours— to  inveltigate  the  endemical 
difeafes  of  our  own  c(  .  ury — to  trace 
their  effetls  on  its  aboriginal  inhabi- 
tants, and  the  fuccellive  variations 
ihey  have  undergone,  in  the  progrefs 
of  fbciety  from  rudenefs  to  refinement 
— to  remark  the  <;siieral  operations  of 
political,  moral,  and  natural  caufes, 
on  the  human  body,  and  its  d  feafes — 
and,  particularly,  cbferve  and  record 
the  eftefts  of  diHerent  feafons,  cli- 
mates, and  fiiuations,  and  the  changes 
produced  in  dilcafes,  by  the  progrefs 
of  fcience,  commerce,  agriculture, 
arts,  population  and  manners — to  ex- 
plore our  animal,  vegetable  and  min- 
eral kingdoms,  and  every  accelfible 
department  of  nature,  in  fearch  of  the 
means  of  enriching  and  fimplifying 
our  Materia  Medica — to  extend  the 
fubftitution  of  our  indigenous,  for  ex- 
otic remedies — to  refcue  fnm  oblivi- 
on, and  collect,  fjr  public  view,  the 
fugitive  obfervations  of  intelligent 
phyhcians — to  confer  honorary  re- 
wards on  the  efforts  of  genius  and  in- 
duftry — to  fupeniitend  the  education 
cf  medical  itudents,  and  connefl, 
with  the  elements  of  medicine,  an 
adequate  knowledge  of  all  the  kindred 
and  fubfervient  Iciences — to  enlarge 
our  fources  of  knowledge,  by  iinporting 
and  diffeminating  the  difcoveries  and 
publications  of  foreign  countries — to 
correfpond  with  learned  focieties  and 
individiialf — to  appoint  flaied  times 
for  literary  intercourfe  and  communi- 
cations—  to  cuhivate  harmony  and  li- 
berality among  thepraftitioners  of  me- 
dicine— and,  finally,  to  promote  regu- 
larity and  uniformity,  in  the  prattice 
ofphyfic. 

A  quorum  of  the  fellows  of  the  fo- 
ciety, in  purfuance  of  the  charter  of 
incorporation,  afi^embled  ar  Dover,  on 
Tuefday,  the  laih  of  May  lyJig, 
adopted  the  following  conihtution  : 

1.  The  officers  of  the  fociety  (hall 
conlili  of  a  prefident,  a  vice  prefident, 
four  cenfors.  a  fecretary,  and  a  treafur- 
cr,  who  fliali  be  annual  lychofen  by  bal- 
lot, on  the  fecond  1  ueidav  of  May. 

2.  The  prefident,  or,  in  hisabfence, 
the   vice- prefident,  fiiull  prefide  in  all 

Vol..  Vi. 


the  meetings,  and  fubfcribc  all  the 
public  atis  of  the  fo»-i-tY. The  pi  e(;dent, 
or  in  cafe  of  his  death,  or  incajiiciiy, 
the  vice  prefident,  with  the  concur- 
rence of  two  cenfors  and  four  f  .llows, 
fhall  alfo  have  the  power  of  CdUing  a 
fpecial  meeting  of  the  fociriy,  when- 
ever they  may  judge  it  iieccfTary. 

3.  The  bulinels  of  thecenfijrsfliall 
be,  to  infpett  the  records,  and  exam- 
ine the  accounts  and  expenditures  of 
the  fociety,  and  to  report  ihi-reon* 
And  all  communicai ions, made  to  the 
fociety,  after  being  read  at  one  of 
their  Hated  meeting's,  {ball  be  referred 
to  the  cenfors,  and  inch  other  fellows 
of  the  fociety,  as  fiiall  be  appointed 
for  that  purpofe,  to  examine  and  re- 
port thereon  to  the  focietv. 

4.  The  fecretary  fliall  keep  fair  re- 
cords ofi  he  proceedings  of  ihc  fi  ctety  ; 
and,  under  their  dircttion,  ihall  cor- 
refpond with  fiirh  pcrfons  and  focie- 
ties, as  may  be  judged  neccirary,  to 
promote  the  views  and  objeHs  of  the 
inliiiution.  He  fluU  llkewife  receive 
and  preftrve  all  books  and  papers,  be- 
longing to  the  fociety,  and  letters  ad- 
dreffed  to  them. 

5.  The  trcafirer  fiiall  receive  all 
donations,  and  alfo  the  contribiuions, 
arjHng  from  fuch  laws  and  regulations, 
as  the  fociety  niav.  from  time  to  time, 
make.  He  fiiall'  likew.fe  1  eep  all  the 
monies  and  fecurities,  belonging  to 
the  fociety  :  and  fiiall  pay  all  orders, 
figned  by  the  prefident.  or  vice-prefi- 
dent,  which  orders  fiiaU  be  his  vouchers 
for  his  expenduiues. 

6.  All  qucfiions  fliall  be  decided  by 
a  majority  of  votes.  In  thofe  cafes, 
■where  the  focie-y  is  equally  divided, 
ihe  predding  officer  fiiall  have  a  call- 
ing vote. 

7.  Every  fellow  fliall  fubfcribe  the 
coiifiitution,  and  annually  pay  a  dol- 
lar, to  defray  the  contingent  expenfc* 
of  the  fociety. 

1  he  following  gentlemen  were  11- 
nanimoufly  elected  officers  of  the 
fociety. 

James  Tilton,  M.  D.  frrfidtnt, 
Jonas  Prefton,  M.  li.    vict-prcfidait. 
Nicholas  VVav,  M.  D.    "1 
Maihew  Wilfon,  D.  D.    '.,     .,r.. 
Dr.  Jofliua  C  lay  ton,  -^ 

])r.     Nathaniel    Luff".      J 
Edward  Miller,   M.  B.   fecretary. 
Dr.  j.imes   Sykes,  treajurer, 

Fubliflied  by  orrlerof  the  fociety, 
Edward  Miller^  f^'crei^rv. 


Medical  li'fiory  of  the  Cortex  Ruber  or  red  bark. 


50 

Medical  kijlory  of  the  Cortex  Ruber ^ 
or  Red  Bark  ;  communicated  to 
John  Morgan,  M.  D.  profeffor  of 
the  theory  and praEiice  of  pliyfic  at 
Philadelphia^  and  F.  R.  S.  Lon- 
don,  &c. 

I  HAVE  lately  received  the  fol- 
lowing  commiinications  upon  the 
cortex  ruber,  which  I  h^ve  found  fo 
efficacious,  in  the  cure  of  obftinate 
Tcm:tfent  and  bilious  fevers,  that  I 
think  It  my  duty  to  lay  them  before 
this  fociety,  in  hopes  of  fo  valuable' 
a  medicine  being  thereby  Lietter  known, 
and  introduced  more  generally  into 
practice. 

ExtraSl  of  a  letter  from  Thomas  S. 
Diiche,  deled  London,  Augujt  o, 
1783. 

"  I  was  lately  at  a  leQiire,  delivered 
at  Guy 's  hofpital,  by  dr.  Saunders, 
upon  the  cure  of  intermittent  fevers  ; 
andobferving,  the  dotior  fpoke  very 
much  in  favour  of  a  new  fpecies  of 
bark,  which  he  had  introduced  into 
the  pra^Uce  of  phyfic,  I  procured  a 
fpccimen  of  it  for  you,  thinking  it 
iright  be  a.qrceahle  to  you,  to  hear  of 
any  new  improvements  in  the  healing 
an.  It  is  called  red  bark.  Accord- 
ing to  his  account,  it  }M)iTeires  fo 
much  virtue,  and  is  of  fiich  certain 
elHcacy,  that,  compared  with  it,  the 
common  bark  is  an  inert  tnafs.  tt 
contains  a  nouch  larger  portion  of  re- 
fin,  has  a  much  ftronger  aromatx 
talle  than  the  common  bark,  and 
,d"es  not  require  half  ihe  quantity  for 
a  dofe.  Ainongfi:  other  particulars, 
hemeiirioned  the  following  proof  of 
its  fuperior  virtue,  namely,  that,  of  this 
medicine,  when  adminiitcred  in  a 
-fmiple  cold  infufion,  any  given  quan- 
tify is  much  flrongerand  moreellettual 
to  remove  the  fever,  than  a  chemical 
extratt  from  the  fame  quantity  of  the 
.other.  I  now  fend  you  a  fpecimen, 
by  which  you  will  be  able  to  make  a 
trial,  and  form  fome  judgment  of  its 
virtues."  , 

T.  S.  DUCHK. 

Soon  after  the  receipt  of  (he  fore- 
going letter,  I  received  the  following 
valuable  comiTTMnications  from  dr. 
George  Davtdfon  of  St.  I.iicia, 
■which  it  affords  me  great  pieafare  to 
la)  before  this  fociety. 


Un\% 


St.  Lucia,  Augufl  23,  1783, 
To  dr.  John  Morgan,  at  Philadtlphi*. 
Sir, 

If  the  fubjeft,  upon  which  I  have 
the  honour  to  write  to  you,  fliould  be 
found  to  merit  attention,  and  prove 
in  any  refpecl  uleful  and  advantage- 
ous to  mankind,  J  fhall  eahly  ftand 
excufed  m  addrelliiig  you,  perfonally 
unacquainted  as  I  am. 

I  have,  by  this  opportunity,  fent  a 
fmall  fpccimen  of  the  Cinchona  of 
this  ifund,  rclemSlmg  the  Peruvi- 
an bark  iti  us  l)otanical  charaHer, 
and,  froiTV  thetrial  made  here,  furpalF- 
Ing  it  in  racdical  virtues.  It  is 
now  nearly  four  years,  fince  the  Cari- 
bbean bark  was  difcovered  upon  the 
heights  adjoining  Morne  Fortune, 
and  introduced  into  praft  ce  by  dr. 
Young,  phyfician  to  his  Briiannic 
majelty's  troops.  The  frelhnefs  of 
the  bark,  the  little  atieution  bellow- 
ed in  drying  it,  and  the  large  dofes^ 
in  which  it  was  exhibited,  produced 
nlarming  fits  of  vomiting  and  purg- 
ing, and  deterred  us,  at  that  time, 
from  the  further  profecution  of  tha 
fubjeft,  until  the  other  day,  that  a 
treatife  upon  the  red  bark,  by  dr. 
Saunders  of  London,  and  a  belief, 
which  we  entertained,  that  this  was 
the  fame  bark  which  he  defcribes, 
induced  us  again  to  make  a  trial  of 
it.  Having  properly  dried  it,  and 
given  it  in  the  cold  infufion,  with 
greater  caution,  and  in  lefs  dofes, 
than  at  the  hril  eday,  we  are  now 
happy  in  affaring  the  public,  that,  in 
molt  inftancc',-  it  has  not  difappoini- 
ed  us.  Still,  however,  notwithlland- 
ing  the  utmoll  care  in  drying  if,  in 
fo  me  cafes  it  ftill  fecms  ro  retain  its 
emetic  and  purgative  qualities ;  as  the 
{lomach  and  firll  p.ilfages,  in  com- 
plaints here,  arc  loaded  with  a  quan- 
tity of  putrid  bile.  Thcfe  are  not  its 
lead  valuahTe  properties.  It  will, 
however,  be  neceifary,  when  thefi; 
effeHs  are  produced,  to  check  them 
afierwards  by  opiates. 

With  regard  fo  it?  preparalions  ; 
I  have  generally  given  it  in  the  cold 
infufion,  made  either  with  lime  or 
cinnamon  water.  An  exiraft,  made 
with  fpirits  and  water,  fas  caiily  on 
the  flomach,  and  can  be  given  in 
laiger  quantities. 

In    ibmc    late    cafes   of   tertians. 


,7?9-3 


Hints  on  the  meaflcs. 


5* 


where  I  Inve  been  called  to  the  pa- 
tient, diirmi^the  fecond  Hi — without 
watching  for  its  going  oif,  1  have  be- 
gun with  this  baik,  which  etieflualiy 
cleanled  the  llomach  and  bowels,  and 
yaved  the  way  for  i:s  fature  adinmii- 
tration. 

In  pijtrid  d>fentcr;cs,  and  in  a  re- 
tnarkablc  fpecies  cf  dyfentery,  con- 
joined  with  an  intermittent  fever, 
which  1  iiave  met  with  here,  the  bark 
has  done  more,  than  all  the  remedies, 
that  I  have  lecn  emuloyed.  The 
purgative  effects,  which  it  produced, 
enabled  us  to  throw  it  in  earlier  ;  th^ 
hardened  fcybula,  the  fiipport  of  the 
difeafe,  were  removed,  the  (lomach 
and  bowels  braced  up,  and,  by  the  in- 
ttrpofition  of  opiates,  the  fpafais  were 
removed. 

f laving  fent  fcveral  fpecimens  of 
the  bark,  for  a  trial,  to  different  parts 
uf  the  continent  of  America,  and 
pariiculaily  to  my  worthy  triend,  dr. 
Hall,  of  Peterfburgh,  Virginia,  I 
impatiently  wait  the  refult  of  yqur  tri- 
als, and  will  eileem  myfeU  particu- 
larly obliged  by  your  communication. 
If  you  choofe,  1  Ihall  fend  you  fome 
pf  the  young  trees  planted  in  tubs,  with 
foD^e  of  I  he  feeds. 

Should  It  be  found  to  anfwer  niy 
expectation,  the  pleafure,  refulting 
from  the  thoughts  of  having  commu- 
nicated fomething  ufeful,  will  be  to 
r.ie  ample  enough  recompeufe.  \ 
have  the  honour  to  be. 

With  the  utmolt  refpef^, 

Your  moft  obcdieiH  humble  fcrvt. 
George   DAviDsoi;. 

P.  S.  Dr.  Wright  of  Jamaica  (in 
fifth  vol.  of  medical  commentaries.) 
deicribes  a  fpecies  of  cinchona,  with 
only  one  flower  on  a  footflalk  ;  the 
fame  was  likwife  found  at  the  Havan- 
na.  It  differs,  in  that  particular, 
from  the  old  bark,  which  refembles 
the  St.  Lucia  bark,  in  having  feveral 
flowers  on  each  footflalk. 
Tke  following  is  a  de/criplion  of  ike 

cinchona  caribaea  fanBae  luciae. 

The  tree  is  commonly  fojnd  in  ra- 
vines, near  fprings,  under  the  (hade 
of  a  larger  tree.  J  t  delights  in  places 
well  fhaded,  and  defended  from  the 
north-eafl  trade-wind  :  the  foil  is  com- 
monly a  itiff  red  earth,  vyiih  a  clayey 
fub-ftratum  ;  quantities  of  fmall  beau- 
tiful chryRals,  cf  a  regular  angular 
form,  arc  found  intermixed. 


The  tree  isa'.K.ait  the  fiie  of  the  cher- 
ry tree  ;  feldoni  exceeding  the  thicknefs 
of  the  thigh,  and  twenty-five  feet  in 
height. 

'Ihe  flowers  beg;n  to  appear,  at 
the  commencerrent  i.f  the  lamy  fea- 
fon.  111  beautiful  tufis,  upon  pannicles 
branched  oiit  in  threes  and  fours, 
I  have  never  feen  that  fpecies,  de- 
fcribed  by  Jacquiii,  and  found  at  the 
Havanna.  pedunculis  unijloris. 

Before  the  corolla  ;s  fully  expand- 
ed, and  the  flam  na  make  their  ap- 
pearance wuhout  the  tube  of  the  co- 
rolla, the  flower  is  white  ;  but  it  af- 
terwards turns  to  a  beautiful  mirpie. 
Ihea  di"opping  off,  the  gernien  en- 
larges to  the  fiiie  cf  a  hazle-nut,  ob- 
long and  round.  It  gradually  dries, 
burlfs  in  two,  and  iVatters  ihe  feeds, 
which  fall  to  the 'ground  and  again 
take  root. 

The  wood  of  the  tree  is  light, 
fpoiigy,  and  fit  for  no  ufeful  purpofe. 
It  has  not  the  hitter  tafleof  the  bark. 
The  leaves  are  very  bitter,  and  the 
flowers,  feeds,  &c.  feem  to  poffefs 
the  bitternefs  and  aifruigency  m  a 
more  eminent  degree. 

An  ounce  of  the  bark,  in  fine  pow- 
der, infufed  in  a  quart  of  cold  water 
for  twenty  four  hours,  and  the  infii- 
lion  afterwards  Eliertd,  appears  hgh- 
cr  coloured,  than  a  decoction  made 
with  double  the  quantity^  of  the  old 
bark.  The  colour,  wlvch  it  ffrikes 
with  the  tin£l.  f.or.  viartial.  and  J'aL 
viartis,  is  likewife  of  a  deeper  black. 
1  he  fpirituous  tincture  is  of  a  deep 
red  colour,  and  ftnkcs  a  deep  black, 
by  the  addition  of  the  preparations 
of  iron. 

The  taflc  of  the  Cinchona  Cari- 
basa  is  raanifcfliy  more  affringent, 
than  the  tafte  of  the  old  bark  ;  an 
inference  may  therefore,  d  priori, 
be  made,  that  its  tonic  powers  are 
greater. 

The  quantity  of  refin,  which  it 
yields,  is  much  more  confiderabie  ; 
and  an  extrart,  made  both  with  fpirits 
and  water,  feems  to  poirefs  the  whole 
virtues  of  the  bark. 

Hints  on  the  meajles. 

TH  E  meafles  are  an  eruptive  fe- 
ver, attended  with  a  geneial  in- 
flammation. In  fome  conflitutions, 
the    meafles   give  fymptoras  uf  iheir 


Hints  on  the  meajles. 


[July, 


approach,  many  days  before  they  dif- 
euver  themlelves,  by  a  frequent  and 
dry  tojgh,  fuch  as  commonly  attends 
a  flight  cold,  without  any  other  com- 
plaint ;  though,  for  the  mofl  part,  by 
ihiveijiig^:,  attended  with  alternate 
heat,  which  is  accompanied  with 
fiieezing,  fwellingof  the  eyelids,  and 
a  coiiltant  (leepinefs ;  a  thin  humour 
often  diRils  from  the  eyes  and  nofe  ; 
thefe  lall  fymptonis  are  thecharatterif- 
tics,  which  diftinguifli  this  difeafe  from 
moll  other  eruptive  fevers.  1  he 
tongue  is  white  and  foul,  but  not  ve- 
ry dry  ;  the  heat  and  fever  increafe 
every  hour,  with  a  fevere  cough,  ve- 
hement ficknefs,  thirll,  lofs  of  appe- 
tue,  lometimes  atiended  with  a  vo- 
H^n:no;,  and  often  with  a  fneezing, 
withgreenilhflools;  but  this  laft  fymp- 
tom  iiappens  moflly  to  infants,  and 
that,  dunng  the  time  of  deiuuion. 
J.  he  lymptums  gentrallv  grow  more 
violent,  until  the,  fourth  day,  when 
there  appear,  upon  the  face,  fmall  e- 
riiptions,  like  llca-bites,  which  fooii 
flow  together  in  large  fpots :  on  the 
bread,  they  are  broad  and  red,  fc-1- 
doM)  rifing  above  the  fiirface  of  the 
fkin  ;  but  may  be  eafily  felt,  by 
prelfing  gently  with  the  finger  :  they- 
pradiiallv  i  xiend  from  the  face  to  the 
breall,  and  downwards  to  the  thighs 
ana  Itgs  ;  bu!  are  not  fo  dilHnct  pim- 
ples in  the  trunk  and  exirernities,  as 
in  the  fare,  but  are  equally  as  red. 
Thi  fympfoms  do  not  abate,  in  this 
dileafe,  when  the  eruption  appears,  as 
they  doin  the  fmall-pox.  The  vomiting 
fejdom  continues  after,  but  the  cough 
and  f  ver  are  generally  more  violent  ; 
thediffirultyoFbreaihing,  theweaknefs 
and  dcjhixion  from  the  eyes,  conflanl 
drowfinef,  and  lofs  of  appetite,  conti- 
rueafterthe  eruption.  The  eruptions 
generally  difappear,  about  the  fourth 
or  fixth  day  from  their  firft  appear- 
ance ;  they  begin  to  turn  dry  and 
fralv,  upon  the  face  firfl,  and  go  gra- 
dually oft,  as  they  came  on,  about 
the  eighth  or  ninth  day  ;  the  whole 
b«)dy  has  fometimes  the  fame  kind  of 
appearance,  as  if  fprinkled  over  wiih 
bran,  Thofe  who  die  in  the  meaflL-s, 
generally  perifh  on  ihe  nimh  day,  by 
a  ftifforation.  The  dan.ceions  fymp- 
tdms  of  this  difeafe,  arc  a  great  and 
iiidden  lofs  of  ftj^ength,  coldnefs  of 
the  extremities,  rclllcflnefs.  continual 
cough,  a  loofenefs,  greu-t  difficulty  in 


breathing  or  fwallowing,  palenefs  of 
the  erupiions,  and  fometimes  purple 
fpots,  delirium,  convulfions,  and 
lometimes  profufe  fweats,  efpecially 
in  perlons  advanced  in  years.  As 
the  meafles  difappear  and  terminate, 
fooner  than  the  Imall-pox,  the  vulgar 
generally  think  they  are  fl  ruck  in  before 
that  time,  though  they  have  really  run 
through  their  natural  courfe  ;  for 
which  reafon  they  often  have  recourfe 
to  warm  cordials,  which  are  highly 
improper,  and  ofien  bring  on  direful 
fymptoms.  Such  as  die  in  the  mealies, 
generally  die  about,the  ninth  day  ;  and 
are  certainly  removed  by  a  violent  pe- 
ripnsumony,  or  inflammation  of  the 
lungs. 

The  patient  ought  to  be  treated 
much  the  fame  as  in  the  fmall-pox, 
only  not  expofed  to  the  cold  air  ;  but 
need  not  be  confined  to  bed.  De- 
cocVons  of  barley-water,  with  li- 
quorice and  marfhmallows,  may  be 
drank  for  ordinary  drink  ;  arid  infu- 
lions,  made  of  linfeed  and  elder  flow- 
ers, Iweetcned  with  honey,  or  fiigar- 
candy,  may  be  nfed  for  a  change  ;  if 
the  patient  is  collive,  a  little  manna 
may  be  g'ven,  or  tamarinds  infnfed  ill' 
boiling  water.  With  rcfpeft  to  me- 
dicnes,  nature  ought  to  be  particu- 
larly attended  to,  as  indeed  it  ought 
to  be  in  every  other  difeafe.  If  the 
fever  be  very  high,  with  an  inflamma- 
tion or  rednefs  in  the  eyes,  with  a  la- 
borious difficult  breathing,  with  a  great 
thirll,  and  fulnefs  of  the  pulfe,  bleed- 
ing largely  for  adults,  and  the  fame, 
or  by  leeches,  for  infants,  is  abfolute- 
ly  ncceffary,  with  the  warm  bath,  as 
deep  a?  can  be  done  conveniently.  It 
is  often  attended  with  remarkably  good 
efferts,  in  all  infLimmatory  fever-,  ef>- 
pecially  of  the  eruptive  kind,  to  con- 
tinue in  the  bath  for  fome  minutes,  at 
lead  to  bathe  the  feet  and  legs  in 
warm  water  every  night.  If  there  be  an 
inclination  to  vomit,  it  ought  to  be  en- 
couraged by  drinking  chamomile  tea,  or 
by  g'vmga  gentle  vomit  of  a  few  grains 
of  ipecacuanha,  or  atcalpooiiFul  or  two 
ofanlimonial  w'.neto  infants,  ora  larger 
dole  in  proportion  to  the  age.  1  he  pi- 
(ient  may  hold  his  head  over  the  Heam 
of  hot  water,  and  receive  it  into  his 
lungs,  from  the  mouth  of  a  tea  pot,  or 
an  inhaler;  every  infp'ration  like  this 
IS  an  excellent  remedy  m  any  cough, 
provided  it  be  not  attended  with  a  fpit- 


1789-] 


Account  of  the  fffcBs  of  elcElricity  iti  pam/yttc  cafe;.. 


ting  of  blood.  The  patient  may 
likewife  frequently  take  a  little  fper- 
maceti  and  fugar-candy,  pounded 
together,  and  diifolve  it  gradually  in 
the  mouth;  or  a  table-lpoontul  of  the 
foUowing  linttus  for  an  adult,  and  a 
tea-fpoonful  for  an  infant,  every  time 
the  cough  is  troublefome  :  take  of 
good  trefh  fweet  oil  and  fyrup  of 
marOimallows,  of  each  equal  parts, 
mixed  together  with  a  I'ltle  of  the 
juice  of  a  boiled  lemon,  to  acidulate 
It  a  little,  provided  it  is  more  agree- 
able. All  thefe  things  mav  be  done 
at  any  time  of  the  difeafe,  if  the  fymp- 
toms  appear  inflammatory,  if  the 
mealies  fuddenly  difappear,  with  a 
weak,  flow  pulfc,  palenefs  of  the 
face,  and  univerfal  lanj;uor,  the  pa- 
tient ought  to  te  fupporied  by  cor- 
dials, fuch  as  wine,  or  Hrong  wine- 
whey  ;  blirters  rnuft  be  applied  lO  the 
back,  brealt,  or  exiretnities,  and  warm 
cataplafms,  with  mullard  and  vinegar, 
to  thefoles  of  the  feet.;  the  fame  treat- 
ment IS  recommended  in  fuch  circum- 
flances,  as  in  the  iuiail-pox.  When 
they  attack  weak,  relaxed  habits,  or 
hyfteric,  low-fpinted  women,  Hux- 
ham's  tinfture  of  the  bark  is  in  this 
cafe  of  the  mod  eminent  fcrvice,  as 
it  anfwers  both  as  a  cordial  and  anti- 
feptic,  efpecially  where  purple  Ipot?, 
or  other  putrid  fymptoms  appear  ;  and 
it  is  proper  to  drink  wine  at;d  water, 
acidulated  with  the  fweet  fpirit  of  vi- 
triol, or,  where  that  cannot  be  got, 
the  juice  of  lemons  or  oranges;  but, 
indeed,  fome  preparation  of  the  bark, 
either  in  fubfiance  or  decottion,  is 
abfolutely  necelfary.  In  cafe  of  great 
redleirnels,  an  aduk  may  take  from 
twenty  to  hfty  drops  of  liquid  lauda- 
num, every  night,  at  bed  tune.  From 
two  to  twelve  drops  of  the  fame  may 
be  given  to  a  child,  from  the  bnih  to 
twelve  or  fourteen  years  old  ;  begin 
with  a  fmall  dofe,  and  increafe  occa- 
fionally, ;  but  if  the  fyrup  of  poppies 
is  preferred,  a  tea-fpoonful  or  i  wo  may 
be  occahonally  admin. flered. The  bow- 
els ought  to  be  kept  open  with  clyflers 
of  gruel  or  milk,  fugar,  and  a  little 
oil.  1  have  ouen  given  James's 
powders  to  adults,  as  prefcnbed  in 
the  printed  directions,  and,  to  infants 
the  following  ;  take  of  James's  pow- 
der, fix  grams  ;  fal  prunellj?.  one 
fcruple ;  white  fugar,  one  draclim; 
rub  them  well  together ;  and  give  the 


58 

patient  two,  three,  or  four  grains  of 
tbis  every  five  or  fix  hours:  the  dofe 
may  be  increafed  or  diminiOied,  ac- 
cording to  its  effects  ;  if  the  fever  runs 
high,  thefe  may  be  given  aftet^ bleed- 
ing, in  any  Hate  of  the  difeafe.  Two 
or  three  dofes  of  phyfic  are  necelfary, 
when  the  difeafe  is  going  off,  as  in 
the  fmall-pox.  If  a  violent  purging 
comes  on  after  the  meaOes,  3  fmall 
dole  of  rhubarb  may  be  given  every 
fecond  day  in  the  morning,  and  the 
laudanum,  as  above,  at  bed-time;  if 
the  fever  continues,  with  the  purg- 
ing, bleeding  will  often  relieve,  when 
nothing  elfe  avails.  If,  ificr  the 
mealies  are  gone  oft,  the  fever  conti- 
nues without  the  purging,  bleeding  is 
neceflary,  and  the  powders  above- 
mentioned,  with  the  linrhis  for  the 
coligh.  Patients  r  c^virn;  from  the 
meafles ought  to  be  cautious  of  cxpof- 
ing  themfelves  too  foon  to  tlie  co'J 
air,  and  eat  what  is  light,  and  eafy  of 
digellion  ;  butterrailk,  or  milk-whey, 
and  barley-water,  is  a  proper  drink. 
If  a  cough  and  difficulty  of  breathing, 
with  a  hefciic  fever,  ard  other  cnn- 
fumptive  fymptoms,  come  on,  fmall 
bleedings,  frequently  repealed  (efpe- 
cially if  the  blood  isfizv) — a  vegetable 
diet,  and  rndk,  as  above  recommend- 
ed, with  change  of  air,  and  riding  on 
horfeback,  abftaining  from  all  animal 
food,  perpetual  bliitcrs,or  ilTues,  will 
likewife  be  necclTary, 
1  am,   &c. 

Wm.  Turn  BUI.!-. 
Wcll-clofe  Square,  May,  13,  1786. 


Account  of  the  fffeBs  of  eltBricity  in 
paralytic  cafes.  In  a  letter  to  dr. 
Pringle.from  dr.  Franklin. 

SOME  years  fince,  when  the  newf- 
papers  made  mention  of  great 
cures  fjcrformed  in  Italy  or  Ger- 
many, by  means  of  e4eftncity,  a  num- 
ber of  paralytics  were  brought  tome 
from  Peiinfylvania,  and  the  neigh- 
bourmg  provinces  to  be  eleftnfitd; 
whicli  1  did  for  them  at  their  requeft. 
iVIy  method  was,  firft  to  place  the  pa- 
tient in  A  chair,  on  an  electric  flool, 
and  dia.v  a  n amber  of  large  iliong 
fparks,  from  all  pans  of  ihsaHjfled 
limb  or  fide.  Then  I  fully  charged 
(wo  lixg.siion  glais  jars,  each  of  which 
had  atioutihree  iquare  feet  of  fur  face 
coated  ^  aud  L  feni  ilis  united  fiiock  of 


Si 


The  refcrmer. 


[Juir, 


thefe  tlirough  the  affcflcd  limb  or  limbs, 
repeating  the  flroke  commonly  three 
times  each  day.  The  firfl  thing  ohferv- 
ed  was  an  immediate  greater  feufibie 
warmth  mthe  lame  limbs,  that  had  re- 
ceived the  firoke,than  in  the oihers : and 
the  next  mornmg,  the  patients  ulually 
related,  that  they  had,  in  the  night, 
felt  a  pricking  fenfation  in  the  flc  Ih  of 
the  paralytic  limbs  ;  and  would  fome- 
times  (hew  a  number  of  fmall  red  fpots, 
vhich,  they  fuppofed,  were  occafion- 
ed  by  thela  prickings.  The  limbs, 
too,  were  found  more  capable  of  vo- 
i'jntary  motion,  and  feemcd  to  receive 
liiengih.  A  man,  for  inllance,  who 
co-aid  not,  the  firii  day,  lift  the  lame 
band  from  ctt  his  knee,  would  the 
rcxtd  ly,  raife  it  four  or  five  inches,  the 
third  day  higher,  and,  on  the  fifih  dav 
wr.s  able,  but  with  a  feeble  languid 
motion,  to  t»kc  o!f  his  hat. 

"i  he fe  appearances  gave  great  fpi- 
rits  t:^  the  patients,  and  made  them 
hope  a  pirfett  cure  ;  but  I  do  not  re- 
in, mb  r,  that  I  ever  faw  any  amend- 
ment after  the  fifth  day:  which  the 
nil  ents  perceiving,  and  finding  the 
fh  cks  pretty  fcvere,  they  became  dif- 
couraged,  went  home,  and  in  a  fliort 
time  relapfed  ;  fothat,  in  palfies,  I  ne- 
ver knew  any  advaniaife  from  eleclri- 
C'ty,  that  was  permanent.  And  how 
far  the  apparent  temjiorary  advantage 
might  arife  from  the  exerofe  of  the 
patient's  journey,  and  coming  daily  to 
my  houfe,  or  from  the  {pints,  given 
by  the  hope  of  fuccefs,  enabling  them 
to  exert  more  ftrength  in  moving  their 
limbs,  I  will  not  pretend  to  fay. 

Perhaps  fome  permanent  advantage 
might  have  been  obtained,  if  the  elec- 
tric fhocks  had  been  accompanied 
V/ith  proper  medicine  and  regimen, 
under  the  directions  of  a  fkilful  phy- 
fician.  It  may  be,  too,  that  a  few 
great  Ilrokes,  as  given  in  my  method, 
inay  not  be  fo  proper,  as  mmy  fmall 
ones:  fince,  by  the  account,  from 
Scotland,  of  a  cafe,  in  which  two 
hundred  hhocks  from  a  phial  were  given 
tidily,  it  feems,  that  a  perfeft  cure  has 
been  made.  As  to  any  uncommon 
Jlrength,  fuppofed  to  be  in  the  machine 
iifed  in  that  cafe,  I  imagine  it  could 
hdve  no  fhare  in  t'.ie  efteft  produced  ; 
fince  the  ilrength  of  the  (hock,  from 
charged  )i\aU  is  in  proportion  to  the 
r;  lantity  of  furface  of  theglafs  coated  ; 
Jo  that  my  fiiocks,  from    :hof(;    large 


jars,  mufl  have  been  much  greater, 
than  any  that  could  be  received  from 
a  phial  held  in  the  hand. 

i  am,  with  great  rcfpccl.  Cr, 
Your  molt  obedient  fervant, 
B.  Frank L IX, 
London,  D'.ccmbcr  2t,   1757. 

The  reformer. 

Number    i  . 

Virtue  the  happinejs  of  a  pecjyle, 

MEN  oflen  couiplain  of  thofe  e- 
vils,  which  are  wholly  of  their 
own  procuring,  and  which  it  is  in 
their  own  power  to  remove,  when- 
ever they  pleale.  There  is  nothing 
more  evident  from  reafon,  revelation, 
and  common  experience,  than  the  ten- 
dency of  virtue  to  the  happinef';,  and 
the  tendency  of  vice  to  the  mifery  of 
mankind,  both  in  private  and  fecial 
life  ;  but  while  this  isgeneraily  acknow- 
ledged in  fpeculation,  it  is  much  d  f- 
regarded  in  prattice.  All  expedients 
to  relieve  the  burdens  and  dillrelfes  of 
the  day,  without  a  general  reform  of 
manners,  will  be  but  palliatives— 
this  will  elFett  a  radical  cure. 

Let  rulers,  influenced  by  the  fear 
cf  God,  and  by  love  to  mankind,  ufe. 
all  their  power  and  authority,  to  en-, 
courage  nghteoulnefs,  proteft  inno- 
cence, redrcis  wrongs,  and  b^nifh  in- 
iquity — let  laws  be  made,  with  a  fin- 
gle  defign  to  advance  the  general  in- 
tereft,  and  be  executed  with  diligence 
and  fidelity — let  people,  in  all  ranks, 
confcientioully  difeharge  the  duties  o£" 
their  refpeiitive  flations — let  julHce 
and  integrity  take  place  in  all  private 
intercourfe — let  benevolence  operate, 
in  all  exigencies,  to  excite  mutual  aid 
and  fuccour,  fo  that  no  man  ihall  be 
miferable,  while  it  is  in  his  neigh- 
bour's power  to  relieve  him — in  all 
controverfies,  between  man  and  man, 
or  in  fociety,  let  condefccnfion  imme- 
diately Hep  in,  to  adjiift  the  differ- 
ence— let  every  man,  in  his  private  ca- 
pacity, maintain  fobriety,  purity,  tem- 
perance, induUryand  felf-govcrnment, 
and  attend  more  to  the  culture  of  his, 
mind,  the  improvement  of  his  virtue, 
and  the  regulation  of  the  manners  of 
his  domeftics,  than  to  the  indulgence 
ofpleafure,  or  the  accumulation  of 
wealth — let  this  be  the  general  fpint 
and  conduct  of  mankind — and   what 


lySpJ 


Cultivation  rf  the  poppy-pldnt^ 


will  be  wanting  to  make  ihem  a-;  hap- 
py, as  the  condition  of  mortals  will 
permit,  or  as  beings  ia  a  Hate  of  pro- 
bation can  realonably  defire  ? 

But  if,  on  the  contrary,  pnde,  felf- 
iflinefNjand  the  love  of  pleaiiire,  reign 
a^nong  all  ranks;  if  injaltice,  fraud, 
idlcnefs,  luxury,  oppreffion,  and  other 
vices,  generally  prevail,  there  is  no 
need  of  Ipecial  judgments,  to  make 
them  miferable,  and  no  need  of  a  fpt- 
rit  of  prophecy,  to  forefee  their  de- 
ilru'lion.  Every  man,  therefore,  as 
he  regards  his  own  and  the  general 
hapi^nefs,  is  bound  to  priflife  virtue 
himfelf,  and  to  promote  it  among  o- 
thers.  Ibis  obligation  immediately 
relaUs  from  his  prefent  condition  as  a 
man.  and  from  his  relatron  to  iociety, 
abilratted  from  the  confideration  of 
thofc  more  grand  and  folemn  motives, 
whivh  religion  propofcs. 

We  have  feen  the  time,  when  the 
people  of  this  country,  alar:Tied  at  the 
danger*;,  which  threatened  them  from 
an  uliirping  and  invading  power,  could 
unite  in  arms  for  the  common  defence. 
They  thought  no  expenfe  too  great  to 
be  incurred,  no  facrifice  too  dear  to 
be  made,  that  they  might  refciie  thair 
tre.nblmg  liberties,  from  the  devour- 
ing jaws  of  oppreflion.  Our  focial 
happinefs  is  now  in  danger,  from  an- 
other quarter — from  the  prevalence 
*f  vice  and  impiety,  from  ourincreaf- 
ing  luxury,  extravagance,  fclHlbnefs 
and  injillice:  let  us  exert  ourfelves, 
with  the  fame  united  ardour,  to  extir- 
pate this  internal  enemy,  as  we  have 
done  to  repel  a  foreign  enemy,  and 
we  may  hope  for  equal  fucceis  ;  and 
fuccsfs,  in  th  s  attempt,  will  give  our 
liberties  a  firmer  ellabldhment  and  a 
more  permanent  fecurity,  than  all  the 
iaccelfes  of  war. 


Experiments  on  the  cultivation  of  the 

(lOppy-plant,    and    the     method    of 

procuring   opifim.       By   Shadrack 

■  liicketfon,  of  Duuhefs  county,  New 

York. 

OrrJM  is  thj  prodiice  of  the 
papaveriomniferumof  Lipnarus, 
which,  as  a  genus,  comprehends  two 
Ipecies,  VIZ.  >.  The  doubt;,  e,  the 
iingle  ;  each  of  which  includes  feve- 
ral  varieties  as  to  the  colour  of  the 
flowers,  fome  bein<j  white,  fome  Ted, 
cihers  purple  and  var-e^^ated. 


35 

From  hiflory  we  !«arn,  that  in  the 
feveral  provinces  of  Alia,  it  is  ib.i 
large  white  poppy  only,  that  is  cidti- 
vaied  for  the  purpufe  of  coilerting 
opium  ;  but,  from  the  trials  that  I 
have  made,  I  am  of  opinion,  that  it 
is  a  maiticr  of  indifference,  v/hich  fp-- 
cies  or  Variety  of  the  plant  is  cultivat- 
ed for  medicmaiiife  ;  as  they  will  af- 
fird,  when  tapped,  a  juice  that  is  fimi- 
lar,  as  to  quantity,  colour,  and  every 
other  refpeci,  both  when  f.efli  and 
when  dried  ;  however,  I  have  thought, 
that  the  large  double  fpecies  produces 
the  greateft  number  of  head-,  and  con- 
fcquently  the  greateft  quantity  of  juice 
from  one  feed  ;  but  of  this  I  have  not 
yet  had  fufficient  trials,  to  be  certain. 

Among  the  poppies,  cultivated 
with  a  view  to  make  the  prefent  ex- 
perinnenf^,  1  had  fome,  that  had  each 
thirty  heads,  all  of  which  fprang  from 
one  leed,  and  from  one  original  ftjlk. 

The  poppy  feeds,  in  this  country, 
(hoald  be  fown  or  planted,  about 
the  middle  of  May,  in  rich,  moiii 
ground. 

1  he  ground  fiiould  be  formed  into 
areas,  of  about  four  feet  broad.  The 
feeds  Ihould  be  planted,  at  about  ten 
or  twelve  inches  diftance,  in  tranfverle 
rows,  which  fliould  alio  be  about 
the  fame  dillance  from  each  other. 

Shallow  holes,  of  an  inch  in  depth, 
fiiould  be  made  in  the  rows,  at  the 
dillance  mentioned  ;  the  feeds  put  in, 
and  covered  over,  even  with  the 
ground:  after  which,  they  are  fuffered 
to  remain,  till  the  plants  are  grown 
about  four  inches  high,  when  they 
may  be  frequently  watered  and  ma- 
nured, efpecially,  if  the  land  is  dry 
and  notfertile  :  the  bed  manure  is  faid 
to  be  a  compoll  of  dung,  afhes,  and  a 
nitrous  earth. 

In  the  Eall  Indies,  fhey  are  faid 
to  water  them  again  profufely,  jufl  be- 
fore the  fl<nvers  appear  ;  but,  as  I 
have  had  them  grow  very  luxuriant 
and  fucculent  in  good  ground,  with- 
out either  manuring  or  v/atenng,  I 
amdifpofed  to  think,  thu  the  advan- 
tages, ar;  ling  fiom  this  laft  particular, 
are  not  adequate  to  the  trouble  of  do- 
ing If. 

It  is  fcarcely  necefTary  to  remark, 
that  th.e  plants,  from  their  firft  coming 
up,  flioiiid  be  kept  clean  from  weeds, 
v;hich  may  be  done,  with  very  litile 
trouble,  with  a  fiaail  hoe,   efpecially 


«6 


Method  of  producing  opium. 


[July, 


if  the  feeds  3-c  planted  after  the  iran- 
ner  I  directed,  that  is,  in   rows. 

Having  laid  all  that  is  riecefTdfy,  on 
the  cuhivation  of  the  plant,  I  {}ih!1 
now  proceed  to  defcnb^  the  meth-d 
of  obtaining  its  juice,  which,  when  in- 
fpiffated  to  a  pilular  confidence,  is 
called  opium. 

The  liates  of  the  plants,  wherein  I 
have  found  them  to  yield  the  moft 
juice,  arc  jull  before,  in  the  time  of,  and 
immediately  after  flowering. 

The  plants  being  arrived  to  one  or 
other  of  the  Hates  above  mentioned, 
ve  then  proceed  to  that  part  of  the 
procefs,  called  tapping,  which,  we  are 
told, is  done  in  Ada,  by  making  two 
or  three  longitudmal  incifioiis  in  the 
half  grown  capfules,  without  pene- 
tratinc;  their  cavities  I'his  operaticm 
is  ticiformed  at  funf'^t,  and  the  plants 
are  fufiered  to  remain  till  morning, 
when  the  juice  is  to  be  fcraped  off, 
and  worked  in  a  proper  vefiel,  in  a 
moderate  hear,  till  it  becomes  of  a 
pilular  confiilence  ;  which  method, 
with  feveial  tMhcrs,  I  have  tried  ;  but 
none  have  ever  fucceeded  fo  well  with 
me,  as,  in  a  funny  day,  to  cut  off  tJie 
ilalks.  at  about  an  inch  diOance  from 
their  flawrrsor  capfules,  and  as  foon 
as  the  juice  appears  (which  it  does  at 
firft  equajlv  well  on  the  part  of  the 
lialk,  cut  off,  with  thecapfule  or  flov>'- 
er,  as  on  the  {{.ending  part)  to  colkH  it 
with  afma'i  fcoop  or  penknife,  the  laft 
of  which  I  have  found  to  anfwer  the 
purpofe  very  well.  After  the  juice 
ceafes  to  appear  on.  the  top  of  the 
ilanding  (lalk,  it  Ihould  be  cut  off 
about  an  inch  lower,  when  it  will  be 
found  to  yield  almolt  as  freely  as  be- 
fore ;  and  this  is  repeated,  as  long  as 
anv  JMice  appears. 

The  juice,  when  coUefled,  fhould 
be  put  into  an  evaporating  pan  placed 
in  the  fun's  heat,  and  frequently  Hir- 
red,  till  it  becomes  of  a  coniillcnce 
to  be  formed  into  pills,  or  made  inio 
rolls,  for  keeping  or  tranfportauon. 

Ihequantuy  of  opium,  that  may 
be  procured,  depends  very  much  upon 
the  largeneis  of  our  plants,  and  the 
care  ufed  ui  collecting  it.  From  one 
poppy  plant.  I  have  procured  fcven 
grains  of  the  infpiirated  juice. 

If  any  would  choofe  to  have  the 
opium  freed  from  its  impuruies,  it 
rM\'  eafily  be  done,  bv  preliiiig  the 
juice  through  a  linen    llrainer,  before 


it  is  evaporated;  but  if  pains  betaken, 
according  10  the  foregoing  directions, 
I  believe  there  will  be  little  or  no  cc- 
cafion  for  it. 

Here  the  following  qucftion  pre* 
fents  itfelf,  viz. 

Does  the  opium,  I  have  be^n  de- 
fcribing,  pofTefs  the  fame  projieriies, 
as  the  Afiatic  opium  ? 

To  determine  which,  I  made  th« 
following  experimenis : 

Experifriettt  I,    _/«/)' 27,  17P7. 

At  fix  o'clock,  A.  5^1.  I  took  one 
grain  of  this  opium  ;  at  ieven,  break- 
fafled  on  chocolate  ;  at  a  quarter  af- 
ter feven,  I  was  called  upon  to  viiii  a 
patient  ;  I  immediately  mounted  my 
norfe,  and  rode  two  miles;  and  as  I 
rode,  I  felt  unulually  cheerful;  a  tin- 
ged fulneis  and  rednefs  of  my  hcacl 
and  face,  as  if  I  had  been  drinking  ; 
ardent  fpuits  alfo  feemed  to  attend  me. 

At  nine  o'clock,  while  at  my  pa- 
tient's houfe,  I  felt  a  flight  ficknefs 
at  niy  flomach,  accompanied  with  a 
moift  fweat.  At  ten  o'clock,  the 
hcknefs  and  fweat  continuing  to  in- 
creafe,  I  fet  off  for  home,  and  on  the 
way  it  jull  occurred  to  me,  that  the 
opium**!  had  been  taking,  was  the 
caufe  of  my  illnefs  ;  and  before  I 
reached  home,  I  vomited  my  break- 
fail,  wh.chgave  me  a  liiiie  eafe. 

After  I  g>)thome,  I  was  feized  with 
a  vertigo,  flight  tremors,  llupor,  attend- 
ed with  a  finall,  contracted  pulfe  :  I 
went  10  bed,  ate  no  dinner,  and  about 
two  o'clock  P.  M.  I  vomited  a  con- 
hderable  quantitv  of  four,  wateiy  fluid, 
after  which  I  felt  fomewhat  ealicr, 
and,  in  about  an  hour  afterwards,  I 
had  feveral  violent  retchings,  and 
raifod  fome  bile.  Being  now  fa- 
tigued by  the  vomiting,  &c.  I  took  a 
large  dofe  of  the  anii-emctic  mixture, 
which,  after  a  fliort  fleep,  feemed  to 
give  me  remarkable  relief,  and  aficr 
which,  all  the  fymptoms  gradually 
vanlflicd.  I  perceived  my  urine  to 
be  high-coloured  :  I  had  no  ftool, 
from  the  day  before  I  took  it,  till  the 
morning  of  the  sgth  ;  and  between 
eleven  and  twelve  o'clock  of  this  day, 
I  had  three  or  four  liquid  ftools,  ac- 
companied with  confiderable  grip;ng. 

I  ihink  it  proper  to  remark,  that, 
during  ihe  above  lymptoms,  I  had  no 
uncommon  fleepinefs. 

Experiment  2.  Unfatisfied  with 
the  preceding   experiraenl,    and  not 


« 789-1 


Settlement  of  Plymouth,  in  New  England. 


SI 


knowing,  whether  thelVinpti  msthat  I 
lal>t'Ured  undei,  were  lnlel\  ihe  ef- 
feft  of  ihe  opiinn — Aug  iH  6,  at  fix 
o'clock,  A.  M.  I  took  half  a  grain 
of  the  fame  k'nct  of  i>pmin.  ihe  tf- 
feds  that  i  perccived  Iro.ii  it,  were, 
in  (he  f  ireiioon  a  cheartulnels,  anti 
in  the  afiernfon  a  loa'hing,  and  at 
times,  a  fmall  degree  of  ficknefs. 

Lxperimtnt  3.  Augud  20.  at  fe- 
ven  o'clock  in  the  morning,  1  took 
one  gram  of  the  above-mentioned 
opium  :  at  eight  o'cluck,  I  breakfallcd 
on  tea  ;  after  breakfaft,  1  feh  an  un- 
concernednef";,  my  face  felt  turgid  ; 
I  had  Jomed  ght  ficknefs  and  inchra- 
tion  to  vomit,  and  abt)Ut  ten  o'clock 
I  had  feveral  retchings,  and  puked, 
and  half  after  ten  I  puked  agiiin:  in 
fhort  I  underwent  very  much  the 
fame  feries  of  iymptom<;,  as  in  expe- 
riment ift.  indeed  fufficienily  fo,  to 
confirm  me,  that  the  complaints,  I  la- 
boured under,  were  folely  the  effects 
of  the  opium. 

Experiment  4.  at  half  after  feven 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  I  took  a 
full  grain  of  the  Afiatic  opium  ;  and 
at  half  after  eight,  I  breakfaded  on 
milk.  I  fell  no  unufual  erteits  from 
it,  till  about  twelve  o'clock,  when  a 
flufhingaiid  a  tiirgidfulnefsof  my  face, 
came  on.  I  dined  at  one  o'clock, 
after  which  I  was  attacked  with  con- 
liderable  pain  m  my  bowels,  loathing 
and  ficknefs  (but  not  fo  much  as  to 
puke)  whith  continued  to  remain,  till 
1  went  to  bed.  I  had  no  liool  that 
day,  as  ufual ;  no  uncommon  fleepi- 
nefs. 

Quaeritur.  Is  the  vomiting,  that 
occurred  after  taking  the  opium,  to  be 
imputed  and  afcribed  to  the  peculiar 
effett  of  it  on  the  ftomach  ;  or  is  it  to 
be  confidered  as  an  effort  of  the  vis 
medicatrix  naturae  ? 

From  what  lias  been  faid,  I  think 
we  may  induce  the  following  infe- 
rences, &c. 

1.  That  the  poppy  plant  is  the 
fame  here  js  in  Ana,  and  that  the 
difference  depends  only  on  the  cli- 
mate, foil,  and  mode  of  cultivation. 

2.  That  every  fpecies  and  variety 
of  the  plant,  is  equally  capable  of  pro- 
ducing opium. 

3.  That  the  collefling  of  it  might 
not  only  become  an  ufeful,  but  alfo  a 
lucrative  bufinefs. 

4.  And  laftly,  that  the  opium   col- 
Vor.  VI. 


lefted  here,  is  as  flrong,  or  flronger 
than  the  Afiatic  opuim  ;  in  connrma- 
tiouuf  which,  I  Iliail  beg  leave  to 
add  th?  foUov.'ing  paffage  of  a  letter 
I  am  favoured  with,  from  my  friend 
and  former  mafter,  dr.  Benjamin  An- 
;hony,  to  whom  I  gave  fomt  of  the 
opium  of  my  own  procuring,  f^r  trial, 
and  who  had  been  accuilomed  to  ufe 
opium.  0:1  account  of  ihe  rhenmat  Im. 
"  Bc'iig  in  pain  this  morning,  I  tovik 
"  a  grain  i  f  the  opium  ;  the  operation 
"appears  to  be  the  fame,  a<;  ihat  of 
"  theother  opium,  v.'hich  I  hc^vecom- 
''  monly  ufed  ;  a  gran  is  perhapsc qjal 
"  to  two  of  the  comiinon." 

Whe;her  the  viriues  of  opium  re- 
fide  in  a  fixed  or  volatile  pr  nciple, 
is  a  matier  that  admits  of  a  difpnte  ; 
fome  late  cxpenmei.ts  feem  to  fnvour 
the  latter  opinion,  whuh  b^ing  admit- 
ted, one  reafon  (I  think)  whv  the 
opium,  collecred  here,  is  flrong-^r  than 
the  Afiatic,  is.  ihar  the  latter  lofes 
greatly  of  its  ftrergth  bv  the  Icig 
keeping  and  tranfportaxion,  which  it 
undergoes. 

Relation  or  io^irnaU  of  I  hr.  beginning 
and  proceedings  of  the  EngtifJ?  plan- 
tation fetled  at  Plimotk  in  New 
England^  by  certaine  Englifh  ad- 
venturers^ both  merchants  and  o~ 
thers.  JVitk  their dijjicnltpajfagc^ 
their  fafe  arriuall.  their  ioyjuli 
building  of  andcomfortable plant- 
ing thcmjclucs  in  the  nov>  will  de- 
fended tozone  of  New  Plimoth.  As 
alfo  a  relation  of  fovre  feuerall 
difcoueries,  face  made  by  Jome  of 
the  fame  Englifi  planters  there  re- 
fdent,  &c. 

London,  printed,  i62fi. 

WEDnefday  the  fixt  of  Septem- 
ber, the  wind  commmg  eaft 
north  eall,  a  fine  fmall  gale,  we 
loofed  from  Plimoth,  haumg  beene 
kindly  intertamed  and  courteoufly 
vied  by  diners  friends  there  dwelling, 
and  after  many  di.fficulties  in  boy- 
fteroiis  {formes,  at  length,  by  God's 
pronidenre.  vpon  the  ninth  of  No- 
uembcr  following,  by  breake  of  the 
day  we  e'.pied  laud,  which  we  defmed 
to  be  Cape  Cod,  and  fo  afterward  it 
proued.  And  the  appearance  of  it 
much  comforted  vs.  efpecially,  iee- 
ing  fo  goodly  a  land,  and  woodded  to 
the  brinke  of  the  fea,  it  caufed  vs  t© 
H 


Settlement  of  Plymouth,  in  New  England. 


Ihh, 


reioycc  togcilier,  and  praife  God, 
that  had  giuen  v,s  once  againe  to  fee 
land.  And  ihus  wee  made  ourcourle 
Souih  South  Wed,  purpoiing  to  goe 
to  a  nuer,  ten  leagues  to  the  South 
of  the  Cape;  but  at  night,  the  winde 
being  contrary,  we  put  round  againe 
forthe  Bay  of  Cape  Cod:  and  vpon 
the  11.  of  Nouember,  we  came  to 
an  anchor  in  the  Bay,  which  is  a 
good  harbour,  and  pleafaiit  Bay, 
circled  round,  except  m  the  entrance, 
which  is  about  foure  mdes  ouer, 
from  land  to  land,  coir.paffed  about, 
to  the  verv  fea,  wuhok.es,  pines,  iu- 
niper.  faffsfrasand  other  fweet  wood  ; 
it  IS  a  haibour,  wherein  looo.  faile  of 
(liips  may  fafely  ride:  there  we  re- 
Iieued  our  felues,  with  wood  and 
water,  and  refreflied  our  people, 
while  our  ihallop  was  fitted,  to  cuali 
the  Bay,  to  {earch  for  an  habitation  : 
there  was  thegrcaieil  ilore  of  fowle, 
that  euer  we  faw. 

And  euery  day  we  faw  whales 
playing  hard  by  vs,  of  which  in  that 
plare,  if  we  had  inllrumrmts,  and 
means  to  take  I  hem,  we  might  haue 
made  a  very  rich  returne,  which,  to 
our  great  gnefe,  we  wanted.  Our 
mailer  and  his  mate,  and  oihersex- 
p::rienced  in  fifhing,  profeifed,  we 
nxight  haue  made  throe  or  foure  thou- 
fand  pounds  wonh  of  oyle  :  they  pre- 
ferred it  before  Greenland,  whale- 
iiihmg.  and  piirpofe  the  next  winter 
to  filh  for  whale  here  ;  for  Cod  we 
aflavcd,  but  found  none;  there  is 
good  itore  no  doubt  in  their  feafon. 
Neither  got  we  any  fifli  all  the  time 
•we  lay  there,  but  foine  few  little 
ones  on  the  (hore.  We  hnind  great 
mulsles,  and  very  fit  and  full  of  fea 
pcarlc,-  hut  we  could  not  eat  them  ; 
for  they  made  vs  all  fic.ke  that  d'd 
eat,  as  well  faylers  as  paflengers  ; 
they  caufed  to  catt  and  icoure,  but. 
they  were  foone  well  againe.  The 
bay  is  fo  round  and  circling,  thai, 
before  we  could  come  to  anchor,  we 
■wcni  round  all  the  points  of  the  coni- 
p.;iTe.  We  could  not  come  neere 
the  fliore,  by  three  tpiarters  of  an 
Engl  (h  mile,  bccaufe  of  ihallow  wa- 
ter, wjurb  was  a  greai  preiudice  to  vs  ; 
for  our  pe<')pie,  going  on  (liore,  were 
forced  to  wade  a  bow-(h<H  t  or  two 
III  go  tig  a-land,  win-,  h  caiiied  many  to 
^ei  c(^l<i»  ai'd  coM(>hs ;  fur  it  was  many 
tJiiics  licc/:iij„  tuiu  wciliier. 


This  day,  before  we  came  to  har- 
bour, obferuing  iome  not  well  atiett- 
ed  to  vnitie  and  concord,  but  gaue 
fome  appearance  of  fattion,  it  was 
ihought  good  there  fnould  be  an  al- 
fociaiion  and  agreement,  that  we 
ihould  combine  together  in  one  body, 
and  to  fiibmit  to  fuch  government 
and  governours,  as  we  fliould,  by 
common  con  Cent,  agree  to  make  and 
chole,  and  fet  our  hands  to  this  that 
f  dlowes,  worrl  for  word. 

IN  the  name  of  God,  amen.  We, 
whofe  names  are  vnder-written, 
the  loyall  fubiecls  of  our  dread,  fo- 
veraigne  lord,  king  lames,  by  the 
grace  of  God,  of  G.rea,t  Bniaine, 
France,  and  Ireland  king,  defender 
of  the  faith,  &c. 

Having  vnder-taken,  for  the  glory 
of  God,  and  advancement  of  the 
chriftian  faith,  and  honour  of  ouf 
king  and  countrey,  a  voyage,  to  plant 
the  lirii  colony  in  the  northerne  parts 
of  Virginia,  doe  by  thefe  prefents  fo- 
iemnly  and  mutually  in  the  prefence 
of  God,  and  one  of  anotlier,  covc-i 
nant,  and  combine  our  leiues  toge- 
ther into  a  civiU  bodv  politike,  for 
pur  better  ordering  and  prefervatiou, 
and  furtherance  of  the  ends  afore- 
faid  ;  and  by  vertue  hereof,  to  enaff, 
coiiKuute,  and  frame  fuch  lult  and- 
equail  lawes,  ordinances,  acts,  con- 
ilitiitions,  ofhces.  from  time  U)  time, 
as  (hall  be  thought  moH  meet  and 
convenient,  for  the  generail  good  of 
the  colony  :  vnto  which  we  promiie 
all  due  fubmilhon  and  obedience. 
In  witnefTe  whereof  we  haue  here- 
vndcr  fubfcribed  our  names,  Cape 
Cod  1 1,.  of  November,  m  the  yeare 
of  the  raigne  of  our  foveraigne  lord 
king  lames,  v)f  England,  France,  and 
Ireland,  i8.  and  of  Scotland  54.  c«- 
no  dcmim  1620. 

'I'he  (a me  day,  fo  foone  as  we 
could,  we  le.  a-fhore  15.  or  16.  men, 
well  armed,  with  fome  10  fetch  wood,, 
for  we  had  none  left;  as  alio  to  fee 
what  the  land  was,  and  what  inha- 
bitants they  could  meet  with:  they, 
found  it  to  be  a  (mall  neck  of  land  : 
on  ihis  fide,  were  we  lay,  is  the  Bay, 
and  the  further  fide,  the  fea;  thci 
ground  or  earth,  fand  hil  ,  much  like 
the  Downcs  in  Holland,  but  much 
better  ;  the  cruR  of  ilie  carrh  a  fpii's 
depth,  excellent  blacke  earth  ;  all, 
wooucd  w.iii  okes.    piiies,    laiLilias, 


I7S9-1 


Settlement  of  Plymotith,    in  Nczu  England. 


59 


iuniper,  birch,  holly,  vines,  fome  alh, 
walnut ;  the  wood,  for  the  mod  part, 
open  and  without  vnderwood,  fit  ei- 
ther to  goe  or  ride  in  :  at  night  our 
people  returned,  b\u  found  not  any 
perfon,  nor  liabitation,  and  laded 
iheirboat  wthiuniper,  which  fmelied 
very  fwect  and  llrong,  and  of  which 
we  burnt,  the  uioil  part  of  the  time 
we  lay  there. 

Muiiday  the  lo,.  of  November,  v;e 
vnlliipped  our  Ihallop,  and  drew  her 
on  land,  to  mend  and  repaire  her, 
havinjj  bin  forced  to  cut  her  downe, 
in  beJlowin|w  her  betwixt  the  decks  ; 
and  fhe  was  much  open<^d  wuh  the 
people's  lying  in  her,  which  kept  vs 
kmg  there  ;  for  it  was  16.  or  17  dayes 
before  the  carpenter  had  iimfiied  her ; 
©ur  people  we;it  on  ihore  to  refrefh 
tiienifeiues,  and  our  women  to  waili, 
as  they  had  great  need  ;  hut  whileli  we 
lay  thus  Itill,  hoping  our  fhallop  would 
be  ready  in  Hue  or  tixe  dayes  ar  the 
fiirthelt,  but  our  carpenter  made  fiow 
worke  of  it,  fo  that  fome  of  our  peo- 
ple impatient  of  delav,  defired  for 
our  better  furtherance,  to  iravaile  by 
I-and  into  the  countrey,  (which  wa-, 
not  without  appearance  of  danger^ 
not  having  the  fliallop  with  them, 
nor  meanes  to  carry  provifion,  but 
on  their  backes)  to  fee  whether  it 
might  be  fit  for  us  to  feaie  in  or 
no,  and  the  rather,  becaufe,  as  we 
fa\  led  into  the  harbour,  there  leem- 
ed  to  be  a  river,  opening  it  felfe  into 
the  rnaine  land  ;  the  willingncs  of 
the  perfons  was  liked,  but  the  thing 
ilfelfe,  in  regard  of  the  danger,  was 
rather  permittted  than  approved  ;  and 
fi)  wuh  cautions,  directions,  and  in- 
ffrudions,  fjxteene  men  were  fet  out 
with  every  man  his  mufket,  fword, 
and  cordet,  vnder  the  condutf  of  cap- 
taine  Miles  Standiih,  vnto  whom  was 
adioyned,  for  counfell  and  advife, 
William  Bradford,  Stephen  Hop- 
kins, and  Edward  TiHey. 

Wedneklay  the  1,5.  of  November, 
they  were  fet  a-fhore,  and  when  thev 
had  ordered  themlelues  in  the  order 
of  a  bugle  file,  and  marched  ahout 
the  fpace  of  a  myle,  by  tlie  iea,  they 
efpyed  fine  or  hxe  people,  wuh  a 
dogge,  coming  t(.)war(is  ihem,  who 
were  favages,  who,  when  they  faw 
them,  ran  into  the  wood,  and  whif- 
ied  the  dogge  after  thcin,  c?;c.  Firif, 
xbey  iuppofed  them  to  be  a;aiier  lones, 


the  mafler  and  fome  of  his  men,  for 
they  were  a-fliore,  and  knew  of  their 
comming  ;  but,  after  they  knew  them 
to  be  Indians,  they  marched  after 
them  into  the  woods,  leaft  other  of 
the  Indians  fliould  lie  in  ambufli  ; 
but  when  the  Indians  law  our  men 
following  them,  they  ran  away  with 
might  and  mayne,  and  our  men  turn- 
ed out  of  the  wood  after  them,  for 
it  was  the  way  they  intended  to 
goe  ;  but  they  could  not  come  neare 
them.  They  followed  them  thit  night 
about  ten  m'les,  by  the  trace  of  their 
footings,  and  faw  how  they  had  come 
the  fame  way  they  went,  and  at  a 
turning,  perceived  how  ihey  run 
vp  an  hill,  to  fee  whether  they  fol- 
lowed them.  At  length  night  came 
vpon  them,  and  they  were  conffrain- 
ed  to  take  vp  their  lodging,  fo  they 
fet  forth  three  fcntinells  ;  and  the  reit, 
fbmc  kindled  a  fire,  and  others  fetch- 
ed wood,  and  there  held  cur  randc- 
vous  thai  Right. 

In  the  morning,  fo  foone  a';  we 
could  fee  the  trace,  we  proceeded  on 
our  iourney,  and  had  the  tracke,  vn- 
til-i  we  had  compaiicd  the  head  of  a 
long  creake,  and  there  they tooke  into 
an.other  wood,  and  we  after  ihcm, 
iappohng  to  finde  fome  of  tlieir 
dwell  ngs;  but  we  marched  thorowr 
boughes  and  bufhes,  and  vnder  hills 
and  vallies,  which  tore  our  very  ar- 
nunir  in  pceces,  and  yet  could  meeie 
with  none  of  them,  nor  their  houfes, 
norhiideany  frefh  M'ater,  which  we 
greatly  dehred  and  Hood  in  need  off  ; 
for  we  brought  neuhcr  beere  nor  wa- 
ter with  vs ;  and  our  vittuals  was 
oncly  bllket  and  Holland  chcefe, 
and  a  little  bottle  of  aqua-vitae,  fo  as 
we  were  fore  a-thuft. 

About  ten  a  clocke,  we  can:;e  into 
a  dcepe  valley,  full  of  bruf]i,  wood 
gaile,  and  long  gralfe,  through  which 
we  found  little  paths  or  tracts,  and 
there  we  law  a  deeie,  and  found 
fprings  of  freih  water,  (sf  which  we 
were  heartily  glad,  and  fat  vs  downe, 
and  druiike  our  hrll  New  England 
water,  wuh  as  nuich  delight  as  euer 
we  drunke  drinke  in  all  our  hues. 
When  we  hail  refrelhed  our  fcLies, 
we  directed  our  courie  full  Souih, 
tliat  we  might  come  to  the  iijore, 
which,  wuhiu  a  fhort  while  after, 
we  did,  and  there  made  afire,  ihac 
they  in  the  flup  ungbi.  k.e  vVfieie  '\\te 


6o 


Seftlrment  of  Plymouth^  in  New  England, 


J.»iy, 


were    (as   we  had   diif  ilon)    and  fo 
marched  on  towards  tins  fuppoled  ri- 
ver ;  aiju  as  we  went  ni  anotiier  val- 
ley,  we  found  a  fine   rleere   pond    of 
freiii    water,    being  about   a    Uiufket 
Ihoi  broad,  and  fvife   as   long  ;  there 
grew  alfo  many  fmali  vines,  andfouic 
and  deere  haunted  there  ;  there  grew 
much  lalafras :   from  thence  we   went 
on  and  found    much   plaine   ground, 
abouf   Hftie  acres,  fit   for  the    plow, 
and  iome    figues,  where  the   Indians 
had    formerly    planted    iheir    corne  ; 
after  ihis.  fome  thought    it   bell,   for 
nearneire  of  the  river,    to  goe  downe 
and   trava'.le    on   the    Sea  fands,   by 
which  mcdues  fome  of  our  men  were 
tyred,  and  lagged  behind  ;  fo  we  flay- 
ed and  gn.bered  them  vp,  and    fir.ick 
into  the  land  agame  :  where  we  found 
a    little   path    to    certaine    heapes   of 
fand,  one  whereof  was  covered   wuh 
old  matts,  and  had  a  woodden  thing, 
like  a  morter,  whelmed  on  the  top  of 
it,    and   an    earlhern    pot,  layd   in   a 
little  hole,  at  the   end    thereof;    we, 
mufing  what  it  might   be,  digged  and 
found  a    bow,  and,    as    we   thought, 
arrowes,  but    they  were   rotten  ;    we 
fiippofed     there     were     many    other 
things,  but,  becaufe  we  deemed  them 
graues,  we  put   in    the  bow    againe, 
and   made  it  vp  as  it  was,  and  left  the 
refl  vntonched;  becaufe  we  thought, 
it  would  be  odi'oiis  vnto  them,  to  ran- 
facke  their  fepulchers. 

We  went  on  further  and  found 
new  ftubble,  of  which  they  had  got- 
ten cornc  this  yeare,  and  many  wall- 
nut  trees  full  of  nuts,  and  great  (lore 
of  llrawberries,  and  fome  vines  ;  pall- 
ing thus  a  field  or  two,  which  were 
noi  great,  we  came  to  another,  which 
had  alfo  bin  new  gotten,  and  there 
we  found  where  an  houfe  had  becue, 
and  foure  or  fine  old  plankes  laycd  lo- 
geihcr  :  alfo  we  found  a  great  ketle, 
which  had  bcene  fomefiip's  ke'le  and 
brought  out  of  Europe  ;  there  was 
alfo  an  heape  of  fand  made  like  the 
former,  but  it  was  ne^^'ly  done;  we 
might  lee,  how  they  had  padlcd  it 
with  their  hands :  which  we  digged 
vp,  and  in  it  we  found  a  little  old 
balket,  tull  of  faire  Ind  an  corne,  and 
digged  fun  her  and  found  a  fine  great 
new  bafket,  full  of  very  faire  corne 
of  this  veare,  with  fome  36.  goodly 
eares  of  corne,  fome  yellow,  and  fome 
red,    and  others    mixt    with     blew, 


which  was  a  very'  goodly  fight  ;  the 
baPitet  was  round,  and  narr'>w  at  the 
lop:  itheldabou:  three  it foure  bufh- 
els,  which  was  as  much  as  two  of 
vs  could  lif  vp  from  the  ground,  and 
was  very  handf  Mnely  and  cunningly 
made;  but  whiill  wee  were  hufie  a- 
bout  ihtie  'bmgs,  we  fet  our  men 
fentineil  iri  a  round  rmg,  all  but  two 
or  three,  which  d.b,ged  vp  the  corne. 
VV  e  were  in  fu< pence,  what  to  doe 
with  it  and  the  ketle  ;  and  at  length, 
after  m\\c\\  conlultation,  we  conclud- 
ed to  take  the  ketle,  and  as  much  of 
the  come  as  we  could  carry  away 
with  vs ;  and  when  our  hiallop  came, 
if  we  could  finde  any  of  the  people, 
and  come  to  parley  with  them,  we 
would  giue  ihem  the  ket'e  agame, 
and  fat  she  them  for  their  cornc  ;  fo 
wee  tooke  ail  the  r^ares,  and  put  a 
good  dealecif  the  loofe  corne  in  ihe 
ketle,  for  iwo  men  to  bring  away 
on  a  flaffe  ;  hefidcs,  they  that  could 
put  any  into  their  pockets,  filled  the 
fame;  iherell  wee  buried  againe,  for 
we  were  fo  laden  with  armour,  that 
we  could  carry  no  more. 

Not  farre  from  this  place,  we  found 
the  remainder  of  an  old  fort,  or  pa- 
lizide,  which,  as  we  conceiued,  had 
beene  made  by  fome  chnfiians;  this 
was  alfo  hard  by  that  place,  which  we 
thought  had  beene  a  river,  vnto  which 
wee  went  and  found  it  lo  to  be,  de- 
vidmg  itfelfe  into  two  armes,  by  an 
high  banke,  flanding  right  by  the  cut 
or  mouth  which  came  from  the  Sea  : 
that,  which  was  next  vnto  vs,  was 
the  lede  ;  the  other  arm  was  more 
than  twife  as  big,  and  not  vnlike  to 
be  an  harbour  for  fli'ps ;  but  whether  it 
be  a  frefli  river,  or  onely  an  indraught 
of  the  Sea,  we  had  no  time  to  dif- 
cover  ;  for  wee  had  commatld^ment 
to  be  out  but  two  dayes.  Here  alfo 
we  faw  two  canoas,  the  one  on  the 
one  fide,  the  other  on  the  other  fide  ; 
wee  could  not  beleeue  it  was  a  canoa, 
till  we  came  neare  it,  fo  we  returned, 
hailing  the  further  difcovery  hereof 
to  our  fiiallop,  and  came  that  night 
backe  agame  to  the  frelh  water  pond, 
and  there  we  made  our  randevoiis 
that  night,  making  a  great  fire,  and 
a  baricado  to  windwaid  of  vs,  and 
k''pt  good  watch  with  three  fentinells 
all  night,  ciiery  one  Handing  when 
his  turn  came,  while  fine  or  fixe 
inches  of    match    was    burning.     It 


17^9-1 


EJfay  on  Smuggling, 


6i 


proved  a  very  raiiiie  night.  In  the 
morning,  we  tooke  our  ketle  atid 
funke  it  in  the  pond,  and  trimrncd 
our  mufkets,  for  Rw  of  them  would 
goc  oft  hecaufe  (jf  the  wett ;  and  fo 
coalied  the  wood  agaii  e,  to  come 
home,  m  which  we  were  (hrewdly 
puf-led  and  iolt  our  way  ;  as  we 
wandred,  we  came  to  a  tree,  where 
a  yong  fpntt  was  bowed  downe  over 
a  bow,  and  lome  acornes  ftrewed  vn- 
derneaih ;  Stephen  Hopkins  favd,  it 
had  beene  to  catch  fu\ne  detre  ;  fo  as 
we  were  looki  wg  at  it,  Wilham  Brad- 
ford, being  .n  the  reare,  when  he 
came,  h)oked  alfo  v|X)n  it  ;  and  as 
he  went  about,  it  gaue  a  fodaine  jerk 
vp,  and  he  was  iinmtdiately  caught 
by  the  leg  ;  it  was  a  very  prctie  de- 
vife.  made  with  a  rope  of  their  owne 
makinj;,  and  having  a  noofe  a*^  ar- 
tificially made,  as  any  roper  in  Eng- 
land can  make,  and  as  like  ours  a^  can 
be,  which  we  brouglit  away  with  vs. 
(To  he  continued.) 


[From  the  Gazette  of  the  imited  dates.] 
Essay  o?z  smuggling. 

"  There  is  no  kind  of  diJ]ioncfly,  in- 
to which  good  people  more  cnjil\- 
and  fi  eqnently  fall,  than  that  of 
defrauding  government  of  its  re- 
venues by  fnjuggiing,  or,  encou- 
raging Jmugglers  by  buying  their 
goodi." 

WHEN  a  nation  is  beginning 
Its  political  exidence,  it  has 
the  fame  occafion  to  form  good  habitK, 
as  an  individual  when  he  is  entering 
into  life.  It  is  not  only  rcquifite,  that 
fuitable  laws  {hould  be  enaBed,  and 
enforced  with  penalties;  but  it  will 
have  an  admirable  effect,  if  the  peo- 
ple will  enter  into  afTociations,  and 
take  meafures  among  ihemfelves,  for 
co-operating  with  the  views  of  go- 
vernment. By  manifeftmg  their  zeal, 
and  patriotifm  in  this  way,  they  may 
produce  a  moral  controul  over  the 
actions  of  men,  and  lead  thera  into  a 
difpofition  toobferve  legal  inflitutions. 
The  inefficacy  of  alfociations  will  be 
tirgcd  as  an  argument  againd  fuch  an 
experiment  :  hut  one  fliould  not  de- 
cide too  haftily  in  this  matter.  If 
the  execution  of  the  lawsrefted  wholly 
on  that  footing,  their  operation  would 
be  feeble  indeed  ;  fo,  on  the  other 
hand,   where   obedience   is   expeiied 


only  from  the  rigour  of  penalties,  the 
law  will  be  evaded,  and  us  objeR  de- 
feaici.  It  IS  of  great  importance, 
that  government  fliould  engage  difte- 
rent  palhons  of  the  human  nund,  in  its 
fervicc.  Pear  of  puiufliment  is  one 
very  poweriul  rellra.nt  from  difobe- 
difnce  :  but  it  w  11  not  fuffice  alone. 
Men  who  pretend,  that  an  appeal  to 
the  fears  of  people  's  the  Ijeft,  or  the 
only  method  of  making  them  virtu- 
ous citizens,  muit  either  be  ignorant 
of  human  nature,  or  take  a  plealure  in 
degrading  it.  In  a  free  government, 
and,  more  cfpecially.  in  us  firO  or- 
ganization, no  individual  will  have 
realon  to  fear  the  laws,  iinlefs  the 
bulk  of  the  people  love  and  regard 
them.  When  a  man  can  v  olaie  a 
law,  without  any  compunction  of  con- 
fcience,  or  injury  to  his  charatler, 
there  is  nothing  more  certain,  than 
that  he  can  elude  piinifhment.  If  he 
faves  his  chara£tL-r,  he  preferves  his 
friends,  and  does  not  counteract  the 
wiihesof  ihe  community.  There  are 
fo  many,  who  are  tacitly  his  accom- 
plices, that  it  is  diflicult  to  find  un- 
bialfed  tellimony,  for  fupporting  a 
prolecution. 

It  will  be  alleged,  that  men,  who 
have  principle  enough  to  afTociate  in 
favour  of  collecting  the  revenue,  will 
be  hoiiell  enoiigh  to  oppofe  Imugglmg, 
without  any  fuch  affociation.  There 
is  fome  fallacy,  1  think,  in  fuch  a  fug- 
geilion.  Many  people  annex  the 
idea  of  infamy  to  the  difcoverer  of  a 
fraud,  committed  on  the  public  reve- 
nue. This  will  prevent  many  per- 
fons,  who  are  thcmfclves  difpofed  to 
pay  the  duties  punctually,  from  com- 
plaining of  oihers,  whom  they  know 
to  be  diflionell  in  this  refpecl.  It  is 
evident,  that,  if  a  number  of  worthy 
perlons  entered  into  an  agreement  to 
difcountenance  fmugglmg,  ihe  objec- 
tion of  infamy,  agamlt  informing, 
would  be  removed.  If  no  other  rea- 
fpn  could  be  alTigned,  for  afTociating 
againlf  Imugglers,  this  would  be  a 
flrikingone,  itiat  fuch  a  meafure  would 
check  confederacies  in  favour  of  fmng- 
gling  .The  principal  complaint  againl'i 
voluiuary  tonibinations,  is.  that  their 
force  and  obfcrvance  are  of  fhort  du- 
ration. It  is  unqueflionably  true, 
that  they  have  a  temporary  effeft,  in 
favour  of  the  objeQ  intended.  In  the 
prefent  inflance,  nqtbing  more  is  re- 


62 


i-jifay  on  Jinuggling, 


[July, 


ojuireil.  If  the  laws  can  have  a  fa- 
vour.iUh  introfliithoii,  they  will  de- 
rive {oine  energy  from  that  very  cir- 
cnmdanco.  The  power  of  habit  is 
uiiivertaliy  feh  and  acknowledged.  It 
has  ev/en  a  llroiiger  inihjence,  in  pro- 
ducing obethence  to  the  laws,  than  a 
fear  of  piiniihment,  where  ihe  penal' 
lies  are  leverc,  and  rigoroufly  mflicl- 
ed.  Both  (hefe  caufes,  united,  give 
a  pecijhar  efficacy  to  government. 
They  wili,  by  their  natural  progrefs, 
create  thai  additional  tie,  that  is  im- 
poled  by  a  fenfe  of  duty,  and  a  re- 
gard (o  character. 

Why  have  mankind,  in  general,  dif- 
rovered  a  Uronger  inclination,  to  de- 
fraud the  public,  than  to  wrong  indivi- 
dual ?  It  IS  probably  owing,  in  fome 
degree,  to  their  being  able  to  do  it, 
with  lefs  llingof  confoence,  and  lefs 
injury  to  iheir  reputation.  But  why 
do  noi  the  charatter,  and  the  con- 
Icience  of  a  man,  require  him  to  be 
honefl:  to  the  public,  as  well  as  to  in- 
dvidiiats?  It  is,  no  doubt,  becaufe 
people  have  not  been  accullomcd  to 
feel  io  llrong  an  obligation,  in  the  one 
fiile,  as  in  the  other.  But  why  do  we 
pracfically  make  this  diilinhion,  when 
there  is,  in  fatt,  no  intrinfic  diHerence  ? 
'Ihe  moll  obvious  reafon  is,  ihat  men, 
ill  the  common  intercourle  of  lite, 
find  a  greater  inconvenience,  in  coun- 
tenancing difhonelly  in  private,  than 
in  public  iranfactions,  I'his  circum- 
ilance  induces  a  common  cotilent,  in 
favour  of  the  prarlice  of  private  juf- 
lice  ;  and  fixes  a  liigma  upon  the  vio- 
lators of  it.  It  iecms,  then,  that 
common  confent,  or,  to  give  it  ano- 
ther name,  public  opinion,  is  one  pow- 
erful lie,  that  holds  men  to  their  pri- 
vate duty.  The  fame  caufe,  did  it 
etpially  exifl  in  public  ailairs,  would 
operate  no  lefs  powerfully.  It  mult 
have  an  exigence,  before  it  can  have 
an  application  or  an  ehecf. 

Has  the  public  opinion,  in  times 
piil,  been  in  favour  of  rendermg  to 
government,  what  was  due  to  it  ? — In 
Tn;:nv  inliaiicts,  the  reverie  has  been 
the  cafe;  and  people  have,  wiihout 
»nv  feelings  of  Ihanie  or  remorfe,  e- 
va.led  public  obligations.  If  govern- 
ment has  been  generally  defrauded, 
•  he  fart  itfeif  proves,  that  the  common 
confritt  of  mankind  was  rot  wiih- 
h'  Id  from  ii  :  for,  had  the  public  mind 
W^n  oppoicd   10  the  fraud,  it  could 


not  well  have  happened,  or,  at  any 
rate,  would  have  been  detecled  and 
punifhed.  It  requires  a  coufiderable 
degree  of  force,  to  counteratt  the  cur- 
rent of  popular  ieiuiment.  Few  vio- 
lators pf  the  rules  of  private  honour 
and  jullice,  efcape  reproach,  if  ihey 
do  piinilhment. 

There  is  no  natural  propenfity  in 
merchants,  to  defraud  the  public  of 
its  revenues,  any  more  than  there  is, 
to  deceive  their  cullomers,  in  the 
weight  and  meafure  of  goods.  Ihe 
reafon.  as  was  before  fuggeded,  why 
ihey  are  honelt  in  one  cale,  and  not 
in  the  other,  is,  that  their  reputation, 
their  interell,  and  their  couicience, 
do  not  equally  require  it,  in  both  cales. 
One  ftcis  a  conhdence,  that  his  bank- 
er, though  he  is  not  llnclly  watched, 
will  render  an  exa^t  account  of  the 
calh  committed  to  his  care.  Govern- 
ment would  have  the  fame  fecurity, 
that  juOice  would  lake  place  in  public 
affairs,  if  the  habits  and  f<:elings  of 
the  people  were  equally  favourable  to 
public  honelty.  Ihe  trader  durlt  not 
impofc  on  his  cuftomers,  if  he  wiflicd 
to  do  fo,  becaufe  he  knows  he  will  fuf- 
tain  a  greater  inconvenience,  in  the 
lofs  of  cudom,  than  he  gains  beneht, 
by  a  particular  deception.  I  once 
more  repeat,  that  if  it  would  equally 
hurt  his  character,  (o  cheat  or  injure 
the  public,  he  would  be  equally  re- 
flramed  from  doing  it. 

As  the  influence  of  public  opinion 
is  known  to  be  fo  forcible;  and  as 
the  honour  and  profperity  of  t^ur  coun- 
try require,  that  the  laws  and  regula- 
tions Ihoiild  have  a  good  beginning,  it 
is  worth  while  to  bellow  fome  pa.ns, 
in  pred'Cppring  the  people,  to  give 
their  aid  and  countenance,  in  carry- 
ing into  effect  the  meahires  of  govern- 
ment. Many  perfons  pretend,  that 
fuch  a  determination  already  exilts. 
It  feems  not  to  be  queflioned,  even 
by  any  refractorv  individual,  that 
a  revenue  miifl  be  ra'fed,  and  that  it 
mulf  proceed  from  imports  and  excifes. 
1  he  curr.'nt  of  opinion,  it  will  be  laid, 
is  now  fufhcien.ly  in  favour  of  fuch 
a  fyflem.  BiK  let  us  not  be  deceived. 
Thofe  who  fct  their  hearts  at  reft,  m 
this  ftage  of  the  buhnefs,  are  in  a  de- 
luhon.  The  publ  c  difcernment  has 
fuggpfied  the  eligibility  of  an  impoli  ; 
but  Hill  the  public  temper  is  not  fulh- 
cicnily  roufed  into  indi^uatioH  a^aiull 


1785-] 


KJfay  on  fmuggling. 


H 


fmiigglers,  and  other  defrauders. — 
Men  may  be  led,  by  reflexion,  to 
judge  of  a  meafure  with  propriety, 
betore  they  teel  a  difpofiiion  to  exert 
iheniielves,  in  favour  of  its  execu- 
tion. In  fome  cales,  a  change  of  prin- 
ciples precedes  a  change  of  manners ; 
and  men  think  of  a  iubjeft  a  great 
while,  before  they  act  upon  it,  at  all.- 
The  firll  difficulty  is  iurmounted — 
we  are  in  a  right  way  of  thinking; 
and  it  only  remains,  that  we  take  an 
honell,  fpinted  way  of  aCting.  Let  us 
not  only  give  the  laws  a  kind  re- 
ception, but  fufier  them,  and  even' 
aui  them,  to  pn^ceed  wMh  vigour  and 
fucceis. 

When  the  fyftem  is  ripened  into  a 
proper  ll;ue  of  maturity,  tlie  tempta- 
tion to  defraud  the  public  trealur^',  will 
become  weaker  and  weaker.  Our 
oppodtion  to  the  collefcti»)n  of  import, 
under  the  liritifh  government,  was 
occahoned,  in  part,  by  circumllances 
r^fuiting  from  the  cafe,  and  which  no 
longer  have  an  exillence.  Men  do 
notiranfgrefs,  till  they  are  often  tempt- 
ed; and  they  will  not  be  tempted  to 
do  wrong,  when  the  balance  of  mo- 
tives is  in  favour  of  doing  right.  It 
fnould  be  a  leading  object  of  legifla- 
tive.  care,  to  deftroy,  or  father  coun- 
teract the  temptation  to  fraud,  by  in- 
creahng  the  cauies.  thai  induce  men  to 
think  an  honelf  conduct  the  mod  eli- 
gible. Ill  propoiiion  as  men  have 
been  habituaied  to  any  vicious  prac- 
tice, or,  as  they  will  derive  advantage 
by  indulging  the  vice,  fhould  the  re- 
flraints  be  nuikiplied  to  prevent  it. 
Before  this  can  well  be  etTccted,  it 
fhould  be  known,  what  reafons  ori- 
ginally operated,  in  eftablilliing  the 
habit ;  and  whether  the  fame  caufes 
fliU  continue.  For  it  mart  be  ob- 
Icrved,  that  we  do  not  alwavs  relin- 
(pulh  a  practice,  precifely  when  the 
circumftance,  that  led  to  it.  Is  remov- 
ed. Our  having  been  acculiomed  lo 
it,  becomes,  of  itfclf,  a  reafon  for  its 
continuance.  If  we  apply  thefe  rea- 
fonings  to  our  prelent  iiiuation,  with 
reipectlo  the  collsction  of  the  reve- 
nue, It  will  kad  us  to  the  follow- 
ing enquiry — what  caufes  formerly 
induced  us  to  connive  at  frauds  on 
the  public  revenue  ? — Are  thefe  raiifes 
now  in  operation  ? — we  (ha'l  find  thr-y 
are  not  wiioily. taken  away.  The  iin- 
poiiLioas  wcje  .unco;irt;tui.iunal.  Tliat 


objection  to  the  payment  of  the  duties 
now  ceafes.  but  there  art:  ellablu'l.- 
ed  caufes,  that  render  the  collection 
of  public  monies,  in  all  (liuatious.  a 
little  precarious  and  diihcult.  I'iie 
oiigin  of  the  evil  is  not  lo  be  traced 
to  any  natural  dehre  in  men,  to  cucat 
the  government,  merely  for  the  iake 
of  cheating  it — it  reiuits  from  tetnp;a- 
t.ons,  that  are  iuggeiled,  by  (he  piac- 
ticability  and  lafety  of  itie  thing.  Our 
dehre,  to  gain  a()va!iiaj;es  over  the 
public  trcaiury,  is  not  couniera-ted 
by  fo  many  cauies,  as  reflrain  us  Immii 
over-rcdchiug  private  perion^.  Tha 
inclination  of  people,  to  promote  their 
own  Uiteitli,  is  the  lame,  in  boih. 
cafes.  From  this  view  of  the  liibjecc, 
I  hope,  the  remarks,  that  have  been 
offered  in  lupport  of  HlJociatuuK,  iii 
the  prefent  crifis  of  aifairs.  will  not 
be  deemed  uiiiiitereiimg,  or  foreigri 
to  the  point.  I  perluailc  myfelf,  alio, 
that  a  few  obicrvations,  coaveving  to 
the.  legillature,  fome  huus,  r;fpetting 
their  proceedings,  will  not  have  tui> 
great  an  appearance  of  pre{umntion» 

The  penalties,  aninexed  to  revenue 
laws,  flioiild  be  o{  Inch  a  nature,  as 
will  fix  a  difgrace  upon-  the  characters, 
on  whom  they  are  inliictcd.  i  here  is 
an  aptitude,  in  certain  punifliments, 
to  rellrain  certain  criines.  Great  ri- 
gor does  not  produce  the  cflert,  that  is 
propoled,  'ihis  is  apt  to  nutigate  the 
abhorrence  againlt  tlie  oiieiice,  and 
foften  It  down  into  pity  towards  the  of- 
fender. The  hiunau  nriid  is  io  con- 
ilituted,  tliat  diflerent  artettions  couu- 
teratt  each  other.  There  is,  in  ma- 
ny minds,  an  habitual  temper  of  re- 
venge, againfl  government,  for  its  fc- 
verity.  lliis  can  only  be  controled, 
be  exc'ting,  in  an  higher  degree,  a 
deteftation  againft  crimes.  Excefine 
hues,  long  imorifvinments,  and  feveie 
corporal  punirtiments,  imiiCaie  a  very 
depraved  Hate  of  fbciety.  The  laws 
ih'iuld  appeal  to  the  feclmg".  of  men, 
in  fuch  a  in?ancrj  as  to  induce  a  fenfa 
of  fiiame  for  the  confequeiices  of  thff 
punilh'  ut,  no  iefs  than  a  lively  fear  of 
enduring  ihe  pains  of  it.  Th'S  end 
may  partly  be  promoted  by  Ihgina- 
tizing  offenders  in  the  rtile  of  the 
Id'.vsjWiihepithet'--  thai  impivodii'matil 
infamy.  NIen  invdiunianly  aiLxiatc 
their  ideas ;  and  wnrds,  that  have  uTu- 
ally  conveyed  an  opprobrious  meaning, 
will  conuijue  to  make  liitiiUi  naprei- 


64 


Theory  of  earthquakes. 


[July 


I  do  not  entertain  a  doubt, 
th<ir  t.^.reat  utility  may  be  derived, 
from  couching  ihe  laws,  at'imH  linug- 
glinir,  in  a  coniemptuoiis  language. 

The  defrauders  of  ihe  ,)ublic  ihould 
iikewife  be  debarred,  from  holding 
any  office,  or  perfonnin-  any  fer- 
vice,  that  implied  conscience  or  ref- 
w.t\.  Such  an  excl  ifiou  would  Hanip 
ideas  of  indignity  on  'he  p.iblic  mind, 
againft  thofe  who  evade  ihc  payment 
of  duties.  If  ihey  were  prohibued 
from  ferving  on  jury  ;  or  if  their  <iaths 
were  rendered  nival  d,  it  would  have 
great  effect  in  rellraining  the  prac- 
tice of  imiigglmg.  The  receivers  of 
fmugglcd  goods  ihould  have  a  fliare, 
in  the  difgrace  and  punifliinent.  In- 
deed the  whole  regulations,  thatrelaie 
to  the  collection  of  the  revenue,  fliould 
carry  the  marks  of  legiflative  diiap- 
probation  of  every  fpecies  of  coUu- 
lion.  The  contempt  of  government, 
expreffed  in  a  pointed  manner,  will  be 
more  efTicacious,  than  its  refentmcnt. 

It  would  much  contribute  to  excite 
general  denfion  againft  public  dilho- 
nefty,  if  the  law  Ihould  diretl  a  re- 
giller  to  be  publifiied  annually,  con- 
taining the  names  of  all,  who  had 
been  detefted  in  fmuggling,  or  that 
any  way  advifed  or  aided,  in  defraud- 
ing the  revenue.  The  minds  i)f  mm 
are  differently  wrought  upon  ;  and  by 
diverfifvingthepunillimentjandfrovvns 
of  government,  the  feelings  of  moil 
people  will  be  interelled  in  obferving 
the  laws. 

In  my  next  number,  the  fubj^ft 
fhall  be  refumed,  and  placed  in  ano- 
ther point  of  view. 

[To  be  continued^} 

Theory   of  earthquakes. 
From   a    LcAure,  d»:livered   by    John 
IVinthrop,  efq.  projejfor  of  mathe- 
matics and phiiofopky,  at  Cambridge 
in  A'ew  Enqland. 

PHILOSOPHY,  like  every 
thing  elle,  has  had  its  fafhions ; 
and  the  reigning  mode  of  late  has  been, 
to  exjdain  every  thing  by  eletlricity. 
It  is  not  long,  fiiice  we  were  amufed 
with  pompous  accounts  of  the  won- 
derful efterts  of  ele6hicity,  in  the 
practice  of  phyfic.  It  was  extol- 
led, as  a  perfefi;  Catholicon  ;  and  re- 
prefented,  as  affording  the  mod  eafy, 
and.  at  the  fame  time,  the  moll  ellec- 


tiial  means  of  conveying  into  the  bo- 
dy, the  active  particles  of  all  medicines, 
emetic,  ca.hariic,  alterative,  &c,  and 
as  curing,  or  at  Itaft  reliev  ng,  dmoll 
in^talllaneou!ly,  the  moll  obltinate 
atid  Ultra  lable  difoiders,  whi  h  the 
human  body  is  liable  to  ;  gout,  blind- 
nefs,  deafnc-Is,  dumbnels — ar.d  what 
not  ?  Liu  this  afF.i'r  is  pr  fty  well  over 
for  tiie  prefent.  Now.  it  (eems.  it  is 
to  be  the  cauf-of  eaithquakes.  Elec- 
tricity iiide  -d  is,  at  this  day,  certainly 
known  to  be  a  much  more  extenfive 
principle  in  nature,  than  wa  fufpeft-' 
ed  a  few  years  ago  ;  and  lo  be  inflra- 
mental  in  the  production  of  effetis, 
where  it  was  thought  to  have  no 
concern.  It  mull  not,  however,  bs 
concluded  from  hence,  that  it  is  the 
fole  principle  of  natural  etfefls,  and' 
that  it  does  every  thing.  It  is  true,  the 
very  ingenious  dr.  Franklin,  of  Phila-' 
delphia,  has,  with  fingular  fagacity, 
and,  in  my  opinion,  with  happy  fiic- 
cefs,  accounted,  in  this  way,  for  the 
phenomena  of  thunder  and  lightning  ; 
and  has  made  difcoveries  upon  this' 
lubjecl,  which  are  not  only  extremely 
curious  in  fpeculation,  but  of  high  im- 
portance in  pradice.  But  this  is  no 
argument,  that  eletfricity  is  alfo  the 
caufe  of  earthquakes. 

"■  That  the  agents,  which  are  able 
to  produce  eflctts,  fo  extraordinary  as 
thofe  of  an  earthquake  ;  which  can 
heave  up  fuch  enormous  maffes  of 
matter,  and  put  into  the  moft  vehe-. 
mem  commotions  vafl  tracts  of  land 
and  fea,  of  many  hundred  miles  in  ex- 
tent— that  the  agents,  I  fay,  which 
can  do  all  this,  and  more,  mud  be  very 
powerful — will  not  admit  of  a  doubt. 
Now  we  know  of  nothing  in  nature, 
more  powerful  than  the  particles  of 
certain  bodies,  converted  into  vapoui* 
by  the  aflion  of  fire.  Fire  then,  and 
proper  materials  for  it  to  aft  upon, 
are  probably  the  principal  agents  in 
this  affair.  And  what  greatly  If  rength- 
ens  the  probability,  is,  that  thofe  coun- 
tries, which  have  burning  mountains, 
are  moll  fubjeft  to  earthquakes ;  and 
that  thofe  mountains  rage  with  uncom- 
mon fury,  about  the  time  when  the 
circumjacent  countries  are  torn  with 
convulfions — an  argument  this,  that 
earthquakes  and  the  eruptions  of  fuch 
mountains,  are  owing  to  one  and  the 
fame  caufe.  But  we  mufl  be  more 
pani<:ular. 


1/89.] 


Theory  of  earthquakest 


65 


I.  The  earth  is  not  folid  through- 
out, but  contains  within  it  large  holes, 
pits  and  caverns  ;  as  is  agreed  by  all 
natural  [iiRorians.  There  afe  very 
probably  alfo  long,  crooked^  unequal 
paifages,  which  run  winding  ihrough  a 
great  extent  of  earth,  and  form  a  com- 
munication between  very  diftant  regi- 
ons. Some  of  thefe  cavities  contain 
nothing  but  air,  or  the  fumes  of  fer- 
menting minerals :  in  others,  there 
are  currents  of  water. 

II.  This  globe  is  a  very  heteroge- 
neous body.  Befides  the  two  grand 
divihons  of  it  into  folid  and  fluid 
parts,  each  of  thefe  is  again  divilible 
into  an  inhnite  number  of  thofe. 
Although  our  knowledge  of  the  earth 
reaches  but  a  little  way  below  its  fur- 
face,  yet  fo  far  as  we  have  penetrat- 
ed, It  appears  to  be  a  compages  of  a  valt 
variety  of  folid  fubflances,  ranged  in 
a  manner,  which  to  us  feems  to 
have  not  much  of  regularity  in  it. 
Here  we  rind  earths,  Itoues,  falts, 
fulphurs,  minerals,  metals,  &c.  and  a 
great  number  of  inferior  fpecies,  un- 
der each  of  thefe  general  heads,  blend- 
ed and  intermingled  with  each  other. 
Many  of  thefe  are  combuHible,  or  of 
a  texture  proper  to  be  turned  by  fire 
into  flame  and  vapour.  And  befides 
the  pure  elementary  water,  if  there  be 
any  fuch,  the  aqueous  parts  of  the 
globe  receive  peculiar  tintture<;,  from 
the  beds  and  veins  through  which  they 
run  ;  fo  that  perhaps  there  may  be  al- 
moU  as  many  forts  of  waters,  as  there 
are  of  folid.  fubftances.  Thus  fome 
waters  are  charged  with  fulphureous 
particle? ;  fome,  with  particles  of 
iron  ;  and  others,  with  thofe  of  other 
minerals.  And  the  fubterraneous  ri- 
vers and  flreams,  thus  impregnated 
with  different  particles,  may,  by  their 
confluence,  produce  an  almoft  infinite 
variety  of  mixtures  in  the  earth. 

III.  Hcatj  It  is  well  known,  is  a 
grand  agent  in  mod  natural  produc- 
tions; and  the  inner  parts  of  the  earth 
are  fufficiently  furniflied  with  it. 
Some  parts  indeed,  as  the  volcanos, 
are  aciually  on  fire  and  burn  ;  but 
there  is  moreover,  a  heat  without 
flame,  diffufed  through  the  interior  re- 
gions of  the  earih.  This  is  evident 
from  the  inilance  of  hot  fprings,  and 
from  the  warmth,  which  is  always 
found  at  great  depths,  as  in  the  bot- 
toms of  mines. 

Vol.  VI. 


IV.  There  feems  to  be  an  inex- 
hauftible  fource  of  this  heat  in  the  at- 
tractive powers,  which  fir  Ifaac  New- 
ton has  fhewn  to  belong  to  the  parti- 
cles of  matter.  For,  heat  confiding 
in  a  peculiar  kind  of  iniefiine  motion 
of  the  parts  of  bodies,  whatever  tends 
to  produce  this  motion  in  bodies,  will 
caufe  them  to  grow  hot.  Now  fuch 
a  motion  may  be  produced,  by  the 
particles  of  different  bodies  rulhing  to- 
gether, in  virtue  of  their  atirafctive 
powers  ;  of  which  that  great  man  has 
given  a  very  copious  collefbon  of  in- 
Itances.  in  the  31II  queition,  at  theend 
of  his  optics,  wtiither  I  mufi  refer  you. 
In  fome  of  them,  not  only  a  very  fud* 
den  and  violent  heat,  but  an  aftual 
flame,  is  produced,  by  the  bare  mix- 
ing of  two  cold  bodies  together  ;  and 
that,  even  without  the  prefence  of  the 
air,  which  we  find  abfolutely  neceffa- 
ry  to  our  culinary  fires.  There  is  fa 
llrong  an  attraction  between  iron  and 
fulphur,  that,  even  the  grofs  body  of 
fulphur,  powdered,  and  with  an  equal 
weight  of  iron  filings  and  a  little  wa- 
ter, made  into  pafle,  in  a  few  hours 
grows  too  hot  to  be  touched,  and  e- 
mits  a  flame.  When  iron  is  dilFolv- 
ing  in  a  mixture  of  oil  of  vitriol  and 
common  water,  there  inflantly  anfes 
a  great  heat  and  violent  ebullition, 
with  fumes  copioufly  exhaling;  which 
are  fo  very  inflammable,  that  being  fet 
on  fire,  they  go  off  at  once  like  a  gun 
with  a  great  explolion.  Having  thus 
feen,  what  a  perpetual  fource  of  heat 
there  is  in  thefe  powerful,  attive  prin- 
ciples, continually  operating  within  the 
bowels  of  the  earth — let  us  next  in- 
quire, what  effeds  may  be  expe£ied 
from  a  ? 

V.  It  it  a  known  property  of  heat, 
to  expand  bodies,  to  rarify  them,  and 
enlarge  their  dimenfionsj  and,  when 
raifed  to  a  higher  degree,  to  fepa- 
rate  their  parts,  and  make  ihem  fly 
from  each  other.  And  when  the 
heat  is  intenfe,  and  the  particles  of 
the  heated  body  are  prevented  from 
flying  away,  till  they  become  tho- 
roughly hot  ;  it  will  require  very 
flrong  veffels,  to  hinder  their  burfling 
forth  with  a  violent  explofion.  Thus, 
a  fingle  drop  of  common  water,  in- 
clofed  in  a  glafs  bubble,  and  laid  upon 
the  fire,  as  foon  as  it  becomes  hot, 
will  burft  the  bubble,  with  a  report 
fcarcely  inferior  to  that  of  a  piliol  5 
1 


ss 


Theory  of  earthquakes. 


July, 


and   water,   in  larger  quantities,    has 
been  hcaicd  to  that  degree,  as  to  rend 
afunder  very   flrong  veffels  of    iron, 
in  which  it  has   been   endeavoured  to 
be  confined.     What  the  confeq.ience 
then  would  be,  of  a  great  body  of  wa- 
ter's fuddcnly   making  us  way  into    a 
llainmg  cavern,  whole  fuluhureous  or 
bituminous  fires  are  not  exilinguiflied 
but  mraged,  by   water — and  of  its  be- 
ng  there,  ahnoft  mfiantaneouny,  con- 
verted into  vapour— yourown  imagina- 
tion may  eafily  leprefent  to  you.   1  his, 
it  is  very  likely,  has  fometimes  been  the 
cafe,  with  '■clpctl  to  thofe  famous  vol- 
canos,    ^.tiia    and    V^efuvius,     both 
which  border  on   the   fea.     You   fee 
here,  what  water  may   do  ;    but   there 
are   many  other  bodies,  which  cohere 
more  ftrongly  ;  as   fulphur  and   nitre, 
for    example,    whofe     vapor   is   flill 
more  powerful  than    that    of    water. 
This  IS  evident  from  the    compofition 
of  gunpowder,   a  very  fmall  quantity 
of  which,  when  turned  into  vapor,  eve- 
ry one  knows,   is  able  to   remove  any 
obHacle   that   oppofes    its   expanfion, 
and  to  burd  the    firmed   rocks.     The 
pade  above  mentioned,  made  of  pow- 
dered fulphur  and  iron  filing';,   if  put 
a  few  feet  under  ground,  will   by  de- 
_-^rees  caiife  the   earth  over  it  to  heave 
and  craek,  to   let  out  the  flame;   thus 
making  an  artificial  earthquake.    And 
therefore,  if  a  water,   faturated-  with 
fulphureous    particles,    (liould,  in    its 
palFage  under  ground,  foak  into  a  large 
bed  of  iron  ore,  or  a  ftroiig  chalybeate 
■water  into  a  bed  of  fulphur  ;  the  mix- 
•    ture  would  doubtlefs  pt^-itormin  great, 
what  ihisexperiment  does  in  miniature. 
A  virriolic  water  mixing  with  iron,  if 
in  fufficient  quantities,  would  be   fol- 
lowed by  the  like  efFefcl. 

You  have  now,  I  fuppofe,  before 
you  the  general  caufcs  of  earthquakes. 
If  thofe  inflammable  vapours  be  pent 
up  in  clofe  caverns,  fo  as  to  find  no 
vent,  tilt  ihey  are  colletled  in  a  large 
quantity  ;  fo  foon  as  they  take  fire  in 
any  part,  the  fiamc  iwill  fpread  itfclf, 
whc»rf  vcr  it  meets  with  materials  to 
conx  ey  it,  wuh  as  great  rapidity,  per- 
haps, as  It  does  in  a  tran  of  gun  pow- 
r.er  ;  and  the  vapour^,  produeed  from 
her>re,  wdl  riifh  along  throiiyh  the 
fuh'erraneou«  .crot<;,  as  they  arc  aide  to 
find  or  f  Tce  for  them'elvc  apaffage  ; 
and  bv  h^avini^  up  tht'  carih,  that  lies 
over  them,  will  make  a  kind  of  pio- 


grefTive  fwell  or  undulation*,  in  which 
we  fiippofe  earthquakes  commonly  to 
confili ;  and  will  at  length  burft  the 
caverns  with  a  great  fliaking  of  the 
earth,  as  in  Ipringing  a  mine  ;  and  fo 
difcharge  themfelves  into  the  open 
air. 

The  extraordinary  commotions  of 
the  fea,  obfervcd  at  Barbadoes  and  St. 
Martin's,  within  a  few  hours  of  the 
great[earthquakcs,  one  of  which  fliook 
Spain  and  Portugal,  and  the  other, 
New  England,  with  fome  of  the 
neighbouring  parts  of  America  ;  will 

NOTE. 

"  *  Naluralifls  have  diftinguifned 
earthquakes  into  two  kinds  ;  one,  when 
the  motion  is  horizontal,  or  from  fide  to 
fide  ;  the  other,  when  it  is  perpendi- 
cular, or  right  up  and  down.  This 
diftinftion  may,  for  aught  I  know,  be 
jull  ;  and  yet,  perhaps,  eaithquakes 
more  commonly  confiR  in  a  kind  of 
undulatory  motion,  which  may  include 
both  the  others.  For  as  a  wave  of 
water,  when  raifed  to  its  greatell 
height,  fubfides,  and,  in  fubfiding, 
fpreads  itfelf  horizontally  ;  fo,  in  like 
manner,  a  wave  of  earth,  if  I  may 
be  allowed  the  expreirion,  mud,  in 
its  deTcent,  partake  both  of  an  hori- 
zontal and  perpendicular  motion  at 
the  fame  time  :  and,  for  the  fame  rea- 
fon,  it  muU  have  had  both  thefe  mo- 
tions in  its  afcent  ;  but  thofe  particles', 
which  had  been  carried  forv.'ard  in  one 
direction,  in  the  afcent,  will  return 
in  a  contrary  direction,  in  the  defcent. 
Hence,  the  velocity,  wherewith  build- 
ings are  agitated  bv  an  earthquake,  ap- 
pears diHerent  at  different  heights,  they 
being  rocked  with  a  kind  of  angular 
motion,  like  that  of  a  cradle  ;  the  up- 
per parts  of  them  moving  fwifter,  or 
through  greater  fpaces,  in  the  fame 
time,  than  the  lower.  This  you  may 
clearly  conceive  by  turning  your 
thoughts  to  the  cafe  of  a  veiled,  float- 
ing at  relJ  upon  llagnant  water,  and 
then  fuddcnly  agitated  byagreat  wave 
rolling  under  it.  In  the  motion  of 
afcent,  the  mall  of  the  veffel  would 
be  thrown  forward,  in  the  fame  direc- 
tion as  ihc  wave  was  moving  ;  and  in 
the  inoMou  of  defcent,  backward,  or 
in  the  contrary  diretlion  ;  and  in  both 
thcfe  cafes,  the  top  of  the  mall  would 
move  through  greater  fpaces,  than  the 
bottom." 


17%.] 


EJfay  on  free  trade  and  finances. 


6; 


naturally  be  afcribed  by  every  body 
'to  thofe  earthquakes,  or  at  lean  to  the 
fame  caufes  as  ihofe  earthquakes  are. 
Now,  for  mv  part,  I  can  hardly  per- 
fua.de  inyCclf,  that  the  bare  agitation  of 
tke  earth  at  thofe  tin>es  would  be  great 
enough  to  put  the  fea  into  fuch  vehe- 
ment commotions.  To  account  fur 
thefe  things  fatisfaftoriiy,  it  fceins  to 
me,  that  ^A/e  mull  have  recourle  to  an 
eruption  of  the  vapours,  which  cauled 
thofe  earthquakes.  At  ihofe  times, 
thele  furious  vapours,  impatient  of  re- 
llramt,  mull  have  continued  to  drive 
alon'j;  ihrought  heir  fubterraneous  paf- 
fatjes,  rill  they  found  fonie  place, 
where  the  (op  of  the  caverns,  which 
conra-r.ed  them,  wa^  not  of  fudicicnt 
flrengih  lo  confine  them ;  and  there 
they  would  hurll  out  of  their  dun- 
geons, and  Iptir.g  up  into  day.  The 
eruptions,  which  cauled  thofe  uncom- 
mon motions  of  the  fea,  that  furprifcd 
the  inhnbitants  of  Barbadoes  and  St. 
Martin's,  were  very  probably  made 
in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  to  the  call- 
w^rd  of  thofe  iflands,  and  near  the 
fame  latitudes. — And  what  muA  have 
been  the  commotion,  when  the  va- 
pours, which  were  able  to  fhake  fuch 
great  extents  of  land  and  fea,  as  we 
are  fure  were  fliaken  in  th.fe  earth- 
ouakes,  made  their  way,  wuh  united 
force,  through  the  vail  body  of  water 
that  lay  over  ihem  !  No  doubt  the  wa- 
ter foamed,  and  boiled,  and  raged  with 
inconceivable  fury,  and  WiS  agitaied 
into  over-grown  uiounfainous  waves. 
The  hrft  effeclof  iheerupMon  prubably 
was,  that  all  the  water,  which  lay  di- 
retlly  over  the  fpot,  where  the  boiioin 
of  the  ocean  g'lped,  to  let  out  the  va- 
pours, was  blown  right  up,  almort 
like  a  compafl  body,  to  a  great  heigtjt 
in  the  air.  The  bottom  doubilefs  clof- 
ed  again  as  foon  as  the  vapours  were 
difcharged  ;  but  there  muft  have  been 
a  pit  or  cavity  left  in  the  ocean,  in 
the  place  deferred  by  the  water  : — Of 
what  dimenfions,  it  is  impolfible  for 
us  to  fay  ;  though  from  what  fl lowed, 
it  mult  have  been  very  confiderable. 
The  next  ftep  would  be,  that  rhe 
neighbouring  water  would  rulh  in 
from  all  fides,  to  fill  up  the  vacuity  ; 
firll,  from  the  nearer  parts ;  and  then 
by  degrees  from  the  remoter  ;  and  by 
that  means,  form  a  Ipacious  concave  all 
around,  on  the  furface  of  the  ocean  ; 
t^e  centre  of  which  would  be  tbi?  pit. 


The  motion  of  the  water,  defcending 
to  hil  fuch  a  pit,  was  what,  I  fuppofe, 
might  draw  oil  the  water  from  the 
flioreof  St.  Manin's;  which  was  the 
firft  circum{tanv;e  obfcr'-ed  mere.  The 
water,  by  thus  defcending  .o  fill  the 
pit,  having  fallen  below  its  p'"per 
level,  would  next  be  raifed  above  it, 
crcding  itfelf  into  a  mountain,  over 
the  place  where  the  pit  was  made: 
and  then,  by  falhng  and  rifing  alter- 
nately m  this  place,  would  communi- 
cate an  undulatory  motion  all  around 
it :  and  the  waves,  thus  excited,  would 
be  more  numerous,  and  of  greater 
breadth,  as  the  dimenfions  of  the  pit 
firll.  made  were  larger.  Mean  time, 
the  water  thrown  up,  at  the  beginning, 
in  a  body  into  the  air,  would,  by  its 
weight,  [all  down  in  cataracts,  and 
add  greatly  to  the  confufion.  A  mo- 
tion like  this,  once  begun,  muft  needs 
be  propagated  to  very  confidcrabledif- 
tances,  before  it  could  be  entirely  loU  \\ 
and  that,  to  a  degree  fnfiicient,  I' 
ihould  think,  to  caufe  fuch  great  , 
waves,  and  to  fuch  a  number,  as  were 
ohferved  at  the  places  before  mention- 
ed. Whether  thi3,or  fomething  like 
this,  might  not  probably  have  been 
the  procefs  of  thefe  extraordinary 
fcenes  in  the  ocean,  I  fubmit  to  the 
judgment  of  the  reader.  And  if  he 
fhall  be  of  this  opinion,  he  will  doubt- 
lefs  make  a  paul'e,  and  reflect  on  the 
great  goodnefs  of  heaven,  in  caufing 
the  vapours  to  break  forth  in  the  ocean 
— a  place,  where  they  could  do  the 
Icall  hurt.  The  effetts  which  mud 
have  followed,  had  thefe  impetuous 
btc'ii  direcied  againft  rhe  foundaiions 
blaflsof  a  great  and  populous  ci!y,his 
own  imagination  will  paint  to  him,  in 
livelier  colours,  than  1  can  pretend 
to  do." 


An  ejfay  on  free,  trade  and  finances^ 
particularly Jhewing,  zvhat  fa f  plies 
of  public  revenue  may  be  drawn 
fiorii  merchandije.  without  injur- 
ing ottr  trade,  or  burdening  our 
people. 
By  a  citizen  of  Philadelphia. 

HAVING  laiely  pubiiflied  a  dif- 
fertarion,  on  that  political  uni- 
on and  conftitution,  which  is  necelTa- 
ry  for  ihe  prcfervation  and  happinefs 
of  the  thirteen  united  flares  of  Norih.- 
Amenca,   I  now   proceed  t'-  tonfider 


68- 


£Jfay  on  free  trade  and  finances. 


[July, 


fome  of  the  great  departments  of  bu- 
finefs,  which  muft  fall  under  the  ma- 
nagement of  the  great  council  of  the 
union,  and  their  officers. 

The  firft  thing,  which  naturally  of- 
fers iifelf  to  confideration,  is  the  ex- 
penfe  of  government  ;  this  is  ifine 
qua  non  of  the  whole,  and  all  its 
parts.  No  kind  of  adminifiration 
can  be  carried  on,  without  expenfe  ; 
and  the  fcale,  or  degree  of  plan  and 
execution,  muft  ever  be  limned  by  it. 
Two  grand  confederations  oHer  them- 
felves  here,  (i.)  The  eflimate  of  the 
expenfes  which  government  requires ; 
and  (2.)  fuch  ways  and  mean-,  of  raif- 
ing  fufficient  money  to  defray  them, 
as  will  be  moft  eafy,  and  leafl  hurtful 
and  oppreffive  to  the  fubjet^, 

1  he  firft  is  not  my  prefent  principal 
objeft  ;  I  fliall  therefore  only  obferve 
upon  it,  that  the  wants  of  govern- 
ment, like  the  wants  of  nature,  are 
few,  and  eafily  fupplied  ;  'tis  luxury 
that  incurs  the  mofl  expenfe,  and 
drinks  up  the  largeff  fountains  of  fup- 
ply  ;  and,  what  is  mofl  to  be  lamented, 
the  fame  luxury,  which  drinks  up  the 
greateft  fupplies,  does  at  the  fame  tune 
corrupt  the  body,  enervate  its  flrength, 
and  wafte  thofe  powers,  which  were 
defigned  for  ufe,  ornament  or  delight. 
The  ways  and  means  of  fupply  are 
the  objert  of  my  principal  attention 
at  prefent.  I  will  premife  a  few  pro- 
pofnions,  which  appear  to  me  to  de- 
ferve  great  confideration  here. 

I.  When  a  fum  of  money  is  want- 
ed, one  way  of  raifing  it  may  be 
much  eafier  than  another.  This  is  e- 
qually  true  in  ffates,  as  in  individuals. 
A  man  mufi  always  depend,  for  fup- 
ply, on  thofe  articles,  which  he  can 
bell  fpare,  or  which  he  can  diminifli 
with  leafl  inconvenience  ;  he  fhould 
firfl  fell  fuch  articles,  as  he  has  pur- 
pofely  provided  for  marf;et :  if  thefe 
De  not  enough,  then  fuch  articles  of 
his  eflaie  as  he  can  befl  fpare,  always 
facrlficirig  luxuries  firfl,  and  neceiTa- 
ries  lafl  of  all. 

II.  Any  interefl  or  thing  whatever, 
©n  which  the  burden  of  tax  is  laid,  is 
diminifhed  either  111  quantity  or  neat 
value  ;  e.  g.  if  money  is  taxed,  part 
of  the  fum  goes  to  pay  the  tnx  ;  if 
lands,  part  of  the  produce  or  price 
goes  to  pay  it ;  if  goods,  part  of  the 
price,  which  the  goods  will  fell  for, 
goes  to  pay  if,  &c. 


III.  The  confumption  of  any  thing, 
on  which  the  burden  of  tax  is  laid, 
will  always  be  thereby  lefFened  ;  be- 
caufe  fuch  tax  will  raile  the  price  of 
the  article  taxed,  and  fewer  people 
will  be  able  or  v;illing  to  pay  fuch  ad- 
vance of  price,  than  would  purchafe, 
if  the  price  was  not  raifed  ;  and,  con- 
fequently, 

IV.  The  burden  of  tax  ought  to 
lie  heavieft  on  thofe  articles,  the  ufe 
and  confumption  of  which  are  leaft 
necellary  to  the  community  ;  and  light- 
efl  on  thofe  articles,  the  ufe  and  con- 
fumption of  which  are  moft  necelTary 
to  the  community.  I  think  this  fo 
plain,  that  it  cannot  need  any  thing  to 
be  faid  on  it,  either^y  way  of  illuftra- 
tion  or  proof. 

V.  The  ftaples  of  any  country  are 
both  the  fource  and  meafure  of  its 
wealth,  and  therefore  ought  to  be  enr- 
couraged  and  increafed,  as  far  as  pof- 
fible.  No  country  can  enjoy  or  con- 
fume  more,  than  they  can  raife, 
make,  or  purchafe.  No  country  can 
purchafe  more  than  they  can  pay  for  ; 
and  no  country  can  make  payment  be- 
yond the  amount  of  the  furplus  of  their 
ftaples,  which  remains,  after  their 
their  own  confumption  is  fubtratled. 
If  they  go  beyond  this,  they  muft  rua 
in  debt,  i.  e.  eat  the  calf  in  the  cow's 
belly,  or  confume,  this  year,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  next ;  whch  is  a  direft 
fiep  to  ruin,  and  muft  (if  continued) 
end  in  deftruftion. 

VI.  The  great  ftaples  of  the  united 
ftates,  are  our  hufbandry,  fiflieries, 
and  manufatlures.  Trade  comes  in, 
as  the  hand-maid  of  them  all — the  fer- 
vant  that  tends  upon  them — the  nurfe, 
that  takes  a  way  their  redundancies,  and 
fupplies  all  their  wants.  Thefe  we 
may  confider  as  the  great  fources  of 
our  wealth  ;  and  our  trade,  as  the  great 
conduit,  through  which  it  {lows.  All 
thefe  we  ought,  in  found  policy,  to 
guard,  encourage  and  increafe,  as  far 
as  polfible,  and  to  load  them,  as  little 
as  poflible,  with  burdens  and  embar- 
raffments. 

VII.  Whenany  country  finds,  that 
any  articles  are  growing  into  ufe,  and 
their  coiiriimption  incieafing  fo  far,  as 
to  become  hurtful  to  the  profpcrty  of 
the  people,  t>r  to  corrupt  their  morals 
and  economy,  it  is  the  intereft  and 
good  policy  of  fuch  country,  to  check 
anddiminilh  the  ufe  and  confumptior) . 


1789.] 


Account  of  theftttlanent  of  New  Madrid. 


H 


of  fuch  articles,  down  to  fuch  de- 
grees, as  (liall  confirt  with  the  greatelt 
happinefs  and  purity  of  their  people. 

VIII.  This  is  done  the  moil  effec- 
tually and  unexceptionably,  by  taxing 
fuch  articles,  and  thereby  railing  their 
price  fo  high,  as  fhiil  be  neceffary  to 
reduce  their  confumption,  as  far  as  is 
needful  for  the  general  good.  The 
force  of  th  s  obfen-ation  has  been  felt 
by  all  nations;  and  fumptuary  laws 
have  been  tried  in  all  fhapes,  to  pre- 
vent or  reduce  fuch  hurtful  qonfump- 
tions :  but  none  ca^i  do  it  fo  eitectually, 
as  raifing  the  price  of  them.  Ihis 
touches  the  feelings  of  eveiy  purchaf- 
er,  and  connetts  the  ufe  of  fuch  ar- 
ticles with  the  pain  of  the  purchafer, 
who  cannot  afford  them,  fo  clofely  and 
fo  conHantly,  as  cannot  fail  to  operate 
by  way  of  diminution  or  difule  of 
fuch  confumption.  And  as  to  inch 
rich  or  prodigal  people,  as  can  or  will 
go  to  the  price  of  fuch  articles,  they 
are  the  very  perfon-;,  whom  I  ihink  the 
moft  able  and  fuitable  to  pay  taxes  to 
the  flate.  I  think  it  would  not  be  dif- 
ficult to  enumerate  a  great  number  of 
fuch  articles  of  luxury,  pride,  or 
mere  orname\it,  wh.ch  are  growing  in- 
to fuch  exceffive  ufe  among  us,  as  to 
become  dangeious  to  the  wealth,  eco- 
nomy, morals,  and  health  of  our  peo- 
ple, viz.  difliUed  fpirits  of  all  forts, 
efpecially  whifkey,  and  country  rum  ; 
all  imported  wines;  hlks  of  all  lorts, 
cambricks,  lawns,  laces,  &c.  &c.  fu- 
perfine  cloths  and  velvets  ;  jewels  of 
all  kinds,  &c.  to  which  might  be  add- 
ed, a  large  catalogue  of  articles,  though 
not  fo  capitally  dangerous  as  ihefe,  yet 
fuch,  as  would  admit  a  check  in  their 
'confumption,  without  any  damage  to 
the  ilate,  fuch  as  fugar,  tea,  coffee, 
cocoa,  fine  linens ;  all  cloths  and  ftuffs 
generally  ufed  by  the  richer  clals  ok' 
people,  &c.  all  which  may  be  judi- 
cioufly  taxed  at  ten,  twenty,  fifty,  or 
one  hundred  per  cent,  on  their  fird 
importation  :  and  to  thefe  might  be 
added,  a  fmall  duty  of  perhaps  five 
per  cent,  on  all  other  imported  goods 
whatever. 

Two  things  are  here  to  be  confidered 
and  proved.  1.  That  this  mode  of  tax- 
ation would  be  more  beneficial  to  the 
community,  than  any  other:  and,  2d. 
That  this  mode  is  prafticable. 

If  thefe  two   things  are  fairly  and 
jclearly  proved,  I  think  there  can  be 


no  room  left  for  doubt,  whether  this 
kind  of  taxation  ought  to  be  imme- 
diately adopted  and  put  in  practice. 

I  will  offer  my  reafons  in  favour  of 
thefe  propofitions,  as  fullv,  clearly, 
and  truly  as  1  can  ;  and  hope  they 
may  be  judged  wor:hy  of  a  candid  at- 
tention, i  will  endeavour  in  the  firft 
place,  to  point  out  the  benefits  arifing 
from  this  mode  of  taxation. 
\To  be  continued.^ 
••i>~<s>^e><s>"0- 

AcQount  of  the  fettlement  of  Nez^' 
Madrid  ; — in  a  letter  to  dr.  John 
Morgan,   Fhiladelpliia. 

Nezo  Madrid,  April  14,  1789, 
Sir, 

TH  E  inclemency  of  the  feafon, 
and  the  precautions  neceffary  for 
the  advantage  and  fecurity  of  our 
party  and  enterprise,  rendered  our 
voyage,  down  the  Ohio,  along  though 
not  a  difagrceable  one.  We  have 
now  been  in  the  Miffiffippi  two 
months,  moll  of  which  time  has  been 
taken  up  in  vifiting  the  lands,  from 
cape  St,  Come,  on  the  north,  to  this 
place  on  the  fouth  ;  and  weftward  to 
the  river  St.  Fianfois,  the  general 
courfe  of  which  is  parallel  with  the 
Milhdippi,  and  from  twenty  to  thirty 
miles  diUant. 

Colonel  Morgan,  with  nineteen 
others,  undertook  to  reconnoitre  the 
lands,  above»or  north  of  the  Ohio  : 
this  gave  him  the  earlieil  opportunity 
of  producing  h  s  credentials  to  Don 
Manuel  Perez,  governor  of  the  Il- 
linois, who  treated  hnn,  and  thole 
that  accompanied  him,  with  the  great- 
eft  politenefs.  Iheir  arrival,  after 
their  bufinefs  was  known,  created 
a  general  joy  throughout  the  country, 
a'nong  all  ranks  of  its  inhabitants  : — 
even  the  neighbouring  Indians  have 
expreffed  the  greateft  pleafure  at  our 
arrival  and  intention  of  fettlement. 
There  is  not  a  fingle  nation  or  tribe 
of  Indians,  who  claim,  or  pretend  to 
claim  a  foot  of  the  land,  granted  to 
colonel  Morgan.  This  is  a  grand 
matter  in  favour  of  our  fettlement. 

The  governour  very  cheerfully  fup- 
plied  our  party  with  every  neceffa- 
ry, demanded  by  colonel  Morgan, 
and  particularly  with  horfes  and 
guides,  to  reconnoitre  all  the  lands 
to  the  weftern  limits,  and  from  north 
to  fouth  in  the  interior  country. 


Account  of  thefettlcmcnt  of  New  Madrid. 


[July, 


In  an  undertaking  of  this  nature,  it 
is  not  to  be  doubted,  but  different 
op:n;ons  have  prevailed  amongft  us, 
vnth  relpett  to  ihemoR  advantageous 
Situation  to  eftablifh  the  firft  fettle- 
>ii:'nt  of  farmers  and  planters.  A  con- 
fiderable  number  of  reputable  French 
families,  on  the  American  fide  of  the 
Illinois,  who  propofe  to  join  us, 
wflied  to  influence  our  judgments  in 
favour  of  a  very  beautiful  fituation 
and  country,  about  twelve  leagues  a- 
bove  ihe  Ohio.  A  number  of  Ame- 
rica:! farmers,  deputed  from  port  Vin- 
cent, and  fome  others  of  our  party, 
were  delighted  with  the  country  op- 
pofite  to  the  Ohio,  one  league  back 
from  the  river,  to  which  there  is  ac- 
ccfs  by  a  rivulet,  that  empties  itfclf 
into  the  MiffifTippi,  about  two  and  a 
half  or  three  miles  above  the  Ohio. 
Some  declared  for  a  fituation,  to 
which  there  is  a  good  landing,  at  the 
higheft  floods,  about  nine  miles  below 
thi  Ohio,  and  in  a  very  fine  country  : 
but  after  maturely  conhdering  every 
circumftauce,  and  fully  examining  the 
country  in  this  neighbourhood,  we 
have  united  in  the  refolution,  to  eOa- 
blifh  our  new  city,  whence  this  letter 
is  dated,  about  twelve  leaguf:s  below 
the  Ohio,  at  a  place  formerly  called 
L'Anfe  la  Graiffe,  or  the  Greafy 
Bend,  below  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
marked  in  captani  Hutchins's  map, 
Chepoufca  or  Sound  river.  Here 
the  banks  of  the  MiffilTippi,  for  a 
confiderable  length,  are  high,  dry, 
and  pleafant ;  and  the  foil,  wedward 
to  the  river  St.  Francois,  is  of  the 
moft  defirable  quality  for  Indian  corn, 
tobacco,  flax,  hemp,  cotton,  and  in- 
digo ;  though  by  fome  it  is  deemed 
too  rich  for  wheat — infomuch  that  we 
v6rily  believe,  there  is  not  an  acre  of 
uncultivable  or  even  indifferent  land, 
within  a  thoufand  fquare  miles. 

The  country  rifes  gradually  from 
the  Mini'fippi,  into  fine,  dry,  plea- 
fant and  healthful  grounds,  fuperior 
(we  believe)  in  beauty  and  quality,  to 
every  other  part  of  America. 

The  limits  of  our  new  city  of  Mad- 
rid, are  to  extend  four  miles  fouth, 
down  the  river,  and  two  miles  well 
from  it,  fo  as  to  crofs  a  beautiful,  liv- 
ing, deep  lake  of  the  pureft  fpnng 
water,  one  hundred  yards  wide,  and 
fc\reral  leagues  in  length,  north  and 
fouth,  emptying  itfelf  by  a  conftant, 


rapid,  narrow  flream,  through  the 
centre  of  the  city.  The  banks  of  this 
lake,  which  is  called  St.  Anne's,  are 
high,  beautiful,  and  pleafant  ;  the 
water  deep,  clear  and  fweet :  the  bot- 
tom a  clean  iand,  free  from  wood, 
fiirub':,  or  other  vegetables,  and  well 
ftored  with  fifli.  On  each  lide  of  this 
delightful  lake,  llreets  are  to  be  laid 
out,  one  hundred  feet  wide,  and  a  road 
to  be  continued  round  it,  of  the  fame 
breadth  :  and  the  trees  are  directed  to 
be  prcferved  forever,  for  the  health 
and  pleafure  of  the  cuizcns. 

A  Itreet  one  hundred  and  twenty 
feet  wide,  on  the  banks  of  the  Miflif- 
fippi,  is  laid  out ;  and  the  trees  are  di- 
rected to  be  preferved  for  the  fame 
purpofe. 

Twelve  acres,  in  a  central  part  of 
the  city,  are  to  be  refervcd  in  like 
manner,  and  to  be  ornamented,  im- 
proved and  regulated  by  the  magiftra- 
cy  of  the  city,  for  public  walks  ;  and 
forty  lots,  of  half  an  acre  each,  are 
appropriated  tofuch  public  ufes  as  the 
citizens  (hall  recommend,  or  the  chief 
mngiilrate  dire£^ ;  and  one  lot,  of 
twelve  acres,  is  to  be  referved  for  the 
king's  ufe.  One  city  lot,  of  half  an 
acre,  and  one  out  lot  of  five  acres,  to 
be  a  free  gift  to  each  of  the  fix  hun- 
dred firfl  fettlcrs. 

Our  furveyors  are  now  engaged  in 
laying  out  the  city,  and  out  lots,  upon 
an  extenfive  and  approved  plan,  and 
in  fiirveying  the  country  into  farms  of 
three  hundred  and  twenty  acres  each, 
previous  to  individuals  making  an/ 
choice  or  feitlement.  Thefe  farms, 
and  the  conditions  of  fettlement,  being 
alfoupona  plan  univerfally  fatisfa6lo- 
ry,  will  prevent  the  endlefs  law-fuits, 
which  the  different  modes,  eflabliffied 
in  other  countries,  have  entailed  up- 
on the  poflerity  of  the  firfl  fettiers. 

We  have  built  cabins,  and  a  maga- 
zine for  providons ;  and  are  proceed- 
ing to  make  gardens,  and  to  plough 
and  plant  one  hundred  acres  of  the 
fineft  prairie  land  in  the  world,  with 
Indian  corn,  hemp,  flax,  cotton,  to- 
bacco, and  potatoes. 

The  timber  here  differs,  in  fome 
inftances,  from  what  you  have  in  the 
middle  Hales  of  America ;  yet  we 
have  white  oaks  of  an  extraordinary 
great  fize,  tall  and  ftraight  ;  alfo  black 
oaks,  mulberry,  afh,  poplar,  pcrci- 
mon'^j  crab-apple  in  abundance,  and 


17S9-1 


Agriculture  preferable  to  the  mechanic  arts. 


n 


larger  than  ever  we  faw  before,  hick- 
ery,  walnut,  locuH,  &c.  and  fallafras 
trees  of  two  feet  diain-Jter,  and  of  an 
extraordinary  length  and  Itraightnels, 
are  common  here.  The  underwood 
IS  principally  cane  and  Ipice. 

The  kinds  of  timber,  unknown  to 
you,  are  cyprefs,  paean,  cotlee,  cu- 
cumber, and  fome  others.  The  cyprefs 
grows  on  the  low  land,  along  the  river, 
and  is  equal  in  quality  to  white  cedar. 
Vv'e  have  a  fine  tratt  of  this  in  our 
neighbourhood,  which  colonel  Mor- 
gan has  directed  to  be  furveyed,  into 
lots  of  a  fuitable  fize,  to  accommo- 
date every  farm. 

We  are  pleafed  with  the  climate, 
and  have  reafon  to  believe,  that  we 
have  at  laft  found  a  country,  equal  to 
our  mod  fanguine  willies. 

Several  principal  French  gentle- 
men, at  Sie.  Genevieve,  have  offered 
to  condutl  colonel  Morgan,  or  any 
perfon  he  pleafes  to'  lend,  to  as  fine 
iron  and  lead  mines,  as  any  in  Ame- 
rica, each  within  a  fmall  day's  jour- 
ney of  the  Mviliirippi,  and  within  the 
bounds  of  his  territory.  It  is  intend- 
ed to  preferve  thefe,  for  fome  perfon 
or  perfons  of  fufficient  capita!  and 
knowledge,  to  undertake  to  work 
them, 

Salt  fprings  are  faid  to  be  difperfed 
through  all  the  country  :  as  we  have 
this  information  from  the  bell  autho- 
rity, we  believe  it ;  but  have  not  yet 
vifited  any. 

The  banks  of  the  MifTifTippi,  for 
many  leagues  in  extent,  commencing 
about  twenty  miles  above  the  Ohio, 
are  a  continued  chain  of  hme-llone  ; 
but  we  have  not  as  yet  found  any  in 
this  neighbourhood. 

We  could  mention  many  other  par- 
ticulars, which  would  be  pleahng  to 
our  friends;  but  this  would  require 
more  time  to  write,  than  we  can  ipare 
from  our  other  necelfary  einploy- 
ments.  We  muft  however  add,  that 
a  thoufand  farms  are  directed  to  be 
furveyed,  which  will  foon  be  exerut- 
c-d,  for  the  iminf.diaie  choice  and  fer- 
tlement  of  all  families,  who  fliall 
come  here  next  fall ;  and  that  the 
months  of  September,  October,  No- 
vember, December,  and  January, 
are  the  moll  proper  to  arrive  here,  as 
th:r  farmer  can  begin  to  plough  in 
February,  and  continue  that  work 
until  chriilmafs. 


After  the  furveys  are  completed, 
colonel  Morgan  and  major  M'Culiy 
will  proceed  to  New  York,  via  New 
Orleans  and  Cuba ;  and  colonel 
Shreve,  captain  Light,  and  captain 
Taylor,  with  all  others,  who  con- 
clude to  return  immediately  for  their 
families,  will  afcend  the  Ohio  in 
time,  to  leave  Fort  Put  agaiq,  for 
this  place,    in  October. 

Captain  Hcwimg  undertakes  the 
direction  of  a  number  of  hngle  men, 
to  plant  a  hundred  acres  of  Indian 
corn,  fome  tobacco,  cotton,  fla.v,  and 
hemp — colonel  Morgan  has  Itipplied 
him  with  horfes,  ploughs,  &c.  he  will 
be  able  to  build  a  good  houie  and 
mill,  agamft  his  father's  and  brother's 
arrival  here,  next  fall. 

As  not  a  hngle  pcrlon  of  our  whole 
party,  confilting  of  feventy  men,  has 
been  fick  an  hour,  nor  met  with  any 
accident;  but,  on  the  contrary,  ail 
enjoy  perfett  health,  and  are  in  high 
fpirits  on  the  difcovery  of  this  happy 
clime,  we  think  it  needlefs  to  men- 
tion the  name  of  any  one  in  parti- 
cular.    We  are,  fir, 

Your  obedient,  humble  fervants. 
Signed 


Gaorge  AVCully, 
John  Dodge, 
Peter  Liglit, 
David  Rankin, 


John  Ward, 
Ifracl  Shreve, 
John  Stewirt^ 
Jamts  Rhea, 


Sainuel  Sli'man,  jun. 
To  dr.  Jjhn^Iorgan,  i*hilad. 

Whether  it  be  moji  beneficial  to  the 
United  fiates,  to  promote  agricul- 
ture, or  to  encourage  the  mechanic 
arts  and  manufactures? — from  a 
difcourje,  pronounced  by  John  Mor- 
gan, M,  D.  F.  R.  S.  at  a  meeting 
of  the  ShandeaJi  ftcieiy  of  Nev>~ 
hern.  North   Carolina,  March  15, 

17S9. 
A  GRICULTURE  is  the  olceft 
jTjl.  employment  of  man,  even  of 
our  Hrlt  pirents  and  pnmi'is'e  ancef- 
tors.  It  has  been  ever  held  in  the 
higheft  clliraation,  by  wife  men  of 
eveiv  nation,  for  the  innocence  that 
attends  i(,  and  for  the  heahh  and  vi- 
gour of  body  it  prodm  es.  It  has  had 
a  great  nu'nber  of  iovereign  princes, 
amongfl  it  patroiis  and  cultivator<!j 
not  only  Tor  the  pleafures,  but  alO? 
for  the  profits,  atrendant  on  its  pur- 
fuits,  as  well  in  adminiilcring   to  all 


Agriculture  preferable  to  the  mechanic  arts. 


Uoh, 


the  moil  eflential  wants  of  individu- 
als, as  in  producing  riches  to  a  nati- 
on. Some  countries,  from  their  hi^^h 
Hate  of  agriculture,  becoming  grana- 
ries to  neighbouring  nations,  have  a- 
bounded  proportionably  in  wealih,  po- 
pulation, the  arts  of  peace  and  the 
magazines  of  war,  as  hiltory  Ihews 
to  have  been  the  cafe  of  yEgypt. 

In  new  countries,  in  particular, 
and  confequentiy  at  firll  but  thinly  in- 
habited, it  becomes  a  primary  object, 
to  cultivate  the  earth,  in  preference 
to  everv  other  manual  labour  and  pur- 
fuit.  Wherever  good  lands  abound, 
whatever  can  be  raifed  from  them, 
will  be  an  article  of  wonh.  And 
.whereas  labour  is  dear  from  the  fcar- 
city  of  hands,  the  produce  nf  the 
earth  will  yield  greater  emolininents  to 
the  hufbandman,  than  any  other  fpecies 
of  labour.  In  this  country  efpecially, 
which  IS  fo  exteniive,  and  the  num- 
ber of  fcttlers  fo  fmall  in  proportion 
to  the  land  they  pofTefs,  agriculture 
will  more  abundantly  fupply  our 
wants,  than  the  manufatturing  any 
kind  of  goods  can  do,  whereof  the 
chief  value  depends  on  the  labour  of 
many. 

From  the  iargefl  accounts  we  have, 
the  nwmber  of  inhabitants,  in  the  u- 
nited  Hates  of  America,  falls  fliort  of 
three  millions ;  but  the  Ian  I,  fit  for 
tillage,  paflurage  and  other  pinpofes 
of  rural  life,  is  capable  of  furnifhing 
above,  fifty  millions  of  perfons,  with- 
out being  over-crouded.  Abound- 
ing with  materials  from  the  produce 
of  the  eirth,  the  prefent  generation 
can  command  a  fupply  of  the  articles 
they  require,  in  greater  plenty,  and 
of  better  quality,  than  it  would  be 
poinble  to  manufaflure  ourfelves. 
The  neceilanes  of  life  are  compara- 
tively few.  Thefe  are  eafily  pro- 
cured from  our  lands.  But  the  ar- 
ticles of  manufarkires  and  commerce, 
which  not  only  ferve  to  fupply  our 
real  wants,  but  contribute  to  our  i- 
iwaginary  wants  and  luxury,  are  in- 
numerable. In  this  our  as  yet  infant 
(late,  we  are  therefore  loudly  called 
upon  by  our  wants,  by  our  intereHs,  by 
the  firft  law  of  nature,  and  good  po- 
licy, to  give  our  chief  attention  to 
agriculture  ;  firfl,  for  the  more  im- 
rriediate  fupply  of  our  necefhties,  and 
fecondlv,  tofurnifhus  with  the  mod 
efFe£lual  means  of  procuring,  in   the 


way  of  barter  and  commerce,  all  thofe 
things,  which  we  cannot  expect  or 
hope  to  obtain    by    our  own   labour. 

Mechanic  arts  may  be  jullly  con- 
fidercd,  as  the  offspring  of  that  plen- 
ty, which  agriculture  begets  ;  but 
they  are  generally  flow  in  their  pro- 
grefs  at  firft,  and  take  a  long  time, 
before  they  reach  to  any  degree  of 
eminence.  It  is  found  policy  then, 
and  the  true  interell  of  this  country, 
to  encourage  the  natural  difpofition 
of  the  Americans  to  cultivate  the 
ground,  and  draw  from  it  the  raw, 
but  ufeful  materials,  of  which  it  is 
fo  capable  wiih  little  labour,  and  to 
fupply  the  tranf  atlantic  nations  of 
Europe,  that  depend  upon  their  num- 
bers, to  manufatture  for  us  whatever 
we  ftand  in  need  of;  which,  from 
their  fkill  and  long  experience,  they 
can  artord  with  greater  eafe  and 
chcapnels,  than  we  can  furnifli  our- 
felves. 

To  evince  the  truth  of  this  afler- 
tion,  let  us  refletJ,  with  what  fuccefs 
thefe  flates,  when  they  were  yet  but 
colonies  of  Britain,  purfued  this  plan 
of  condutt,  in  adhering  to  their  (ifli- 
eries,  and  in  clearing  and  cultivating 
the  ground  :  thus  furnifhing  the  Wert 
Indies  with  lumber,  iron,  flour  and 
other  provihons  ;  ar  d  Great  Britain 
herfelf,  and,  through  her,  the  coun- 
tries fubjecl;  to  her  dominion,  and 
connected  with  her  by  treaties  of 
friendlhip  and  commerce,  with  filh, 
naval  (lores,  tobacco,  pot-afli,  rice, 
indigo,  filk,  hemp,  flax-feed,  and 
other  materials  for  their  different  ma- 
tt u  fa  times. 

It  requires  no  great  extent  of  ac- 
quaintance with  the  produds  and  ex- 
ports of  the  different  united  flates  of 
America,  to  perceive,  that  our  mofl 
certain  and  fubllantial  riches  flow 
from  agriculture,  hunting,  fiftiing, 
exploring  the  earth,  and  furnifliing 
thofe  raw  materials  for  commerce, 
which,  in  return,  bring  in  the  wealth 
and  conveniences  of  other  nations. 

The  plenty  of  codfifli  on  the  coafts 
of  New  England,  as  well  as  falmon, 
herring,  and  a  variety  and  abundance 
of  other  fpecies  of  fifh,  which  em- 
ploy a  great  number  of  their  fea-far- 
ing  people  to  catch,  fait,  barrel,  and 
tranfport  them  to  Portugal,  Spain, 
Italy  and  the  Levant,  is  to  be  con- 
fidered   as  a  rich  mine,  from   which 


h] 


/Agriculture  prefcrahlt  to  the  mechanic  arts. 


73 


they  derive  great  wealth,  with  com- 
paratively little  labour.  The  bufinefs 
of  {hip-building,  the  cheapnefs  of 
which  depends  upon  the  quantity 
and  convenience  of  timber  with 
which  the  country  abounds,  and  the 
intereft  of  the  hufbandman  to  clear  his 
ground — is  another  great  fource  of 
power  and  riches.  By  ihefe  means, 
and  the  making  of  pot-ani,  from  the 
trees  they  burn  to  clear  their  lands, 
(which  is  a  valuable  article  of  export) 
together  with  their  lumber  and  naval 
llores,  they  are  enabled  lo  fiipply 
foreigners  wiih  thofe  articles,  from 
which  they  acquire  ample  and  valuable 
returns.  Hence,  too,  they  are  fur- 
riftied  withaflive  and  heahhy  leamen, 
for  manning  their  vefTels,  and  for  car- 
rying on  their  commerce  with  different 
and  diflant  parts  of  the  world. 

The  middle  dates,  viz.  New  York, 
New  Jerfey,  Pennfylvania.  and  Dela- 
ware,are,  in  general,  fertile  in  their  foil, 
and  abound  in  all  kinds  of  excellent 
grain.  They  alfo  abound  in  mines  of 
iron  ore,  from  which  pig  and  bar  iron 
are  made,  and  afford  valuable  articles 
of  remittance  to  different  countries, 
by  furnilhing  materials  for  their  call- 
ing aad  various  mechanic  arts.  It  is 
not  my  intention  to  enlarge  upon  trade, 
farther  than  fb  point  out  the  raw  ma- 
terials, produced  from  agriculture  and 
working  of  the  earth,  which  may  be 
employed  to  greater  advantage  by  us, 
in  our  prefent  (late,  as  articles  of 
commerce,  than  as  mere  objects  of 
manufa^Uires  for  ourfelves. 

I  mult  here  obferve,  that,  where  I 
have  referred  fome  particular  produfts 
of  the  earth,  to  fome  flates  only,  it  is 
to  be  underftood,  that  the  fame,  or 
feveral  of  thofe  articles,  may  likewife 
be  the  pro.duflions  of  others,  or  culti- 
ti>vated  in  them  with  advantage  ;  al- 
though, for  the  fake  of  brevity,  I  have 
made  no  mention  or  repetition  of 
them,  as  your  fiiperior  knowledge  of 
the  fubjeft  will  readily  enable  you  to 
fupply  my  omiffions. 

Tobacco  has  been  iiiHly  ronfidered 
as  the  great  flaple,  awd  (landing  com- 
modity, of  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
which  Rates  are  to  the  fouthward  of 
Pennfylvania  and  Delaware  :  and  it 
may  be  alfo  raifed  in  the  three  remain- 
irig  flates  to  the  fouthward  of  Virgi- 
nia, viz.  the  two  Carolinas  and  Geor- 
gia.    The  tobacco,  which  was  annu- 

VoL.  VI. 


ally  fiiipped  to  Great  Britain,  before 
the  revolution,  fell  little  fliort  of  one 
hundred  thoufand  hogiheads  ;  and  the 
amount  of  the  cufloms  was  above  a 
million  of  pounds  llcrling.  The  threa 
great  flaples  of  the  Carolinas  and 
Georgia,  confiding  of  rice,  mdigo, 
and  naval  flores,  were  then  computed 
at  near  half  a  million  more.  Befides 
which,  Georgia  has  produced  great 
quantities  of  raw  filk,  which,  being 
exported  to  England,  came  into  com- 
petuion  with,  and  indeed  obtained  the 
pre-eminence  over,  the  finell  lilk  of 
Picmonr,  for  which  half  a  million 
per  annum  had  been  paid.  Georga 
has  been  alfo  engaged  in  making  and 
exporiing  pot  aih,  an  article  of  great 
demand  in  bleaching,  and  in  a  variety 
of  other  trades  and  manufactures. 

From  this  narrative  it  appears,  of 
what  amazing  confequence  it  has  been 
to  North  America,  to  confine  her 
chief  views  to  the  improvement  of 
her  fidieries  and  agriculture;  and  to 
di'pend  upon  the  exportation  of  thoie 
raw  materiah,  which  flie  has  derived 
from  the  waters,  the  furface  and  bow- 
els of  the  earth,  to  draw  from  the  na- 
tions of  Europe,  and  their  dependen- 
cies, every  article  of  commerce  and 
manufacture,  which  (lie  ttood  in  need 
of.  and  whjch  flie  could  not  obtain, 
by  turning  the  labour  of  her  inhabit- 
ants to  mauufattures  and  the  mecha- 
nic arts.  The  employment  of  hunt- 
ing, and  a  ^rade  with  the  native  In- 
dians employed  in  hunting,  has  a  con- 
nexion with  this  fubjett.  Hence,  we 
procure  furs,  and  peltries  of  all  forts, 
which  are  exported,  as  raw  materials 
for  the  manufactures  of  other  countries, 
and  prove  a  new  fource  of  wealth. 

The  riches  not  only  of  America, 
but  of  every  other  country,  depend 
chiefly  upon  the  produtt  of  their  lands, 
and  upon  the  quantity  and  value  of 
the  articles  exported  from  it,  abo<-e 
what  are  imported,  which  gives  the 
balance  of  trade  in  favour  of  fuch 
country.  Should  we  then  attempt,  by 
turning  our  thoughts  unfeafonably, 
and  beyond  what  we  are  capable  of 
executing  with  eafe.  to  manufacture 
more  than  our  neceffities  require,  and 
export  lefs  of  our  produce,  we  fhould 
foon  find  the  balance  of  trade  againft 
us,  and  ourfelves  greatly  impoverifhed. 
Such  would  be  the  natural  confe- 
quence of  checking  agriculture,  from 


On  the  manumijion  ofjlaves. 


74 

which  our  wealth  immediately  flows, 
and  making  it  give  way  to  mechanic 
arts,  which  cannot  be  carried  on  here 
with  the  fame  eaie  and  advantage,  as 
in  older  and  more  populous  countries. 

Let  me  repeat,  that  the  principal  ar- 
ticles of  irts  and  commerce  are  the 
produfclions  of  agriculture,  by  means 
of  which,  after  we  have  fupplied  our 
own  demands,  we  are  enabled  to  bring 
to  us  the  manufattures,  and  produc- 
tions of  other  countries,  that  we  (land 
in  need  of.  From  a  due  attention  to 
our  agriculture,  ourfifheriesand  hunt- 
ing, and  the  commerce  we  efiablifh 
on  ihem,  the  rt*0ans  of  living  become 
cafy,  early  m^riages  are  promoted, 
and  population  is  increafed — witnefs 
the  coails  and  fithing  towns  of  New 
England,  and  the  rapid  encreafe  of 
the  children  of  the  indullrious  huf- 
bandmen.  This  is  the  confequence 
of  the  greater  eafe  of  rearing  and 
maintaining  large  families.  It  alfo 
invites  a  greater  number  of  foreigners 
to  vifit  and  fettle  in  the  country,  who 
mix  with  us  and  become  one  people; 
the  fame  in  their  interefts,  purfuits  and 
manners.  1 

Whenever  a  coimtry  is  fully  flock- 
ed with  inhabitants,  it  is  then  in  a  fi- 
tuation  to  require  and  encourage  ma- 
nufa6lures,  beyond  what  is  pratticable 
or  prudent  to  attempt,  in  its  early 
flate.  But  I  mean  not,  in  denying  a 
preference  to  the  mechanic  arts  in 
our  prefent  circumRances,  to  exclude 
from  a  proper  (Jiare  of  attention  to 
this  objetl,  all  fuch  hands  as  can  be 
well  fpared  from  agriculture  and  com- 
merce, ot  fuch  as  may  be  neceffary 
for  cloathing,  for  building  (hips  and 
houfes,  and  for  working  up  thofe  ma- 
terials, which  can  be  manufaflurcd, 
with  more  eafe  andjprofitto  ourfelves, 
than  they  can  be  imported.  I  even 
think,  as  grapes  are  the  natural  pro- 
duce of  our  country,  that  planting 
vineyards,  and  making  wines,  at  leafl 
for  our  own  ufe  and  confumption, 
would  be  beneficial ;  and  that,  while 
the  foiithern  flatcs  give  ihcir  attention 
to  the  raifiiig  of  cotton,  the  more  popu- 
lous flates  to  the  not ih ward  might 
employ  many  hands  and  proper  ma- 
chines in  carding,  fpinnitig  and  weav- 
ing it,  whiih  would  be  a  great  faving 
to  the  inhabitants  of  America. 

I  conclude,  as  a  confequence  of 
what   1   have   advanced,  that,  whilft 


[July, 


older  and  more  thickly  inhabited 
countries  are  employed  in  manufac- 
tures, the  Americans  ought  to  lay 
themfelves  out  to  raife  all  forts  of 
commodities,  to  fit  them  for  a  market, 
and  thus  to  furnifli  other  nations  with 
the  materials,  of  which  they  ftamd  in 
need  for  carrying  on  their  eflablifhed 
nianufatiures,  and  fo  derive  greater 
advantages  from  trading  with  them, 
than  it  is  polTible  by  following  the 
mechanic  arts  and  manufafluring  for 
ourfelves,  till  we  are  more  capable, 
from  oui  numbers  and  wealth,  of  car- 
rying on  fuch  undertakings, 

Speeck  of  William  Pinckney,  efq. 
of  Hartford  county,  Maryland,  in 
the  ajfembly  of  that  _fiate,  at  their 
lajl  fjjton,  when  the  report  of  a 
committee  of  the  houfe,  favourable 
to  a  petition  for  the  relief  of  the 
oppreffed  flaves^  was  under  cert' 
f deration. 

Mr.   Sr  EAKER, 

BEFORE  I  proceed  to  deliver 
my  fentiments,  on  the  fubjeft 
matter  of  the  report,  under  confi- 
deration,  I  mull  entreat  the  members 
of  ihishoufe  to'hear  me  wuh  patience, 
and  not  to  condemn  what  I  may  hap- 
pen to  advance,  in  fupport  of  the  opi- 
nion I  have  formed,  until  they  fhall 
have  heard  me  out.  I  am  confcious, 
fir,  that  upon  this  occafion,  I  have 
long-eRablifhed  principles  to  combat, 
and  deep- rooted  prejudices  to  defeat ; 
that  I  have  fears  and  apprehenfions  to 
filence,  which  the  afts  of  former  le- 
giflatures  have  fanftioned,  and  that 
(what  is  equivalent  to  a  hoft  of  diffi- 
culties) the  popular  impreffions  are  a- 
gainft  me  :  but,  if  I  am  honoured  with 
the  fame  indulgent  attention,  which 
the  houfe  has  been  pleafed  to  afford 
me  on  part  fiibjefts  of  deliberation,  I 
do  not  defpair  of  furmounting  all  thefe 
obllades,  in  the  common  raufe  of  juf- 
tice,  humanity,  and  policy.  There- 
port  appears  to  me  to  have  two  objefts 
in  view  :  to  annihilate  the  exillmg  re- 
Rraints  on  the  voluntary  emancipation 
of  flave%  and  to  relieve  a  particular  off- 
fpring  from  the  punilhment,  heretofore 
inflicted  on  them  for  the  mere  tranf- 
greffion  of  their  parents.  To  the 
whole  report,  feparately  and  collec- 
tively, my  hearty  affsnt,  my  cordial 
ainilance,  fliall  be  given.     It  was  the 


1789-] 


On  the  manumijjion  ofjlaves. 


75 


policy  of  this  country,  fir,  from  an 
early  period  of  colonization,  down  10 
to  the  revolution,  to  encourage  an  im- 
portation of  flaves,  for  purpofes.  which 
(if  conjefture  may  be  indulged)  had 
been  far  betteranfwered,  without  their 
afTiftance.  That  this  inhuman  policy 
was  a  difgrace  to  the  colony,  a 
dilhonour  to  the  legiflature,  and  a 
fcandal  to  human  nature,  we  need 
not  at  this  enlightened  period  labour 
to  prove.  The  generous  mind,  that 
has  adequate  ideas  of  the  inherent 
rights  of  mankind,  and  knows  the  va- 
lue of  them,  mull  feel  its  indignation 
rife  againll  the  (liameful  traffic,  that 
introduces  flavery  into  a  country, 
which  feems  to  have  been  defigned  by 
providence,  as  an  afylum  for  thofe 
whom  the  arm  of  power  had  perfe- 
cuted,  and  not  as  a  nurfery  for  wretch- 
es, flripped  of  ei'ery  privilege  which 
heaven  intended  for  its  rational  crea- 
tures, and  reduced  to  a  level  with — 
nay  become  themfelves — the  mere 
goods  and  chattels  of  their  mailers. 

Sir,  by  the  eternal  principles  of  na- 
tural juftice,  no  mailer  in  the  Haie 
has  a  right  to  hold  his  Have  in  bond- 
age for  a  fingle  hour  ;  but  the  law  of 
the  land — which  (however  opprelfive 
and  unjuU,  however  inconfillent  with 
the  great  ground- work  of  the  laie  re- 
volution, and  our  prefent  frame  of 
government)  we  cannot,  in  prudence, 
or  from  a  regard  to  individual  rights, 
abolifh — has  authorifed  a  flavery,  as 
bad,  or  perhaps  worfe  than,  the  moft 
abfolute,  unconditional  fervitude,  that 
ever  England  knew,  in  the  early  ages 
of  its  empire,  under  the  tyrannical 
policy  of  the  Danes,  the  feudal  te- 
nures of  the  Saxons,  or  the  pure  vil- 
lanage  of  the  Normans.  But,  mr. 
Speaker,  becaufe  a  refpeft  for  the 
peace  and  fafety  of  the  community, 
and  the  already  injured  rights  of  indi- 
viduals, forbids  a  compulfory  libera- 
tion of  thefe  unfortunate  creatures, 
fhall  we  unneceflarily  refine  upon 
this  gloomy  fyllem  of  bondage,  and 
prevent  the  owner  of  a  flave  from  ma- 
numitting him,  at  the  only  probable 
period,  when  ihe  warm  feelings  of 
benevolence,  and  the  gentle  workings 
of  commiferation  difpoie  him  to  the 
generous  deed  ? — Sir,  the  natural  cha- 
raftcr  of  Maryland  is  fufficiently  ful- 
lied,  and  difhonoured.  by  barely  to- 
lerating flavery  ;  but  when  ii  is  found, 


that  your  laws  give  every  poflible  en- 
couragement to  its  continuance  to  the 
lateft  generations,  and  are  ingenious 
to  prevent  even  its  flow  and  gradual 
decline,  how  is  the  die  of  the  impu- 
tation deepened  ? — It  may  even  be 
thought,  that  our  laie  glorious  ftrug- 
gle  for  liberty,  did  not  originate  in 
principle,  but  took  its  rife  from  po- 
pular caprice,  the  rage  of  faction,  or 
the  intemperance  of  party.  Let  it  be 
remembered,  mr.  Speaker,  that,  even 
in  the  days  of  feudal  barbarity — when 
the  minds  of  men  were  un-cxpanded 
by  that  liberality  of  fentiment,  which 
fprings  from  civilization  and  rcfine- 
ment—fuch  was  ihe  antipathy,  in  Eng- 
land, againll  private  bondage,  that,  fo 
far  from  being  lludious  to  flop  thepro- 
grefs  of  emancipation,  the  courts  of 
law  (aided  by  legiflative  connivance) 
were  inventive  to  liberate,  by  con- 
ftruttion.  If,  for  example,  a  man 
brought  an  aftion  againft  his  villain, 
it  was  prefumed,  that  he  defigned  to 
manumit  him  ;  and,  although  perhaps 
this  prefumption  was,  in  ninety-nine 
inflances  out  of  a  hundred,  contrary 
to  the  fart,  yet,  upon  thi?  ground 
alone,  were  bondmen  adjudged  to  be 
free. 

Sir, — I  fincerely  wifli,  it  were  in 
my  power,  to  impart  my  feelings, 
upon  this  fubjeft,  to  thofe  who  hear 
me — they  would  then  acknowledge, 
that,  while  the  owner  was  protetted  in 
the  property  of  his  flave,  he  might  at 
the  fame  time  be  allowed  to  relinquifh 
that  property  to  the  unhappy  fubjett, 
whenever  he  ftiould  be  fo  inclined. 
They  would  then  feel,  that  denying 
this  privilege  was  repugnant  to  every 
principle  of  humanity — an  everlaflinp 
iligma  on  our  government — an  ad  of 
unequalled  barbarity- — without  a  co- 
lour of  policy,  or  a  pretext  of  necef- 
fity,  to  juftify  it. 

Sir,  let  gentlemen  put  it  home  to 
themfelves,  that  after  providence  has 
crowned  our  exertions,  in  the  caufe 
of  general  freedom,  with  fuccefs,  and 
led  us  on  to  independence  through  a 
myriad  of  dangers,  and  in  defiance  of 
obflacles  crowding  thick  upon  each 
other,  we  fliould  not  fo  foon  forget 
the  principles  upon  which  we  fled  to 
armsj  and  lofe  all  fenfe  of  that  inter- 
pofition  of  heaven,  by  which  alone 
we  could  have  been  faved  from  the 
graip  of  arbitrary  power.    We  may 


76 


On  the  manumij^on  of  Jlaves. 


[Jul/, 


talk  of  liberty  in  our  public  councils ; 
and  fancy,  thac  we  feci  a  reverence 
for  her  didates — we  may  declaim, 
with  all  the  vehemence  of  animated 
rhetoric,  againfl  opprelJion,  and  flat- 
ter ourfelves,  (hat  we  deteft  the  ugly 
monfter — but  fo  long  as  we  continue 
to  (herifh  the  poifonous  weed  of  par- 
«>al  fljvery  among  us,  the  world  will 
doubt  our  finceriry.  In  the  name  of 
heaven,  wuh  what  face  can  we  call  our- 
felves the  friends  of  equal  freedom 
and  the  inherent  rights  of  our  fpccies, 
ivhen  we  wantonly  pafs  Jaws  inimical 
to  each-T^when  we  rejecl  every  oppor- 
tnuitv  of  deflroying,  by  filent,  imper- 
ceptible degrees,  the  horrid  fabric  of 
individual  bondage,  reared  by  the 
mercenary  hands  of  thofe,  from  whom 
the  facred  flame  of  liberty  received 
no  devotion  ? 

Sir,  it  is  pitiable  to  refleB,  to  what 
wild  inconliilencies,  to  what  oppofiie 
extremes  we  are  hurried,  by  (he  frail- 
ty of  our  nature.  Long  have  I  been 
convinced,  that  no  generous  fenti- 
mentof  which  the  human  heart  is  ca- 
pable, no  elevated  pafhon  of  ihe  foul 
that  digiiiHe<;  mank  nd,  ran  obtain  an 
uniform  and  perfect  dominion.— to 
day  we  may  be  aroufed  as  one  man, 
by  a  wonderful  and  unaccountable 
fympaihv.  agasnif  the  lavvlefs  invader 
of  the  rights  of  his  fellow- creatures  : 
fo-morrow  we  may  be  guilty  of  the 
fame  opprelhon,  which  we  reprobated 
and  rediled  in  another.  Is  it,  mr, 
Speaker,  becaufe  the  complexion  of 
thcfe  devoted  viftims  is  not  quire  fo 
delicate  as  ours — is  it,  becaufe  their 
untutored  minds  (humbled  and  debaf- 
cd  by  the  hereditary  yoke)  appear  lefs 
attive  and  capacious  th;;n  our  own — 
or,  is  it,  becaufe  we  have  been  fo  ha- 
■bitu:iled  to  their  fituation,  as  to  become 
callous  to  the  horrors  of  it — that  we 
arc  determined,  whether  politic  or 
j'Otj  to  keep  them,  till  time  Ihall  be 
no  more,  on,  a  level  with  the  brutes  ? 
Yor  "  nothing"  fays  Montefquieu, 
*'  fo  muchalliniilatcs  a  man  to  a  brute, 
as  living  among  freemen,  himfelf  a 
flave." 

Call  not  Maryland  a  land  of  liber- 
ty— do  not  pretend,  that  fhe  has  cho- 
fen  this  country  as  an  afylum — that 
here  fhe  has  eretfed  her  temple,  and 
idnfecnued  herfnrine — when  herealfo 
lier  unhallowed  enemy  holds  his  hel- 
*ifh  pandasmonium,  and  our  rulers  of- 


fer facrifice  at  his  polluted  altars.  The 
lilly  and  (he  bramble  may  grow  in  fo- 
etal proximity — but  liberty  and  flavery 
deliuht  in  leparation. 

Sir !  let  us  ligure  to  ourfelves,  for 
a  moment,  one  of  thefe  unhappy  vic- 
tims, more  informed  than  the  reft, 
pleading,  at  the  bar  of  this  hcufe,  the 
caufe  of  himfelf  and  his  fellow- fuf- 
ferer:' — what  would  be  the  language 
of  this  orator  of  nature  ? — Thus,  my 
imagination  tells  me,  he  would  ad- 
drels  us. 

'■  We  belong,  by  the  policy  of  the 
country,  lo  our  mailers;  andiubmit  to 
our  rigorous  deftiny — we  do  not  afk 
you  to  diveft  them  of  their  property  ; 
becaufe  we  are  confcious  you  have  not 
the  power — we  do  not  inireat  you  to 
compel  an  emancipation  of  us  or  our 
poffcrity,  becaufe  juflice  to  yourfellow- 
citizens  forbids  it — we  only  fupplicaie 
you,  not  toarrelf  the  gentle  arm  of  hu- 
manity, when  it  maybe  flretched  forth 
in  our  behalf — not  to  wage  hofliliiies 
againff  that  moral  or  religious  convic- 
tion, which  may  at  any  time  incline 
our  mailers  to  give  freedom  to  us,  or 
our  unoffending  off<:prmg — not  to  in- 
ter pofe  If  gillativeobil  ncles  to  ihecourfe 

of    voluntary    manunnllion. Thus 

fhall  you  neither  violate  the  rights  of 
your  people,  nor  endanger  the  quiet  of 
the  community,  while  you  vindicate 
your  public  councils  from  the  imputa- 
tion of  cruelly,  andihe  fiigmaofcaufe- 

lefs,    unprovoked  oppreilion. We 

iave  never  (would  he  argue)  rebelled 
againfl  our  mailers — We  have  never 
thrown  your  government  into  a  fer- 
ment, by  ffruggles  to  regain  the  inde- 
pendence of  our  fa:hers — We  have 
yielded  our  necks  fubmilfive  to  the 
yoke,  and,  without  a  murmur,  acquief- 
ced  in  the  privationofour  native  rights. 
We  conjure  you  then,  in  the  name  of 
the  common  parent  of  mankind —  re- 
v,'ard  us  not,  for  this  long  and  patient 
arquiefcence,  by  fhutting  up  the  mam 
avenues  to  our  liberation, — by  with- 
holding from  us  the  poor  privilege  of 
benefiting  by  the  kind  mdiilcence,  the 
generous  intentions  of  our  fnperiors." 

What  could  we  anfwer  to  argu- 
ments like  thefe  ? — Silent  and  percm- 
tory,  we  might  rcjed  the  application 
—but  no  words  could  jullify  the  deed. 

In  vain  fhould  we  refort  to  apo- 
logies, grounded  on  the  falbcicMis  fug- 
geflions  cf  a  cautious  and   timid  poll- 


17%.] 


Negro's  letter  on  Jlavoy, 


17 


Cy.  I  would  as  foon  believe  the  in- 
coherent tale  of  a  fchool  boy,  who 
fliuuld  icU  me.  he  had  been  frigiuened 
byagholl,as  that  the  grant  of  this 
perm  (Hon  ought  in  any  degree  to  a- 
larm  u^.  Are  we  apprchenfive,  that 
thefe  men  will  becoir^e  more  dange- 
rous, by  becoming  freemen  ?  Are  we 
alarmed,  left,  by  being  admitted  to 
the  enjoyment  of  civil  rights,  they 
■will  be  infpired  with  a  deadly  enmity 
againft  the  rights  o\  others?  Stran^^e, 
unaccountable  paradox  !  How  much 
more  rational  would  it  be,  to  argue, 
that  the  natural  enemy  of  the  privi- 
leges of  a  freeman,  is  he,  who  is  rob- 
bed of  them  himfelf  !  In  him  the  foul 
daemon  of  jealoufy  converts  the  fenfe 
bfh;s  own  debafement,  into  a  ran- 
rourous  hatred  for  the  more  aufpicious 
fare  of  others — while  from  him,  whom 
you  have  raifedfrom  the  degrading  ii- 
tuation  of  a  (lave, — whom  you  have 
rellored  to  that  rank,  in  the  order  of 
the  univerfe,  which  the  malignity  of 
liis  fortune  prevented  him  from  attain- 
ing before, — from  fiich  a  man  (unlefs 
his  foul  be  ten  thoufand  limes  blacker 
than  his  complexion)  you  may  reafon- 
ably  hope  for  all  the  happy  ctfefts  of 
the  warmell  gi-atitude  and  love. 

Sir,  let  us  not  limit  our  views  to 
the  fliort  period  of  a  life  in  being;  let 
us  extend  them  along  the  continuous 
line  of  endlefs  generations  yet  to  come 
— How  will  the  millions,  that  now 
teem  in  the  womb  offutunty,  and  whom 
5  our  prefent  laws  would  doom  to  the 
curfe  of  perpetual  bondage,  feel  the 
infpiration  ol  gratitude,  to  thofe,  whofe 
lacred  love  of  liberty  Ihall  have  open- 
ed the  door,  to  their  admifhon  v/itiiin 
the  pale  of  freedom?  Difhonorable 
to  the  fpecies  is  the  idea,  that  they 
would  ever  prove  injurious  to  our 
inierefts — releafed  from  the  (hackles 
of  flaveiy,  by  ihejiirtice  of  government 
and  the  bounty  tf  individuals — the 
want  of  fidelity  and  attachment,  would 
be  next  to  impolFible. 

Sir,  when  we  talk  of  policy,  it 
would  be  well  for  us  to  reflect,  whe- 
ther pride  is  not  at  the  bottom  of  it  ; 
"whether  we  do  not  feel  our  vanuy  and 
feif-confequerice  wounded  at  the  idea 
of  a  dulky  African  j-)articipafing  equal- 
ly with  ourfelves,  in  the  rights  of  hu- 
man nature,  and  rifmg  to  a  level  v/ith 
'  us,  from  the  lowefl  point  of  degrada- 
tion. 


Prejudices  of  this  kind,  fir,  are  of- 
ten fo  powerful,  as  to  periuade  us,  that 
whatever  countervails  them,  is  the  ex- 
tremity of  folly,  and  that  the  pecu- 
liar path  of  wifdom,  is  that  which 
leads  to  their  gratification — but  it  is  for 
us,  to  be  fuperior  to  the  influence  of 
fuch  ungenerous  motives  ;  it  is  for  us, 
to  refiett,  that  whatever  the  com- 
plexion, however  ignoble  the  ancef- 
try,  or  uncultivated  the  mind,  one 
univerfal  father  gave  being  to  them 
and  us  ;  and,  with  that  being,  con- 
ferred the  unalienable  rights  o^the 
fpecies.  But  1  have  heard  it  argued, 
that  if  you  permit  a  mafter  to  manu- 
mit his  Haves  by  his  laft  will  and  tef- 
tament,  as  foon  as  they  dilcover  he 
has  done  fo,  they  will  deOroyhim,  to 
prevent  a  revocation — never  was  a 
weaker  defence  attempted,  to  juRify 
the  feverity  of  perfecution — never  did 
a  bigoted  inquililion  condemn  an  he- 
retic to  torture  and  to  death,  upon 
grounds  lefs  adequate  to  juilify  the 
horrid  fentence. 

Sir,  is  it  not  obvious,  that  the  ar- 
gument applies  equally  againft  all  de- 
vifes  whatfoevcr,  for  any  perfon's  be- 
nefit. For,  if  an  advantageous  be- 
queft  is  made,  even  to  a  white  niau, 
has  he  not  the  fame  temptation,  to  cut 
Ihort  the  life  of  his  benefactor,  to  le- 
cure  and  accelerate  the  enjoyment  of 
the  benefit  ? 

As  the  univerfality  of  this  argu- 
ment renders  it  completely  nugatory, 
fo  is  its  cruelty  palpable,  by  its  being 
more  applicable  to  other  inftances,  to 
w^hich  it  has  never  been  applied  at  all, 
than  to  the  cafe  under  conlideration. 

Letter  on  Jlavery.     By  a  negro. 

I  A  M  one  of  that  unfortunate  race 
of  men,  who  are  dillinguifliedfrom 
the  refl  of  the  human  fpecies,  by  a 
black  (kin  and  woolly  hair — difadvan- 
tages  of  very  little  moment  in  them- 
felves,  but  which  prove  to  us  a  fource 
of  the  greatefl  mifery,  becaufe  th^rre 
are  men,  who  will  not  be  perfurided, 
that  it  is  pofTible  for  a  human  foul  to 
be  lodged  within  a  fable  body.  The 
Weft  Indian  planters  could  not,  if 
they  thought  us  men,  fo  wantonly 
fpill  our  blood  ;  nor  could  the  natives 
of  this  land  of  liberty,  deeming  us  of 
the  fame  fpecies  with  themfelves, 
fu'urait  to  be  inftrumcntal  m  enflavin;^ 


78 


Negro's  letter  on  Jlavery, 


[July, 


u*!,  or  think  us  proper  fubjefts  of  a 
fordid  commerce.  Yet,  ftrong  as  the 
prejiidites  againll  us  are,  it  will  not,  I 
hope,  on  this  fide  of  the  Atlantic,  be 
conlidered  as  a  crime,  for  a  poor  afri- 
can  not  to  confcfs  himfelf  a  being  of 
an  inferior  order  to  thofe,  who  hap- 
pen to  be  of  a  difierent  colour  from 
nimfef ;  or  be  thought  very  prefump- 
tuous,  in  one  who  is  but  a  negro, 
to  offer  to  the  happy  fubjefts  of  this 
free  government,  fome  reflexions  up- 
on the  wretched  condition  of  his 
countrymen.  They  will  not,  I  trult, 
think  worfe  of  my  brethren,  for  be- 
ing difcontented  with  fu  hard  a  lot  as 
that  of  flavery  ;  nor  difown  me  for 
their  fellow  creature,  merely  becaufe 
1  deeply  feel  the  unmerited  fufieriiigs, 
vhich  my  countrymen  endure. 

It  IS  iieuher  ihe  vanity  of  being  an 
author,  nor  a  fudden  and  capricious 
j'uli  of  humanity,  v/hich  has  piompt- 
e'd  the  prelent  defign.  It  has  been 
long  conceived,  and  long  been  the 
principal  fubjett  of  my  thoughts.  E- 
ver  hnce  an  indulgent  mailer  reward- 
ed my  youthful  fervices  with  freedom, 
and  fupplied  me  at  a  very  early  age 
with  the  means  of  acquiring  know- 
ledge, I  have  laboured  to  underlland 
the  true  pruiciples,  on  which  the  li- 
berties ot  mankind  are  founded,  and 
to  pofFefs  myfelf  of  the  language  of 
tills  country,  in  order  to  plead  the 
caufe  of  thofe  who  were  once  my 
fellow  flaves,  and  if  polfible  to  make 
my  freedom,  in  fome  degree,  the  in- 
Urument  of  theiv  deliverance. 

The  Hrit  thing  then,  which  feems 
necelfary,  in  order  to  remove  thoie 
prejudices,  which  are  fo  unjuftly  en- 
tertained againit  us,  is  to  prove  that 
we  are  men — a  truth  which  is  difficult 
of  proof,  only  becaufe  it  is  difficult  to 
imagine,  by  what  arguments  it  can  be 
combated.  Can  it  be  contended,  that 
a  difference  of  colour  alone  can  con- 
{lituteadifference  of  fpecies? — if  not, 
in  what  fingle  circumdance  are  we 
dlfleient  from  the  reft  of  mankind  ? 
what  variety  is  there  in  our  organiza- 
tion ?  what  inferiority  of  art  in  the 
fafliioningof  our  bodies  ?  what  imper- 
icffion  in  tiie  faculties  of  our  minds  ? 
— Has  not  a  negro  eyes  ?  has  not  a 
negro  hands,  organs,  dimeniions, 
fenfos,  aftedions,  pafTions  ? — fed  with 
the  fame  food  ;  hurt  with  the  fame 
v/eapoas  ]  fubject  to  the  fame  difeaics ; 


healed  by  the  fame  means ;  warmed 
and  cooled  by  the  fame  fumnier  and 
winter,  as  a  white  man  is  ?  if  you 
prick  us,  do  we  not  bleed  ?  if  you 
poifon  us,  do  we  not  die  ?  are  wc 
not  expoied  to  all  the  fame  wants  ? 
do  we  not  feel  all  the  fame  fentiments 
— are  we  not  capable  of  all  the  fame 
exertions — and  are  we  not  entiiled 
to  all  the  fame  rights,  as  other  men  ? 

Yes — and  it  is  faid  we  are  men,  it 
is  true  ;  but  that  we  are  men,  addirted 
to  more  and  worfe  vices,  than  thofe 
of  any  other  complexion  ;  and  fuch  is 
the  innate  perverfenefs  of  our  minds, 
that  nature  feems  to  have  marked  us 
out  for  flavery. — Such  is  the  apology- 
perpetually  made  for  our  mailers,  and 
the  jtifliHcation  offered  for  that  uni- 
verfal  profcription,  under  which  we 
labour. 

But  I  fupplicate  our  enemies,  to  be, 
though  for  the  firft  time,  juft  in  their 
proceedings  towards  us  ;  and  to  effab- 
lifli  the  fact,  before  they  attempt  to 
draw  any  conclufion  from  it.  Nor 
let  them  imagine,  that  this  can  be 
done,  by  merely  afTerting,  that  fuch 
is  our  univerfal  character.  It  is  the 
charafter,  I  grant,  that  our  inhuman 
mafters  have  agreed  to  give  us,  and 
which  they  have  too  induflrioufly  and 
too  fuccefsfully  propagated,  in  order 
to  palliate  their  own  guilt,  by  black- 
ening the  helplefs  vittims  of  it,  and 
to  difguife  their  own  cruelty  under 
the  femblance  of  juftice.  Let  the  na- 
tural depravity  of  our  charafter  be 
proved — not  by  appealing  to  declama- 
tory invetlives,  and  interefled  repre- 
fentations,  but  by  fhewing,  that  a 
greater  proportion  of  crimes  have 
been  committed  by  the  wronged  flaves 
of  the  plantations,  than  by  the  luxu- 
rious inhabitants  of  Europe,  who  are 
happily  ftrangers  to  thofe  aggravated 
provocations,  by  which  our  paflions 
are  every  day  irritated  and  incenfed. 
Shew  us,  that,  of  the  multitude  of 
negroes,  who  have,  within  a  few  years, 
tranfported  themfelves  to  this  coun- 
try*, and  who  are  abandoned  to  them- 
felves ;  who  are  corrupted  by  exam- 
ple, prompted  by  penury,  and  infli- 

NOTE. 

*  This  letter  was  originally  pub- 
lifhed  in  England,  where  the  number 
of  negroes  is  confiderably  encreafed, 
fnice  the  late  war  in  America, 


1789.] 


Negro's  letter  onjlavery. 


gated,  by  the  memory  of  their  wrongs, 
to  the  commilfion  of  every  crime — 
fhew  us,  1  fay,  (and  the  demonltrati- 
on,  if  it  be  poflible,  cannot  be  difB- 
cult)  that  a  greater  proportion  of 
thefe,  than  of  white  men,  have  fal- 
len under  the  animadverfion  of  juf- 
tice,  and  have  been  facrificed  to  your 
laws.  Though  avarice  may  (lander  and 
infult  our  mifery,  and  though  poets 
heighten  the  horror  of  their  fables, 
by  reprefenting  us  as  monilers  of  vice 
• — the  fa£l  is,  that,  if  treated  like  o- 
ther  men,  and  admitted  to  a  partici- 
pation of  their  rights,  we  (hould  dif- 
fer from  them  in  nothing,  perhaps, 
but  in  our  poffelling  ftronger  pafiions, 
nicer  fenfibility,  and  more  enthufiaf- 
tic  virtue. 

Before  fo  harfh  a  decifion  was  pro- 
rounced  upon  our  nature,  we  might 
have  expected — if  fad  experience  had 
not  taught  us,  to  expeB  nothing  but 
injuftice  from  our  adverfaries — that 
fome  pains  would  have  been  taken,  to 
afcertain,  what  our  nature  is ;  and  that 
we  Ihould  have  been  confidered,  as 
we  are  found  in  our  native  woods,  and 
not  as  we  now  are — altered  and  per- 
verted by  an  inhuman  political  infti- 
tution.  But,  inftead  of  this,  we  are 
examined,  not  by  philofophers,  but 
by  interefted  traders ;  not  as  nature 
formed  us,  but  as  man  has  depraved 
us — and  from  fuch  an  enquiry,  pro- 
fecuted  under  fuch  circumliances,  the 
perverfenefscf  our  difpofiiions  is  faid 
to  be  eftablilhed.  Cruel  that  you  are  ! 
you  make  us  flaves ;  you  implant  in 
our  minds  all  the  vices,  which  are,  in 
fome  degree,  infeparable  from  that 
condition ;  and  you  then  impioufly 
impute  to  nature,  and  to  God,  the 
origin  of  thofe  vices,  to  which  you 
alone  have  given  birth  ;  and  punifh  in 
us  the  crimes,  of  which  you  are  your- 
felves  the  authors. 

The  condition  of  (lavery  is  in  no- 
thing more  deplorable,  than  in  its  be- 
ing fo  unfavourable  to  the  praBice  of 
every  virtue.  The  fureft  foundation 
of  virtue,  is  the  love  of  our  fellow- 
creatures  ;  and  that  afFetHon  takes  its 
birth,  in  the  focial  relations  of  men  to 
one  another.  But  to  a  flave  thefe  are 
all  denied.  He  never  pays  or  receives 
the  grateful  duties  of  a  fon — he  never 
knows  or  experiences  the  fond  folici- 
t\ide  of  a  father — the  tender  names  of 
hufband,  of  brother,  and  of  friend, 


79 

are  to  him  unknown.  He  has  no  coun- 
try to  defend  and  bleed  for — he  caa 
reliere  no  fufferings — for  he  looks  a- 
round  in  vain,  to  find  a  being  more 
wretched  than  himfelf.  He  can  in- 
dulge no  generous  fentiment — for,  he 
fees  himfelf  every  hour  treated  with 
contempt  and  ridicule,  anddillinguiOi- 
ed  from  irrational  brutes,  by  nothing, 
but  the  feverity  of  punifhment. 
Would  it  be  furprifing,  if  a  flave,  la- 
bounng  under  all  thefe  dlfadvantages 
— opprelFed,  infulted,  fcorned,  and 
trampled  on — fhould  come  at  lall  to 
defpife  himfelf — to  believe  the  calum- 
nies ot  his  opprelfors — and  to  per- 
fuade  himfelf,  that  it  would  be  againft 
his  nature,  to  cherilh  any  honourable 
fentiment,  or  to  attempt  any  virtuo'is 
atlion  ?  Before  you  boalt  of  your  fii- 
periority  over  us,  place  fome  of  your 
own  colour  (if  you  have  the  heart  to 
do  it)  in  the  fame  liiuation  with  us ; 
and  fee,  whether  ihcy  have  fuch  innate 
virtue,  and  fuch  unconquerable  vi- 
gour of  mind,  as  to  be  capable  of  fur- 
mounting  fuch  multiplied  difficulties, 
and  of  keeping  their  minds  free  from 
the  infettion  of  every  vice,  even  un- 
der the  opprellive  yoke  of  fuch  a  fer- 
vitude. 

But,  not  fatisfied  with  denying  us 
that  indulgence,  to  which  the  milVry 
of  our  condition  gives  us  fo  jull  a 
claim,  our  enemies  have  laid  down 
other  and  drifter  rules  of  morality,  ta 
judge  our  actions  by,  than  thofe  by 
which  the  condutl  of  all  other  men  is 
tried.  Habits,  which  in  all  human  be- 
ings, except  ourfelves,  are  thought  in- 
nocent, are,  in  us,  deemed  criminal — 
and  actions,  which  are  even  laudable 
in  white  men,  become  enormous 
crimes  in  negroes.  In  proportion  to 
our  weaknefs,  the  flriftnefsuf  cenfure 
is  incrcafed  upon  us;  and  as  refources 
are  with- held  from  us,  our  duties  arc 
multiplied.  The  terror  of  punifhment 
is  perpetually  before  our  eyes  :  but 
we  know  not,  how  to  avert  it,  what 
rules  to  aft  by,  or  what  guides  to  fol- 
low. We  have  written  laws,  indeed, 
compofed  in  a  language  we  do  not  iia- 
derftand,  and  never  promulgated  :  but 
what  avail  written  laws,  when  the  fu- 
preme  law,  with  us,  is  the  capricious 
will  of  our  overfeers  ?  To  obey  the 
diftates  of  our  own  hearts,  and  to 
yield  to  the  flrong  prnpenfitics  of  na- 
ture, is  often  to  incur  fevere  puniih- 


So 


The  farmer  and  ku  thirUenfons^  an  allegory^ 


CJ"ly, 


ment ;  and  by  emulating  example"?, 
which  we  find  applauded  and  revered 
a;nong  Europeans,  we  rilk  inllain- 
ing  the  wildelt  wraih  of  our  iuhunian 
tyrants. 

To  judge  of  the  truth  of  thefe  alFer- 
tions,  confuh  even  thofe  milder  and 
fubordlnate  rules  for  our  conduct,  the 
various  codes  of  your  Welt  India 
laws — fhofe  laws,  which  allow  ns  to 
be  men.  whenever  they  condder  us  as 
viftims  of  their  vengeance,  but  treat 
us  only  like  a  fpecies  of  living  proper- 
ty, as  often  as  we  are  to  be  the  objetts 
of  their  protetlion — thofe  laws,  by 
which  (it  may  be  truly  faid)  that  we 
are  bound  to  fiitter,  and  be  mifcrable, 
under  pain  of  death.  To  refent  an 
injury,  received  from  a  white  man, 
though  of  the  lowed  rank,  and  to 
dare  to  ftrike  him.  though  upon  ihe 
flrongeft  and  groflell  provocation,  is 
an  enormous  crime.  To  aitempt  an 
efcap2  from  the  cruelties  exerciied 
over  us,  by  flight,  is  puniflied  with 
mutilation,  and  fometimes  with  death. 
To  take  arms  againll  mafters,  whofe 
cruelty  no  fubmiilion  can  mitigate,  no 
patience  exhauH,  and  from  whom  no 
other  means  ofdcliverance  are  L'fi,  is 
the  moll  atrocious  of  all  crimes  ;  and 
is  puntfhed  by  a  gradual  deaih,  lengih- 
ened  out  by  torments,  fo  exquiiite, 
that  none,  but  thofe  who  have  been 
long  familiarized,  with  Weil  Indian 
barbarity,  can  hear  the  bare  recital  of 
them  without  horror.  And  yet  I 
learn  from  writers,  whom  the  Euro- 
peans hold  in  the  highcft  elleem,  that 
tieafonisa  crime,  which  cannot  be 
committed  by  a  flave  againft  his  maf- 
ter  ;  that  a  (lave  ftands  in  no  civil  re- 
lation towards  his  mafler,  and  owes 
him  no  allegiance  ;  that  mailer  and 
Have  are  in  a  itate  of  war;  and  if  the 
fl.ive  take  up  arms  for  his  deliverance, 
he  aQs  not  only  jullifiably,  but  in  obe- 
dience to  a  natural  duty,  the  duty  of 
felf-prefervation.  I  read  in  amhors, 
whom  I  find  venerated  by  our  oppre  f- 
fors,  that  to  deliver  one's  felf  and 
one's  countrymen  from  tyranny,  is  an 
aft  of  the  fublimeft  heroifm.  I  hear 
Europeans  exalted,  as  the  martyrs  of 
public  liberty,  the  faviours  of  their 
country,  and  the  deliverers  of  man- 
kind—  I  fee  their  memories  honoured 
with  ftatues,  and  their  names  immor- 
talized in  poetry — and  yet  when  a 
gcntroiis    negro  is   animated  by  the 


fame  paffion,  which  ennobl'ed  them — 
when  he  feels  the  wrongs  of  his  coun- 
trymen as  deeply,  and  attempts  to  re- 
venge them  as  boldly — I  fee  him  treat- 
ed by  thofe  fame  Europeans,  as  the 
moR  execrable  of  mankind,  and  led 
out,  ainidll  cuifes  and  infults,  to  un- 
dergo a  painful,  gradual,  and  ignomi- 
nious death*  :  and  thus  the  fame  Bri- 
ton, who  applauds  his  own  anceflors, 
for  attemping  to  throw  off  the  eafy 
yoke,  impoled  on  them  by  the  Ro-  ' 
mans,  punifhes  us,  as  detefled  parri- 
cides, for  feeking  to  get  free  from  the 
cruellell  of  all  tyrannies,,  and  yielding 
to  the  irreliRible  eloquence  of  an  Af- 
rican Galgacus  or  Boadlcea. 

Are  then  the  reafon  and  the  mora- 
lity, for  which  Europeans  fo  highly 
value  themfelves,  of  a  nature  fo  vari- 
able and  fluctuating,  as  to  change  with 
the  complexion  of  thole,  to  whom  they 
are  applied  ? — Do  the  rights  of  nature 
ccafe  to  be  fuch,  when  a  negro  is  to 
enjoy  them  ^ — Or  does  patriotifm,  in 
the  heart  of  an  African,  rankle  into 
treafon  ? 

A  free  negro. 

The  farmer   and   his    thirteen  fans, 
an  allegory, 

NOT  long  ago,  a  certain  farmer 
fettled  on  a  new  piece  of  land, 
which  he  was  in  hopes,  by  his  in- 
dulfry  and  the  ainflance  of  his  heal- 
thy boys,  to  be  able  to  cultivate  to 
advantage.  Unfortunately  he  was  of 
a  morofe,  tyrannical  and  felfiOi  dlf- 
pofition  ;  and  often  irritated  his  boys, 
bv  his  auftcrity  ;  and  as  they  grew 
older,  he  ufed  them  more  like  flaves, 
than  children.  They  being  hardy, 
refolute,  and  not  eafily  reconciled  to 
rigorous  government,  and  finding  that 
their  reputed  father  was  not  their  na- 
tural parent,  but  only  a  llep-father  ; 
and  alfo  that  he  had  not  fo  good  a 
title  to  the  farm,  as  they  would  have 
when  they  came  of  age,  determined 
with  one  conlent,  that,  if  he  perfifled 
in  his  tyrannical  condutl,  they  would 
attempt  to  cjeH  him,  and  fet  up  for 
themlelves.  Accordingly,  on  a  cer- 
tain day,  when  the  choleric  old   gen- 

NOTE. 

*  For  a  remarkable  Inflance  of  this 
fpecies  of  barbarous  cruelty — fee  vol, 
I.  of  this  work,  page  210. 


17^9-'! 


The  farmer  and  his  thirteen  Jons,  an  allegory. 


81 


tleman  had  begun  to  enforce  his  unrea- 
fonable  commands  with  a  cudgel,  they 
manfully  returned  his  blows.  Af- 
ter an  obftinat.e  Itruggle,  he  was  forc- 
ed to  retreat ;  and  wuh  a  bioken  pate, 
a;i<l  fore  fides,  he  betook  hmifelf,  mut- 
tering and  refentful,  to  his  paternal 
eitate,  on  the  other  fide  of  the  wa- 
ter. The  lads,  being  thirteen  in 
number,  and  of  a  fanguine,  vigorous 
and  enterprifing  turn,  concluded  they 
could  eafily  manage  their  joint  inter- 
eft,  fo  as  very  foon  to  make  their 
fortunes.  They  had  lenfe  enough 
to  know,  that,  as  their  united  efforts 
had  ejefled  their  father-in-law,  fo 
iheir  united  afFe8ioiis  and  efforts 
would  be  neceffary,  for  their  future 
cllablifliment  and  profpenty.  They 
had  only  a  fmall  fpot  cultivated  on 
their  new  farm,  upon  which  they  had 
a  crop  of  wheat  :  of  this  they  had  fe- 
lefted,  for  feed,  a  choice  flieaf  a- 
piece,  larger  or  fnaller,  \x\  propor- 
tion to  the  age,  ability  and  induftry 
of  each  brother;  and  as  ihey  had  no 
{belter  for-  the  prefervation  of  the.r 
grain,  it  was  judged  neceifary,  that 
all  their  {heaves  Ihould  be  compared 
together  into  one  ffiock.  But  the 
difficulty  was,  how  to  compati.  them, 
fo  as  liiat  the  whole  flioulcl  be  fecure 
from  injury  and  depredation.  At 
length,  with  joint  contrivance  and 
induftry,  they  formed,  with  flraw  and 
other  materials,  a  kind  of  covering, 
which  they  placed  over  their  fheaves, 
to  keep  ihem  together,  and  to  Icreen 
them  from  ftorms  and  from  birds  of 
prey.  But  it  was  foon  found  to  be 
inadequate  to  the  purpofe.  So  weak 
and  loofe  was  it  in  its  contexture,  that 
it  could  neither  ilielter  the  flieaves  from 
the  weather,  nor  keep  them  from  fall- 
ing apart.  Nay,  it  evidently  funk 
down,  fo  that  moft  of  the  (lieaves 
fluck  out  above  it  ;  and  by  unnatural 
prelfure  againft  one  another,  they  be- 
gan to  be  intertangled,  to  lofe  their 
fine  (hape  and  proportion,  and  threat- 
ened the  hurfting  their  bands,  and 
becoming  like  a  heap  of  threffied 
ftraw.  The  brothers  were  foon  con- 
vinced, that  fomething  more  effeftual 
muft  be  done,  or  all  their  paft  labour, 
and  fine  profpefts  of  future  crops, 
would  be  loft  ;  and  their  grain,  ap- 
dearing  like  a  ncglefled,  broken  fiiock, 
and  free  plunder  for  all,  would  be 
pdl^^ed,  not  only  by  feirds  and  beaili 
VoL.VL 


of  prey,  but  by  rapacious  farmers  a- 
round  them.  But,  though  the  rale 
appeared  urgent,  it  was  difficult  to 
find  out,  or  to  agree  among  ihem- 
lelves,  what  was  beft  to  be  d<>ne. 
There  was  a  growini;;  uneaiin«is  and 
anxiety  ;  and,  cfpecially  as  blackbirds 
and  vermin  had  begun  to  make  dif- 
order  and  waffe  in  many  of  the 
flieaves, — fome  thought  it  was  beft, 
that  each  one  ffioiild  take  care  of 
his  own  bundle  fcparaiely — fome, 
through  want  of  fpint  and  fraiernal 
affeflion  and  generofjty,  feemed  not 
to  care,  whether  any  thing  Vl'a^  done 
formurual  advantage — and  fome  were 
fo  abject  and  bafe,  as  to  wiLh  to  go 
back  again  to  their  (iep-faiher,  and  afk 
his  pardon,  with  a  promile  to  fubmit 
to  all  his  orders  and  unpolitions  for 
the  future,  if  he  would  take  their 
bundles  into  his  cu!l(;dy.  But  the 
moft  of  theni  having  cheridied  their 
original  independent  and  generous 
fpinf,  and  being  fully  perfiu'dcd,  (hat 
they  had  wit  and  ability  enough  a- 
niong  themfelves,  if  they  would  but 
jointly  exert  it,  to  preferve  their  owa 
{heaves,  without  mesnly  fumg  to  o- 
thers  for  ainilance,  manfully  deter- 
mined to  lay  their  heads  and  their 
hands  toreiher,  and  ihew  whaf  they 
could  do.  Accoidmiyly,  ih:  b/eihien 
all  except  one  or  two,  eniered  into 
clofe  confultarion,  to  ffnke  out  fome 
plan,  for  the  joint  fecurity  of  iheir 
prerious  grain,  7he  yoiingefl  boy, 
indeed,  having  been  neglofted  in  his 
education,  and  arcuftomed  to  low 
company,  w-as  ignorant,  obftinate, 
and  knavilh  ;  and  imgeneroiifly  re- 
fufed  to  join  with  his  brother",  in 
any  well  judged,  inreroft  pg  expedi- 
ent. But  this  difcouragcd  not  the 
reft.^ 

The  moft  aftive,  and  penetrating 
among  them,  at  leiig;h  deviled  the 
fullowii'g  fcheme,  as  the  moft  likely 
to  anlwcr  the  intended  purpofe,  \\z. 
That  a  handful  of  the  taileft,  Jlrong- 
eft,  and  ftraiieflof  the  ftraws,  ftionld 
be  culled  out  of  each  bundle-^the  big- 
nefsofthe  handfuls  to  be  determin- 
ed by  the  biguefs  of  their  refpeftivc 
bundles — and  that  thele  handfuls,  fo 
felefted,  ffiould,  by  proper  interwo- 
ven threads  and  coiiftntling  bands, 
be  ingentoufly  formed  into  a  cap- 
{heaf,  to  unite  and  cover  the  whole. 
Every  one  faw  that  this,  if   faithfully 


Zi 


Tragical  rffcSls  of  fanatkifm. 


Lj'»iy, 


exernfed,  na<  :;  irrlicious  expedient; 
that  thirteen  fheave,  ",'ell  bound,  and 
fet  clnfe  and    npright,   under  fuch    .i 
cap-flieaf,  would  help  to  fupport  each 
other;  and    would    remain    fafe   and 
well  fhaped.  uninjured  by  (lorms,  and 
undimiuiOicd  by  birds  of  prey  ;    and, 
moreover,  would   coinprife  and  con- 
vey the  ideas  of"  unity,  fecuriiy    and 
comely  proportion.     And  that  no  ap- 
prehenfions,  jealoufies,  or  diflciifions 
might  be  entertained  amongll  the  bro- 
thers. It  was  provided,   that  each  one 
fliould   have  the  culling   of  his   own 
bundle,  for  the  furniing  and  repairing 
the    cap  (heaf,  aad   in  ght    aid,    with 
hi"*  own  ingenuity,  in  the  conllruftlon 
of   it.     Bill,    ihi)'>gh   common   fenfe 
could  not   but  acknowledge    the  iuf- 
tlce  and   propr'ery   (^'t  thi'^    meafure  ; 
and  aro,  that   it  wis    much  better  to 
fpare  a  handful  of  grain,  for  the  pre- 
fervation  of  the  red,  than  to  rifk  the 
lofs  of  the  whole,  for  war.t   of   fuch 
a  Tneaf,  yet   fom*"   were  fearful,    and 
others    were   obilinate.     Some    pre- 
tended they  had  as  good  run  the  ven- 
ture of  lodng  all  at   ooce,  as   to  have 
all  the  bed  of  it   picked  away   by  lit- 
tle and  little.     Some  feared,  that  the 
cap  (heaf  would  be   made  fo   heavy, 
astocrulh    rhpir  flieaves    flat  to    the 
ground.     Others  pretended,    that  the 
cap-Iheaf,    being    coinpofed    of    the 
talleft   and   fironjefl     of  the   draws, 
might  be  made  fo  ftift"  and  tight,   as 
to  comprefs  and    pinch   the  heads  of 
their  Ih^aves   too    clofe  ;   or   at  lead, 
might   enclofe  them  fo  etieclually,  as 
to  prevent  their   lufpetting   and  han- 
dling    them,     or    taking    them   out, 
whenever  they  fliould   think   fit.     In 
Ihort,   notwiihdanding    the   union  of 
intereft,  honour  and   fafcty,  that  de- 
manded the  united  fentiments,  exer- 
tions and  aiTettions  of  thefe    thirteen 
brethren,  divers  of  them   objcfted  to 
the  propofed  meafure.     So  that  thofc 
who   had    the   mod   extended  views, 
and  felt  the  warmed  emotions  of  bro- 
therly kmdnefs,  as    well    as    of  lelf- 
love,    dreadfd   ihe    conftquences    of 
difunion.     The  fubjcci  had   been  fo 
long  in  debaie,  and    was    lo    mtereft- 
ing  to  this   rifing  fdmdy,  that   u   en- 
gaged the  atteii'ion  of  older  farmers, 
though  at  a  ddlancc.     Thofe   among 
them,  who  ha.!  a  fenfe  of  honour  and 
hu'nanitv,   we-e  giievcd  at  thcdlfen- 
iions  of  the{e  bicilireu ;  and  wiihed 


they  might  have  wifdom  to  coalefce, 
and  prefcive  their  p'scinu^  leed,  up- 
on wh'.rh  d!  ilieir  hopes  of  a  fuccef- 
fion  of  mcreafing  haiveds  depended. 
Others,  that  were  felfidi  and  un- 
friendly, endeavoured  to  create  a 
mifunderdanding  between  thefe  bro- 
thers, in  hopes  they  would  be  oblig- 
ed to  feparate  one  from  another,  and 
become  tenants  upon  their  farms,  or 
fervants  in  their  families  And  par- 
ticularly their  old  dep  father  lidenc-d, 
with  malignant  piral'ure,  to  every  ac- 
count, that  was  bnught  him,  of  iheir 
quarrels  and  dangers ;  and  hoped  foon 
to  fee  the  tmie,  when  he  fliould  get 
thefe  rebellious  Jacks  into  his  hands 
again,  when  he  would  keep  their 
nofes  effettually  to  the  giinddone, 
and  make  them  repent  of  their  auda- 
city in  refiding  his  authority.  In 
fine,  the  mod  fanguine  hopes,  that 
the  mod  benevolent  of  thefe  brothers, 
or  of  their  friends,  d-ared  to  entertain, 
were,  that  nine  of  them  would  pretty 
foon  be  induced  to  fecure  their  (heaves 
in  the  method  propofed,  and  that  the 
reft  would  fee  caufe  after  a  while,  to 
follow  their  example;  except  the 
youngeft  ;  and  he,  they  expeBed, 
would  become  a  vagabond  and  a 
bighway-robbcr,  and  fuon  be  brought 
to  an  inglorious  end  ;  and  that  if  there 
remained  any  ftattered  draws  of  his 
iheaf,  worth  picking  up,  they  would 
be  colleded,  and  lucked  into  fome 
of  the  other  bundlej. 

Striking  injlanre  of  the  ficcking  ff- 
feilioffanaticifm^  in  the  account  of 
a  tre'rical  event,  which  happened 
in  South  Carolina,  in  1724. 

THE  family  of  Dutartres,  confid- 
ing of  four  Ions  and  four  daugh- 
ters, were  defcendents  of  French  re- 
fugees, who  came  into  Carolm.T,  after 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes. 
They  lived  in  Orange  quarter,  and 
though  in  low  circumdances.  always 
maintained  an  honed  character,  and 
were  efleemed,  by  their  neighbours, 
perfons  of  blamelefs  and  irreproaiU- 
able  lives.  Hut,  at  the  period  a- 
bovemeniioned,  a  drolling  Moravian 
preacher  happening  to  come  to  iheif 
neighbourhood,  iidinuared  himfclf  in- 
to the  family,  and  partly  by  conycr- 
fatiun,  and  partly  by  the  writings 
of  Jacob  BeWcD*  which  be  pw:  into 


i:'%.l 


Tragical  effects  ef  fanatici/m. 


83 


their  hands,  filled  their  heads  with 
vi/iid  and  fantallic  idsas.  Unhappi- 
ly for  the  poor  family,  thele  ilrange 
notions  gamed  grovuid  on  thenij  in- 
fomuch  ihut,  in  one  year,  they  be- 
gan to  withdraw  themlcives  from  the 
ordinances  of  public  worlhip,  and 
all  converlation  with  the  world  a- 
rcund  them,  and  tlrongly  to  ima- 
gine that  they  were  the  only  famly 
upon  earth,  who  had  the  knowledge 
of  ihe  trne  God,  and  whom  he  vouch- 
fafed  to  iiiHrutt,  either  by  the  imme- 
dia:e  impulfes  of  his  fpirit,  or  by  ligns 
and  tokens  from  heaven.  At  Icngih, 
it  came  to  open  vthons  and  revela- 
tion.^  :  God  raifed  up  a  proph?t  a- 
mong  them,  "  like  unto  Moja."  to 
whom  he  taught  them  to  hearken. 
This  prophet  was  Peter  Rombert, 
who  had  married  the  eldeft  daughter 
of  the  family,  when  a  widow.  To 
this  man  (he  Author  and  Governor  of 
the  world  deigned  to  reveal,  in  the 
piaineli  manner,  that  the  wickednels 
of  man  was  again  fo  great  in  the  world, 
that  he  was  detennincd  a.f^ain,  as  in 
the  days  of  Noah,  to  deflroy  all  men 
from  oft  the  face  of  it,  except  one 
family,  whom  he  would  fave  for  riif- 
ing  up  a  godly  feed  upon  earih.  This 
revelanon  Peter  Rombert  was  lyre 
of,  and  telt  it  as  plain  as  the  wind 
blow'pg  on  his  body  ;  and  the  reft  of 
the  family,  wiih  equal  confidence  and 
prefumption,  firmly  believed  it. 

A  few  days  after  this.  God  was 
pleafed  to  reveal  himfelf  a  fecond 
time  to  the  prophet,  faying:  '"  put 
away  the  woman  thou  hah  for  thy 
wife  ;  and  when  I  have  deilroyed 
this  wicked  genrranon,  [  'vill  raife 
up  her  firll  hufbind  from  the  dead, 
and  they  (hall  be  man  arid  w.fe  as 
before ;  and  go  thou  and  take  to 
wife  her  youngeli  fdkr,  who  is  a 
V  rgin  :  fo  fliaU  the  chofen  family  he 
reftored  entire,  and  the  holy  feed 
preferve(i  pure   and  undefiled    in  u." 

At  fiiH.  the  father,  when  he  heard  of 
this  revelation,  was  daggered  at  fo  ex- 
traordinary a  commana  from  heaven  : 
but  the  prophet  allured  him,  thai  God 
would  give  him  afgn,  which  accord- 
ingly happened.  Upon  this,  the  old 
man  took  hisyonngeil  daugluer  by  the 
hand,  and  immediaiely  gave  her  to  the 
wife  prophet,  who.  withoutfurtherce- 
jremony,  took  the  damiel,  and  drfiow- 
cred  her.     Thus,  for  fome  time,  ihey 


continued  in  acts  of  adultery  and  in- 
ce(},  until  that  period,  which  made 
the  fatal  difcovery,  and  introduced  the 
bloody  fcene  of  tjlmd  fanaticfm  and 
madneis.  Thefe  deluded  wretches 
were  fo  far  ptlFeiftd  with  the  falie 
conceit  ot  iheir  own  righ/confncfs  and 
hohnefs,  and  of  the  horrid  wicked- 
nefs  of  all  oihers,  ihat  they  refufed 
obedicnre  to  the  civil  magi.Trate,  and 
to  all  laws  and  ordinances  of  men. 
Upon  pretence,  that  God  had  com- 
manded them  to  bear  no  arms,  they 
not  only  refufed  to  comply  With  ihe 
niilitia  law,  bur  alfo  the  law  for  re- 
pairing the  highway'.  After  long 
forbearance,  mr.  Simmons,  a  wor- 
thy magillrate,  and  the  officer  of  the 
mlitia  in  that  quarter,  found  :t  ne- 
celfary  to  ilfue  hi?  warrants,  for  levy- 
ing the  penalty  of  the  laws  nj-ion  ih?m. 
But  by  this  time,  Judith  Dutartre, 
the  wife  whom  the  prophet  had  ob- 
tained by  revelation,  proving  wiili 
child,  another  warrant  was  ilued,  for 
bringing  her  before  the  jutiice,  to  be 
examined,  and  bound  over  to  the  ge- 
neral feiiions,  in  conftqucnGe  of  a 
law  of  the  province,  framed  tor  pre- 
venting bailardy.  ihe  condable  hav- 
ing received  hi>  v.':;rrauis,  and  being 
ajiprehenGvc  of  meeting  no  good  u- 
fage  in  the  execu.ion  of  his  office, 
prevailed  on  two  or  three  of  his  neigh- 
bours to  go  along  with  him.  'ihe 
family  obferved  the  condable  coming  ; 
and  being  apprized  of  his  errand, 
confii'tcd  their  prophet,  v/ho  foon 
told  them,  that  God  commanded 
them  to  arm,  and  defend  therofelves 
againil  perfecntion.  and  their  fubllance 
againlf  the  robberies  of  ungodly  men  ; 
alfaring  them  at  the  fame  time,  that 
no  weapon  formed  "agamll  them, 
ihould  profper.  Accordingly  they 
obeyed  their  propnc:,  and  laying  hold 
of  their  arms,  ^red  on  the  conftable 
and  his  followets,  and  drove  them 
out  of  their  plantation. 

Such  behayionr  was  not  to  be  tole- 
rated ;  \/herefore  captain  Simmons  ga- 
thered a  party  of  the  militia,  and  v^enc 
to  protect  the  conffable,  in  the  execu- 
tion of  his  office.  When  the  deluded 
family  faw  the  juH  ce  and  h>s  party 
approaching,  they  fhut  themfelves  up 
in  their  houfe,  and  firing  from  it  liks 
furies,  (hot  captain  Sinmions  dead  on 
the  fpot,  and  wounded  leveral  of  the 
party.    The  ciilitia  returned  the  fire. 


Tragical  effeHls  ef  fanaticifm. 


rjuiy, 


killed  one  M'oman  within  the  houfe  ; 
and  afterwards  forcibly  entering  it, 
took  the  reft  pnfoners,  fix  in  number, 
and  brought  them  to  Charlefton. 

At  the  court  of  general  feffions, 
held  in  September,  1724,  three  of 
them  were  brought  to  trial,  found 
guilty,  and  condemned — they  pre- 
tended they  had  the  fpirit  of  God, 
leading  them  to  all  truth;  they  knew 
u  and  felt  It  :  but  this  fpirit,  inftead 
of  inQuencing  them  to  obedience,  pu- 
rity, and  peace,  commanded  them 
(forfooth)  to  commit  rebellion,  inceft 
and  murder. 

What  isftil!  more  aflonifiiing,  the 
principal  perfons  among  them,  I 
mean  the  prophet,  the  father  of  the 
family,  and  Michael  Boneau,  never 
•were  convinced  of  their  delulion,  but 
perfifted  in  it,  to  their  lateft  breath. 
During  their  trial,  they  appeared  al- 
together unconcerned  and  fecure,  af- 
firming that  God  was  on  their  fide, 
and  therefore  they  feared  not  what 
man  could  do  unto  them.  They  free- 
ly told  the  incelluous  ftory  in  open 
court,  in  all  its  circumllances  and  ag- 
gravations, with  a  good  countenance  ; 
and  very  readily  confefTed  the  facts, 
refpetiing  the  rebellion  and  murder, 
v;ith  which  they  flood  charged  ;  but 
pleaded  their  authority  from  God,  in 
vind:caiion  of  themfelves,  and  infift- 
ed,  that  they  had  done  nolhing  in  ei 
ther  cafe,  but  by  his  exprefs  com- 
mand. 

As  It  is  cuflomary  with  clergymen, 
to  vilit  perfons  under  fenteiice  of 
death,  both  10  convince  them  of  their 
error  and  danger,  and  to  prepare  them 
for  death,  by  bringing  them  to  a  peni- 
tent difpofition  ;  the  rev.  Alexander 
Garden,  the  eplfcopal  minifter  of 
Cbarlefton,  by  whom  this  account  is 
handed  down  to  us,  attended  thofe 
condemned  perfons  with  great  dili- 
gence and  concern.  What  they  had 
affirmed  in  the  court  of  juitice,  thev, 
in  like  manner,  repeated  and  confeffed 
to  him,  in  the  pril'on.  When  heVcL'an 
to  reafon  with  them,  and  explain  the 
heinoi!"  nature  of  their  crimen,  they 
rrrated  him  with  difdain.  Their  con- 
flant  phrafe  was  :  "anfwcrhim  not  a 
word  :  wlio  is  he,  that  he  fhould  pre- 
fnme  fo  teach  them,  who  had  the  fpi- 
r  tof  God,  fpcaking  inwardly  to  their 
io'il:,  ?" — in  all  they  jiad  done,  they 
fdid   they  had  obeyed   the  voice  of 


God,  and  were  now  about  to  fuffer 
martyrdom  for  his  religion.  But 
God  had  afTured  them,  that  he  would 
either  work  a  deliverance  for  them, 
or  raife  them  up  from  the  dead  on  the 
third  day. 

Thefe  things  the  three  men  continu- 
ed confidently  to  believe  ;  and  not- 
withilanding  all  the  means  ufed  to  con- 
vince them  of  their  miftake,  perfifted 
in  the  fame  belief,  until  the  moment 
they  expired.  At  their  execution,  they 
told  the  fpe61ators,  with  feeming  tri- 
umph, they  Ihould  foon  fee  them  again, 
for  they  were  certain,  they  fliould 
rife  from  the  dead  on  the  third  day. 

With  relpeft  to  the  other  three— 
the  daughter  Judith,  being  with  child, 
was  not  tried  ;  and  the  two  fons,  Da- 
vid and  John  Dutartre,  about  eigh- 
teen and  twenty  one  years  of  age, 
having  been  alfo  tried  and  condemn- 
ed, continued  fallen  and  referved,  in 
hopes  of  feeing  thofe  that  were  exe- 
cuted, rife  from  the  dead  :  but  being 
difappointcd,  they  became,  or  at  leaft 
feemed  to  become  fenfible  of  their  er- 
ror, and  were  both  pardoned.  Not 
long  afterwards,  however,  one  of 
ihemrelapfcd  into  the  fame  fnare,  and 
murdered  an  innocent  perfon,  without 
either  provocation  or  previous  quarrel ; 
and  for  no  other  reafon,  as  he  confef- 
fed,  but  that  God  had  commanded 
him  fo  to  do.  Being  a  fecond  time 
brought  to  trial,  he  was  found  guilty 
of  murder,  and  condemned.  Mr. 
Garden  attended  him  again,  under 
the  ferond  fentence,  and  with  great 
appearance  of  fuccefs.  No  man  could 
appear  more  deeply  fenfible  of  his 
error  and  delulion,  or  die  a  more  fin- 
cere  penitent  for  his  horrid  crimes. 
With  great  attention,  he  liftened  to 
mr.  Garden,  while  he  explained  to 
him  the  terms  of  pardon  and  falvati- 
on,  propofed  in  the  gofpel  ;  and 
feemed  to  die,  in  the  humble  hopes 
of  mercy,  through  the  all- fiilhcient 
merits  of  a  Redeemer. 

Thus  ended  that  tragical  fcene  of 
fanaticidn,  in  which  leven  perfons 
loll  their  lives ;  one  being  killed,  two 
murdered,  and  four  executed  for  the 
murders. — A  fignal  and  melancholy 
inllance  of  the  weaknefs  and  frailty 
of  human  nature,  and  to  what  giddy 
heights  of  extravagance  and  madnels 
an  iiifianied  imagination  will  tarry  un- 
fortunate mortals ! 


Poetry. 

AN    ODE, 

Mojl  refpeBfyHy  infcrihed  to  his  excellency,  general  W^Jk- 
tncrton,  on  being  chojen  prcfident  of  the  united  Jiatti, 
1. 

WHERE  fair  Coiiimhia  fpre^tls  her  wide  domain 
O'er  many  a  len^jihen'd  hill  and  fylvan  plain. 
In  myflic  vifu)n  wrapt,  far  tf)  the  fouih, 
Array'd  in  all  the  bloom  of  rofy  youth, 

A  cherub  form  arofe. 
O'er  the  blue  heav'ns  her  fnowy  pinions  fpread, 
Celertial  tints  illum'd  her  Itarry  head. 
Bright  as  the  radiant  God  of  day, 
Soft  as  the  fleecy  cloud,  or  milky-way. 

Her  filming  vellment  flows. 
Her  hand  fultains  the  trump  of  fame  ; 
Its  blalls  aloud  her  will  proclaim. — 

As  hish  in  air  flie  hung, 
OVr  where  Moani  Vernon's  odours  breathe. 
She  dropt  immortal  glory's  wreathe. 
Then,  iiorihward  foaruig,  fun.i^ — 
The  mufic  of  the  fpheres  rcfouuding  to  her  tongue  : 

II. 
"  Heav'n-born  freedom,  fent  to  fave, 
''  By  a£lions,  glorious  as  brave, 
*'  With  every  Godlike  vinue  fraught, 
*'  Which  either  peace  or  war  has  taught, 

*'  Behold  \our  hero  come  ] — 
"  Call'd  by  his  country's  urgent  voice, 
"  O'er  her  high  councils  to  preWe; 
''  By  ev'ry  breait's  united  choic  e, 

•'  Call'd,  the  florin-beat  helm  to  guide, 
"  He  leaves  his  rural  dome. 
*•  On  all  h!s  Heps  fee  fmiling  concord  wait, 
*'  And  harmony  pervade  each  happy  flate — 
'*  See  public  confidence  her  arms  expand, 
^''  While  glad'ning  gratulations  echo  o'er  the  land, 

III. 
*'  With  foul  at  unambitious  refl, 
"  Yet  glowing  for  the  public  weal  ; 
'•  Still  mufl  Columbia's  dear  bequell 
'•  O'er  philofophic  eafe  prevail, 
"  To  hold  with  fleady  hand, 
"  A  free,  a  jult,  reftritting  rein, 
'*  wild,  jarring  difcord  to  rellrain  ; 
'■  As  government's  revolving  tar, 
"■  Throuf^h  placid  peace,  or  horrid  war, 

'•  Obeys  his  mild  command. 
'•  Thine  be  the  blifs,  great  fon  of  Fame  ! 
'"  (As  fill!  hath  been  thy  only  aim) 
*'   To  bid  ilritl  jullice  poife  her  equal  fcale — 
"^  Reviving  commerce  fpread  the  fwelhng  (aii, 
*'  With  golden  profpefts  fraught  from  ev'ry  gale, 

IV. 
"  Thofe  laurel  trophies,  wen  through  feas  of  blood, 
'■  l^nequall'd  in  hifforic  fame, 
'•  Thofe  prlcelefs  labours  for  the  public  good, 
"  Had  well  iinmortaliz'd  thy  name. 


S«  Poetry.  [July, 

^'  And  claim'cl  a  world's  appfaiife. 
**  Now  all  the  honours  of  the  Held, 
*'  Ail  fplendid  conqueft  e'er  could  yield, 
*'  Comb'nc  with  univerful  praife, 
*'  On  h;gh  thy  ma'chlefs  worth  to  raife, 

"  The  ,'^uardian  of  our  laws. 
"  Not  rcar'd  hy  tumult  in  a  giddy  hour, 
"  The  crefted  idol  of  defpotic  pow'r  ; 
*'  But  facred  Freedom's  delega'.cd  voice, 
*'  Thy  grateful  country's  uiicorrupied  choice, 

V. 

*'  No  Alexander's  mad  career, 

*'  No  Cajfar's  diftatorial  reign, 

•*  No  daz'lmg  pomp  that  fceptres  wear, 

"  Thy  foul  with  third  of  pow'r  could  flain. 

"  A  greater  honour's  thine — 
"^  Approving  millions  place  in  you, 
"  That  pow'r,  ihey  would  reflettive  view— 
"  Diffufing  all  that's  good  and  great 
"  Through  each  df-partment  of  the  ftate, 

"  Thy  bright'ning  virtues  fhine, 
*'  With  more  effulgence  round  thy  head, 
*'  With  more  ellential  honours  fpread, 
"  Than  fparkluig  toys  that  gild  the  tyrant's  brow  ; 
**■  Worn  but  to  court  his  cringing  (laves  to  bow. 

VI. 

*'  As  yon  bright  fpheres,  that  circling  run 
''  With  lucid  fplendor  round  the  fun, 
"  Diliufe  their  borrow'd  blaze  ; 
*'  So  may  that  fenatorial  band, 
*'  Affembled  by  a  virtuous  land, 

"  (As  on  ihy  worth  they  gaze) 
*'  Reflett  ihf  light  thy  virtues  yield, 
"  The  fword  of  juflice  bid  thee  wield, 

"  And  anarchy  erafe. 
*'  The  fed'ral  union  clofer  bind  ; 

"  Finn  public  faith  retlore  ; 
"  Drive  diicord  from  the  canker'd  mind  ; 
*'  Each  mutual  bL-ffing  pour. — 
*'  Then,   when  the  glorious  courfe  is  run, 
"  Which  hcav'n  afTign'd  her  Wafhington, 
*'  His  foul  let  cherub  choirs  convey 
*'  To  all  the  triumphs  of  eternal  day." 

Bladenjburgh,  April  i6,   17%^.         SAMUEL    KNOX, 

An  epitaph — intended  for  the  monument  of  major  general 
Greene.     By  WiLtiam  Pierce^  efq.  of  Savannah, 

LIKE  other  things,  this  marble  mull  decay, 
The  cypher'd  charatlersfliall  fadeaway. 
And  nought  but  ruin  mark  this  facred  fpot, 
M'here  Greene's  interr'd, — perhaps  the  place  forgot. 
But  time,  unmeafur'd,  fhall  preferve  his  name. 
Through  diflant  ages  fliall  roll  on  his  fame, 
And,  in  the  heart  of  ev'ry  good  man,  raife 
A  lafting  monument  of  matchlefs  praife. 


ijSg-] 


Poftry, 


«7 


Happinefs  to   bt  found  in    our    own. 
minds. 

THE    midmnht    moon    ferencly 
Im  les 
O'er  nature's  foft  repofe  : 
No  louring   cloud    obfcures  the    fky 
No  ruiUing  tempeft  blows. 

Now  ev'ry  pafTion  finks  to  reft, 
The  throbbing  heart  lies  flill, 

And  varying  ftiiemes  of  life  no  more 
Diftrafcl  the  lab'ring  will. 

In  filence  hudi'd,  to  reafon's  voice 
Attends  each  mental  pow'r. 

Come,  dear  Emilia,  and  enjoy 
Retlexion's  fiv'rite  howr. 

Come,  while  the  peaceful   fcene  in- 
vites, 

Let's  fearch  this  ample  round  ; 
Where  fhall  the  lovely  ,  fleeting  form 

Of  happinefs  be  found  ? 

Does  it  amidll  the  frolic  mirth 

Of  gay  alFemblies  dwell  ; 
Or  hide  beneath  the  folenm  gloom, 

That  fhades  the  hermit's  cell  ? 

How  oft  the  laughing  brow  of  joy 
A  fick'ning  heart  conceals, 

And  through  the  cloifler's  deep  recefs 
Invading  forrow  Heals ! 

In  vain,  thro'  beauty,  fortune,  wit, 

The  fugitive  we  trace  ; 
It  dwells  not  in  the  faitlilefs  fmile. 

That  brightens  Clodio's  face. 

Perhaps  the  joy,  to  thefedeny'd 
The  heart  in  fnendlhip  finds  ! 

Ah  dear  dclufijn,  gny  conceit 
Of  V  Jionary  minds ! 

Kowe'er  our  varying  notions  rove, 

Yet  all  agree  in  one, 
To  place  Us  being  in  fome  flate 

At  diftaace  from  our  own, 

O  blind  to  each  indulgent  aim 
Of  pow'r  fupremcly  wife, 

Who  fancy  happinefs  m  aiight 
The  hand  of  heav'n  denies  ! 

Vain  are  alike  the  joys  >.  -  fcek, 
And  thole  that  we  pc-fTels, 

Unlefs  harmonious  reufon  tunes 
The  pallions  into  peace. 

To  temp'rate  w:fi;es,  piQ  dcfires 

Is  happinefs  confih'd  ; 
And,  deaf  lu  folly's  ciil.  attends 

Ihc  mufie  of  the  muid. 


The  wedding-rin^, 

LITTLE,  but  too  pow'rfultiej 
Bane  of  female  liberty  ; 
Alternative  of  joy  and  pain. 
In  thy  flender  round  remam  ; 
Now,  we  blefs  the  plealing  yoke  ; 
Now,  we  wifh  the  bond  were  broke. 
Virgins  figh  to  wear  the  chain  ; 
W^ives  would  fam  be  free  again  : 
We're  ador'd,  when  thou'rt  receiv'd  : 
Ever  after,   we're  enflav'd. 

-<>"<^<S>S>..<..< 

On  liberty, 

CURST    be   the   wretch,    that's 
bought  and  fold, 
And  barters  liberty  for  gold  ! 
For  when  elettions  are  not  free. 
In  vain  we  boall  our  liberty. 
And  he  who  fells  his  fingle  right, 
Would  fell  hi,-,  country,  if  he  might. 
When  liberty  is  put  to  fale. 
For  wine,  for  money,  or  for  ale, 
I'he  feliors  iniift  be  abjeH  flaves. 
The  buyers  viledefigning  knaves. 
This  maxun,  in  the  ilatefnan's  fchooj. 
Is  always  taught  "divide  and  rule." — 
All  parties  are  to  him  a  joke  ; 
While  zealots  foam,  he  tits  the  yoke  : 
When  men  their  reafon  once  refuaie. 
He  in  his  turn  begins  to  fume. 
Hence,  learn,  Columbians,  to  unite  :; 
Leave  off  ihe  old,  exploded  b:tc. 
Henceforth  let  feuds  and  dlfcordsceafe. 
And  turn  all  party  rage  lo  peace. 

.Hv-<^.SS><^  ••■<)••• 

A  modcji  requej}. 

HEAV'N  indulge  me  thisrcqueft, 
What  will  make  a  mortal  bleil. 
Give  me  firll  an  honed  loul 
Subjed  to  no  bafe  controul^ 
To  no  fordid  vice  a  flave. 
But  to  deeds  of  virtue  brave. 
So  much  learning,  as  to  rife 
'Bove  a  pedant  vainly  wife  ; 
So  much  wildom,  as  to  fee 
What  I  am  and  ought  to  be  ; 
And  difcern  the  good  from  ill, 
That  my  circle  I  may  fill  : 
So  much  ccurage,  as  to  choofe 
What  is  right — the  wrong  refufe  ;  ' 
So  much  honour,  to  dildain 
1  hoiights  and  aihtions,  that  are  mean  ; 
Health,  my  powers  to  employ, 
And  my  portion  well  enjoy. 

Grant  me  next  a  Virtuous  wife, 
S'Acet  companion  of  my  life, 
In  my  joys  to  take  a  lliare, 
Partnsr  tec  in  ev'ry  care; 


S5 


Poetry. 


LJuiy, 


Both  from  pnde  and  meannefs  free  ; 

ChetrFul  to  my  friend  and  me  ; 

Pure  in  manners,  and  difcreet  ; 

In  her  drefs  and  perlon  neat  ; 

One,   who,  innocently  gay. 

Can  my  vapours  charm  away  ; 

Ever  {tudious  how  to  pleafe  ; 

Not  pervcrrely  apt  to  teafe  ; 

In  her  temper  calm  and  meek  ; 

Who  can  hear,  as  well  as  fpeak  ; 

To  my  humour  always  kuid  ; 

To  my  foibles  feeming  blind  ; 

Y^et,  with  artfuL  hints  of  love. 

Wife  my  follies  to  reprove, 

I.i  my  pains  to  give  relief 

And  to  flatter  oft  m^'  grief. 

Babes,  that  prattle  round  and  fmile, 

Shall  the  heavy  hours  beguile. 

Blooming  like  the  vernal  flow'rs, 

Rip'ning  into  manly  pov/'"rs  ; 

liuo  virtue  rip'ning  too, 

As  to  manly  nge  they  they  grow. 

Let  mc  afli  ahandiome  plat, 

Not  too   fmall,  uor  very  great, 

Warer'd  v;ith  mcand'ring  ilreams, 

Bleft  with  Phccbus'  nfing  beams. 

I  et  there  be  a  (hady  grove, 

Where  th.-?  mule  and  I  may  rove. 

Here  devotion  too  fhall  come  ; 

For  the  muie  will  give  her  room. 

I  would  have  a  verdant  me^d, 

Where  a  cow  or  two  may  feed. 

And  a  little  nfing  ground, 

Where  my  fiorks  may  fport  around  ; 

An  i;iclofure  for  my  trees: 

Here  variety  will  pleafe  ; 

And  a  garden  let  with  flow'rs. 

To  amuie  my  vacant  hours, 

Fill'd  with  various  kinds  of  fruit 

That  my  health  or  tafte  may  fuit ; 

A  well  cultivated  field. 

Which  a  competence  (hall  yield. 

Not  to  fill  a  mifer's  hoard. 

But  to  feed  my  little  board, 

JEntertam  a  friend  or  fo, 

And  fomething  on  the  poor  bertow. 

Give  me.  too,  a  pretty  feat. 

Not  fiiperb,  but  fimply  neat. 

There  to  lead  a  harmlefs  life, 

Free  fiom  envy  and  from  flrtfe, 

*Till  I  clofe  this  mortal  fcene. 

And  a  better  life  begin. — 

Grant  me  but  ihefe,  no  other  prize 

1.  alkoc  Willi  beneath  the  fkic-s. 


A  mc^mng  ode. 

ARISE,  and  fee  the  glorious  fun 
Moi'rr  in  the  eaftern  ikv  ; 
See,  with  that  majelly  he  comes ; 
W'hat:  fplendor  ilrikes  the  eye  • 


Life,  light.  :h;(J  heal  he  fpreads  abroad 

In  ever  bounteous  11  reams: 
Tlr.5  day  iliall  joyful  myriads  own 

The  iiiliin^nce  of  his  beams. 
Howfrefl),  how  fncetihc  morning  air. 

What  fragrance  breathes   around  ! 
New  lull  re  paints  each  op'nmg  How 'r  : 

New  verdure  clothes    the  ground. 
No  ruftling  ilormsof  wind    or   rain, 

Dillurb  the  calm  ferene  ; 
But  gentle  nature  far  abroad 

Difplays  her  (oftefl  fcene. 
Through  chequer'd  groves,  and  o'er 
the  plain, 

Refrelhing  breezes  pafs, 
And  play  wuh  ev'ry  wanton  leaf, 

And  wave  the  {lender  grafs. 
See  yonder  hlver-gliding  llream 

In  wild  meanders  rove, 
Whilll  from   its  banks,  the  fongfters 
fweet 

Shr'll  echo  through  the  grove. 
They  wiih  thcr  little  warbling  throats 

Salute  the  riling  day  ; 
And  in  untaught,  but  pieafing  ftrains, 

rheir  grateful  homage  pay. 
Oh,  let  us  too,  wuh  fouls  hucere, 

Adore  that  pow'r  divine, 
W  ho  makes  yon  orb  move  thus  com- 
plete. 

Who  bade  his  rays  fo  fliine  ; 
Who  morning,  noon,  and  ev'ningtoo 

liath  wuh   his  favours   blcH, 
And    kindly    gives    the   night's    Hill 
Ihade, 

For  weaned  man  to  ref}. 


•<>•••  <^<S5> 


True  happinefs. 

I   Envy  not  the  proud  their  wealth, 
Jheir  equipage  and  (late  : 
Give  me  but  innocence  and  health  ; 

I  aflv  not  to  be  great. 
I  in  a  Iwtct  retiretnent  find 

A  joy  unknown  to  kings ; 
Forfceptres,  to  a  viniious  mind, 

Seem  vain  and  empty  things. 
Great  Cincinnatus,  at  his  plough, 

With  bri.5ihter  lull  re  fhone. 
Than  gudty  Cajfar  e'er  could  Ihevv, 

1  ho"  fcated  on  a  throne. 
Tumultuous  days,  and  relllefs  nights. 

Ambition  ever  know<  ; 
A  ftrangcr  to  the  calm  delights 

Of  iiudy  and  repole. 
Then  free  from  envy,  rare  and  RriFe, 

Keep  me,  yc  pow'rs  divine  ; 
And  plea-^^'d,  when  you  demand  iny 
life, 

May  1  that  life  reilgn. 


1789.]  Foreign  intelligence, 

FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE, 

LONDON. 

April  23.     The   diet     of    Poland 


83 


has  ai  length  nearly  finifhed  its  fitting, 
which  has  been  the  loiigeft  and  moft 
violent  ever  known  in  that  kingdom. 
The  refult  of  their  deliberations  on 
the  ftate  of  the  nation,  are  to  the  fol- 
lowing effeft  ; 

Military  eftablifliment — one  hun- 
dred thou  land  men. 

Annual  expenfe — computed  at  for- 
ty-eight millions,  five  hundred  and 
thirty-one  thoufand  Folifii  florins,  or 
about  four  millions  Herhng. 

Additional  revenue  to  pay  it — A 
tax  often  per  cent,  on  the  revenues  of 
the  clergy,  and  church  lands,  except- 
ing fuch  as  belong  to  hofpitals  and 
convents. 

April  24.  Pamphlets,  chiefly  in 
the  form  of  dialogue,  are  dilTeminat- 
ing  among  the  French  peafantry, 
treating  on  the  natural  rights  and  li- 
berties of  mankind.  To  this  praftice 
no  oppofition  is  made  by  the  govern- 
ment. 

The  French  have,  with  their  ufual 
gallantry,  gone  further  than  ourfelves 
in  the  plan  of  their  reprefentation. 
They  have  given  to  ladies  the  right  of 
voting,  and  offending  reprefentatives 
to  the  general  aflembly. 

April  25.  The  benevolent  infti- 
tutions  in  this  kingdom,  for  the  relief 
of  diflrefs,  and  the  encouragement 
of  virtue,  are,  it  muft  be  allowed,  ve- 
ry numerous,  and  fupported  with  a 
fpirit  that  does  honour  to  the  humanity 
of  the  inhabitants  at  large.  In  addi- 
tion to  thofe,  one  has  lately  been  in- 
ftituted  in  this  metropolis,  called  the 
philanthropic  fociety,  for  the  efteftual 
relief  of  thofe  who  are  juftly  term- 
ed the  out-cafts  of  fociety — that  is, 
the  children  of  the  vagrant  and  pro- 
fligate poor,  who,  in  their  prefent 
condition,  are  deftined  to  fucceed  to 
the  hereditary  vices  of  their  parents, 
and  to  become,  in  the  next  race,  beg- 
gars and  thieves. 

The   lateft    reports    announce  the 
death  of  the  emperor. 

The  king  of  Sweden  has  obtained 
all  his  views  of  the  diet,  the  equef- 
trian  order  having  not  only  agreed  to 
the  att  of  union  and  fafety,  but  to  all 
the  other  refolutions  taken,  by  the  fe- 
cret  committee,  and  the  other  three 
Vol.  VI, 


orders,  whereby  the  crown  debts, 
from  Charles  XII.  to  the  prefenr, 
and  all  in  future,  are  guaranteed  and 
fccured,  as  payable  by  the  nation. 

April '^0.  The  clcryy  of  the  Ver- 
mandois,  have  fponianeui.lly  and  una- 
nimoufly  renounced  all  their  exemp- 
tions and  pecuniary  privile,!:;es.  Ma- 
ny other  religious  coiifraLermties  have 
followed  fo  laudable  and  generous  an 
example. 

On  Wednelday  la  ft  tne  gold  me- 
dal was  voted  by  the  fociety  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts,  10  capt. 
Peckingham  of  the  navy,  for  his  va- 
luable invention  of  fleering  a  fliip, 
by  an  apparatus  that  can  be  fitted  to 
the  malt  in  a  fecond,  in  the  event  of  a 
rudder  being  carried  away  in  a  florm. 
Progrefs  of  Enghjh  arts.  The 
amphiiheaire,  on  which  Humphreys 
and  Mendoza  are  to  box,  is  entirely 
finilhed  ; — it  forms  an  octagon,  and 
will  contain  two  thoufand  perfons  ; 
but  there  areonly  fifteen  hundred  tick- 
ets worked  ofl,  at  half  a  guinea  each. 
Such    were   the  fliows,    that  erll  lu 

Rome, 
Prefag'd  her  rapid,  final  doom  ; 
WhatRome  now  isjfliall  Britain  be; 
For  fcenes  like    thele  unnerve   the 

free. 
The  Venetians  have  met  with  a 
great  lofs  at  the  ifle  of  Corfu.  The 
arfenal  accidentally,  it  is  fuppofed, 
took  fire  on  the  nth  of  March,  which 
communicated  to  the  powder  magazine. 
A  terrilde  explofion  then  took  place, 
by  which  a  fl-  et  of  galiies  was  almolt 
entirely  dellroyed,  together  with  all 
theflores,  and  the  wall  that  furround- 
ed  the  arfenal.  The  number  of  lives 
loft  was  one  hundred  and  fixiy.  befidcs 
the  prifoners  ;  and  there  have  been  a 
multitude  wounded. 

May  \i.  One  objection  to  I  he  new 
government  in  America,  isthe  expenfe 
of  it.  But  a  gentleman  from  thaj: 
country  alTures  us,  that  the  annual 
expenfe  of  the  prefidcnt  and  congreis 
will  not  amount  to  fo  much,  as  is  an- 
nually allowed  here  to  the  prince  of 
"Wales.  Surely  that  people  muft  be 
poor  indeed — or  their  complaints  are 
groundlefs.  [The  annual  income  of 
the  prince  of  Wales  is  ninety  thoufand 
pounds  fterling — four  hundred  thou- 
fand dollars — and  at  the  raics  agreed 
to  by  congrefs,  fuppofing  that  body 
to  fit  ail  the  year  round,  thefalanesof 

H 


American  intelligence^ 


[July, 


the  prefident,  vice-prefident,  fenate, 
reprefeniatives,  fecretaries  of  depart- 
ments, and  ths judiciary,  would  nota- 
mount  to  near  two  thirds  of  the  fiim  al- 
lowed to  one  lavifli  youni;  fellow — 
two  hundred  and  fixty  thoufaiid  dollars 
being  the  extent  of  it,  from  an  accu- 
rate calculation.] 

Houfc  of  commons.  May  20. 
Slave  trade. 

Alderman  Newnham  prefented  a 
petition  againd  the  abolition  of  the 
fldve  trade,  from  the  merchants  and 
fh  p  owners  of  the  city  of  London, 
deliring  to  be  heard  by  coimfel. 

Lord  Penrhyn  prefented  petitions 
againll  the  abolition,  from  the  planters 
in  the  Britilh  plantations  ;  the  plan- 
ters' mortgagees,  and  annuitants  from 
the  town  of  Liverpool  ;  the  merchants 
of  Liverpool  trading  to  Africa;  the 
manufatlureis  of,  and  dealers  in,  iron, 
copper  and  brafs,  of  the  town  of  Li- 
verpool ;  the  fail-makers  of  Liver- 
pool ;  the  coopers  of  Liverpool ;  the 
Ihipwrights  ot  Liverpool ;  the  gun- 
makers  of  Liverpool  ;  the  block-ma- 
kers of  Liverpool ;  and  from  the  ba- 
kers of  Liverpool ;  all  defiring  to  be 
heard  by  counfel,  againft  the  abolition 
of  the  African  trade. 

Mr.  Blackburn  prefented  a  petition 
from  the  manufafturers  of  goods  for 
the  African  trade,  refideut  in  and 
about  Mancherter,  againll  the  aboli- 
tion. 

Mr.  Gafcoyne  prefented  a  petition 
agamfl  the  abolition  of  the  trade,  from 
the  mayor,  aldermen,  and  corporati- 
on of   Liverpool. 

Mr.  Alderman  Watfon  prefented 
a  petition  againft  the  abolition,  from 
the  merchants,  mortgagees,  and  other 
creditorsof  the  fugar  colonies  ;  and  he 
took  that  opportunity  of  declaring  his 
opinion  to  be,  that  a  fpeedy  abolition 
would  be  repugnant  to  humanity,  to 
juftice.  and  to  found  reafon. 

Lord  Maitland  prefented  a  petiti- 
on from  melfrs.  Burton  and  Hutchin- 
fon,  ai^ents  for  the  ifland  of  Antigua, 
againft  the  abolition, 

Thefe  petitions   were  all  received, 
read,  and  ordered  to  lie  on  the  table. 
Paris,  April  16. 

A  deputation,  it  is  faid,  is  arrived 
from  the  French  American  colonies, 
to  demand  a  difcuflion  of  their  rights, 
bv  the  e'ats  generaux.  1  his  deputa- 
tion coiifills  of  thirty-two  raqmbers^ 


who  will  be  reduced  to  a  more  con- 
venient number. 

AMERICAN  INTELLIGENCE^ 
New  York,  July  6. 

Saturday  laft,  being  the  fourth  of 
July,  when  America  entered  on  the 
fourteenth  year  of  her  independen- 
cy, the  fame  was  obferved  here 
with  every  demonftration  of  joy  ;  at 
fun-rife,  a  falute  was  fired  from  the 
fort  ;  at  fix  o'clock,  the  legionary 
troops  of  general  Malcom's  brigade, 
under  the  command  of  lieutenant  co- 
lonel Chryftie,  paraded ;  then  they 
marched  to  the  fields,  where,  in  the 
prefence  of  a  large  and  refpettable 
concourfe  of  fpeciators,  they  went 
through  a  number  of  manoeuvres,  in  a 
manner  that  would  refleft  credit  on 
difciplined  troops.  At  twelve  o'clock, 
a  feu-dc-joie  was  fired  by  col.  Bau- 
man's  regiment  of  artillery  and  the 
legion  :  at  the  fame  hour,  the  honour- 
able fociety  of  the  Cincinnati  march- 
ed in  proceffion  to  St.  Paul's  church, 
where  an  eulogium,  on  the  memory 
of  the  late  general  Greene,  was  deli- 
vered by  the  hon.  col.  Hamilton,  in 
the  prefence  of  both  houfes  of  con- 
grefs,  and  a  number  of  other  person- 
ages of  diftinftion  ;  after  which, 
they  returned  in  the  fame  form  to  the 
city-tavern,  where  they  partook  of 
an  entertainment  provided  for  the  oc- 
cafion,  drank  a  tvumber  of  patriotic 
toalls,  (a  difcharge  of  cannon  to 
each),  and  fpent  the  day  and  evening 
in  a  manner  that  ever  dillinguifties  the 
fons  of  Columbia  on  this  memorable 
anniverfary. 

With  pleafure  we  announce,  that 
the  prefident  is  confiderably  recover- 
ed from  his  late  indifpofition,  and  has 
for  thefe  few  days  paft,  been  able  to 
take  an  airing  in  his  carriage  ;  but  ftill 
•weareforry  to  fay,  that  his  excellency 
was  not  fufficiently  recovered,  to  par- 
take of  the  joys  of  that  aufpicious  day, 
Bojlon,  July  23. 

The  fociety  of  the  Cincinnati  of  the 
ftate  of  Rhode  Illand,  at  their  annual 
meeting  at  Newport,  on  the  4th  inft. 
exprcfted  their  difapprobation  of  the 
iniquitous  tender-law  of  that  ftate,  by 
crafing  the  name  of  Jofeph  Arnold, 
of  Warwick,  from  the  lift  of  their 
members,  for  difcharging  a  fpecie 
debt  with  their  depreciated  paper 
currency. 


x/Sg.] 


Am.trlcB.n  Intcllitrence, 


[91 


A  letter  from  Seneca,  South  Caro- 
lina, dated  June  4,  fays,  "  About 
three  days  ago,  three  men  were  kil- 
led and  fcalped  by  the  Creek;.,  at  a 
place  called  the  Mulberry,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Georgia  ;  it  is  alfo  re- 
ported here,  that  a  large  number 
of  Creeks  are  on  their  way  for  Tu- 
galu,  in  conlequence  of  which,  guards 
are  polled  there,  in  order  to  protett 
the  iiihabiiants.  Yeflerday,  1  heard 
that  four  hundred  were  fecn  on  their 
inarch  towards  that  place  :  God  only 
knows  what  the  event  will  be." 

A  profpettus  has  been  pubhfhed  at 
Pans,  ottering  to  report  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  three  ellaies,  in  the  lame 
manner,  as  the  debates  in  the  two 
houles  of  parliament  are  done  in  the 
Englilh  prints.  Speaking,  in  thele 
propofals,  of  the  liberty  oi  the  prels, 
the  writer  expreffes  himielt  in  a  man- 
ner the  moR  lingular.  "  It  is  on  this 
palladium  alone"  fays  he,  "  that 
France  is  to  rely,  for  all  her  future 
greatnefs  ;  it  was  through  the  freedom 
of  the  prefs,  that  Ireland  was  im- 
pelled to  make  thofe  fuccefsful  efforts, 
by  which  {he  relealed  herielf  from 
the  fubjugation,  in  which  flie  was 
held  by  the  Englilh  parliament ;  and 
it  is  to  this  alone"  contmues  this 
Frenchman,  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
*'  that  England  herielf  is  indebted  for 
the  fmall  remains  of  liberty,  which 
exill  at  prefent  in  that  kingdom  !  !  I" 

July  22.  The  legiflature  of  the  uni- 
ted ftates  has,  at  length  finally  deter- 
mined on  the  falaries  of  the  great  of- 
ficers of  ftate,  viz.  to  the  prehdent, 
twenty-five  thoufand  dollars,  to  the 
vice-prefident,  five  thoufand  dollars, 
per  annum — to  each  fenator  and  re- 
prefcntative,  fix  dollars,  per  diem — 
and  to  the  chairman  or  fpeaker  of  the 
houfe  of  reprefentatives,  twelve  dol- 
lars, per  diem. 

July  29.  The  prefident  of  the  uni- 
ted ftates  was  fo  well,  as  to  receive  vi- 
lits  of  compliment  from  many  official 
charatlers  and  citizens  yeflerday. 
Baliiviore,  July  28. 

The  legiflature  of  the  Hate  of 
New  York  have  pafled  a  law  for  aj)- 
pointing  feven  commiffioners,  with 
full  power  to  declare  their  aflent, 
that  a  certain  territory,  (Vermont) 
within  the  jurifdiflion  of  that  flate, 
fhould  be  formed  or  erefted  into  a 
new  flate ;  and  Robert  Yates,  Rufus 


King, and  Gulian  Verplanck,  efquires, 
are  appoinced  for  that  purpole  ;  to 
whom  are  added,  Robert  R.  Liviag- 
(ion,  Richard  Varick,  Sinxjn  De 
Witt,  and  John  Lanling,  jun, 
efquires,  who  were  cholen  by  the 
fenate. 

Georgetown^   July  22. 

A  letter  from  a  gentleman  in  Ken- 
tucke,  dated  June  22,  fays,  '"  Th£  In- 
dians hiive  lately  paid  a  vifit  to  our 
new  fetiiement  on  Green  river,  and 
muidered  five  perfons,  who  had  on!/ 
arrived  there  a  few  weeks  before.  As 
this  feitlemeiit  lies  at  a  confiderable 
diilance  from  the  inhabited  parts,  it  is 
feared,  that  the  new  fettlers  will  b-; 
much  expofed  to  the  fury  of  the  fa- 
vages — who  take  every  opportunity  to 
diltrefs  our  country,  where  they  find 
us  weak,  and  oft  our  guard. 

'■  Sad  experience  has  fully  convinc- 
ed us,  that  treaties  with  thofe  people 
have  only  lulled  us  into  an  imaginary 
Hate  of  fafety,  for  which  hundreds 
have  paid  wiih  their  lives  :  in  a  word, 
as  long  as  we  remaui  weak  as  we  arc, 
without  fupport  and  aid  from  the  At- 
lantic ttates,  Kentucke  mull  remain  the 
theatre  of  murder  and  devaftations.** 
Pctei-Jburg,  July    9. 

Virginia  cloth — if  excellent  quali- 
ty, and  very  cheap — may  be  purchaf- 
ed,  almoft  every  day,  of  the  country 
people  who  come  to  town,  for  the 
purpofe  of  making  fale  of  it.  It  is 
infinitely  fuperior  to  any  thing  of  the 
kind  imported,  and  wears  remarka- 
bly well.  This  cloth  is  made  of  cot- 
ton, woven  with  great  tafte,  and  by 
the  ingenuity  of  our  fair,  has  been 
brought  to  fuch  perfection,  as  to  be 
preferred  by  many  to  the  Europe- 
an manufacture*:.  Several  gentlemen 
have  fiirnilhed  thenifelves  with  full 
fuits  of  this  cloih  ;  and,  as  many  others 
are  anxious  to  obtain  it,  we  hope 
that  every  one,  who  profeffes  himfelf 
to  be  a  Virgnian,  will  be  diilinguifli- 
ed  by  his  cloth,  as  it  will  be  promot- 
ing the  manufaftures  of  our  country, 
and  givin*  that  encouragement  to  in- 
duftry,  which  it  ought  ever  to  meet 
with. 

DIED. 

In  Philadelphia.— l^^Mr.  Keene, 
efq.-^Mrs.  Mary  Profter. — Colonel: 
Benjamin  G.  Eyres. — Mr.  Armitage, 

In  Baltimore. — T,  Rulfel,  efq. 

At  Alexaadi  /.-?,— Mr.  G.Richards. 


CONTENTS, 

1.  Interefting  queries,  8i 

a.  Addrefs  of  the  governor  and  council  of  North  Carolina  to  the  prefi- 

fident  of  the  united  ftates,  ibid. 

J.  Reply  of  the  prefident,  22 

4.  Addrefs  of  the  principal  and  faculty  of  Waftiington  college  to  the  pre- 

fident  of  the  united  Hates,  33 

5.  Reply  of  the  prefident,  a^ 

6.  Account  of  the  climate  of  Pennfylvania,  and  its  influence   upon  the 

human  body,  25 

•).  Letter  from  Noah  "Webller,  efq.  to  the  reverend  Ezra  Stiles,  D.  D. 

refpeftingthe  fortifications  in  the  weftern  country,  27 

8.  ElTay  on  the  caufes  of  the  variety  of  «omplexion  and  figure  In  the  hu- 

man fpecies,  go 

9.  Account  of  the  fociety  of  dunkards  in  Pennfylvania,  55. 

10.  Indian  magnanimity,  40 

11.  The  importance  of  the  proteftant  religion,  politically  confidered,  41 

12.  Remarks  on  the  preceding  eflay,  42 

13.  The  benefits  of  exercife  in  preference  to  medicine,  in  chronic  difeafes,  45 

14.  Letter  of  William  Penn  to  his  friends  in  London,  giving  a  defcrip- 

tion  of  Pennfylvania,  46 

15.  Medical  fociety  eftabliflied  in  the  ftate  of  Delaware,  48 
36.  Medical  hiftory  of  the  cortex  ruber,  or  red  bark,                                     50 

17.  Defcription  of  the  cinchona  Caribaa,  51 

18.  Hints  on  the  meafles,  ibid. 

19.  Effefls  of  eleftricity  in  paralytic  cafes,  53 

20.  The  Reformer,  No.  I.  54 

21.  Experiments  on  the  cultivation  of  the  poppy  plant ;  and  the  method 

of  producing  opium,  55 

22.  Journal  of  the  proceedings  of  the  firft   fettlers  of  Plymouth  in  New 

England,  57 

23.  EITay  on  fmuggling,  6r 

24.  Theory  of  earthquakes,  64 

25.  ElFay  on  free  trade  and  finance,  67 

26.  Account  of  colonel  Morgan's  fettlement  of  New  Madrid,  69 

27.  Comparifon  of  the  advantages  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts, 

with  refpefl  to  the  united  Hates,  71 

29.  Mr.  Pinckney's  fpeech  on  the  manumiffion  of  flavcs,  74 

30.  I>etter  on  flavery- — by  a  negro,  77 

31.  The  farmer  and  his  thirteeen  fons,  an  allegory,  80 

32.  Tragical  efFefls  of  fanaticifm,  in  South  Carolina,  82 

Poetry, 

33.  Ode  to  general  Walhington,  85 

34.  Epitaph  on  general  Greene,  8'6 

35.  Happinefs  feated  in  the  mind,  87 

36.  The  wedding-ring,  ibid, 

37.  On  liberty,  ibid. 

38.  The  modeil  requeft,  ibid, 

39.  A  morning  ode,  88 

40.  True  happinefs,  ibid, 

—   -H»»..<v..<®i.^<gBs<s.<^<S>"<>""0" 

Essay  on  drunkennefs — Prefentments  of  the  grand  jury  of   Walhington 
county — Defcriptio  novi  generis  plantae — &c.  &c.   are  under  confideraiion. 

An  American's  remarks  on  a  paffage  in  the  life  of  Capt.  Cooke — remarks 
on  the  caufe  and  cure  of  the  gout — &c.  &c,  {hall  appear  in  our  next, 
Sv  N  D  p.  Y  other  favours    are  received. 


THE 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM, 

For  AUGUST,  1789. 


Cbfervations  on  the  vtility  of  funding 
the  public  d^bts  of  the  united 
Jiates. 

IT  appears  that  a  committee  of 
ways  and  means  has  been  lately 
appointed  by  congrefs,  to  whom  is  re- 
ferred the  report  of  the  committee  on 
the  fupplies. 

The  refult  of  their  inveftigations, 
it  was  expetted,  would  form  an  im- 
portant confideration,  as  aftetting  the 
public  interelts.  But  the  general  ex- 
petlation  will  be  moft  cruelly  defeat- 
ed, as  the  committee,  who  were  to 
report  to  congrefs  the  bulinefs  that 
was  neceflarily  to  be  attended  to, 
previous  to  a  recefs,  have  abandoned 
all  confideration  of  this  ellential 
cbject. 

I  mull  therefore  be  indulged  in 
conveying  to  my  fellow-citizens,  fome 
ferious  remarks  on  the  fubjeft,  hopmg 
they  may  lUmulate  fome  patriot  pen 
to  treat  the  fubjetl  in  a  more  mafterly 
manner  ;  and  that  they  may  induce 
jhe  prelident  of  the  union,  to  recom- 
mend to  the  conlideration  of  the  fede- 
ral councils,  a  point  of  legiflative  at- 
tenti(jn,  fo  intimately  connetied  with 
public  juttice  and  private  rights,  the 
dignuy  and  independence  of  govern- 
ment, both  at  home  and  abroad. 

It  muft  be  confelfed.  that  the  citi- 
zens of  thefe  Rates  polFefs  a  conflitu- 
tion  and  form  of  government,  far 
furpalhng  the  moft  celebrated  that  hu- 
man wifdom  ever  before  ellabliflied  ; 
a  country,  flretching  ihrongli  a  great 
variety  of  climates,  furniQiing  almofl 
every  article  that  can  gratify  the 
wiflies  of  man  ;  abounding  in  in- 
habitants of  an  induftrious,  intelligent, 
and  enterprizing  charatier  ;  a  coun- 
try, too,  already  rich  in  refourccs, 
but  having  the  means  of  multiplying 
them  to  a  much  ampler  extent,  and 
far  beyond  the  demand,s  that  the  uni- 
on will  probably  have  occafion  for. 

It  becomes,  therefore,  an  obvious 
queflion,  why  an  effeftual  provifion 
has  not  been  made  for  fulfilling  all 
the  public  engagements,  as  it  appears 
from  the  molt  accurate  efiimation, 
that  not  above  half  of  the  requifae 

Vol.  VI, 


fupplies   to  the  federal  treafury,  will 
be  drawn  from  the  impoii  f)flcm  ? 

1"he  government  w.ll  not  certainly 
carry  into  efFert  the  piirpofe:.  for 
which  it  was  inititutedj  it  an  adjourn- 
ment of  congrefs  fhoidd  take  place, 
without  the  moft  unequivocal  mea- 
lures  being  taken  to  reitore  public 
credit,  which  can  alone  eliablilh  pri- 
vate confidence. 

This  can  only  be  eflefled  by  fund- 
ing the  public  debts,  by  providing  a 
fufiicicnt  revenue  to  pay  the  interelt, 
and  gradually  to  extinguifh  the  capi- 
tal. 

The  reafons,  that  may  be  adduced 
in  favour  of  this  fyltem,  as  drawn  from 
policy,  detached  from  the  nio/e 
weighty  confideration  of  jiiil  ice.  muft, 
to  every  enlightened  llatelman,  appear 
very  conclufive. 

They  will  perhaps  be  riiore  impref- 
five,  if  arranged  under  different 
heads,  where  each  reafon  will  have 
Its  own  fupport,  and  may  be  dilpaf- 
fionately  contemplated  ;  and  from 
the  force  of  the  individual  argu- 
ments, a  general  refult  may  be  formed. 

I  Ihall  commit  them  to  paper,  as 
they  occur,  without  order  or  con- 
nexion, for  they  want  no  adventitious 
help,  to  enforce  their  conviction. 

ill.  Becaufe  the  funding  a  debt  is 
the  creation  of  an  artificial  capital, 
which,  circulating  through  the  diile- 
rent  orders  of  fociety,  invigorates  and 
enlivens  induflry.  It  is  acknowledged, 
that  the  produce  of  land  and  lai)our 
conftitutes  the  riches  of  every  coun- 
try ;  but  then  the  produce  of  labour 
is  augmented,  in  proportion  to  the 
capital  employed  in  fetting  it  in  mo- 
tion, and  maintaining  it.  The  debt 
of  the  union,  when  the  interefl  is  fe- 
cured  on  fpecific  appropriation?,  will 
conftitute  a  capital,  wb'ch  will  in- 
creafe  the  itock  of  the  country,  and 
confeqiiently  the  national  revenue  of 
the  fociety,  and  will  raife  the  value  of 
real  property  ;  or,  as  mr.  Hume  hap- 
pily exprelTes  it,  "  our  public  fecuri- 
ties,  become  a  kind  of  money,  and 
pafs  as  readily  at  the  current  price,  as 
gold  and  filver, 
N 


94       On  thi  utility  of  funding  the  public  debts  of  the  vnitedfdtes.    [Auguft, 


"  Our  national  debts  furnifli  our 
merchants  with  a  fpecies  of  money 
ihiit  i";  continually  multiplyingon  their 
hands,  and  produces  fure  gain,  befides 
the  jiiofitoi  their  commerce." 

They  will  conllitute  as  valuable  a 
reprclentative  of  alienable  property, 
as  the  precious  metals,  and  will  fave 
an  immenfe  expenfe  to  the  country, 
by  the  fubiiituiion  of  a  cheap,  inllead 
of  a  very  coUly  medium  of  circu- 
latiorh. 

adly.  Becaiife  the  unequal  portion 
of  the  public  debt,  polfelfcd  by,  the  ci- 
tizens of  ihe  refpettive  ilates,  points 
out  the  neccliity  of  immediate  mea- 
liire s  being  taken  to  render  the  public 
fecurities  an  available  property.  A 
fiifpcnfion  of  juliice,  due  to  fuch 
claims,  would  operate  very  partially, 
by  exonerating  one  part  of  the  union 
at  the  expenlt  of  the  other.  Such  at- 
tachment to  local  tnterells  might  dif- 
turb  the  tranquility  of  the  Hates, 
by  creating  ditcontents  and  dtffen- 
lions  on  the  fide  of  the  fuifering  par- 
tics,  who  would  have  reafon  to  com- 
pl-Ain  of  fullairiing  an  undue  propor- 
tion cf  the  public  burdens. 

3d!y.  Bccaufe  public  credit  is  a 
mine  of  wealth,  which  will  lupply  the 
exigencies  of  the  country  with  money, 
attrarkd  from  abroad,  on  the  terms  of 
uiual  interell,  which,  when  employed 
in  the  various  purfuits  of  commerce, 
agriculture,  and  manufactures,  will 
yield  a  profit,  far  fupenor  to  the  rate 
of  inierell  that  is  paid;  the  balance 
will  be  clear  gain  to  the  country, 
and  will  give  it  a  contributive  faculty 
in  fupporting  additional  taxes  :  fo- 
reigners, who  have  once  depofited 
their  wealth  in  thefe  dates,  will  be 
jnterelled  in  their  welfare,  will  be 
attached  to  their  interefts,  and  will 
more  eafily  be  led  to  migrate  here 
with  their  families,  and  thereby 
make  a  valuable  acquifition  to  our 
pcpulation  and  refourres :  for  nothing 
is  more  true,  than  that  "  where 
your  treafure  is,  there  is  your  heart 
alio." 

4thly.  Becaufe  the  critical  fitua- 
lion  of  the  united  flates,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  valuable  pofTcfFions 
of  the  grvat  maritime  powers  of  Eu- 
rope, will  rxpofethem  to  ihenecellity 
of  an  aftive  interference  in  ihe  quar- 
rels of  thole  nations,  if  they  are  not 
in  fu  rcipe£table  a  Hate,  as  to  fupport 


their  neutrality,  and  to  become  for- 
midable to  the  power  that  attempts 
to  provoke  thsm  to  hoitilities. 

A  very  deranged  ftate  of  her  finan- 
ces (laid  open  at  the  alfemblee  des 
notables)  occaiioned  all  the  calamities 
that  France  recently  experienced, 
when  (he  v/as  compelled  to  abandon 
her  allies,  the  patriots,  in  Holland, and 
fuifer  Great  Britain  to  diftate  the 
moft  humil  ating  terms  to  her,  and 
force  her  (ilenily  to  view  a  total  revo- 
lution in  the  politics,  and  government 
of  that  country  ;  by  which  arrange- 
ment, France  loll,  in  one  day,  all  the 
advantages,  which,  by  the  terms  of  her 
treaty,  ihe  might  expeft  to  derive 
from  the  naval  force  of  the  united 
provinces ;  an  objett  which,  for  near 
a  century,  (he  had  been  endeavouring 
to  fecure. 

The  war  of  1739  ^'^*  brought  or* 
Great  Britain  by  Spain,  from  an  ex- 
petiation  of  taking  advantage  of  the 
debilitated  Hate  of  the  Britilh  funds, 
and  gratifying  her  rcfeniments.  It 
terminated  in  the  peace  of  Aix  la 
Chapel  le,  which  increafed  the  na- 
tional debt  of  Great  Britain,  upwards 
of /^. 30. 030. 000  ilerling. 

The  necelhty  of  {hutting  up  the 
CailTe  d'AmortilTement,  and  with- 
holding the  regular  intereft  due  to 
the  public  creditors  in  17,59,  ruined 
the  credit  of  France,  deprived  her 
of  the  power  of  anticipating  her  re- 
venues, to  fupport  the  expenfe  of  the 
war,  and  thereby  gave  an  opportuni- 
ty to  Great  Bruain  to  achieve  fo  glo- 
rious a  campaign. 

In  the  preamble  of  the  late  edift  of 
the  king  of  France,  for  the  negocia- 
tion  of  loans  to  difcharge  the  de- 
mands due  on  the  royal  trefifury,  for 
interell,  &c.  he  evinces  a  moll  point- 
ed attention  to  this  objeft  :  he  thus 
exprelles  himfelf ;  "  From  every  ope- 
ration of  finance,  which  might  tar- 
nilh  the  fidelity  of  our  engagements, 
we  feel  ourlelvcs  fevcrely  interditled, 
not  only  becaufe  wc  Ihall  always  re- 
gard the  obligations  to  their  religious 
difcharge,  as  one  of  our  moft  facred 
duties,  but  becaufe,  fince  the  proper- 
ty of  individuals  is  involved  with  the 
property  of  the  ftate,  it  is  impodible 
that  it  ihould  experience  the  flighted 
concuflion,  without  that  concufTion 
caufing  itfelf  to  be  felt  to  the  extre- 
mities of  the  kingdom." 


1789.]    On  the  utility  of  funding  the  public  debts  of  the  united fiates,  9^ 


The  united  ftates  cannot  expeft 
to  be  exempted  from  the  calamities 
that,  other  nations  have  experienced, 
Trom  a  lofs  of  public  credit,  and  a 
feeble  adminiflration  of  their  affairs, 
Pojitical  mifcondad,  and  a  mifappli- 
cation  of  their  means,  will  inevitably 
degrade  them  in  the  fcale  of  einp:re. 

5thly.  Becaufe  no  argument,  in 
favour  of  a  ful'penfion  of  the  ellablilh- 
ment  of  public  credit,  by  funding  the 
rational  debt,  can  be  drawn  from  the 
inability  of  the  country  ;  as  the  united 
flatcs  evidently  po.Tefs  refources  far 
beyond  the  demands  that  can  be  made 
on  them,  to  fatisfy  every  jufl  and 
equitable  claim.  It  has  become  a 
point  of  ferious  fpeculation  amongll 
the  politicians  of  Europe,  how  far  a 
country,  with  a  government  well  ad- 
miniftered,  will  fupport  taxes  with- 
out the  people  feeling  the  weight  as 
opprelhve,  and  what  portion  of  the 
produce  of  their  land,  of  the  profits  of 
their  labour,  and  of  their  Hock,  may 
be  appropriated  to  public  purpofes, 
without  diminifliing  their  future  con- 
tributive  faculty.  The  exigencies  of 
the  Britifli  government  have  occah- 
oncd  a  greater  relative  demand  on 
the  people,  than  in  any  other  coun- 
try ;  and  let  their  cafe  be  taken  for 
an  example.  The  bell  informed  wri- 
ters eftimate  the  annual  produce  of 
the  lauds  of  Great  Britain  to  be 
worth  /", 60,000,000 

The   annual    profits   of 

manufatlures,  2o,oco,coo 

The   annual   profits   of 

commerce,  sso. 000,000 


/".ioo,ooo,oco 
which  fum  conllitutes  the  full  amount 
of  the  revenue  of  Great  Britain, 
drawn  from  every  foiirce. 

The  payment  of  the  interefl  of  the 
public  debt,  and  the  amount  of  the 
peace  ellablifhment,  require  a  contri- 
DiKion  of  fixteen  millions  fterling. 
See  Zimmerman's  political  furvey, 
page  226.  Peace  eilablifliment,  includ- 
ing civil  lift  expenditure,  /".6,676,ooo 
Intereftof  debt,  95275,769 


....        ,      ^   ,    /-'^jpii-yeg 

wtiich  IS  nearly  a  fixth  part  of  the  an- 
nual revenue  of  the  whole  fociety. 

In  order  to  form  a  comparative 
view  between  the  revenue  of  the  two 
countries,  and  the  refpeftive  demands 


on  them  for  national  purpofes,  it  will 
be  necelfary  to  provide  an  eiliinaie  of 
the  amount  of  the  produce  of  the 
united  ftates,  drawn  from  every  fource 
of  profit.  This  purfuit  will  rather 
lead  into  the  field  of  conjecture,  as 
the  fcience  of  political  arithmetic  has 
been  but  little  cultivated  in  tliis  coun- 
try, and  accurate  data  cannot  be  ob- 
tained. However,  from  the  Hate  of 
other  countries,  we  may  form  feme 
opinion  of   the  relources  of  our  own. 

Great  Britain  polTtffesa  revenue  of 
/^.  100,000,000,  with  a  population  of 
8,000,000  inhabitants.  This  averages 
to  each  individual  £ .  12  10  llerliiig 
per  annum,  including  men,  women, 
and  children. 

The  queftion  now  is,  whether  fuch  a 
calculation  would  be  juft,  if  applied 
to  the  united  Hates.  It  appears,  that 
themoft  productive  fource  of  profit  in 
Great  Britain,  is  agriculture,  which 
attords  more  revenue  than  all  the 
other  objefts  united.  This  purfuit 
cannot  afford  to  the  farming  and 
planting  interefts  in  America,  an  in- 
come far  inferior  to  that  of  the  culti- 
vators in  Great  Britain,  confidering 
the  variety  of  valuable  productions  the 
foil  of  America  furnilhes,  confifting 
of  rice,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  all  fpe- 
cies  of  grail),  hemp,  flax,  &c.  And, 
under  this  head,  may  be  introduced 
the  profit*  of  our  woods,  fupplying 
timber  for  exportation,  naval  llores, 
pot-afii.  &c, 

Befides,  we  have  a  greater  propor- 
tion of  our  inhabitants  employed  in 
this  more  profitable  avocation,  than 
there  are  in  England,  where  the  fur- 
plus  of  people,  exceeding  what  the  de- 
mand for  the  cultivation  of  the  earth 
requires,  are  forced  into  purfuits  con- 
netled  with  commerce  or  manufac- 
tures. Whereas,  the  great  extent 
of  rich  and  valuable  foil  that  this 
country  abounds  with,  will  furnifh  a 
fufficient  number  of  farms  for  an 
amazing  increafe  of  inhabitants. 

If,  then,  the  revenue  of  Great 
Britain  averages  to  each  inhabitant 
£ .\'i  JO  fterling,  per  annum,  what 
may  be  accounted  the  aggregate  amount 
of  that  of  the  united  ftates,  (according 
to  this  calculation)  multiplied  by  its 
population  of  3,000,000  ? 

It  would  be  /'.37,_5oo,ooo  fterling. 
But  fuppofe,  to  prevent  the  poffibili- 
ty  of  cavil  or  objection,  it  liiould  be 


g6    On  the  utility  of  funding  the  public  debts  of  the  united  Jiates.  [Auguft, 


reduced  to  half  this  fum,  (and  furely 
the  mhabiiaius  of  this  country,  one 
with  another,  confume  annually,  far 
beyond  ihe  value  uf  fix  pounds,  five 
Ihillings,  iierlmg,  which  mull  be  drawn 
from  ihe  commodities  produced  in  the 
country)  then  the  whole  revenue  of 
the  uniied  Hates  will  be  reduced  to 
/.  18.750,003.  Iierlmg. 

Now,  the  amount  of  the  annual  re- 
quihtioiis  on  the  people,  (deducing 
amaragcs,  which  may  be  confolidat- 
ed  with  the  capital  of  the  national 
dehi)  for  peace  eflablifhment  and  in- 
terelt  on  foreign  and  domeRic  loans, 
will  be  about  3,000.000  dollars,  or 
/. 6.75.000  ilerling,  which  is  a  twen- 
ty ieventh  part  of  the  revenue  of  the 
Cfv.nitry,  Whereas  Great  Britain  con- 
riibutes  between  a  fixth  and  feventh 
part.  Indeed,  the  fum  rcqiiifite  to  pay 
the  interellof  her  national  debt,  is  e- 
quai  to  the  capital  of  that  of  the  united 
Itates.  Befides,  Great  Britain  is  ac- 
counted to  have  arrived  at  the  zenith  of 
her  power  ;  as  her  population  has  ra- 
ther dimiuiihed,  than  increafcd,  for 
a  conTiderable  period  part.  But  the 
united  Itates  mufl  multiply,  in  an  afto- 
niihliig  degree,  their  refources,  arif- 
ing  from  natural  and  adventitious  in- 
crcafe  of  population,  fale  of  weftern 
iarid?;.  Sic.  Befides,  the  frugal  man- 
ner of  their  inhabitants  occafion  very 
little  expenfe,  and  the  nature  of  re- 
publican government,  averfe  to  pomp 
and  ollentation,  requires  but  a  fmali 
fum  to  fupport  the  ciril  lilt  expendi- 
tures. 

A  great  proportion  of  their  inhabi- 
tants are  freeholders,  and  confequcnt- 
ly  in  the  habit  of  acqu  ring,  preferv- 
ing,  and  increafing  property. 

6thly,  Becaufe  the  demands  of  the 
public  creditors,  who  furnidied  fup- 
plies  and  loans,  or  rendered  fervices 
to  the  government,  in  the  hour  of  its 
dillrefs,  are  fo  refpcflahle,  and  appeal 
fo  flron;;ly  to  the  compallionate  feel- 
ings of  [he  people,  as  well  as  to  their 
fenfe  of  jufiice,  that  their  caufe  has 
become  very  popular  throughout  the 
union.  For  the  per  pie,  in  their  col- 
lective  capacity,  love  judice,  inde- 
p:;n(ient  of  the  national  advantages  to 
be  df'rived  from  its  fupport.  It  was 
therefore  expecicd,  that  one  of  the 
firll-  atls  of  governinenf,  would  be  to 
relieve  their  neceliities,  by  an  effec- 
tual and  permanent   prinifiou  ;  elpe- 


cially,  when  it  was  confidered,  with 
what  eafe  this  relief  may  be  extended, 
and  how  little  the  people  would  be 
burdened  by  the  arrangement.  For 
what  is  received  by  one  hand,  will 
be  paid  by  the  other,  with  re f peel  to 
all  that  is  drawn  from  taxation,  to 
anfwer  thefe  purpofes.  The  national 
flock  of  the  community  will  not  be 
at  all  impoverilhed,  as  the  whole  a- 
mount  would  foon  returu  into  the 
common  mafs  of  circulation. 

7thly.  Becaufe  it  has  been  the  in- 
variable policy  of  all  wife  nations, 
not  only  to  pay  the  intereft  of  their 
public  debts,  but  to  diminifh,  as  far 
as  their  refources  would  admit,  the 
capital ;  by  which  means,  the  great 
burdens,  ;hat  a  period  of  war  may 
have  laid  on  the  people,  have  been 
gradually  removed  by  applying  the  re- 
fources of  peace. 

Great  Britain,  between  the  years 
1727  and  1739,  which  lad  was  the 
commencement  of  a  Spandh  war,  re- 
duced her  national  debt /"., 5, 137, 612 
fterling.  Between  1748,  the  treaty 
of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  and  the  year 
"^ISSi  '^^  beginning  of  a  French 
war,  there  was  another  rcduhion  of 
/3s72i 5473  fterling.  Between  1762, 
the  treaty  of  Paris,  and  the  year  1775, 
the  beginning  of  the  American  war, 
there  was  a  further  redutlion  of 
/". 10,739,793.  And  fince  the  laft 
year,  there  was  an  extinftion  of  two 
milions  of  the  national  debt,  and  rr.ea- 
fures  have  been  adop'ed  for  a  perma- 
nent continuance  of  this  progreffive 
diminution. 

Other  nations  have  been  compelled 
to  have  recourfe  to  the  fame  plan  of 
arrangement,  not  only  gradually  to 
eafe  the  burdens  of  their  fubjetls,  but 
to  convince  the  world  of  their  re- 
fources, the  only  fure  prefervative  a- 
gainll  the  attacks  of  foreign  powers. 

Should  congrefs  fuffer  the  intereil 
on  the  public  debt  annually  to  accumu- 
late, it  will  occafion  a  progrelfive  in- 
creafe  of  the  capital,  which  will  greatly 
embarraf?  the  finances  of  the  union. 

8ihly.  Becaufe  a  fyllem  of  taxa- 
tion, confined  to  the  impoll,  which  is 
known  to  be  inefficient  to  anfwer  the 
purpofe  of  paying  the  interefl  of  the 
publ-ic  debts,  and  provide  for  other 
necelfary  expenditures,  argues  an  un- 
willingnefs  to  do  jiiflice  to  all  parties, 
or  a  difinclination  in   the  people  to 


1789-1     ^'^  ^^'^  utility  cf  funding  thi  public  debts  of  the  united  Jlates,      9.7 


fubmit  to  any  other  fpecies  of  reve- 
nue. The  fonrier  is  oppofed  to  every 
principle  of  the  federal  con({iiution, 
and  may  be  faral  ro  the  tranquility  as 
well  as  repiitaiioii  cf  the  union.  The 
latter  has  a  tendency  equally  inaufpi- 
cious ;  It  announces  to  the  world,  in 
the  plained  language,  our  extreme 
impotence  and  conhned  refources,  or 
befpeaksthe  American  people  as  im- 
patient under  the  rcilraints  of  good 
government,  and  notdifpofed  to  con- 
iribuie.to  its  fupport ;  which  no  evi- 
4lence  of  their  conduct  affords  a  foun- 
dation to  prefume. 

On  the  contrary,  to  tread  back  the 
paths  of  injullice,  to  rellore  public 
and  private  credit,  to  convince  the 
nations  of  the  world  of  the  abundant 
power  and  refources  polFeffod  by  the 
united  Hates,  feem  to  be  the  ruling  ob- 
jefts  of  their  political  attentions  and 
wifhes. 

As  the  impofl  is  a  tax  which  dimi- 
nilhes  in  iis  produce,  by  the  increale 
of  its  rates  (from  the  temptation  and 
encouragement  itallords  toillicit  trade) 
recourfe  mull  be  had  to  other  taxes ; 
or  the  executive,  by  the  exertions  of 
a  high-handed  authority,  mull  call 
forth  the  necefTary  means  to  conlli- 
tute  the  defence  of  the  country  in  times 
of  imminent  perd  and  diftref"!.  Be- 
fules,  it  is  impollible  to  equalize  the 
contributions  of  the  peoph,  by  the 
operation  of  any  fingle  fpecific  tax. 
It  IS  compelling  an  arm  to  fupport  the 
burden  intended  for  the  whole  body. 
There  never,  furely,  wa>  a  more  fa- 
vourable opportunity  to  collect  reve- 
nue from  every  different  fource,  than 
at  the  prefcnt  moment,  when  the  peo- 
ple are  difnofed  to  view  with  a  favour- 
able eye,  all  the  operations  of  the  new 
government. 

gthly.  Becaiife  it  is  the  praflice  of 
all  wife  governments,  to  fund  their 
public  fenintie?,  as  foon  as  they  can 
obtain  fuHicient  revenues  from  taxa- 
tion :  as,  whiifl  they  continue  floating 
in  the  market,  with  no  legiflative 
providon  to  fupport  them,  they  become 
depreciated, and  thereby  d  I  (courage  any 
further  loans  to  government.  France 
has  repeaiediv  paid  much  inore  than 
the  value  of  what  Ihe  received  in 
loans,  at  a  period  of  the  greateft  de- 
clenfion  of  her  credit.  Even  Great 
Britain,  who  has  been  fo  invariably 
auachedtoiis  fupport,  has  been  forced 


to  fubmit  to  very  unfavourable  terms, 
from  a  fufpicion  (generally  entertain- 
ed) that  her  refources  were  not  fuf- 
ficient  to  fund  the  heavy  debt  (he  wa» 
contracting  during  the  American  war. 
In  the  loan  of  1782,  Ihe  borrowed 
i~. 7, 5^50,000,  for  which  (lie  gave 
/^.  13,500,000  of  the  three  per  cents, 
thus  eUimating  them  at  ,54  per  cent. 
which  was  an  abfolute  lols  of  46  per 
cent,  as  this  fund,  in  the  year  1755, 
was  at  par. 

It  is  problematical,  whether  the 
united  ftates  could,  however  preding 
the  emergency,  in  the  prefent  derang- 
ed Hate  of  her  finances,  the  general 
want  of  confidence,  and  the  unufiial 
fcarcity  of  money,  negociate  a  loan 
to  any  extent,  fuch  as  national  pur- 
pofes  might  demand. 

lothly.  Becaufe  the  united  flates  muff 
be  materially  injured,  from  the  public 
fecurities being  alienated  to  foreigners, 
who  Will  naturally  purchafe  exienfive- 
ly,  whilft  they  are  at  fo  low  a  rate. 
The  holders,  from  the  fcarcity  of 
money,  are  compelled  to  difpofe  of 
them.  Whereas,  were  they  once 
funded,  they  would  become  an  avail- 
able property,  eafily  negociable,  and 
would  form  a  fupplementary  medmm 
of  commerce,  and  aid  the  circula- 
tion. By  fuch  means,  domefiic  loans 
would  be  facilitated,  whenever  the 
government,  prelled  by  fudden  emer- 
gencies, was  incapable  of  augmenting 
Us  ordinary  revenue,  and  mull  depend 
on  the  anticipation  of  its  refources. 

iithly.  Becaufe  the  public  credi- 
tors, throughout  the  union,  in  ratify- 
ing the  federal  conftitution,  acquicf- 
ced  in  the  alienation  of  the  impoll 
(which,  in  fome  of  the  Hates,  was  an 
appropriated  fund,  for  the  payment  of 
the  intereft  due  to  them,  on  the  pub- 
lic fecurities  of  the  united  ftates)  un- 
der the  fulleft  perfuafion,  that  they 
fhould  not  fuffer  by  the  abandonment 
of  this  productive  fund  ;  but  that  full 
retribution  would  be  made  to  them, 
under  the  operation  of  the  federal  fyf- 
tem.  They  were  more  (Irongly  im- 
preffed  with  this  idea,  from  the  un- 
varying language  of  congrefs  on  this 
fiibjeft,  which  hitherto  has  left  no 
room  to  doubt  the  good  intentions  of 
our  federal  councils. 

i2ihly.  Becaufe  the  eftablifhment 
of  public  credit,  by  the  operation  of 
the    funding    fyftem,  will,  by  fettiojj 


9S 


On  marj/JaSturing  jhgar,  from  the.  map'lc  tree*  [AuguO, 


in  motion  a  large  capital,  which  is 
row  lyini;  dormant,  effect  a  reduc- 
tion in  the  interelt  of  money,  to  the 
great  benefit  of  the  landed,  cominer- 
<jial,  and    nianufattunng  purfuits. 

The  public  advantages,  that  will 
be  derived  from  this  fource,  will  be 
confiderable,  as  the  national  expen- 
ditures will  diminifli  proportionally 
with  the  decline  of  intercll. 

Great  Britain  exhibits  a  ftriking 
inflancc  of  the  benefit  to  be  derived 
from  fiich  arrangements.  Her  ad- 
miniftration,  at  different  periods,  re- 
duced the  intereii  of  the  public  debts, 
with  the  confent  of  the  creditors  ; 
from  6  to  5  per  cent.m  the  year  1717  ; 
from  510  4  per  cent,  in  (he  year  172^?  ; 
and  from  4  to  3  per  cent,  from  the 
year  1750  t<>i  i  7,57  ;  by  which  reduction 
an  annual  favmg  of  /,  1,266,9 71 
llerling;,  was  effected. 

i3th!y.  Becaufe,  fliould  a  fum  in- 
f?ifhcient  to  pay  the  interelt  of  the 
vhole  debt  be  levied,  the  domelHc 
creditors  will  fufpetl  that  a  prefe- 
rence is  intended  to  be  given  to  the 
foreign  lenders,  which  will  occafiou 
great  clamour  and  uneaHnefs. 

Such  a  conduct  in  government,  will 
have  the  appearance  of  rendering  juf- 
tice  to  the  fubjec's  of  a  foreign  coun- 
try, which  has  the  power  of  remedy- 
ing its  wrongs,  and  of  being  perfidious 
to  Its  own  citizens,  who  may  be  impo- 
tent and  unprotected,  and  can  only  liie 
for  juilice,  in  forma,  pauperis.  1  his 
would  be  the  reverfe  of  the  conduct 
of  other  nations,  vvhofe  charity,  like 
that  of  individuals,  ufually  begins  at 
home. 

When  the  diflurbances  happened 
between  Great  Britain  and  Holland, 
it  was  prcpofcd  that  the  former  fliould 
attempt  to  cripple  theencmy,  by  with- 
holding the  fupplies  of  annual  interell 
for  monies  placed  in  her  funds.  Ihat 
country  jif^ffefied  a  fpirit  fuperior  to 
fiich  tricking  practices.  •  But  no  in- 
■itance  can  be  adduced  in  hillory,  of  a 
.country  that  gave  a  preference  to  fo- 
reigners, and  devoted  us  own  citizens 
to  deHruftion.  It  would  be  a  fpe- 
cics  of  political  fuicidc.  The  remit- 
tances made  to  the  Dutch,  for  the  in- 
tereft  on  their  loans,  will  never  return 
ainongft  us.  Whereas,  what  is  paid 
to  the  American  creditors,  will  not  in 
the  lead  dimijsilh  the  capital  ltoi.k  of 
the  country. 


This  is  by  no  means  a  reflexion  that 
is  intended  to  authorize  a  fufpenfion 
of  the  Dutch  claims ;  but  it  may  lead 
to  theconfideration,  how  far  it  would 
be  advileable  to  negociate  with  that 
people,  for  a  prolongation  of  the  time 
of  payment,  as  this  country  has  hither- 
to ^owed  its  gieat  fuccels  to  the  profit- 
able employment  of  foreign  capitals, 
the  advantages  attending  which,  have 
far  exceeded  the  intereft  that  is  paid, 
and  the  furplus  conllitutes  a  clear  gaia 
to  the  cominunity. 

••■o-  <^  <SB  <^  -«••• 

Ohftmations  on  vmnufaB^iring  fu' 
gar  from  the  fap  of  the  maple 
tree.* 

IT  is  now  many  years  fince  experi- 
ments were  firlt  made  of  manufactur- 
ing fugarand  melades  out  of  the  mapl-e 
tree,  which  is  found  in  abundance,  in 
many  parts  of  the  united  Hates ;  and, 
writers  of  the  firll  reputation  in  Eu- 
rope, have  mentioned  the  fame  thing, 
as  often  pratlifed  there.  The  quality 
of  the  maple  juice,  on  the  branches 
and  head- waters  of  the  Stifquehanna 
and  Delaware,  has,  of  late,  been  fre- 
quently tried,  and  found  to  be  re- 
markably rich.  But,  though  there  is 
ample  proof,  that  the  farmer,  with  a 
little  care  and  pains,  may  add  much 
to  the  comfort  and  health  of  his  fami- 
ly, by  an  abundant  fupply  of  maple 
melaffes  and  fugar — and,  that  he 
may,  moreover,  obtain  a  good  profit, 
by  making  them  for  fale  ;  yet,  too  lit- 
tle attention  has,  heretofore,  been  paid 
to  it.  There  feems  at  this  time,  how- 
ever, to  be  a  difpofition  for  culti- 
vating all  the  natural  advantages  of 
our  country,  and  manufaduring,  in 
fuch  quantities,  as  circumftances  may 
admit,  every  article  in  which  we  are 
able  profitably  to  engage. 

It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  the 
friends  of  home  manufattures  will 
think  it  advifable  to  apply  fome  of 
that  thought  and  exertion,  which  they 
have  lately  manifcdcd,  to  giving  the 
manufdfture  of  American  melalTes 
and  lugar  a  fair  trial. 

The  owners  of  lands  of  this   kind 


*  Various  receipts  for  mavvfac- 
t.uring  maple  J u gar,  maple  melaffes.^ 
maple  wine.  &c.  may  be  feen  in  the 
American  Mufeum,  vol.  iv.  page  349. 


17890 


0 11  manufaEluring  fugar,  fiom  the  mapk  tree. 


(and  the  ftate  is  a  confiderable  owner 
of  iuch  lands)  will  afo  find  them- 
felvcs  interefted  in  the  fuccefs  of  an 
atltmpt  to  bring  maple -fugar  into  ge- 
neral ufe. 

All,  who  are  oppofed  to  the  (lave 
trade,  will  find  the  means  of  family 
fupplies,  of  both  fiigar  and  melaffes, 
without  the  labour  of  the  unhappy 
people,  who  are  the  objefts  of  that 
trade. 

And,  laflly,  the  inducements  to 
foreigners,  to  migrate  into  our  coun- 
try, will  be  increafed,  by  this  new  me- 
thod of  adding  to  the  comforts  of  life, 
and  the  early  profits  of  a  farm. 

As  the  lubjett,  here  offered  for 
confideration,  is  very  little  known  to 
fome  among  us,  it  may  be  ufeful  to 
give  fome  particulars  rcfpefling  it, 
which  may  be  relied  upon  as  true. 

The  fugar  maple  tree  is  found  in 
great  abundance,  in  the  weftern  parts 
of  Ulfter  and  Albany  counties,  and 
throughout  Montgomery  county,  in 
the  ftate  of  New  York — as  alfo,  in 
the  adjoining  counties,  of  Northamp- 
ton, Luzerne,  and  Northumberland, 
in  Pennfylvania.  Though  it  may  be 
found  in  other  places,  thefe  are  men- 
tioned, becaufe  they  comprife  a  great 
fugar  maple  country,  adjacent  to  mar- 
ket ;  and  becaufe  the  fatts,  which  are 
the  foundation  of  thefe  obfervations, 
have  taken  place  in  thofe  counties. 

The  juice  of  the  maple  tree,  in  that 
great  trart  of  country,  is  every  year 
made  into  melaffes  and  fugar,  by  more 
than  fifteen  hundred  families,  who  gen- 
erally ufe  their  common  kitchen  pots, 
camp  kettles,  &c. — fo  fimple  is  the 
procefs ;  a  few  only  working  with  fuit- 
able  veffels,  and  with  pot-afh  ket- 
tles, which  anfwer  the  fame  purpofe 
very  well.  The  fugar  making  occu- 
pies but  three  or  four  weeks  in  the 
year — that  is,  from  about  the  J5ih  or 
«oth  of  February,  to  the  i5thor2oth 
of  March — a  feafon,  when,  it  is  well 
known,  the  farmer  has  little  other 
employment.  A  man,  with  three  or 
fourchildren  either  girls  or  boys,  will 
very  eaGly  make  1500  pounds  weight, 
in  the  above  feafon  of  three  or  four 
weeks ;  fo  that  it  will  require  no  ex- 
pcnfe  of  wages  to  hired  people, 
where  there  arc  children  old  enough 
to  carry  a  pail  of  water  or  juice,  or  to 
teed  a  fire  with  light  fuel.  Thofe, 
however,   who  incline  to  apply  to  it. 


9<) 

as  the  means  of  increafing  the  income 
of  their  lands,  may  very  eafily  manu- 
f.itture  hogiheads  of  it,  with  a  few 
hired  hand?,  and  few  pounds  value  of 
fuituble  ketiles,  pails,  and  ladles. 

The  mod  experienced  people,  in 
the  counties  above-mentioned,  have 
declared,  that  a  tree,  if  carefully 
tapped,  will,  for  many  fucceeding 
years,  yield  fap  or  juice  enough  to 
make  five  pounds  of  fugar,  in  the  fea- 
fon ;  and  it  is  a  certain  fa£l,  that  up- 
wards of  thirty  hogfiieads,  a  confi- 
derable part  of  which  was  equal  to 
fine  Mufcovado,  were  made  laftlpring, 
in  the  family-way  only,  by  the  far- 
mers fettled,  fince  December,  1785, 
upon  a  body  of  lands,  lefs  than  eight 
miles  fquare,  around  Cooper's-town, 
on  the  Oilego  Lake,  at  the  head 
of  the  north-eaft  branch  of  Sufque- 
hanna. 

It  is  the  intention  of  thofe,  who 
are  now  moving  in  this  bufinefs,  to 
endeavour  to  give  eafe  to  the  farmer, 
in  making  thefe  valuable  and  wholc- 
fome  articles,  by  providing  a  confi- 
derable number  of  neat,  well-formed 
iron  kettles,  which  will  contain  about 
fifteen  gallons  each  ;  and  which  will  be 
fold  reafonably — alfo  to  publifli  a  few, 
clear,  and  proper  rules  and  direftions, 
for  making  both  the  fugar  and  melaf- 
fes, which  will  be  carefully  coliefled 
from  thofe  who  have  been  accuflomed 
to  boiling  fugars  on  the  above  land*, 
and  in  the  VS/eft  Indies. 

They  have  confidered,  likewlfe,  the 
befl  method  of  preferving  the  fugar, 
when  made,  which  will  be,  to  put  it  Into 
tight  cafks  that  will  keep  it  fafe,  if  floi  ed 
in  leaky  houfes,  or  brought  down  the 
rivers  upon  rafts,  without  a  covering, 
or  in  open  boats.  A  careful  and  con- 
tinued attention  is  intended,  hereafter, 
to  be  applied  to  this  fubjett;  and 
every  ufei^ul  hint  and  information,  that 
can  render  the  bufinefs  of  the  farmer, 
in  making  fugar,  more  eafy  or  more 
profitable,  publifiied  for  his  confi- 
derawon. 

But  as  the  various  inducements, 
to  encourage  the  manufafturing  of  fu- 
gar, are  very  fcrious  and  important, 
b.otli  to  the  community  and  individuals, 
it  is  propofed,  immediately,  to  open 
a  fubfcription  for  buying  it,  with  rea- 
dy money,  for  a  term  of  years,  of 
perfons  who  may  bring  il  fvrfale  10 
I  he  city  of  Philadelphia. 


joo       DireBiOnsJor  manvfdBuring/ugar./fom  ta(  maple  tree,       [Auguft, 


DirtSltonsJor  mdnufaEluring fugar, 
from  the  maple  tree. 

IF  the  lap  is  drawn  inio  wooden  vef- 
fels,  care  fliould  be  taken  that  they 
are  made  of  fuch  wood,  as  will  not 
give  the  liquor  a  bad  tafle.  Some  ma- 
ple fiigar  has  a  difagreeable  talte,  oc- 
cafioned,  as  I  have  been  informed, 
by  the  fap  having  been  put  into  trays 
made  of  the  white  walnut.  If  the 
moulds  are  made  of  wood,  they  alfo 
Ihould  be  made  of  fome  kind  of  tree 
ihat  vvill  give  no  tafte.  The  greateft 
part  of  the  maple  fugar  I  have  ieen, 
has  too  fmatl  a  grain  ;  which  is  ow- 
ing to  two  caules  ;  one  is,  ihe  makers 
of  it  do  not  ufe  lime  or  lye,  or  any 
thing  elfe,  to  make  it  granulate  ;  the 
other  is,  that  they  boil  the  fugar  too 
niuch — The  quantity  of  lime  necef- 
fary  to  anfwer  the  purpofe,  I  can- 
not cxattly  afcertain  ;  but  I  fup- 
pofe  a  heaped  fpoonful  of  Hacked 
lime,  would  be  fufficient  for  about 
fix  gallons  of  fap.  A  judicious  per- 
fon,  after  a  few  trials,  would  be  able 
to  Hx  the  due  proportion.  It  may, 
however,  be  proper  to  mention,  that 
if  the  quantity  of  lime  is  too  fmall, 
the  fugar  will  not  be  fufficiently 
grained  ;  if  too  much,  it  will  give  the 
fugar  a  reddifli  call.  I  have  before 
obferved,  that  the  fngar  (hould  not 
be  boiled  fo  much,  as  has  been  the 
common  practice.  That,  from  which 
runs  about  one-fixth  of  its  weight  in 
melalFes,  in  twenty  four  hours  after 
it  is  put  to  drain,  I  thiwk,  has  been 
boiled  properly  ;  perhap>,  in  three  or 
four  weeks  afterwards,  it  will  run 
the  like  quantity  of  melafTes,  making 
the  whole  of  the  running  about  one- 
third  the  weight  of  the  green  fugar. 
It  is  probable,  that  thofe  who  have 
been  accuftomed  to  high  boiling,  in 
order  to  get  as  much  fugar  as  pollible 
in  the  firft  procefs,  will  not  approve 
of  this  method,  but  perhaps  may  be 
better  reconciled  to  it,  when  they  are 
informed,  that  if  they  boil  this  mc- 
lafles  or  fyrup  with  ftrong  lime-wa- 
ter, one-third  of  the  latter  to  two- 
thirds  of  the  melalTe?:,  there  is  reafon 
to  expeft  it  will  make  good  fugar,  al- 
though not  equal  to  the  firil  fort. 

I  (hall  now  proceed  to  give  fome 
directions  for  the  making  of  maple- 
fugar. 

L«t  all  the  fap  that  has  been  col- 


lefled  in  one  day,  be  boiled  the  day 
following,  Icll  it  (hould  ferment,  in 
which  cafe  the  fugar  would  be  lefs 
in  quantity,  and  worfe  in  quality,  la 
carry  on  the  bufincfs  with  the  greatelt 
advantage,  there  Ihould  be  three  ket- 
tles of  different  dimenfions.  Thefc! 
kettles  ihould  be  fixed  in  a  row,  the 
fmalled  at  one  end,  the  middle  lized 
next,  and  (he  largell  at  the  other  end. 
— \\  hen  there  is  a  quantity  of  fap 
collected,  put  as  much  in  ihc  largeft 
kettle  as  can  be  conveniently  boiled 
in  it  ;  then  throw  in  as  much  lime  or 
lye  as  may  be  deemed  neccffary  to  make 
the  liquorgranulate.  Keep  a  moderate 
fire  for  fome  time,  and,  as  the  fcum 
rifes.  take  it  off  with  a  {kiminer  ;  after 
the  liquor  is  pretty  clear,  increafe  the 
fire,  and  boil  it  bnfkly,  'till  fo  much 
is  evaporated,  as  that  which  remain* 
may  be  boiled  in  the  middle  kettle;* 
into  which  che  liquor  mull  be  drained 
through  a  blanket ;  under  this  kettle, 
keep  a  good  fire,  and  take  eft  the 
fcum  as  It  rifes.  As  foon  the  liquor 
is  taken  from  the  large,  and  put  into 
the  middle  kettle,  frefli  fap  mull  be 
put  into  the  former,  and  treated  as 
before  direfted,  and  fo  on,  till  all  the 
fap  is  boiled. 

When  the  liquor  is  fufficiently  eva- 
porated in  the  middle  kettle,  to  admit 
its  being  boiled  in  the  (mallelf,  it  muft 
be  put  into  the  lad,  where  it  muft  be 
boiled,  until  it  gets  to  a  proper  confif- 
tency  to  make  fugar.  When  the  li- 
quor is  taken  from  the  middle  kettle 
into  the  fmallelt,  the  former  mull  be 
fupplied,  a^  is  before  directed,  from 
the  laroell,  and  the  largell  wiin  frelh 
fap.  The  liquor,  in  the  imall  kettle, 
muft  be  boiled  brifkly,  until  it  gets 
pretty  thick,  when  the  fire  fliould  be 
leffenedjto  nrevent  its  burning.  Wherr 
the  liquor  rifes  in  the  kettle,  a  piece 
of  butter  or  fat,  the  fize  of  a  hazle- 
nut,  may  be  thrown  in  ;  if  this  quan- 
tity does  not  make  it  boil  flat,  more 
fhould  be  added,  until  it  anfwcrs  the 
purpofe,  and  this  mull  be  reprated 
as  often  as  the  liquor  rifes.  When 
it   is  boiled  enough,  which  may   be 

N oi  E . 

*  Some   liquor  fhould   be  left   in 

the  large    kettle,  if  an  iron   one,  o- 

thrrwife  there  would  be  a  danger  of  it» 

fplitting,  upon  putting  in  cold  Lquor. 


iri 


.] 


Remarks  on  the  bejl  method  of  raijing yovng  h<rgs. 


known  by  the  manner  *  of  its  roping 
between  the  thumb  and  Hnger,  it  muft 
be  put  into  a  cooler  or  tub,  when  the 
fmall  keule  mull  be  lupplied  with  h- 
quor  from  the  middle-hzed  one,   that, 
with  more  from    the  largefl,  and  the 
large  one   with  frefh  fap,  as  is  before 
directed.       When   one-third   of   the 
fap,  that  has  been  collerted,  is  boiled 
and  put  into    the  cooler,  it   mult    be 
ftirred  brifkly   about    with  a   flirring 
flick    (which   may    be    made   like    a 
fmall  paddle)  until  it  grains,  when    it 
may  be  left,  (if  the  bufinefs  has  been 
well  done)  until  another  third  of  the 
liqiioris  boiled,  and  put  intothe  cooler  : 
it  mull  be  then  moved  about  with  the 
flirring  llick,  until  it  is  well  mixed  toge- 
ther— when  the  remainder  of  the  liquor 
is  boiled  and  put  into  the  cooler,  it  muft 
again  be  moved  about  with  the  flir- 
ring flick,  until  the  whole  is  well  mix- 
ed,   when  it  mull  be  put  into  moulds ; 
earthen  would   be  bell  ;  but  wooden 
moulds   may  be    made  to   anfwer  the 
purpole,  by   nailing  or  pinning  four 
boards  together,  fo  fhaped,  as  to  make 
the  mould  one  inch  diameter  at  the 
bottom,  and  ten  or  twelve   inches  at 
the  top  ;  the  length  may  be  two  feet, 
or  two  feet  and  an  half — thefe  moulds 
niufl.  be  clolely   Hopped   at  the  fmall 
ends,  with  old  coarle  linen,  or  fome 
fuch  thing,  and  fet  up  with  iomething 
to  flay  them  ;  the   fugar  mull  then  be 
taken  from  the  cooler,  and  poured  in- 
to the  moulds — next  morning,  the  Hop- 
pers muft  be  taken  out,  and  the  moulds 
be  put  on  troughs,  or   fome   velTel  to 
to  drain  their  melalTes.     In  the  even- 
ing, the  loaves  mull  be  pierced  at  the 
fmall  ends,  to   make  them  run   their 
fyrup  freely — this  may  be  done  by  driv- 
ing a  wooden  pin,  (ftiapedlikea  marl- 
ing fpike)  three  or  four  inches  up  the 
loaf;  after  which  they  muft  be  left  to 
drain  their    melaires,  which   will    be 
done  in  a  fhorter  or  longer  time,  ac- 
cording as  the  fugar  has  been  boiled. 

No  part  of  the  bufinefs  requires 
greater  attention  than  granulating  or 
graining  the  fugar  in  the  cooli  r,  and 
afterwards    frequently    obfeiving   the 


*  Dip  a  flick  into  the  liquor,  ap- 
ply the  thumb  to  it,  and  take  part  of 
what  adheres  to  the  ftick,  then  draw  it 
two  or  three  times  between  the  thumb 
and  finger. 

Vol.  VI. 


ftate  it  is  in — if  too  thick,  it  mav  be 
remedied,  by  boiling  the  remaininsT  li- 
quor lovv^er,  than  that  which  was  boil- 
ed before — if  too  thin,  by  ftirnng  the 
cooler  again,  and  boiling  the  remain- 
der of  the  liquor  higher,  or  more. 

A  SUGAR  BOILER. 

Philadelphia,  Aiigujl  21,  17 89. 

^^  The  making  of  fugar  is  quite 
common  and  eaty,  with  a  fingle  ket- 
tle of  any  fize. 

Remarks  on  the  beJl  mode  of  raijing 
young  hogs  :  addrcjjcd  to.  and pub- 
lijhed  by,  the  Philadelphia  coun~ 
ty  Jbctety,  for  the  promotion  of 
agriculture  and  domejiic  manu- 
failures. 

Gentlemen, 

IT  is  with  pleafure  I  communicate 
an  experiment  I  lately  made,  to 
difcover  the  beft  method  of  railing 
young  hogs.  Having  frtquenily  been 
informed  that  pigs  would  thrive  beft, 
if  turned  into  a  good  clover  field, 
with  the  fow  ;  but  having  never  ve- 
rified it  by  my  own  oblefvadon  •,  I 
was  induced  to  make  the  fullcwin^f 
accurate  experiment. 

A  fow,  two  years  old.  of  the  Eng- 
lifli  and  Guinea  breed,  had  feven 
pigs ;  at  a  month  old,  in  a  ftate  pro- 
per to  make  good  roafters,  1  felected 
three  of  the  bell,  and  put  thenij  with 
the  fow,  into  a  field  of  ten  acres, 
very  luxuriant,  with  red  and  whiie 
clover,  with  fome  little  timothy  and 
blue  grais  ;  in  fhcrt,  they  could  not 
be  in  better  padure.  They  hadalfo  the 
advantage  of  Ihade,  a  fine  fpring  of  wa- 
ter to  drmk  or  wallow  in  at  pleafme, 
and  the  common  wafh  of  the  kitchen. 
Their  weight,  whc-n  turned  out,  was 
eleven,  twelve,  and  thirteen  pounds. 
The  remaining  four  were  put  into  a 
flable  by  themfelves ;  they  had  plenty 
of  clean  flraw,  and  as  much  fkiin^ned 
milk  as  they  could  drink  ;  the  weight 
of  three  of  them  was  nine,  ten,  and 
thirteen  pounds.  The  refult  of  the 
experiment  was,  that,  in  three  weeks 
time,  from  their  being  put  up,  thofe 
with  the  fow,  with  all  the  advanta- 
ges abovementioned,  and  the  milk 
of  the  feven,  weighed  lixteen,  feven- 
teen,  and  nineteen  pounds ;  (he  three 
in  the  liable,  twenty-five,  twemy-two, 
and  nineteen  pounds  j    which,    toge-- 


JC8 


Remarks  on  raiftng  calves  without  nezo  milk. 


(Auguff, 


ther,  make  fourteen  pounds  weight 
in  favour  of  the  latter,  to  which  we 
Ihnuid  alfo  add  the  four  pounds  a- 
gainfl  them,  when  firft  put  up,  which, 
added,  make  eighteen  pounds  fupe- 
Tior  to  the  former. 

Our  farmt  rs,  in  general,  are  too 
ne.i^ligent  of  their  young  ilock  of  eve- 
ry kind.  It  is  ciiRomary  for  them 
to  fiiffcr  the  mother  and  young  to 
{hift  for  themfelves ;  all  animals  grow 
in  the  inverfe  ratio  to  their  age,  and 
iherefore  the  younger  they  are,  the 
more  ncccfTary  to  give  them  plenty 
of  food,  if  you  defire  them  lo  ac- 
euire  the  full  growth,  of  which  their 
nature  is  capable.  An  animal,  ilunt- 
cd  when  young,  never  thrives  after- 
wards equally  with  thofe  which  have 
iiad  juftice  done  them.  I  am  fati^fi- 
ed,  from  a  htile  experience,  ihat  a 
flntter  attention  to  the  railing  of  our 
cattle'and  ftock  of  all  kind?,  would 
give  us  a  breed  on  our  farms,  eqiial 
to  any  in  the  world,  and  would,  at 
the  fam.e  time,  add  grcaily  to  our 
»wn  wealth  and  that  of  our  country. 
1  am,  gentlemen, 

your  friend, 
George  Logan. 
Stenton,  June  25,   1789. 

"Remarks on  raifingcalves  without  new 
imlk.  Addrejfvdto  the  Philadelphia 
ceiinty  agricultur aljocicty , 
Gentlemen, 

IL  AT  E  LY  obferved,  in  mr. 
Young's  valuable  annals  of  agri- 
culture, iome  obfervations  on  rear- 
ing of  cattle,  by  his  grace  the  duke  of 
Northumberland,  His  grace  obferves, 
that  he  had  entertained  an  idea, 
that  (kimmed  milk  migh;  be  prepared, 
with  proper  ingredient*,  effettually 
to  anfwer  the  purpofe  of  raiftng 
calves,  at  one-third  of  the  expenfe  of 
feeding  them  with  new  milk.  This 
is  an  object  worthy  the  attention  of 
your  focietv,  becaufe  calves  are  fre- 
quently dellroyed,  as  foon  as  dropped, 
where  the  owner  of  the  cow  has  occa- 
fion  for  the  new  milk  ;  or  are  fold  to  the 
butcher,  at  ^n  early  age,  when  their 
fkin  and  fl<jfh  are  of  little  value.  His 
jrracc  obfcrvc?.  that  the  articles  to  be 
added  to  the  tlunmed  m'lk,  are,  trea- 
cle, and  the  common  hnfeed  cake, 
{".round  very  fine.  Mr.  Young,  in 
his  lemarks  on   ihc  above  informa- 


tion, fays,  there  are  two  objefts  in 
rearing  calves,  each  of  which  is  of 
great  importance*  ;  firH,  to  effect  it 
without  the  alfiftance  of  any  milk  at 
all,  and,  fecond,  to  improve  {kimmed 
milk,  (o  as  to  render  it  more  nutriti- 
ous;  it  being  well  known,  that  there 
IS  a  prodigious  difierence  in  the  growth 
and  thriving  of  the  animal,  when  fed 
with  new  or  fkimmed  milk.  The 
ra.fing  calves,  without  milk,  was  an 
object  of  the  fociety  of  arts  in  Lon- 
don, and,  they  rewarded  a  mr.  Budd 
for  his  method,  which  v;ar.,  feeding 
them  on  a  gruel  made  wuh  ground 
barley  and  oats.  Mr.  Young  made 
a  trial  of  this  method  without  fuccefs  ; 
as  he  has  alfo  done,  in  a  variety  of 
cafes,  of  raifing  calves  without  any 
milk.  The  pollibility,  bethinks,  as  yet 
remains  in  uncertainty.  Mr.  Young 
ihinks  well  of  the  plan  recommended 
by  the  duke  of  Northumberland, 
which  he  had  tried  in  two  inftances, 
with  fuccefs. 

Could  we  difcover  a  method  not 
only  to  raifc  calves,  but  to  make 
good  veal  for  the  butcher,  v.-uhout  the 
life  of  new  milk,  it  might  induce  our 
farmers  to  keen  their  calves  to  five  or 
fix  weeks,  at  which  age  the  meat' 
would  be  much  better,  and  the  fkins 
much  more  valuable,  particularly  for 
boot-legs,  than  when  killed  young. 

In  order  to  make  fome  difcovery 
on  this  fubject,  I  lately  made  the 
folldwing  experiment — I  had  two 
calves  nearly  of  the  fame  age  and 
condition  ;  the  one,  from  a  fine  young 
cow,  was  confined  in  a  clean  airy 
liable,  and  had  the  cow  turned  into 
him  three  times  a  day,  from  an  ad- 
joining field  of  good  clover. 

The  other,  at  three  days  old, 
was  taken  from  the  cow,  and  confin- 
ed in  a  dark  liable,  well  littered  with 
clean  flraw,  every  two  days:  for  the 
firll  week,  he  had  as  much  new  milk 
as  he  could  drink,  three  times  a-day, 
when  it  was  changed  to  fkimmed 
milk,  having  two  or  three  handfuls 
of  fine  Indian  meal  ffirred  into  it: 
after  fufferm.i^  liim  to  drink  plentiful- 
ly of  this  mixture,  he  was  every 
morning  and  evening  crammed  with 
two  bolufes  of  the  fize  of  a  hen's  egg, 

NOTE. 

*   S.ef  American  Mv.fenm^  vol,   Ih 


jyZg.^        Addrefsofthtfenates-ndaJfemblyofthefiattofKctoYork.         ic^j 


made  wich  Indian  meal,  linfeed  oil, 
and  an  egg.  One  week  before  the 
calf  was  killed,  the  oil  was  omitted, 
as  it  is  reported  to  give  the  flelh  of 
animals,  fed  on  linfeed  cake,  a  difa- 
greeabie  lalie. 

Tlie  refult  of  the  experiment  was, 
that  the  veal,  fed  with  the  oil,  was 
one  pound  and  a  quarter  heavier  than 
the  other,  and  was  rather  fuj^erior  to 
it  in  every  other  refpett,  not  havmg 
the  leaft  talie  of  the  oil,  of  which  I 
was  apprehenfive. 

At  the  fame  time,  that  the  oil  is 
very  nourifliing.  it  tends  to  keep  the 
body  open,  which  is  of  great  advan- 
tage in  the  fattening  of  any  animals. 
I  have  experienced  a  very  great  ad- 
vantage in  the  ufe  of  a  fmall  quanti- 
ty of  oil,  in  bringing  ftall-fcd  oxen 
rapidly  to  a  condition  fit  for  the  knife. 
1  am,  gentlemen, 
with  great  refpeft, 

your  friend, 
Ge  orge  Logan. 

Stenton,  Avgujl  ^,   '7%- 

Pubuflied  by  order  of  the  foCy'ety, 
fVtUiam  Lardner,  fee.  pro.  tern. 

To  the  prejident  of  the  united Jlates 

of  America. 
The  refpeElful  addrefs   of  the  fenate 

and  aJJcmUy  of  the  Jlate   of  New 

York. 

S  I   R, 

WHILE  our  country  at  Urge 
bears  a  chearful  tefliinony  to 
your  dillinguillied  virtues  and  fer- 
vices,  we,  the  fenate  and  afTembly  of 
the  ftate  of  New  York,  avail  ourfelves 
of  the  earlielt  opportunity,  fince  your 
election  to  the  prefidency  of  the  united 
ftates,  to  prefent  you  our  fincere  and 
afletlionate  congratulations,  upon  your 
appointment  to  that  illudrious  ftation. 

The  citizens  of  this  ilate,  in  the 
coiirfe  of  the  late  deflrutiive  war, 
preffed  by  calamities  and  dangers, 
with  grateful  admiration  beheld  you 
difplaying  the  brighteft  military  ta- 
lents for  their  defence  and  fafety  ; 
and,  when  thefe  were  no  longer  ne- 
cefiary,  their  prayers  and  acclama- 
tions attended  you,  retiring  from  the 
head  of  a  vitiorious  army,  to  the  en- 
joyments of  domeftic  life. 

After  fuch  dillinguiflied  proofs  of 
fortitude  and  moderation,  no  motive, 
but  the  pureft  patrioiifm,  could  have 


induced  you  to  liften  to  rhe  voice  of 
your  country,  and  to  rea'Tume  the  ar- 
duous dunes  of  a  public  flation. 

We  are  confident,  fir,  of  expreflin;; 
with  fidelity,  the  fentiments  of  ihe  free- 
men of  this  fiate,  when  we  alTure  you 
of  the  regard  they  have  for  your  per- 
fon — of  the  confidence  they  repoie  in 
your  wifdom — and  of  the  firm  expec- 
tation they  entertain,  that  youradmi* 
nillration  will,  by  the  bleffing  of  At- 
mighty  God,  be  glorious  to  yourfelf, 
and  happy  for  your  country. 

Permit  us  to  add,  that  we  fnall  do 
all  in  our  power  to  make  your  leii- 
dence  in  this  flate  agreeable  ;  and  at 
all  times  be  ready  to  afford  you  our 
unued  aid  and  fiipport. 

In  behalf  of  the  fenate, 

Pierre  Van  Cortlandt,   Prcfident. 
In  behalf  of  the  alTi'mbly, 
Gulian  Verplattck,  fpeaker, 

Albany,  July  15,   1789. 

president's  answer. 
To    the   fenate   and    ajfembly    of  the 
jiate  of  New  York, 
Gentlemen, 

TH  E  affectionate  congratulations 
of  fo  refpedable  a  public  body^ 
as  the  fenate  and  houfe  of  reprel'enta- 
tives  of  the  (late  of  New  York,  on 
my  eledion  10  the  prefidency  of  the 
united  flates,  fill  my  brealt  with  the 
moil  pleafing  fenfations. 

In  the  fortitude  and  perfeverance 
of  the  citizens  of  this  (late,  even  a- 
midlt  the  calamities  and  dangers,  v;ith 
which  they  were  furrounded  in  the 
Ifite  war,  I  found  a  refource,  which 
it  always  gave  me  pleafure  to  acknow- 
ledge, in  the  flrongell  and  moft  grate- 
ful terms.  I  may  alfo  be  permitted  to 
add,  that  the  fatisfattion  I  experienced 
in  retiring  to  the  enjoyments  of  domef- 
tic  life,  wa5  greatly  enhanced,  by  a  re- 
flexion,that  their  public  virtue  had  been 
finally  crowned  with  complete  fuccels. 

I  am  now  truly  happy,  that  my 
motives,  for  reaffuming  the  arduous 
duties  of  a  public  flation,  have  met 
with  your  approbation.  And,  at  the 
fame  time,  I  intreat,  you  will  be  per- 
fuaded,  that  nothing  could  be  better 
calculated  to  encourage  me  to  hope 
for  profperity  in  the  execution  of  the 
duties  of  my  office,  than  the  aflur- 
ances  you  have  given,  of  the  favourable 
fentiments  and  expectations  ot  tke 
freemen  of  your  Itate. 


1*4  AUdr^fs  oftkepret,  epifcopal  church  to  the  prefident  of  the  U.  S.   [Aug, 


I  requeft,  gentlemen,  that  you  will 
accept  my  bell  thanks,  for  your  polite 
intimation,  that  you  will  do  ev.ery 
thmg  in  your  power  to  make  my  refi- 
dence  in  your  (late  agreeable  ;  as  well 
es  for  your  patriotic  promife  of  being 
always  ready  to  afford  your  united  aid 
and  lupport. 

George  Washington, 

M>-^B>^^^  •■<>..• 

Addrefi  of  the  convention  oj" the  pro- 
tfjlnu.  efpifcopal  church,  in  the 
Jiates  of  New  York,  Nezp  Jerfey, 
PenvfyLvania,  Delaware^  Mary- 
ford.,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina, 
held  at  Philadelphia  ; 

To  the  prefident  of  the  united  fates. 
Sir,       , 

WE,  the  bifhops,  clergy,  and 
la;ty  of  the  proteflant  epifcopal 
church,  in  the  Hates  of  New  York, 
New  Jerfey,  Pennfylvania,  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  V  irginia,  and  South- 
Carolina,  in  general  convention  af- 
if-mbled,  beg  leave,  with  the  higheft 
veneration,  and  the  mot!  animating 
national  conhderations,  at  the  earlielt 
jnonicnt  in  our  power,  to  exprefs  otir 
-  cord'al  joy,  on  your  election  to  the 
chief  magiftracy  of  the  united  flates. 
When  we  contemplate  the  fhort, 
hui  eventful  hiflory  of  our  nation — 
when  we  recolieti  the  feries  of  efTen- 
tial  fervices  performed  by  you,  in 
the  courfe  of  the  revolution,  the 
temperate,  yet  efficient  exertion  of  the 
migluy  powers  with  which  the  nature 
of  the  contert  made  it  ueceffary  to  in- 
veit  vou — and  efpecially  when  we  re- 
member the  voluntary  and  inagnani- 
niQii<;  relinquifhmcnt  of  thofe  high  au- 
thorities, at  the  moment  of  peace — 
we  anticipate  the  happinefs  of  our 
country,  under  your  future  adminif- 
iration. 

But  It  was  not  alone  from  a  fucceA- 
ful  and  virtuous  ufe  of  thofe  extraor- 
dinary powers,  that  you  were  called 
from  your  honourable  retirement,  to 
the  firft  dignities  of  our  goverment. 
An  alTeLtionate  admiration  of  your 
private  charafter — the  impartiality, 
the  perfevcring  fortitude,  and  the  en- 
ergy with  which  yoMf  public  duties 
have  been  invariably  performed — and 
(he  paternal  folicitude,  for  the  happi- 
nefs of  the  American  people — toge- 
ther with  the  wifdoin  and  confuir.mate 


knowledge  of  our  affairs,  manifeftet} 
in  your  fall  military  communication, 
have  directed  to  your  name  the  uni- 
yerfal  wifh,  and  have  produced,  for 
the  Hrfl  time  in  the  hiUory  of  nianr 
kind,  an  example  of  unanimous  con- 
fent,  in  the  appointmeiit  of  the  go- 
vernor of  a  free  and  erilightened  na- 
tion. 

To  thefe  confiderations,  infpirinj 
us  with  the  mofl  pleafing  expettations, 
as  private  citizens,  permit  us  to  add, 
that,  as  the  reprefentatives  of  a  nu- 
merous and  extended  church,  we  moft 
thankfully  rejoice  in  the  election  of  a 
civil  ruler,  defervedly  beloved,  and 
eminently  diftinguifhed  among  the 
friends  of  genuine  religion  ;  who  has 
happily  united  a  tender  regard  for  o- 
ther  churches,  with  an  inviolable  at- 
tachment to  his  own. 

With  unfeigned  fatisfatlion,  wg 
congratulate  you  on  the  eflablilhment 
of  the  new  conftitution  of  govern- 
ment for  the  united  ftates  ;  the  mild, 
yet  e'hcient  operations  of  which,  we 
coafidently  truft,  will  remove  every 
remaining  apprehenfion  of  thofe,  with 
whofe  opinions  it  may  not  entirely 
coincide,  and  will  confirm  the  hopes 
of  its  numerousfriends.  Nor  do  thefe 
expeftaiions  appear  too  fanguine,when 
the  moderation,  patriotifm,  and  wif- 
doin,of  the  honourable  members  of  the 
federal  legiflature  are  duly  ccnfider- 
ed.  From  a  body  thus  eminently  qua- 
lified, harmonioufly  co-operating  with 
the  executive  authority  in  conlf  itunon- 
al  concert,  we  confidently  hope  for  the 
reftoration  of  order  and  our  ancient 
virtues — the  extenfion  of  genuine  reli- 
gion, and  the  confequent  advancement 
of  our  refpeftabiliiy  abroad,  and  of 
our  fubllantial  happinefs  at  home. 

We  devoutly  implore  the  Suprenie 
Ruler  of  the  univerfe,  to  preferve 
you  long  in  health  and  profperity — an 
animating  example  of  all  public  and 
private  virrues — the  friend  and  guar- 
dian of  a  free,  enlightened,  and  grate- 
ful people — and  that  you  may  finally 
receive  the  reward  which  will  be  giv- 
en to  thofe,  whofe  lives  have  beer] 
fpent  in  promoting  the  happinefs  of 
mankind, 

WILLIAM  WHITE, 
Bifhop  of    the    proteflant    epifciipal 

church   in    the    commonwealth    of 

Pennfylvania,  and  prefident  of  th« 

convention. 


jySg-j 


The  P rej^dcnt' s  anfwer. 


105 


SAMUEL  PROVOOST,  D.  D. 

Biftiop  of  the  proteftaiU  epifcopal 
chuich,  in  the  llate  of  Nevv  York, 
though  prevented  by  indiipofition 
from  attending  the  iate  general  con- 
vention, he  concurs  iincerely  in  this 
particular  att,  and  fubfcnbes  the 
prelent  addrefs  \viih  the  greateil  fa- 
tisfaction. 

NEW    YORK, 

Benjamin    Moore,    D.   D.    affiftarit 

mmiiler  of  Trinity  Church,  in  the 

city  of  New  York. 
Abraham    Beach,     D.   D.     afTiftant 

miniiler  of  Tritiity  Church,  in  the 

city  of  New  York. 
Mofes  Rogers. 

NEW    JEH.SEY. 

William  Frazer,  rector  of  St.  Mi- 
chael's church,  Trenton,  and  St. 
Andrew's  church,    Amwell. 

Uzel  Ogden,  rector  of  I'nnity  church, 
in  Newark. 

Jienry  Waddell,  reBor  of  the  church- 
es of  Shrewfbury  and  Middleton, 
New  Jerley. 

George  H.  Spieren,  reflor  of  Sr. 
Peter's  church,  Perth  Amboy,  New 
Jerfey. 

John  Cox. 

Samuel  Ogden, 

R.  Strettell  Jones. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Samuel  Magaw,  D,  D.  rector  of  vSt. 

Iciui's.  and  provofi  of  the  uuivcrfi- 

tv  of  Pennfylvania. 
Robert  Blackwell,   D.  D.   fenioraf- 

fiftant  mmifler  of  Chrilt  church  and 

St,  Peter's,   Philadelphia. 
Jofeph  Pilmore,    rettor  of  the  united 

churches  of  Trinity,    St.  Thomas 

and  All  Saints, 
Jofeph  G,  T.   Bend,  afTiflant  minif- 

ter  of   Chnft  church  and   St.    Pe- 
ter's, Philadelphja. 
Francis  Hopknilon. 
Gerardus  Clarl^lon. 
Tench  Coxe, 
Samuel  Powell. 

D  E  L  A  W  A  R  E  . 

Jofeph  Coiiden,  rertor  of   St.  Ann's. 

Stephen  Sykes,  A.  M.  rettor  of  the 
united  churches  of  St.  Peter's  and 
St.  Matthew,  in  Sulfex  county. 

James  Sykes. 

M  A  R  y  L  A  N  n . 

William  Smith,  D.  D.  now  provoft 
of  the  college  and  aca(]emy  of 
Philadelphia  ;  but  appointed  cleri- 
cal deputy  for  Maryland,  as   rector 


of  Chefter  parift,  in  Kent  county. 
Thomas  John  Clagget,   rcftor  of  St. 

Paul's,  Prince  George  county, 
Cohn     Fergufon,    D.  D.    rector    of 

St.  Paul's. 
John     Biffett,     A.     M.     reflor    of 

Shrewfbury  panfli  Kent,  county. 
William  Frifby. 
Richard  B.  Carmichacl. 

VI.HGINI  A. 

Robert  Andrews, 

SOUTH    CAROLINA. 

Robert  Smith,  rertor  of  St.    Philip's 

church,  Charlellon. 
^\  .   W.   Burrows. 
William  Bnfbane. 

Augujl  7,  1789, 

?  R  E  S  1  n  E  N  T  '  S      A  N  S  %V'  E  R  . 

To  the  bijhops,  clergy,  end  laity  of 
the  protejlant  cpijcopal  church  in 
the  Jlatcs  of  New  York,  Nezu  Jer- 
J'ly,  Pennfylvania,  Delaware,  Ma- 
'ryland,  Virginia,  and  South  Caro- 
lina, in  general  convention  ojfem- 
bled. 

GENTLE. MEN, 

I  Sincerely  thank  you  for  your  af- 
fectionate congratulations  on  my 
cledion  to  the  chief  magiftracy  of  the 
uniied  dates. 

After  havingreceived,  from  my  fel- 
low-citizens in  general,  the  moft  libe- 
ral treatment— after  having  found 
themdifpofed  to  contemplaie,  in  the 
moR  flattering  point  of  view,  the  per- 
formance of  my  military  fervices,  and 
the  manner  of  my  retirement  at  the 
clofe  of  the  war— I  feel,  that  I  have 
a  right  10  confole  myfelf,  in  my  pre- 
fent  arduous  undertakings,  with  a 
hope  that  they  will  Hiil  be  inclined  to 
put  the  moR  favourable  conRruSiou 
on  the  motives,  which  may  influence 
me  in    my  future  public  tranfaHions. 

The  fatisfattion,  arifing  from  the 
indulgent  opinion,  entertained  by  the 
American  people,  of  my  conduct,  will, 
I  triifl,  be  iome  fecurity  for  prevent- 
ing me  from  doing  any  thing,  which 
might  juftly  incur  the  forfeiture  of 
that  opinion — and  the  confideration, 
that  human  happinefs,  and  moral  du- 
ty, are  infeparably  connefted,  will  al- 
ways continue  to  prompt  me  to  pro- 
mote the  progrefs  of  i\\z  former,  by 
inculcating  the  practice  of  the  latter. 

On  this  occafion,  it  will  ill  become 
me  to  conceal  the  joy  I  have  felt,  in 
perceiving  the  fraternal  atieflion  whuK 
appears    to  increafe  every  day  amon^ 


io6      On  dejlroying  the  wevil.—Oi  thef.>iances  and  debts  of  the  U.  S.  [  Augufl, 


the  friends  of  genuine  religion.  It 
aHorcls  edifying  profpefts,  indeed,  to 
fee  chriftians  of  dirterent  denomina- 
tions dwell  together  in  more  charity, 
and  condui:t  themCeUes,  in  refpect  to 
each  other,  with  a  more  chnll.an-l.ke 
fp  rit,  than  ever  they  have  done,  in 
any  former  age,  or  m  any  other  na- 
tion. 

I  receive,  with  the  greater  fatisfac- 
tion,  your  congratulationson  the  eila- 
bliflimentof  the  new  couRiiution  of 
government  :  becaufe,  I  believe,  its 
mild,  yet  efficient  operations,  will  tend 
to  remove  every  remaining  apprehen- 
fion  of  thofe,  with  whofe  opinions  it 
may  not  entirely  coincide,  as  well  as 
to  confirm  the  hopes  of  its  numerous 
friends  :  and,  becaufe  t!ie  moderation, 
pitriotifm,  and  wifdom  of  the  prefent 
federal  legiflature,  feem  topromife  the 
relloration  of  order  and  our  ancient 
virtues  ;  the  extenhon  of  genuine  re- 
ligion, and  the  confequent  advance- 
ment of  our  refpettability  abroad,  and 
of  our  fubdantial  happinefs  at  home. 

I  requeR,  mod  reverend  and  re- 
fpefted gentlemen,  that  you  will  ac- 
cept my  cordial  thanks  for  your  de- 
vout fupplications  to  the  Supreme 
Rulerof  the  univerfein  behalf  of  me. 
May  you,  and  the  people  whom  you 
reprefent,  be  the  happy  fubjetls  of 
the  divine  beneditlions,  both  here  and 
hereafter  ! 

G.  WASHINGTON. 

Method  of  dejlroying  the  flying  zuevil, 
in  Bavaria,  in  a  letter  from  mr, 
Walpole,  minijler  from  the  court 
of  Great  Britain,  at  Munich,  to 
the  marquis  of  Carmarthen,  fccre- 
tary  of  flat  e. 

A  PERSON  put  on  a  heap  of 
corn,  thyme  and  fweet  marjo- 
rum,  and  changed  eachof  thefe  plants 
every  tweniyfour  hours,  m  hopes  of 
difcovering  one  which  would  anfwer 
his  purpofe.  Hemp  was  alfo  tned  ; 
he  took  a  handful,  and  put  it  on  a 
heap  of  corn,  and  found  the  next 
morning  that  the  heap  was  full  of  we- 
vils.  Thefe  little  black  animals 
feem  to  have  a  fmell  of  a  curious  na- 
ture, fince  they  find  the  bad  fcent  of 
hemp  agreeable,  and  it  appears  they 
like  the  foft  rind  of  it.  I'his  hand- 
ful of  hemp  was  picked  out  of  the 
granary,  and  winnowed,  and  put  again 


on  the  corn.  The  refuk  was,  that  in 
five  days  ;^ftcrv.'ard>,  there  wort  no 
wevils  to  be  feen  in  the  faid  heap 
of  corn.  In  the  feafon,  when  there 
was  no  green  hemp,  they  made  ufe  of 
mouldy  old  hemp,  and  with  equal  fuc- 
cef<:,  except  that  it  required  a  longer 
time  to    dellroy  thcfe  infeBs. 

The  wevils  appeared  again,  in  the 
month  of  May,  the  following  year,  in 
lefs  quantities,  and  at  that  period, 
there  was  only  the  tow  or  heards  of 
hemp  that  was  already  prepared  to 
fpm  ;  nevertheiefs,  the  fuccefs  was  the 
fame,  and,  in  eight  days  time,  all  the 
wevils  were  removed.  Perhaps  li- 
nen might  beufed,  fteeped  in  the  juice 
of  hemp,  where  the  hemp  is  not  culti- 
vated, and  the  event  might  turn  out 
equally  fucccf-ful.  However,  it  is 
neceffary  to  fiiake  the  hemp  well, 
that  is  put  on  the  corn,  and  to  (Ur  (he 
corn,  if  in  great  quantities,  in  order  to 
bring  the  wevils  to  the  furface. 
This  experiment  was  made  alfo  in  a 
rainy  fummer,  when  it  was  neceffary 
to  collccl.  together  the  fiieaves,  which 
were  very  wet,  and  carry  them  into 
the  granary,  which,  of  courfe,  occa- 
fioned  a  fermentation  in  the  barn,  as 
v^ell  as  the  granary,  and  from  that 
caufe,  produced  many  wevils.  Hemp 
was  made  ufe  of  very  early  in  the 
fpring,  and  the  corn  ftirred  at  the  fame 
time,  and  as  the  exceffive  heat  arofe 
from  it,  the  wevds  difappeared. 

Thoughts  on  the  finances  and  debts  of 
the  united  fates. 

I  HAVE  had  my  attention  feri- 
oufly  engaged  by  the  publication 
of  the  eftimate  of  the  fupplies  requi- 
fite  for  the  united  ilates  in  the   year 

On  inveftigating  this  eftimate,  con- 
tained in  the  report  of  a  committee  of 
congrefs,  it  appears,  that  the  annual  de- 
mands on  the  union,  forthe  civil  lift  ex- 
penditures, the  inftalments  due  on  fo- 
reign leans,  and  the  intereft  on  the  fo- 
reign and  donieftic  debt,  amount  to 

dollars.      90 
3,207,056.  21 

Dedufl    inflalments, 
and  premium  on  the  loan    490.962.  89 

2,716,133.  22 
which  is  the  clear  amount  of  the  an- 
nual contributions  forthe  fupport  or 


J729-J 


On  thcfvarcfs  and  debts  oftktunitedflates. 


lo: 


government  :  for  tVie  payment  of  the 
niftalmemsis  a  liquidation  of  fomuch 
of  the  capital  of  the  fure.gn  debt, 
which,  by  being  extingmihfd,  will 
require  a  proportionally  leis  fiim  to 
be  raifed  in  fublequent  years,  for  in- 
tercft.  . 

As  for  the  various  arrearages,  which 
the  report  takes  notice  of,  and  which 
forro  the  balance  of  the  fum  total, 
tkey  are  not  to  be  confideredas  an  an- 
nual demand,  but  w:il  probably  be 
confolidated  with  the  capital  of  the 
debtj  and  the  interelt  thereon  be  alone 
required. 

So  far  from  room  fordefpondency, 
in  the  minds'  of  the  good  people  of 
thcfe  Ratesj  by  fuch  a  reprcfentation 
cf  their  affairs,  it  exhibits  the  moft 
flattering  and  favourable  profpects. 
The  annual  requifitions  will  not  a- 
mount  to  a  dollar  per  head.  efl'iTDating 
the  population  of  the  union  at.  three 
millioTts  :  a  fmall  demand,  m  exchange 
for  fuch  invaluable  blelhngs,  as  peace, 
IPberty,  and  independence  ;  and  which 
muil  be  lightly  felt  in  a  ctuintry  that 
can  afiord  to  pay  three  fhillings  per  day 
to  a   common  labourer. 

It  is  not  probably  a  founh  of  the 
contributions  that  we  fliould  have  been 
compelled  to  furnifh  towards  our  pro- 
portion of  the  national  debt  of  Great 
Britain,  if  we  had  remained  under  the 
domination  of  that  haughty  and  ex- 
afling  nation. 

■  But  let  us  enquire  what  is  the  re- 
lative fituation  of  other  countries,  with 
refpeft  to  the  quantum  of  public  con- 
tributions. 

Great  Britain,  under  the  opera- 
tion of  a  government,  that,  it  muft  be 
cwifefled,  pays  pointed  attention  to 
her  agricultural,  commercial  and  ma- 
nufafiuring  purfuits,  flounlhes,  not- 
withRanding  an  accumulation  of  pub- 
lic debt,  that  demands  an  annusl  fup- 
p'y  of  fixteeii  millions  fterling,  to  fa- 
tisfy  its  interefl,and  fuppart  her  other 
expenCes. 

But  the  people  are  fo  little  opprefT- 
ed  by  thefe  demands,  that  they  arc  en- 
afbled,  with  eafe,  to  raife  by  taxation, 
afufficient  fum  to  conftitute  a  finking 
fund,  which,  in  the  courfe  of  the  lall 
year,  extinguiflied  two  millions  of  the 
Capital  of  the  national  debt. 

Calculating  on  eight  millions  of  in- 
habitants, in  Great  Britain,  there 
will  be  apportioned  to  each  individual. 


as  an  annual  contribution,  forty  fhil- 
lings, Jlerling,  which  is  between  eight 
and  nine  dollars  per  head.  What  a 
flattering confideration,  forthe  citizens 
of  the  unted  ftates,  arifes  out  of  the 
comparative  fituation  cf  the  two  coun- 
tries ! — But  what  renders  the  reflexion 
flill  more  pleafing,  is,  that  (ireat  Bri- 
tain may  be  deemed  flationary,  if  not 
declining,  in  her  population,  and  con- 
fcquent  refources.  But  the  united 
llaies  prefent  an  unbounded  field  tor 
progreihve  population ;  and  the  m- 
creafe  of  inhabitants  will  eafe  the  bur- 
den of  the  debt,  by  additional  num- 
bers participating  in  the  fupport  of  its 
weight. 

Ihis  augmentation  does  not  only 
ariie  from  narural  increafc,  in  a  coun- 
try fituated  like  America,  where  the 
means  of  fubuftence  are  fo  eafily  to 
be  procured,  but  llkewife  from  the 
rapid  migration  that  will  iiecclFarily 
take  place,  from  the  fuperior  entou- 
rageiTient,  that  a  governuient,  fo  well 
conilituted  to  favour  civil  and  religi- 
ous liberty,  and  protect  the  rights  of 
property,  will  offer.  Such  migra- 
tions are  ufually  accompanied  with 
confiderable  acquifitions  of  property, 
which  add  to  the  general  fto'ck  of  the 
community. 

When  the  united  fiates  of  Ameri- 
ca, have  arranged  their  financial 
fyOem,  and  made  ample  provifion 
for  iheir  exiilmg  claims,  the  progref- 
five  increafe  of  the  taxes,  arifing 
from  various  caufes,  joined  to  the 
falesof  the  wellern  territory,  will  form 
a  confiderable  furplus,  that  may  be  ap- 
plied to  the  gradual  and  .i^eedy  ex- 
tinflion  of  the  capital  of  the  public 
debt. 

The  beneficial  elFefls  of  the  fund- 
ing fyflem*,  when  founded  on  profver 
principles,  will  be  felt  through  all  the 
clalfes  of  the  community:  as  it  will 
throw  into  circulation  the  capital  of 
the  domeffic  debt — increafe  thereby 
the  general  flock  of  the  country — 
and  facilitate  the  various  purpofes  of 
alienation. 

If  a  comparative  view  was  formed 
of  the  public  de&ts  of  France,  Spain, 
or  Holland,  the  united  Hates  would 
find,    that   it   would   induce  a  refult 

NOTE. 

*  For  an  ej'ay  *n  this  /nbjeB,  ftt 
pagL-  93. 


loS 


Exports  end  mports  of  Wilmingtov.  tSc, 


[Atiguft. 


much  more  favourable  than  even  that 
with  Great  Britain. 

Ihis  communication  of  congrefs 
can  therefore  give  no  caufc  of  exuha- 
tion  to  the  enemies  of  the  govern- 
ment. Foreign  nations  mu'l  reipetl 
ihe  refources  of  a  country,  abounding 
in  fuch  powerful  means,  and  fo  un- 
fettered by  its  prefent  engagements. 

A  F  R 1 E  N  D    TO    THE    UNION. 
••<)•••  <S><S> '^s>  ■•■<)— 
Exports  and  imports   of  the  port    cf 
Wilminirton^    Delaware,  from    the 
»/   of  June,    17885   till  the    \Jl  of 
June,    17S9. 

Exports. 
21,783  barrels,  fuperfins    flour. 

4.57  ~ ^,  common,    ditto. 

256  — •,  middlmgs,  ditto. 

346- .  fliipfluft",     ditto. 

IjS^S  —,  {hip-bread. 

41   kegs,  white  bifcuit. 
238  barrels,  corn  meal. 

205  ,  pork. 

o  ' -,  beef. 


10  haif-barrels,  fnufF. 

459 5  potatoes, 

323 J  apples. 

4 .  indigo. 

11  ■ ■ ,  pot-alh. 

2  • ,  onions. 

11  hogfheads,  hams. 
156  hams,   loofe. 
J. 958  bufhels,   Indian  corn. 
17Ft  hogflieads,   llaxfeed. 
6oi  tierces,  rice. 
46,663  feet,  pine  boards  &  fcaniling. 

'5327  ~5  walnut,  ditto. 

130,5,50  Haves. 
JO, 300  fliingles. 
3,789  pieces,  v.'heel  timber. 
1,000  windfor  chairs. 
1  cart. 
50  cwt.  bar  iron. 

90  ,  callings. 

1,040  hogfhead  hoops, 
je  fvrkms,  butter, 
8  fettees. 

Imports, 
516  puncheons  of  rum, 
516  hooflieads,  fugar, 
86  barrels,  ditto, 
60,934  bags,  coffee, 
1 19  cafes,  gm. 
SOI   hogOieads,  melafles. 
14  bales,  cotton. 
6  barrels.   limes. 
ig6  hogfheads,  wine. 

5  trunks,  hnen. 
iij'^o  buflicls,  fait. 


Exports  from  the  port  of  Alexandria^ 
Virginia.^  from  Ike  9.olh  July,  1786, 
to  the  XJ^th  July,   1789,   viz, 
5,122  hogliieads,  tobacco, 
32.088  barrels,  flour. 

2,649  " J  bread, 

37.891   bufhels,  corn. 

1.742 ,  peas  &  beans, 

805  barrels,   tar, 
68,5,000  ilimgles. 
128.620  haves. 

14,200  fcftj    plank. 
102,268  bufliels,  wheat. 
50  barrels,  pork, 
47  tierces  rtce. 

6  hogfhead^,  fifh, 
79  barrcK,  ditto. 
42  terces,   fiaxfeed, 
50,000  wt.  genlang. 

6  ho<;fheads,  ditto. 
28  calks,  ditto. 
63  tierces,  ditto, 

..<>..<S,  <@g><55>  ••■<»- 
Calumny  refuted. 

To  the   P  R  I  N  T  E  R  of  the  A  M  E  R  1  C  A  W 

M  U  S  K  U  M  . 

A  L  I  F  E  of  the  celebrated  capt, 
ir\.  Cook  was  publifhed  in  London 
by  dr.  Kippis,  in  1788.  1  have  ne- 
ver fecn  the  work  itfrlf,  but  only  an 
exiracl  from  it,  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  for  July,  of  that  year. 
Perhaps  the  extratl  may  be  erroneous  ; 
and  therefore  I  will  not  venture,  on 
the  credit  of  if,  to  charge  an  author 
of  dr.  Kippis's  eftablifhed  reputation, 
with  doing  great  injuftice  to  the  cha- 
rafter  of  Americans,  and  the  honour 
of  their  government.  But  it  mirfl  not- 
pafs  without  notice,  that  while  the  doc- 
tor IS  made  to  bellow  jufl  commenda- 
tion on  the  court  of  France,  for  iffu- 
ing  orders  to  proteB  capt.  Cook  from 
the  hollile  attacks  of  their  cruifers, 
he  is  quoted  at  the  fame  time,  as  im- 
puting to  the  narrow  fouled  Ameri- 
cans, that  they  did  every  thing  in  their 
power  to  obllruft  the  fuccefs  of  his 
expedition.  This  is  a  very  injurious 
mifreprefentation  ;  for  it  is  notorious, 
that  orders  were  direfted  to  all  fliips 
of  war  and  privateers  belonging  to 
the  united  Hates,  not  to  give  the  leaft 
moleflation  or  interruption  to  capt. 
Cook.;  or  to  do  any  injury  to  his  pa- 
pers, journals,  &c.  I  cannot  nov«r 
refer  to  the  orders  themfelves,  being 
very  dillant  from  the  place  where 
fuch   papers  are  depohtcd  ;    but  the 


J  789.]  J^eply  to  an  enquiry  into  the  utility  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  icq 


faft  is  ptrfeftly  within  my  memory. 
1  even  remember  to  have  heard,  that 
ihe  order  from  the  court  of  France  was 
ticcafioned  by  dr.  Frankhn's  menti- 
oning to  the  miniitry  of  that  kingdom, 
how  hurtful  it  would  be  to  fcience, 
natural  hiflory,  and  navigation,  if  the 
fiuit  of  captain  Cook's  lad  voyage, 
fhould  be  dellroyed  by  the  ignorance 
or  brutahty  of  the  comnDander  of  fome 
Ihip  of  war  ;  on  which  the  govern- 
ment uf  an  enlightened  nation  imme- 
diately gave  the  order,  fo  jultly  praif- 
cd  by  dr.  Kippis. 

An  American. 

Reply  to  an  ejfay,  entitled^  ^^  an  enqui- 
ry into  the  utility  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  languages*." 

AProdutlion,  of  a  very  fingular 
nature,  has  made  its  appearance 
in  the  American  Mufeum  for  June 
lall ;  and  as  the  profeffed  objeft  of  its 
author,  is  to  eradicate  every  trace  of 
Grecian  and  Roman  literature  from 
our  feminaries  of  education,  it  may 
not  be  im.proper  to  exanjine  the 
grounds  upon  which  he  relts  his  bold 
attenint. 

He  begins  with  a  fupplicatory  pre- 
face intreating  his  readers  to  afcribe 
all  the  deficiencies  of  his  perform- 
ance, to  his  want  of  (kill  to  direct 
arguments,  (affertions,  he  fliould  have 
faid)  which,  he  is  confident,  would, 
in  other  hands,  be  wonderfully  effica- 
cious. That  an  apology  was  indif- 
penfibly  necelTary,  cannot  but  be  evi- 
dent to  all  candid  readers.  The  ge- 
nerous public  will,  no  dsubt,  grant 
the  hril  part  of  his  petition,  and  ex- 
tend their  clemency  to  a  circumflance, 
which  will  plead  Itill  more  in  our  au- 
thor's favour  ;  that  is,  they  will  af- 
cribe his  defefls  both  to  the  weak- 
nefs  of  his  weapons,  and  to  his  want 
of  dexterity  in  ufmg  them. 

Next  to  the  preface,  the  propofi- 
tions  of  our  author  prefent  themfelves 
to  our  conlideration.  Of  thefe,  the 
three  fird  afford  no  matter  for  parti- 
cular obfervation  ;  nor,  if  granted,  do 
.they  feem  to  be  of  very  great  utility 
in  promoting  the  end,  for  which  they 
are  intended.     The   fubfequent  pofi- 

NOTE. 

*  See  American  Mufewn^  vol,  V. 
Vol.  VI. 


tions,  however,  or  the  confequencts 
drawn  from  them,  can  by  no  means 
be  allowed. 

But,  before  I  make  any  remarks 
upon  them,  I  beg  leave,  after  the 
good  example  of  our  author,  to  lay 
down  a  few  prcmiles. 

ift.  Pan  icularinftances  cannot  juf- 
tlfy  general  conclufions, 

2d,  "  Vy'hat  proves  too  much, 
proves  nothing  at  all." 

3d.  When  a  writer  require?  ouraf- 
fent  to  certain  poftulata,  which  are 
the  very  points  he  ought  to  prove,  his 
condutt  is  an  indication,  either  that  he 
has  no  arguments  to  fupport  hiscaufe, 
or  that  they  will  not  bear  the  te(K 

4th.  V\' hen  an  author  contradicls, 
or  is  inconddent  with  himfelf,  we 
may  fairly  infer,  either  that  he  is  igno- 
rant of  his  fubjetl — or  that  he  views 
It  through  a  jaundiced  medium — or 
that  the  fide  of  the  quedion  which  he 
efpoufes,  is  miferably  defended — eath 
of  thefe  cafes  is  fufhcient  10  fpoil  the 
reputation  of  a  difputawt  ;  but,  fiiould 
they  unfortunately  unite,  let  every 
one  form  his  own  opinion. 

Our  author'sfourth  propofitlon  nins 
thus,  "  the  knowledge  of  things  always 
precedes  the  knowledge  of  words. 
Children  difcover  the  truth  of  this 
obfervation  every  day.  They  know 
all  the  objefis  around  them,  long  be- 
fore they  are  able  to  call  them  b)'  their 
proper  names,  or  even  to  articulate 
founds  of  any  kind.  It  is  fuppoled, 
that  children  acquire  more  ideas  of 
things  in  the  hrH  three  years  of  their 
lives,  than  they  acquire  in  any  thirty 
years  afterwards."  The  gentleman 
\yho  writes  the  effay,  which  I  take  the 
liberty  to  diffetf,  is  mightily  grieved 
that  our  language  is  rendered  unintel- 
ligible by  the  numerous  Greek  and 
Latin  words,  which  have  been  adopt- 
ed into  it.  Whether  it  be  owing  to 
this,  that  his  own  pofition  is  fo  much 
perplexed,  I  will  not  pretend  to  fay  ; 
but  he  would  confer  a  fignal  obliga- 
tion upon  his  readers,  would  he  be 
fo  kind  as  to  fupply  them  with  a  dic- 
tionary of  idea;,  which  might  enable 
them  to  remove  the  veil  of  cblVurity 
from  his  meaning,  and  to  obtain  as 
clear,  or,  what  is  dill  more  dehrable, 
a  clearer  view  of  it  than  he  himfelf 
feems  to  have  had.  "  The  knowledge 
of  things  always  precedes  the  know- 
ledge of  words,"     I  have  ever   un- 


110  Reply  to  an  enquiiy  into  the  ■utility  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  \Ax\i 


clcrnood.  thai  the  knowledge  of  things 
is  ihe  fri'iit  of  levere  Rudy  ;  but  per- 
liaps  the  gcntleiniin  has  his  eye  upon 
the  knowledge  ot  ndture,  and  iiihnu- 
aies.  that  this  "'  precedes  the  know- 
l.=dge  of  words."  How  this  can  help 
his  arguiueni  againll  the  utility  of  ihe 
Greek  aad  Lalm  Ungiiages,  is  not  fo 
Clear — .he  only  thing  which  it  proves, 
i<!,  that  wc  Oiould  teach  children  the 
knowledge  of  thitigs,  before  we  fip- 
pfy  theni  with  the  means  of  receiving 
iniirud.on  ;  or,  in  other  words,  be- 
fore they  can  undciiland  a  fyllable  of 
whalwc  fay  to  them.  This,  I  ap- 
prehiiid,  proves  rather  more  than 
the  gciuleman  intended,  and  there- 
fore, according  to  his  own  rule,  proves  > 
nothing  at  ail,  ,    ; 

i5iii  we   are    told,  that  "children 
acq  1. re   more    ideas    of  things  in  ine 
hr'.i  three   years   tsf  theii-j 'lives,  tlun 
they  acquire  in' aiiy  thirty' years  after-' 
vards."     Without  crUiciling  the  oh-' 
vlous    mearliiig'  of  ihele  'words,  viz. - 
thai  people  continue  children  all  (heir- 
lives,  or  entering  upon  aiyietaphyfical 
ditcuiiion    relpeCling    the    nature  and 
oiigin  of  our  ideas,  I  beg  leave  to  aPic  ■ 
our  .1  ithor,  Qonot  ainioll  all  the  ideas  ot 
child len,   before   they  arrive  at  their 
fouit!)  year,  belong  to  the  clafs  of  fun- 
pie  ideas?  If  this  IS  generally  true,  the 
author  will  be  obliged  to  make  it  ap- 
pear, that  the  number  of  hnipleideas 
exceeds   that  inRnite  variety  of  com-* 
pound  ideas  which   are    form-cd  from ' 
the  (i mole  ones,  by   the  reflex  atts  of 
the  mind. 

1  he  gentleman  proceeds,  "  the  ac- 
quiiition  of  words  lefiens  the  abdiiy 
of  the  iniitd  to  afquire  ideas."  Was 
ever  affertion  lo  11  range  ?  But,  fup- 
pofing  it  true,  what  inference  can  it 
auihorife  P  None  which  bears  a  pro- 
piiious  afped  to  the  gentleman's" 
I'cheme  :  the  confequence  that  Hows 
niore  naturally  from  it,  than  any  he 
has  drawn,  is,  that,  by  not  acquiring 
words,  the  inind  is  rendered  Htter  lo 
acquire  ideas — of  couri'e,  not  only  the 
Cire.'k  and  Latin,  but  every  other 
language,  uiuft  be  extremely  preju- 
dical,  and  this  conchdion  levels  a  fi- 
ni(hiiig  blow  at  a  favourite  part  ot  the 
author's  proje^l  for  cftabhfhing  a  new 
fyllem  of  liberal  education,  liehdes, 
it  like  wife  follows,  that  the  mind  of  a 
man  mull  be  barren  uf  fohd  know- 
ledge, in  proportion  as   he  increafes 


in  an  acquaintance  with  languages  ; 
and,  that  the  m  md  of  aman,  both  deaf 
and  dumb,  mull  be  furniflied  with  an 
inexhauHible  Hore  of  valuable  ideas^- 
whence  it  is  plain,  thai  thin  pofilion 
alfojiroves too  much.^nd  coniequent- 
ly  proves  nothing  ai  all. 

Again,  '•  the  ddiculty  of  acquiring 
thofe  dead  languages,  and  the  little 
pleafure  which  accompanies  the  know- 
ledge of  them  in  early  life,  occafion 
the  piincipat  obflacles  to  teaching  in 
'niaftcrs,  and  learning  in  fcholars." 
To  teaching  and  Icariiing  what? 
other  branches  of  education  P  how 
can  that  he  p;>riibie,  when,  by  the 
author's  own  acknowledgment,  nay, 
by  his  own  argument,'  numbers  be- 
come proficieniA  in  thofe  branches, 
who  never  learned  a  \vord  of  Latin 
or  Greek  ?  or  does  he  mean,  that 
"  the  diOiculty  inobtainino  thofe  dead 
languages,  occafion  the  principal  ob- 
flacles ro  learning  them?"  If  fo,  I 
mufl  aik  his  pardon,  for  obferving, 
that  it  is  no  news  to  tell  us,  "  a 
difliculty  is  a  difficulty,"  or,  does 
he  rncaii,  that  "  the  difficuly  of  ac- 
"q-jir:ng  thofe  lang!iaof's"'"i.!r- a  fuffi- 
cient  reafon  for  laying  thL-iri  afide  P 
This  will  apply,  wiih'cqual  force,  to 
all  (ladies  wha'ever :  fo  that  he^-e,  too, 
our  champion's  logic  proves  toamuch, 
and  therefore  proves  nothirig  at  all  ; 
^  but,  in  the  next  paragraph,  reafon 
"opens  upon  us  her  moll  irtmendous 
'  batterv — How  loud  her  cannons  roar. 
Hark  !  •'  dr.  Huiby.  the  famous  Buf- 
by.  is  faid  to  have  died  of  bad  Latin." 
So  there  is  a  murder  fairly  proved  on 
the  Latin  l,inguag?,'aiid  Vhat  upon  pu- 
ny bad  Latin  ;  how  many  hves  mn!l 
it  deilroy  when  in  full  vigoruri'  there 
can  fcarcely  be  a  doubt,  that  every 
Undent  who  has  died,  fmce  I,atin  be- 
gan to  be  Uudicd,  owes  his  death  to 
this  moniler.  For  a  crime  fo  atro- 
cious, what  puniihment,  lefsihanen- 
tire  dellriiMion,  can  be  inllitfed  ?  But 
be  not  llartled,  ye  accomphccs  in  La- 
tin guilt ;  a  celebrated  writer  has  late- 
ly Ihewn,  that  it  is  uiijud  and  impoli- 
tic to  punifli  murder  with  death*. 

Again,  we  are  told,  "  how  bitter 
the  iliidy  of  the  languages  renders  that 
innocent  period  of  life,  which  feems 

NOTE. 

*  ^''ide  American  Mtijcura^  for  Ju- 
ly^ 17S8. 


17^9.] 


Cn  the  CJireJ'or  tkc  lit-e  of  a  mad  dcg. 


cxclufively  intended  for  happniefs" — 
and  then  follows  a  pathetic  tale  of 
fchcx^l  niifcry.  Let  us  put  the  au- 
thor's reafon:ng  :nto  the  form  of  a  fyl, 
logiim,  and  fee  what  an  appearancei 
vwill  have. 

jBufhv  died  of  had  Latin. 

School-boys  ^ramble,  and  grow 
fraclious,  when  they  are  obliged  to 
learn  it  and  the  Greek. 

Ergo.  To  teach  thefe  languages,  is 
ab!urd:iy  in  the  extrcn;e. 

It  requires  mme  than  common  fa- 
gaciiy,  to  fee  what  argument  the  dif- 
cotitent  of  a  fnivelini;  fchoolboy  fnr- 
niflic's  for  aboliliijiig  a  branch  of  li- 
beral education— perhaps  the  gcntle- 
maii's  nerves  are  very  tender;  but  if 
every  thing  is  to  be  omitted,  which 
does  not  plcafe  the  fratiious  humour  of 
children,  our  fylleiTJ  nf  education  will 
be  curtailed  wiih  a  vengeance.  After 
all,  I  cannot  help  thinking  a  caufe 
in  a  moil  lamentable  plight,  when  its 
advocate  is  driven  to  fuch  pitiful  fliifts. 
The  diilrefs,  for  want  of  argument, 
under  which  our  author  labours,  is 
.  fartherexemi>liFicd  in  the  fcvcnth  and 
eighth  prnpofitions.  In  the  laiier,  we 
are  informed,  that  "  dr.  Swift  early 
difcovered  a  want  of  ta!lc  for  the  dead 
language--,  and  ihdt  it  woud  be  unjult 
to  m..-niioii  this  faB,  without  afcribing 
It  to  the  voice  of  rcafon  and  ilature 
fpeaking  in  this  great  man.  He  had 
no  relifli  for  the  hiiflcs  of  literature. 
Triuh  and  knowled.^e  were  nlone  coin- 
meufurate  to  the  dignity  and  extent  of 
his  mind."  Dr.  Bufby,  we  are  told 
a  little  above,  diedof  bad  Latin.  Dr. 
Swift's  dillike  to  it  proceeded  from 
the  voice  of  nature  and  reafon.  Buf- 
by died  at  eighty-nine  years  of  age, 
and  by  what  our  author  fays,  it  is  pret- 
ty evident,  that  even  this  was  a  great 
favour,  and  that  his  long  life  was  a 
punifliment  for  torturing  nature,  in 
reading  L,atin  himfelf,  and  teaching 
others  to  read  it. 

If  diflike  to  the  dead  languages  is 
the  voice  of  reafon  and  nature,  then 
it  follows,  that  an  attachm.eiit  to  them 
mud  be  the  voice  of  folly,  and  fuch 
gentlemen,  as  admire  claffical  ele- 
gance, will,  no  doubt,  entertain  a 
becoming  fenfeof  this  flattering  com- 
pliment. Dr.  Sv.ift  "  hnd  no  relifli 
for  the  hiiflis  of  literature."  Thcfe 
were  fuited  to  fuch  fwine,  as  Milton, 
Addifon,  &c.    (To  be  continued.) 


Mod/-  of  preventing  the  dreadful  coii- 
Jcqticnces  f  the  bite  of  a  viad  dog. 
By  dr.  Hoygarthy  ofChrJler,  R*'g- 
land.  Recomme tided  for  phblica-. 
livn  by  the  koii.  Arthur  Lcc,  rfq» 
and  hy  dr.  Jchn  Morgan. 

Ii   IS  iiniverfally  allowed    by   phyli- 
cians,   that    t^ie   fpittle   of  a  mad 
animal,  iiifuf-^d  into  a  wound,   :s   ihe 
only  caufe,  hitherto  known,  that    Cdn. 
communicate   canine    inadnefs  to  the 
htiman  body.     This    poilon    decs  no 
immediate  mifchief,  but    is    flowly  ab- 
forbed  into    the    blocd,  and  fufli  ient 
opportuiiiiy  is  given  to  remove  it.   be- 
fore any  danger  r;in    arife.       WMup- 
cver  a  pcrfou  is  bit,  ihe  plam  and  (.b- 
vicHis  means  of  preveufng  Jmnre    in- 
jiuy  are,  firft,  to   wipe  oft   the    fputle 
with  a  dry  cluih,    and  then    to   wafli 
tiu'    wound     with    cold    water  ;    rot 
(Ightlv  and  {iipcriicially,biir  aburdant- 
ly,  and  with  the  mcfl  perfevtrutg  at- 
tention ;    in    bad    cafes,     for  leveial 
Iiotiis.  And  after  a  plentiful  aUnfion  of 
cold  water,  warm  water  may  be  cm- 
ployed  with  fafcty  and  advaniag"  ;   a 
continued  dream  of  it,  poured  from  the 
fpout  of  a  tea-pot,  or  tca-kctile,   held 
up  at  a  con{idcra!)ie  diflance,  is   pecu- 
liarly well  adapted  to  the  purpofc.     If 
the     canine     poifon,    infufed    into   a 
wound,  were  of  a  peculiar  colour,    as 
black,  like  ink,  we    lliould    all  be  a- 
ware  that  plentv  of  water,  and  patient 
diligence,   would   wafh  out   the    daik 
dye  ;  but  this    could  not    be   expefled 
from    a    flight    and    fuperficial    ablu- 
tion.    After  the  firft  careful  wafliing, 
apply  to  the  ]iite,  fal  viva,    coloured 
with  ink,  indigo,  &c,  and,  by  the  fe- 
cond  wafliing,  a  vifible  proof  may   be 
obtained,  how  foon  and  how  perfectly 
it  can   be  cleaned  out  of   the  wound. 
As  a  proof  that  flight  waflung  of  the 
wound  is  not  fuRicicnt  to    cleanfe    it 
elfefiually  from  the   poifon,   we    may 
mentitm,   that,   in   fome   cafes,  after 
inoculation,    for  the   fmall-pox,    the 
poifonous  matter  has  been  aitemptcl 
to  be  wafhed  out  of   the    wound,    by 
perfons  who  wiflied  to  prevent  us  ef- 
fects ;  yet    the    inoculated    fmall-pox 
appeared  at  its  proper  period.     Thcfe 
unluccelsfiil  aitempts  were  performed 
fecretly,  haflily,  and  timidly,  by  a  fe- 
male hand.     Byt  in  a  cafe,  when  the 
ablution  was  more  i>crfeclly  perform- 
ed,  inoctilation  was    prevenied    from 
taking  efteftj  though  the  patient  was 


lis 


Cure  for  the  hooping  cough. 


[AuguR, 


fufceptible  of  infeflion.  They  teach 
us  the  importance  of  patient  perfe- 
verance  in  wafhingaway  the  poifon  ; 
but  they  need  not  abate  our  confi- 
dence,- that  fuch  perfeverance  will 
certainly  be  fuccefsful. 

The  ablution  fliould  be  performed 
^v•ith  great  diligence,  and  without  de- 
lay, and  may  be  performed  by  the  pa- 
tienf,  or  any  aflKlant.  However,  as 
the  apprehenfion  of  this  dreadful  dif- 
order  always  excites  the  greateft  anxi- 
ety, a  furgeon's  advice  and  afiiHance 
ought  to  be  obtained,  as  fooii  as  pof- 
lible,  in  all  cafes,  where  the  fkin  is  in- 
jured. He  will  execute  thoie  direc- 
tions moft  dexteroufly  and  completely. 
In  a  bad  wound,  the  po'fon  may  be 
conveyed  deep  into  the  fledi,  by  long 
teeth,  or  by  lacerations.  In  luch  cir- 
cumflances,  he  will  open,  cup,  fy- 
ringe,  and  wafli  every  fuipicious  place. 
And,  whenever  any  uncertainty  can 
remain,  that  may  occafioo  future  foli- 
citude,  he  will  previoufly  fnave  off  the 
furlace,  and  cut  away  the  jagged  or 
other  parts  of  the  wound.  By  this 
method  of  purification,  it  cannot  be 
doubted  that  every  particle  of  poifon, 
and,  Ciinfequently,  that  every  caufe 
of  danger,  may  be  effe^ually  re- 
moved. 


,  Mr.  Printer, 

A  dinreffing  hooping  cough  now 
prevailing,  and  increafing  in  feveral 
places,  which  proves  fatal  to  many 
children,  occafions  your  receiving  the 
following  extract  from  a  Britifh  publi- 
cation. As  It  is  faid,  the  colt's  foot 
grows  in  many  places  among  us,  it  is 
prefum^d,  thofe  who  certainly  know, 
or  can  procure,  the  herb,  will  think 
the  prefcnption  well  deferves  a  trial, 
from  what  is  faid  of  its  remarkably 
gcod  efietls.  It  may  be  obferved,  the 
herb  is  recommended  to  be  ufed  of 
the  year's  growth  ;  it  may  be  therefore 
inferred,  there  can  be  Ids  reliance  on 
preparations  from  the  colt's  foot  im- 
ported, as  that  may  have  l<ifl  much 
of  its  virtue  by  age — If  happily  the 
good  effects  of  the  prefcription  fliall 
be  verified,  by  its  ufe  among  us,  from 
your  publifhing  it  at  this  time,  it  muft 
afllord  fatisfartion  lo  yonrfelf,  and  will 
anlwer  the  well  meant  motives  of 

A  Customer, 


For  a  hooping  cough. 

TAKE  of  dried  colt's- foot  leaves 
a  good  handful,  cut  them  fmall, 
and  boil  them  in  a  point  of  (pring  wa- 
ter, till  half  a  puu  is  boiled  away  ; 
then  take  it  oflf  the  fire,  and,  when 
it  is  almoft  cold,  flrain  it  through  a 
cloth,  fqueezing  the  herb  as  dry  as 
you  can,  and  then  throw  it  away. 
DilTolve,  in  the  liquor,  an  ounce  of 
brown  fugar- candy,  finely  powdered, 
and  give  the  child  (if  it  be  about  three 
or  four  years  old,  and  fo  in  propor* 
tion)  one  fpoonful  of  it,  cold  or  warm, 
as  the  feafon  proves,  three  or  four 
times  a  day,  (or  oftener,  if  the  fits  of 
coughing  come  frequently)  till  well, 
which  will  be  in  two  or  three  days; 
but  it  will  almoft  immediately  abate 
the  fits  of  coughing. 

Virtues  of  this  medicine. 

THIS  herb  feems  to  be  a  fpecific 
for  the  hooping  cough,  (lays  thr^  gen- 
tleman who  kindly  communicated  tt 
to  the  world,  in  one  of  the  public 
papers)  and  indeed  for  all  others,  in 
old  as  well  as  young:  it  has  wonder- 
fully eafed  them,  when  nothing  elfe 
would  do  it,  and  greatly  helps  in 
{hortnefs  of  breath  :  and  in  the  allh- 
ma  and  phthyfic,  continues  he,  I 
have  not  known  any  thing  exceed  it, 
Likewife  in  waftings  or  confumptions 
of  the  lungs,  it  has  been  found  of  ex- 
cellent ufe,  by  Its  fmooth,  foftening, 
healing  qualities,  even  when  there 
has  been  fpitting  of  blood,  and  raw- 
nefs  and  forenefs  of  the  pafTages,  with 
hoarfencfs,  &c.  in  blunting  the  acri- 
monious humours,  which,  in  fuch 
cafes,  are  almoft  continually  dripping 
upon  them.  It  is  to  be  queftioned, 
whether,  for  thofe  purpofes,  there  is 
to  be  had,  in  the  whole  materia  medi- 
ca,  a  medicine  lo  innocent,  fo  fafe, 
and  yet  lo  pleafant  and  effectual  ;  oc 
that  can  aflord  relief  fo  foon  as  this 
Will  :  for  grown  people  make  it 
fironger  than  for  children — Get  the 
herb  of  the  fame  year's  growth  and 
drying,  that  you  ufe  it  in,  and  the 
larger  and  fuller  grown  the  leaves,  the 
belter.  It  is  bell  to  be  made  as  you 
want  it,  and  not  too  much  at  a  time, 
efpecially  in  warm  weather. 

1  fhall  only  add,  that  upon  the 
above  remedy  being  made  public,  it 
was  followed  by  feveral  leiiers  in  the 
public  papers,  acknowledging  ihe  be- 
nefit   received  by   if,    (and    heap.ng 


1789.] 


Proceedings  of  the  [cgijiature  of  Virginia., 


^3? 


blefrin<;s  upon  the  generous  communi- 
cator of  it)  as  well  in  cafes  of  grown 
perfons,  as  children — But,  one  of  the 
perlons.  who  wrate  that  he  was  hxty 
ye.irs  of  age,  fays,  he  doubled  the 
quantity  of  colt"s-foot,  taking  four 
fpoon fills,  as  often  as  the  lit  came 
upon  him. 

N.  B.  When  fugar-candy  cannot 
conveniently  be  had,  perhaps  honey, 
or  good  clean  brown  iugar  may  be 
ufed  iiiftead  of  it;  but  it  will  be  beft 
to  make  ufe  of  the  fugar- candy,  as 
mentioned  in  the  prefcription,  when 
it  can  be  done. 


To  the  PRINTER  of  the  Ame  RICAN 

M  U  S  E  U  Nr. 

Sir, 

YOUR  Mufeum  for  March  con- 
tain' an  addreis  from  our  gene- 
xal  aJlcmbly  to  congrefs,  and  a  circu- 
lar letter  to  the  ftates,  Hrcfpetting  a- 
tnendincnts  to  the  conilitiition,  I 
fend  you  the  enclofed  paper'  in  order 
(hat  the  fenie  of  the  minority,  on  that 
important  quellion,  may  alfo  appear, 
and  be  prelerved,  1  have  now,  even 
more  reafon  than  I  had  then,  to  be- 
lieve that  the  minority  in  the  houfe  of 
delegates,  exprefied  ihe  feinimenis  of 
a  majority  of  the  people  i)f  \'irginia. 
I  much  wifh,  and  am  lure  it  will  be 
generally  agreeable  to  the  well-difpof- 
ed  citizens;of  this  commonwealth,  that 
the  whole  contents  of  the  enclofed 
paper  (except  what  you  have  alrea- 
dy printed.)  may  appear  in  a  future 
number  or  numbers  of  the  Muleum. 
1  am,  fir, 

With  unfeigned  good  wiflies 
for  your  ficcefs, 

Your  moll  obedient  fervant, 
Dan  IE  L  Brodh  e  ad,  jun. 
Richmond,  May  10,  1789. 

Afatewmt  of  facis^  fubmittcd  to  the 
candid  and  difpajjionate  conf  dera- 
tion of  the  independent  freeholders 
cf  Virginia,  by   a  friend  to  truth 
and  libtrty. 
In  the  koife  of  delegates,   Thurfday, 
October  30,   17^8. 
H  K  R  E  A  S,  the  convention 
of  delegates  of  the  people  of 
ths  commonwealth,  did  ratify  a  con- 
Ihtuuon  or  form  of  government  forthe 
iin;tcd  Hates,  referred  to  them  for  their 
confideranon  ;  and  did   alto  declare, 
that  lundry  auieuameats  to   the    ex- 


ceptionable parts,  of  the  fame  ought  to 
be  adopted:  aiui  whereas,  the  lubject- 
rnatlcr  of  the  amendments,  agreed  to 
by  the  faid  convention,  involves  all  the 
great,  eiFential,  and  unalienable  rights, 
liberties,  and  privileges  of  freemen  ; 
many  of  which,  if  not  cancelled,  are 
rendered  infecure  under  the  faid  con- 
llitution,  until  the  fame  Ihall  be  al- 
tered and  amended  : 

Relolved,  that  u  is  the  opinion  of 
this  committee,  that,  for  quieting  the 
minds  of  tlie  good  citizens  of  this 
Commonwealth,  and  lecuniig  th-eir 
dcarelt  rights  and  liberties,  and  pre- 
venting ihofe  diforders,  which  miiil. 
arife  under  a  government  not  fouudci 
in  the  confidence  of  the  people,  ap- 
plication be  made  to  the  congrefs-of 
the  uiiiied  Hates,  fo  foon  as  (hry  fliaii 
alfemble  under  the  faid  conllitution, 
to  call  a  convention  for  propoling 
amendments  to  the  fame,  according 
to  the  mode  therein  direBed. 

Rcfolved,  that  it  is  the  opinion  of 
this  committee,  that  a  committee  cnight 
to  be  appointed,  to  draw  up  and  re- 
port to  this  houfe,  a  proper  inOrument 
of  writing,  exprefimg  the  fenle  of 
the  general  allembly,  and  pointmy 
out  the  reafons  which  induce  them  to 
urge  their  applicaiion  thus  eaily,  for 
the  calling  the  aforefaid  convention 
of  the  Hates. 

Ref)lvcd,  that  it  is  the  opinion  of 
this  committee,  that  the  faid  commit- 
tee ought  to  be  inllrutlcd  to  prepare 
the  draff  of  a  letter  in  aniwer  to  one 
received""  from  his  excellency  George 
Clinton,  efq:  prefident  of  the  conven- 
tion of  New  York,  and  a  circular 
letter  on  the  aforefaid  fubjefcl,  10  the 
other  fiates  in  the  union,  expreOive 
of  (he  wi(h  of  the  general  allembly  of 
this  commonwealth,  that  they  may 
join  in  an  application  to  the  new  con- 
grefs, to  appoint  a  convention  of  the 
Hates,  fo  ioon  as  the  congrefs  fliaii 
alfemble  under  the  new  conltiiutiOK. 

And  the  laid  refolntions  being  (e- 
verally  .igain  read,  a  motion  wjs 
made,  and  the  quellion  being  put  to 
amend  the  fame,  by  finking  out  from 
the  word  "  whereas"  in  the  firft  line, 
to  the  end,  and  inferting  in  lieu  there- 
of, the  following  words ; 

"   Whereas,  the  delegates  appoint- 

NOTE. 

*  &ee  Avierican  Mvfetirn,  vol.  IV. 
page  laS. 


fr4 


*rDce/;dr?)r;s  of  the  l-'i'Jf.ature  of  Virrinia. 


[Augud, 


ed  to  reprcfcnt  (be  j::o(kJ  pcopl?  nf  this 
tdininonweaiih  in  ifie  late  onveiitioii, 
KIJ  in  the  month  oFJunelali,  <iid, 
by  their  aM*  ol  the  2,5th  of  the  fame 
Hi'.mth,  aflenf  to,  and  ratify  ih^  con- 
Jliivitioii  lecoinmeiuled  on  the  i7ih 
ciay  of  Srplember,  1787,  by  the  ic- 
deral  conveniion,  for  the  government 
cf  the  united  Ha'es,  declafin;7  iheni- 
frlves  fwiih  a  foltmn  appeal  10  (he 
Searcher  of  hearts,  for  the  pnriiy  of 
their  iniennon?)  under  the  convicnon, 
that,  whatever  imperfeftions  mij^iht 
cxid  in  the  conftuutton,  ought  rather 
ic  be  examined  in  the  mode  prcfcnbed 
tfierem,  than  to  bring  the  uinon  into 
(danger  by  a  delay,  with'a  hf>pc  of  ob- 
taining amcndmeiU';,  previous  to  the 
raiification  :  and  whereas,  in  puriu- 
ance  of  the  faid  declaraiion,  the  faid 
convention  did,  by  their  fiibfeqnent 
attt,  of  (he  27ih  of  June  afore!a:d, 
sgree  to  fuch  anicndments  to  the  faid 
conflitunon  (.f  government  for  the 
united  rtaies,  as  were  by  them  deemed 
ricccRary  to  be  reconiniended  to  ihe 
confideration  of  the  congrefs,  which 
fhill  tirfl;  aflemble  under  the  faid  con- 
ftitution,  to  be  a£led  upon  according 
to  the  mode  prefcribed  in  the  nfih  ar- 
ticle thereof;  at  the  fame  lime  enjoin- 
ing it  upon  their  reprefentaiivcs  in 
congrefs,  to  exert  all  their  influence, 
and  ufe  all  reafonable  and  legal  me- 
thods, to  obtain  a  ratification  of  the 
foregoing  alterations  and  provifions, 
m  the  manner  provided  by  the  fifth 
article  of  the  faid  conffitution  ;  and 
in  all  congrefhonal  laws,  to  be  paffed 
3n  the  mean  time,  to  conform  to  the 
fpirit  of  thofe  amendments,  as  far  as 
the  fa:d  conflitution  would  admu. 

"  Rcfolved,  therefore,  that  it  is 
the  opnion  of  this  committee,  that 
an  application  ought  to  be  n;ade,  in 
the  name  and  on  the  behalf  of  the 
tegiflamre  of  this  commomvealih,  to 
the  congrefs  of  the  united  flaies,  fo 
foon  as  they  fnall  aflemble  under  the 
faid  conilituiion,  to  pafs  an  ath  re- 
commending to  the  legiflatiUTs  of  the 
feveral  ftates,  the  ratification  of  a 
bill  of  rights,  and  of  certain  articles 
of  amemlments  propofcd  by  the  con- 
vention of  this  ffate,  for  the  adoption 


of  the  united  flatcs,  and  that,  until 
the  faid  act  fnail  be  ratified,  in  piir- 
fuance  of  the  fifth  article  of  the*  faid 
conflt'.ition  of  government  for  the 
united  ffates,  congrefs  do  conform 
their  ordinances,  to  the  true  fpirit  of 
the  faid  bill  of  rights  and  articles  cf 
amendment. 

Refolved,  that  it  !s  the  opinion 
of  this  committee,  that  the  executive 
ought  to  be  initruf'ted  to  tranfmit  a 
copy  of  the  foregoing  refoluiion,  to 
the  congrefs  of  the  united  flaies,  fo 
foon  as  they  flial!  affeinble,  and  to  the 
legifjatures  and  executive  authorities 
of  each  flate  in  the  union." 

It  paffed  in  the  negative.    Ayes  39 
—Noes  85. 

Friday,  Noviv.ber  14,    1788. 

"  THE  hoiife,  according  to  the 
order  of  the  day.  refolved  itfelf 
into  a  committee  of  the  whole  houfe, 
on  an  application  to  congrcis,  to  call 
a  convention  of  the  ffaies,  to  take 
into  coi.rideration  the  defects  of  the 
conflitution,  and  report  the  neccffary 
amendments;  alio  on  the  draft  of  a 
letter  to  governor  Clinton,  and  to  the 
feveral  ffates  on  the  fame  fubjetl ;  and 
after  foine  time  fpent  therein,  rnr. 
fpeaker  refumed  the  chair,  and  mr. 
Bullitt  reported,  that  the  committee 
had,  according  to  order,  had  the  faid 
ap[>lication  and  draft  of  letters  under 
their  confideration,  and  amended  the 
fame;  and  he  read  the  faid  applicati- 
on and  draft  of  letters,  as  amended,  in 
his  place,  and  afterwards  delivered 
them  in  at  the  clerk's  table,  where 
the  fame  were  again  read,  and  areas 
follow  : 

"  Refolved.  That  it  is  the  opinion 
of  this  committee,  (hat  an  application 
ought  to  he  made:  in  the  name  and  on 
behalf  of  the  legiilature  of  this  com- 
monwealth, to  the  congrefs  of  the  u- 
nited  ftates,  in  the  wordr>  f.)llowitig  j." 

Draft  of  a  letter  to  the  fcveraljlatcs. 

'■  T  H  E  freemen  of  this  com- 
monwealth, in  convention  aflcm- 
bled,  having,  at  the  fame  t'me  that 
ihey  ratified  the   federal   conflitution 


*  S, 


page  1 ,58. 
T   idem,  pa^ 


NOTES. 

American  h'lfeui 


'.f  1 


jj» 


K  O  T  K  , 

X   For  the  form  of  this  appliralion 

vol.  IV.     and  of  a  letter  to  qoternnr  Clniton, 

fte    American    Mt>J:um,   Vol,  V,  pa^e 


i-^S.g.] 


Proceedings  of  the  legtjlatiire  of  Virginia, 


'rcfTccl   a   defire    that    many   pans 
v^u.chthey  conlidered  as    exception- 
able,    Ihuuld  be    amended,   the   ge- 
neral allembly,   as  well  from  a  fenfe 
•  of  their  duty,  as  a  conviction   of  its 

■  df/cBs,   have  thought  proper  to  take 
"the    earliell  mfadires  in  their  power, 

for  the  accompi  'hment  of  this  impor-  . 

'  tant  objert.     X'iiey  have  accordingly 

~,  agreed   upon  an   application,     to    b.e 

'  prcfented  to  the  corngrcfs,    fo  foon  as 

■■  It  fliall  be   affcmbled,  rcquelling   that 

'honourable  body,  to  call  a  convention 

of  deputies  trom  the  feveral  Rates,  to 

take  the  fan;:  into  their  conlideration, 

and  report  fnch  amendments,  as  they 

.  fhall  find  bell  calculated  to  anfwerthe 

purpofe.    As  we  conceive  that  all  the 

good  people  of  the  united  flates,  arc 

'equally    intereded  in  obtaining' thofe 

■  amenaments,  that  have  been  propof- 
ed,  wc  truft  that  there  will  be  "an  har- 

"  mony  in   their  fcntiments  and   inea- 

' fares,  upon  this  very  interelling  fub- 

jett.    We  herewith  tranfmit  to  you  a 

'  copy  of  this  application,  and  take  the 

'  libsrty  to  fubjoin  our  earnell   wiQics " 

"  ihat  ic  may  have  your  concurrence." 

',,      Asid  the  faid  application  and  draft 

of  Utters,  being  aj^ain  fevcrally  read 

at    the   clerk's   labls,    a   motion   was 

'  made,   and  the  quedion  being  put,  t<} 

'  amend  the   fame,    by  fubilituting  in 

''  hfeo   thereof,    the  following   form  of 

'  at!  application   and  drafts   of   letters, 

'to  wit  : 

The  legiflature  of  Virginia,  to  the 
congrejs  of  the  united  Jiates,  Jcnd 
greeting  : 

'"  THE  convention  of  the  repre- 
fentatives  of  the  good  people  of  this 
commonwealth,  having,  on  the  twen- 
ty-fifth day  of  June  lad,  ratified  the 
corjU'.tution  or  form  of  government, 
propofed  by  the  federal  convention 
on  thefeventeenth  of  September  1787  ; 
and  having  declared,  in  their  arl  of 
ratification,    that    any    imperfeHions, 

■  which  might  exift  in  the  fa;d  coniltu- 
'  tion,  ought  rather  to  be  examined  in 

the  mode  prefcnbed  therein  for  ob- 
taming  amendments,  fhan  by  a  delay. 
With  a  hope  of  i)bfa'ning  previous  a- 
mendments,  fo  bring  the  union  into 
danger — and  in  order  to  relieve  the 
apprehenlions  of  thofe  who  might  be 
f'dicitous  for  ainrndments,  having  re- 
folved,  that  whatever  ame'.idiTicnts 
might  be  deemed  neceffary,  ought  to 
be  recommended  to  the  coiifidcration 


of  the  congrefs,  which  fliould  fiifl  af- 
femble  under  the  faid  conltitution,  to 
be  acted  upon  according  to  the  uioda 
prefcnbed  in  the  fifth  article  thereof. 
And,  on  the  twenty-feventh  day  of 
the  f.iine  month  of  J  me,  agreed  to 
certain  ameHdments  to  the  faid  confti- 
tution,  which  were  tranfmiited,  toge- 
ther with  the  ratification  of  ihe  fede- 
ral conftitiition,  to  the  unircd  Hates  in 
congrefs  aflemblcd  ;  v/hich  amend- 
ments the  faid  convention  did,  in  (he 
na'nc  a  id  behalf  of  ihe  people  of  thi* 
commonwealth,  enjoin  it  upon  their 
reprefeniatives  in  congrefs,  to  exert 
ail  their  iiifi:aence,  and  ufe  all  legal 
and  rc.ifiiuble  mcihott?  to  obtain  a 
ratification  of,  in  the  manner  provided 
by  the  fad  coiiHinition.  And  in  all 
congrei'ionat  laws,  to  be  isalfjd  m  the 
mean  time,  to  conform  to  the  Ipint  cf 
the  laid  amendments,  as  far  as  the 
faid  Ci>nihtution  would  admit. 

*•'  Thi.^  legidiiure  fully  concurring 
in  fentiment  with  the  faid  conven- 
tion, and  (olicitous  to  promote  ths 
falitary  nic-afures  by  them  recoiii- 
mended — Do,  in  coniidcration  of  ths 
unanimity  with  which  the  faid  amend- 
ments were  aereed  to,  and  a  jult  ienie 
of  their  iifiliiy,  eanieillv  call  upoQ 
the  congrefs  of  tlic  nnit.-d  Hates,  to 
take  the  faid  ainf-ndments  under  their 
immediate  coiilidera'ion,  and  alfo 
thole  which  may  have  been  fubmitted 
by  the  conventions  of  other  Hates, 
and  to  afl  th-:reupoii  in  the  manner 
prefcribed  bv  the  fifth  ariicle  of  the 
federal  conilitunon  ;  either  by  pro- 
pofing  the  necellary  alterations,  t»  the 
confideration  of  the  Hate^;  or  by  call- 
ing a  convention,  to  deliberate  on 
the  uibjctf,  as  to  them  fiiall  fcem  inoft 
likely  to  promote  the  peace  and  gene- 
ral good  of  the  union.  We  pray  that 
Almighty  God,  m  his  goodneis  and 
wifdom,  will  diretl  your  councils  to 
fuch  mea(iire=,  as  will  eflabtiHi  our 
laliing  peare  and  welfare,  and  lecure 
to  our  lateH  pn'lerity  the  blelTings  of 
freedom  :  and  that  he  will  always 
have  you  in  his  holy  keeping." 

Draft  of  a  letter  to  governor  Clinton, 
on  the  fame  fubjeil, 

S  t  K, 

"  E  A  R  LY  inour  prefentfelTion, 
the  circular  letter  from  the  honour- 
able the  convention  of  the  Hate  of 
New  York.    tranriiTiitied  by  your  ex- 


■MlS 


Pioccedings  of  the  iegiJlatureofVirgiyiia, 


['Auguft, 


ceilency,  was  laid  before  us  for  our 
coiifideration.  While  we  are  fenfi- 
blcofthe  obligations,  winch  we,  in 
common  with  all  America,  owe  to 
the  patriotiliii  and  exertions  of  fo  no- 
tlo  ai)d  generous  a  people — while  we 
feel  ill  the  refpect  due  to  their  virtue, 
and  every  inclination  to  comply  with 
iheir  willies,  efpecially  when  pointed 
to  an  objett  lo  dear  to  us  all,  the  pre- 
fervation  of  our  common  liberties — 
and  while,  at  the  fame  nme,  we 
ardently  dcfiie  fuch  amcndmencs  to 
our  new  fyllcm  of  government,  as  will 
gv;ard  our  nj^hts  irum  every  polfible 
danger,  and  ([uict  the  pre  lent  apprchen- 
fions  of  many  of  ihe  good  citizens,  as 
Welt  of  this  commoiiwealih,  as  of  our 
filler  itates,  we  feel  great  pain  in  find- 
ing, that  we  cannot  entirely  accord 
with  lo  wife  and  augull  a  body,  in  the 
mod:  of  obtaining  tliele  alterations 
and  additional  prcvihons.  V/e  ac- 
knowledge, with  them,  the  propriety 
of  introducing  the  neceflary  amend- 
fcients,  as  foon  as  polFible,  into  our 
fyilem,  fo  as  to  induce  a  general  con- 
fidence under  the  operauons  of  a  go- 
vernment, which,  we  flatter  ourfelves, 
will  relieve  us  from  our  prefent  em- 
liarraifncnts,  and  again  raife  us  to 
that  refnecl  and  importance,  which 
we  once  held  among  the  nations  of  the 
world.  It  is,  therefore,  with  the 
greaieft  refpett  and  deference  to  the 
opinions  ot  a  people  we  fo  highly  va- 
lue, and  whom  we  love,  wuh  all  the 
allection  of  biethren,  who  have  bled 
in  the  lame  common  caufe  of  liber- 
ty and  mankind,  that  we  fubmit  to 
their  attention  ihe  propriety  of  an  ap- 
plication to  the  hril  congrefs,  which 
ihall  aifemble  under  the  new  plan,  ex- 
preihve  of  a  deiire,  that  they  will  im- 
mediately take  into  iheir  conhderatiou, 
the  amendments,  which  have  been  re- 
commended by  the  conventions  of  the 
f;veral  (laies  which  have  ratified  the 
iame,  and  either  make  the  necelfary 
provifions,  confonant  to  the  general 
ienfe  of  America,  and  fubmit  them 
lo  the  legillatiires  of  the  refpcttivc 
itates  at  their  next  feffion^,  for  ihcir 
adoption — or  call  a  general  conven- 
tion, to  deliberate  on  that  fubjeO — as 
to  their  wildom,  viewing  all  circum- 
fianccs,  may  appear  lo  be  moll  proper. 
''  We  confidi-r  conventions  iiSallem- 
hlies,  which  ought  never  to  be  refori- 
«d  to  J  except  in  cafes  where  the  ordi- 


nary adminiftration  is  inadequte  to 
the  objeci.  Here  the  ordinary  admi- 
nillraiion  is  fully  adequate  to  the  ob- 
jett.  being  veiled  with  powers  exprell- 
ly  comprehending  the  prefent  cafe. 
The  fenate  being  chofen  by  the  legif- 
latures  of  the  relpective  Dates,  and  the 
other  branch  by  ihe  people  ihemfeves, 
mull  feel  every  obligatioujand  every  in- 
clination, to  puriue  fuch  meatures,  as 
will  accord  with  the  fentimenis  of 
their  conllituents,  and  ellabhlh  that 
confidence  in  the  gf)vernment,  which 
alone  can  render  it  prolperous  and 
happy.  If,  therefore,  the  federal  k* 
gill  lUire,  as  foon  as  they  ihall  aflem- 
ble,  Ihall  recommend  to  the  Hates,  the 
necellary  amendmenis,  the  fears  of 
our  fellow-cuizens  throu,.',i!out  Ame- 
rica, concerning  the  public  liberty, 
will  be  fooner  allayed,  and  the  pubhc 
confidence  fooner  rellored,  than  by 
the  delays  which  mull  necelTarily  oc- 
cur in  the  luminoning  and  the  alFem- 
bling  of  another  convention,  ihe  refult 
of  whofe  deliberations  mull  finally 
undergo  the  fame  difculfion  in  every 
Hate,  as  a  recommendation  from  the 
congrefs.  Viewing  the  lubjett  as  we 
do,  and  anxious  to  purfue  the  molt 
fafe  and  fpeedy  way  of  obtaining  a- 
mendments,  we  moll  ardently  hope, 
that  our  endeavours  will  be  aidtd  by 
fimilar.efioris  on  the  part  of  New 
York,  and  the  rell  of  our  filler  Hates, 
and  that  they  will  unite  wiih  us  in 
making  an  immediate  application  to 
congrefs,  fiinilar  to  the  one  we  take 
the  liberty  of  encloling  for  the  conli- 
deration  of  the  legdlature  of  Nev/ 
York.  We  cannot  but  flatter  our- 
felves With  the  happiefl  fuccefs  from 
fo  united  an  ellort  ;  and  that  congrels 
will  take  the  moll  fpeedy  and  effectual 
mealtires  lo  remove  every  unealy  feii- 
fation  from  the  hearts  of  our  fellow- 
citizens,  and  to  fence  our  unalienable 
rights  from  every  poihbie  encroach- 
ment, and  this  v>rithout  the  delay  and 
danger  of  a  convention.  Approving, 
in  the  highell  degree,  the  jealqui 
watchfulnels  of  our  brethren  of  New 
Y^ork,  and  promifing  to  guard  with 
equal  care,  our  common  liberties,  we 
pray,  that  y\lmighiv'  God  may  direct 
their  councils,  and  ours,  to  the  tail- 
ing good  of  our  common  country, 
and  that  he  will  always  have  them  in 
his  holy  keeping." 

(To  bt  continuid.) 


17%.] 


HemarkabU  cafe  nf  a  gun-JJtvt  wound. 


117 


Remarkable  caff  of  a  gun-fiot  wound. 
Communicated  in  a  letter  from. 
Barnabas  Binncy,  hofpital  phyf- 
cian.  andjurgeon  in  the  American 
cnny.  in  1772,  to  the  honorable 
Benjamin   Lincoln.,    efq,   F.  A.  A. 

ON  April  9,  1782,  David  Beve- 
ridge,  a  feaman,  belonging  to 
the  floop  of  war,  general  Monk,  was 
brought  intla  the  uiilitary  holpital  at 
this  place,  having  been  wounded  the 
day  before.  He  was  a  lad  of  about 
nincieen  years  of  age,  in  a  good  liaie 
ofht'alth,  at  the  time  of  the  action 
between  the  faid  fnip  and  the  Hyder 
Ally.  In  that  action  he  was  in  tlie 
ina;ii-lop  of  the  Monk,  v/lien  he  re- 
ceived a  mijflcet  ball  in  his  belly,  fiom 
one  of  the  marines  on  the  quarter- 
deck of  the  Hyder-Ally,  when  with- 
in fifteen  yards  of  the  Monk.  The 
bill  entered  his  belly  about  two  inches 
above  his  left  groin,  and  withni  an 
inch  of  the  in;erior  edge  of  the  left 
ilium,  na'Ti^'g  out  two  inches  on  the 
,rif.;ht  of  the  ipine  between  the  two  in- 
ferior true  nbs,  juU  touching  the  car- 
tilage of  the  inferior  angle  of  the  right 
fcapula.  M-'hen  he  came  into  the 
holpital,  he  had  bled  much,  was  very 
^veak  and  eold,  had  a  faultering  voice, 
a  cadaverous  countenance,  and  a  con- 
f.ant  hickup,  while  his  faeces  paffcd 
freely  out  of  the  wound  in  his  belly. 
In  this  deplorable  condition,  where 
Ticiiher  art  nor  nature  could  proniife 
any  permanent  relief,  the  only  dittate 
•f  humanity  wa:-^,  to  fooih  the  path 
of  death,  iielng  alfo  in  great  pain, 
I  advii'ed  him  to  take  a  glals  of 
Kladeira  wine,  with  twenty  or  ihiny 
drops  of  licjv.id.  laudan.  He  took 
no  kindof  fiillenance  all  this  time,  ex- 
ccpiing  wme  whey,  never  having  any 
kind  of  difcharge  ab  ano,  from  the 
moment  he  was  wounded,  but  con- 
lidutly  fqinrting  with  GO.nliderahle 
force  what  fceces  he  had,  through  the 
wound  in  his  belly.  On  the  four- 
teenth he  had  a  common  ciyller  ad- 
miniltered,  the  greatelt  part  of  whieh 
alfo  came  out  at  the  wound,  the  re- 
mainder coming  as  it  went,  ab  ano, 
viihout  bringing  any  fceces.  From 
the  fourftenfh  to  the  eighteenth,  he 
took  conHderable  quantities  of  grue! 
and  whey,  with  a  little  wine  occafi- 
onally,  having  no  inteftinal  difrharge 
.  Vvhatever,  but  whal  was  nude  tbruuiih 
Vol. VI. 


the  wound  in  his  belly.  On  the 
eighteeiuh,  a»  his  Hrenglh  was  much 
jncrcafed,  and  as  his  wounds  were 
coididerably  contraried,  and  locked 
well,  I  ordered  another  mjetiion  10 
be  adnuniHcred  gently,  when,  lor  the 
firft  time  in  eleven  days,  he  had  a  na- 
tural flool.  From  this  time  he  had 
no  furiher  dilcharge  of  feezes  through 
his  wound  ;  his  excretions  became  as 
regular  and  as  natural  as  ever  they 
were  ;  lis  wounds  fuppurated  and 
healed  kindly  ;  ins  fircngfh  returned, 
and  he  was  exchanged  nearly  as  well 
as  ever  on  the  thiruelh. 

Ihat  the  ball  had  palTcd  through 
the  colon,  is  obvious,  from  the  tii'f- 
charge  of  jierfecf  fceces  and  of  (he 
injection  adminiftered,  ah  ano.  1  hat 
his  life  depended  upon  our  not  med- 
dling with  the  wound,  and  upon 
keepint;  him  quiet  and  eafv,  is  alfa 
plain  ;  as  the  lead  removal  of  the  ori- 
fice in  ihe  intelline  from  the  orihce 
through  the  abdomen,  which  were  in 
happily  opptifed  to  each  other,  mult 
have  been  atiendfd  wiih  a  fatal  dif- 
charge of  the  fcjeces  into  the  abdoiiieri. 
That  the  diaphragm  and  lungs  were 
perforated,  15  plain,  from  the  courfe 
of  the  ball,  ai\d  his  profufe  h;emop- 
toe.  1  hat  lurgeons  may  be  too  olh- 
tious,  a^  well  as  too  tardy  ;  and  that 
where  (hey  are  not  certain  of  the  uti- 
lity of  their  operations,  they  had  bet- 
ter leave  even  the  moft  delpciate  dif- 
orders  to  the  management  of  nature, 
ever  provident,  and  generally  ade- 
quate, are  points  remarkably  enforced 
in  this  particular  cafe. 

..<,...  <^^5><SB>  ••■i>" 

Addfefs  prefented  to  the  prtpdtnt 
of  the  uiiited  fates,  by  the  re~ 
verend  William  Smith.  D.  D.  ihe 
Hon.  John  Henry,  efq,  of  the  /e~ 
nate,  and  the  hen.  Jofuu  Stney^ 
efq.  0/  the  houfe  of  rcprtfentativa  ; 
being  a  committie  of  thz  "uiftors 
and  governors  of  Wafl!in;-'tan  col- 
leiiF.^  in  the  fate  of  Ma  yLand,  ap~ 
point -d for  that  purpofc. 

To   the   PRESIDENT    of  the   unitid 
fates. 
S  I  R, 
E,  the  corporation  of  vifitors 
and  governors,  and  the  princi- 
pal    and     ficulty    of    profelTors,    qS 
Walhington  coilege,  in  ihd    ilate  of 


Jl8  Addrefi  of  WaJItingtcn  coUrge  to  the  prefident  of  the  unitcdJlaUs.  [Aug, 


Maryland,  aftuated  by  the  fwuereft 
perfonal  affcttion,  as  well  as  the 
pured  public  coiiliderations,  beg  leave 
to  embrace  the  prefent  occafion  of  our 
anniverfaiy  meeting  and  commence- 
ment, to  felicitate  ourselves  and  our 
country,  upon  your  unanimous  ap- 
pomtment  to  the  chief  magidracy,  in 
the  general  government  of  the  united 
ftates. 

Revolving  the  vicifTitudes  and  e- 
ventfiil  hiftury  of  the  late  war,  every 
page  of  which  bears  ample  and  hon- 
ourable teiUmony  to  the  fervices 
which  you  have  rendered  to  your 
country,  and  the  exertion  of  thofe  vir- 
tues and  talents  which  have  exalted 
your  name  to  the  firll  rank  among  the 
heroes  and  benefaBors  of  mankind  ; 
we  cannot  but  recal  to  mind  the  oc- 
cafion of  our  former  addrefs  to  you, 
and  your  benevolent  anrvvcr  to  the 
fame. 

The  general  aiTembly  of  Maryland, 
upon  the  eflablilhment  of  this  femina- 
ry,  having  digniliod  the  fame  with 
the  aufpicious  name  of'  Wafhington 
college,  in  honourable  and  perpetu- 
aliiiemory  of  the  fervices  of  ihc  iiluf- 
trious  and  virtuous  commander  in 
chief  of  the  armies  of  the  united 
Hates  ;'  we  expreffed  our  confidence 
— *  that,  amidd  all  the  public  monu- 
ments, which  your  country  fought  to 
erecl  to  you,  even  while  living,  none 
would  be  more  acceptable,  than  a  fe- 
minary  of  univerfal  learning,  exprell- 
ly  dedicated  to  your  name,  with  a 
view  to  iniiruft  and  animate  the 
youth  of  future  generation^  to  admire 
and  to  imitate  thofe  public  virtues 
»nd  patriotic  labours  which  had  creat- 
ed for  yfHt-a  monument  in  the  heart 
of  every  good  citizen  ; — that  we  hoped 
you  would  permit  your  name  to  be 
placed  at  the  h:'ad  of  the  vifitors 
and  governors  of  the  college,  trufting 
that  the  time  was  then  not  very  re- 
mote, when,  by  the  termination  of 
war,  the  infant  inflitiitiotj  might  be 
enabled  to  falute  you  in  perfon,  and, 
like  a  dutiful  child,  a-;  one  of  its  firfl 
works,  prefent  the  olive  wreath  and 
other  emblems  of  peace,  to  its  father, 
'£uardian,  and  friend.' 

Highly  encouraging  to  us  was  your 
anfwer  :  That,  '  with  pleafurc,  you 
V  ^uld  confent  to  have  your  name  en- 
roi'^d  among  the  vifitors  and  gnver- 
B'.>rs  jf  the  college,  if  it  were  not  to 


the  exclufion  of  fomc  other,  whofe 
proximity  and  (Mhcr  circumftanccs 
might  enable  hiin  to  be  a  more  ufeful 
member;  and  that,  as  the  att  of  the 
general  alFembly,  which  had  given 
your  name  to  the  college,  would  re- 
main a  monument  of  their  efteem,  it 
made  an  impreihon  on  your  mind, 
which  could  only  be  exceeded  by 
the  llattering  alRirance  of  the  lading 
and  extenfive  ufefulnefs  of  the  iemi- 
nary  ;  and  when  that  period  fhould 
arrive,  when  we  could  hail  the  blell 
return  of  peace,  it  would  add  to  your 
pleafiire  to  fee  the  infant  feat  of  learn- 
ing rinng  into  confidency  and  pro- 
ficiency in  the  fciences,  under  the 
nurturing  hands  of  its  founders.' 

The  happy  period  is  now  arrived, 
when,  through  the  blelfing  of  God, 
upon  the  return  of  peace,  this  feat  of 
learning  hath  attained  to  fuch  profici- 
ency \\\  the  fciences,"  as  to  wait  upo- 
you  with  the  promifed*  wreath  of  li- 
terary honour,  which  we  truft  you 
will  not  rejcft,  although  from  an  infii- 
tution  of  inferior  Handing,  yet  not  of 
inferior  gratiuide  and  alfettion,  lo  the 
chief  of  thofe,  which  have  already  di^j- 

NOTE. 

*  The  wreath  of  literary  honour,  re- 
ferred to  in  the  above  addrefs,  and  in 
the  anfwer  to  the  fame,  is  the  academi- 
cal degree  of  do£ior  of  laws ;  and  as 
we  have  been  favoured  with  a  copy  of 
the  preamble  to  the  diploma,  we  are 
happy  to  lay  it  before  «)ur  readers,  as 
(he  firfi  fpecimen  we  have  feen  of  the 
prefent  title  and  pad  fervices  of  our 
illudrious  and  beloved  prefident  at- 
tempted in  truly  clalfical  Latin. 

*  Cum  eum  in  finem.  gradus  acade- 
wici  a  majoribus  nojiris  prudnter 
inftituti  fuerint,  ut  Viris,  qvt  de  re- 
ligione^     republic  a,  ct  Uteris    optime 

fint  iHfriti,  publici  fionores  decernt" 
rentur;  cumque  nobis  i-t  omnibus  prat' 
dare  compertum  fit^  Georgium  Wajh- 
inglon  Joedcralarum  Anieritae  civi- 
tatv.m  pratfidem^  nan  Jotum  de  rr- 
ligione.  Uteris,  republica,  et  toto 
cliavt  humano  genere  bene  fempur  tt 
muUmn  7neruiJ['e  \  fed  bello  ac.que  nc 
pocr,  communis  omnium  Jalutis  appe- 
tentijfimitm^per  graviffima  rerum  dif- 
crimina.  ff'  civem  pratjlantijfimum^ 
libertatis  ultorem  felicijfimuvi,  pa- 
triaeque  patrem  amantijimum,  o/l<.n- 
dijfe  J  n«s  igitUTf  &c. 


17S9'] 


On  the  manv/aQure  of  glafs. 


119 


nified  themfelves,  by  prefenting  you 
with  the  like  honours. 

Bearing  an  ardent  and  unfeigned 
part  in  the  admiration  and  applaufc 
ofthofe  virtuous  and  magnanimous 
fentimenls,  which,  in  obedience  to  the 
voice  of  your  country,  have  led  you 
fjrih  once  more,  from  the  enjoyment 
ofiiomedic  happinefs,  to  a  laborious 
and  confpicuous  participation  of  the 
cares  of  public  life,  at  a  moH  iiitereil- 
liig  crifis  of  our  affairs  ;  we  fervently 
pray,  that  the  glory  and  felicity  of 
our  country — the  true  confummatioii 
of  the  patriot's  labours — may  be  your 
crown  in  this  world,  and  affure  you 
an  cverlafling  crown  in  the  world  to 
come ! 

Signed  by  order, 
William  Smith,  d,  d. 

Prefident  of  the  corporation^  and 
principal  0/  the  faculty, 
June  24,  1789. 

A  N  S  AV  E  R  . 

To  the  corporation  of  vifitors  and  go- 
vernors, and  the  principal  and  fa- 
culty of  prefejjors,  of  IVaJhington 
college,  in  thejiate  of  Maryland, 
Gentlemen, 

YOUR  very  affectionate  addrefs, 
and  the  honorary  teffimony  of 
your  regard,  which  accompanied  it, 
call  forth  my  grateful  acknowledg- 
ments. 

A  recolleflion  of  part  events,  and 
the  happy  termination  of  our  glo- 
riousftrugg-le,  for  the  eftablifliment  of 
the  rights  of  man,  cannot  fail  to  in- 
fpire  every  feeling  heart  with  venera- 
tion and  gratuude  towards  the  great 
Ruler  of  events,  who  has  fo  manifeffly 
inierpofed  in  our  behalf. 

Among  ths  numerous  bleffings, 
which  are  attendant  upon  peace,  and 
a$  one,  whofe  confequences  are  of  the 
moft  important  and  extenfive  kind, 
may  be  reckoned  the  profperity  of 
colleges  and   feminaries  of  learning. 

As,  in  civilized  focieties,  the  wel- 
fare of  the  ffate,  and  happinefs  of  the 
people,  are  advanced  or  retarded,  in 
proportion  as  the  morals  and  educa- 
tiot)  of  the  youth  are  attended  to  ;  I 
cannot  forbear,  on  this  occalion,  to 
exprefs  the  faiisfaftion  which  I  feel 
on  feeing  the  increafe  of  our  femina- 
ries of  learning  through  this  extenHve 
country,   and  the  general  wiffi  which 


feems  to  prevail,  for  enablifliing  and 
mainta  niijg  thefe  valuable  inftiiu- 
tion":. 

It  affords  me  peculiar  pleafure,  fo 
know  that  the  feat  of  learning,  under 
your  direflion,  hath  attained  to  fuch 
proficiency  iu  the  fciences,  firce  the 
peace  ;  and  I  bncerely  pray,  that  the 
great  Author  of  the  univerfe  may 
fmile  upon  the  inflitution,  and  maks 
it  an  extenfive  bleffing  to  this  country, 

George  Washington, 
Neu  York,  July  11,  1789. 

Cn  the   mavufaElure  of  glafs. 

BOTTLES,  black  or  green,  are 
the  moil  fimple  of  all  the  glafs 
manwfaclure — the  piotit  of  which  de- 
pends upon  the  greaieft  number  of 
woikmen  being  employed,  at  the 
fmallelt  expenfe  of  fuel.  From  eight 
to  fixteen  blowers  can  work  all  at 
once,  at  one  fmelting  furnace,  of  fix 
feet  diameter,  which  will  take  fix 
cords  of  wood,  every  twenty-four 
hours.  The  beft  conffrutied  green 
glafs  furnace  in  this  country,  is  in 
New  Jerfey,  where  the  whole  bufi- 
nefs  of  fmelting, [blowing,  and  cooling, 
is  done  with  one  fire,  by  the  particu- 
lar conilruftion  of  the  furnace. 

White  glafs  may  alfo  be  made  in 
the  fame  furnace  :  but  it  is  much  more 
curious  in  its  compofition  :  for, to  mak« 
it  white,  it  muft  partake  of  all  the  co- 
lours— for  this  reafon — in  fmelting 
the  pureft  materials,  they  naturally 
have  a  greenifti  and  purpliffi  tinge  ; 
to  diflodge  which,  a  blackiffi  follil 
fubllance  is  made  ufe  of — upon  this 
principle,  that  one  colour,  in  glafs- 
making,  will  deflroy  another;  fo  that 
at  laft,  a  beautiful  glafs  is  produced, 
called  white  ;  but,  like  the  cryflalline 
humour  of  the  eye,  it  partakes  of  all 
the  colours,  as  may  be  feen  in  the 
beft  Engliffi  white  glafs,  which  has  a 
changeablenefs,  like  foap  bubbles  ; 
but  in  the  beft  London  crown  glafs, 
or  mirrors,  you  will  not  j^erceive 
any  of  that  fparkling,  changeable 
power  :  becaufe  it  would  diftort  the 
objett  feen  through  it  or  reflected,  on 
account  of  the  refratting  power  of 
fuch  glafs  ;  therefore  this  glafs  is  made 
of  pure  falts  and  fand  only,  and  has  a 
native  greyifl!  colour,  (as  may  be  feen 
by  the  broken  pieces)  that,  likewater, 
it  may  rcflefi  the  objects  truly. 


if 


Kemonjfrance  to  thf  general  ajfcmhly  of  Virginia.         [ Auguft, 


Crown  glafsmay  be  made  here,  to 
greater  profii,  than  any  other  glafs— 
on  accountot  the  plenty  and  cheap- 
nets  of  materials — the  quantity  that 
Can  be  made — and  the  great  confump- 
tion  of  tt. 

A  glafs  maker, 

Memorial  and  remonjlrnnce  oftheciti- 
zens  of  the  commonwcaltl)  of  Vir- 
ginia^ to  the  general  affembly   of 
that  commonweallfi^  aguinjl   a  bill 
' •  cflablifh tig  a  p roxjifion  fo r  teach- 
ers of  t lie  clrrijtian  religion.'^ 
Tothehon.    the  ;^encral   ajftrnbly    of 
the  commonwealth  of  Virginia^ 
E  ihe   {ubfcnbers,  citi/.eos  of 
the  fa'd  co;nmonweahh,   hav- 
ing taken   into  ferious  conhderation, 
a  bill  printed  by  order  of  the  laft  fef- 
iion  of  the  i^eneral  alfembiy,  entitled 
*'  a  bill  el^ablifiiiiig   a   provifion   for 
teachers   of  the    thci!t>an   religion," 
and  conceiving  that  the  {ame,  ic' final- 
ly  armed  with  the  ianrtion  of  a  law, 
will  be  a  dangerous  abnie  of  power, 
are  bound,  as   faithful  niembeis  of  a 
free  (late,  to  remonllrate   againft  it ; 
and    to   declare  the  reafons  by  which 
we  are  determined. — We  remonltrate 
agaiiifi  the  faid  bill, 

1.  Becaiile,  we  hold  it  for  a  funda- 
mental and  undeniable  truth,  "  that 
religion,  or  the  duty  which  we  owe  to 
our  Creator,  and  the  m:inner  of  dif- 
chnrging  it,  can  be  "  directed  only 
by  reafon  and  conviftion,  not  by 
force  or  violence,"*  The  religion, 
then,  of  every  man,  muit  be  left  to 
the  convichon  and  corjfcience  of  eve- 
ry man;  and  it  is  the  right  of  every 
man  to  exercife  it,  as  thefe  may  dic- 
tate. This  right  is,  in  its  nature,  an 
unalienable  right.  It  is  unalienable  ; 
becauie  the  opinions  of  men,  depend- 
ing only  on  the  evidence,  contemplat- 
ed by  their  ovtrn  mmds,  cannot  follow 
the  dictates  of  ether  men.  It  is  un- 
alienable alfo,  becaufe  what  Is  here  a 
right  towards  men,  is  a  duty  towards 
the  Creator,  it  is  the  duty  of  every 
man,  to  render  to  the  Crearor  fuch  ho- 
mage, and  futh  only,  as  he  believes 
to  be  acceptable  to  him- — this  duty  is 
precedent,  both  in  order  of  time,  and 
in  degree  of  obligation,  to  the  claims 

NOTK.   ■ 

*  Declaration  of  riphts,  art.  16. 


of  civil  fociety.  Before  any  man  can 
be  conhdered  as  a  member  of  civil 
fociety,  he  mult  be  confidered  as  a 
fubjed  of  the  Governor  of  the  uni- 
vcrle.  And  if  a  member  of  civil 
fociety,  who  enters  into  any  fubor- 
dmate  afTociation,  muft  always  do  it, 
■with  a  refervation  of  his  duty  to  the 
general  authority  ;  much  more  muft 
every  man,  who  becomes  a  member  of 
any  particular  civil  fociety,  do  it  with 
a  faving  of  his  allegiance  to  the  Unt- 
verfal  Sovereign.  We  maintain,  there- 
fore, that,  in  matters  of  religion, 
no  man's  right  is  abridged  by  the 
inftitution  of  civil  fociety  ;  and  that 
religion  is  wholly  exempt  from  its 
cognizance.  True  it  is,  that  no  other, 
rule  exdh,  by  which  any  queftion, 
which  may  divide  a  fociety,  can  be 
ultimately  determ'med,  but  the  will  of 
the  majority  ;  but  it  is  alfo  true,  that 
the  majority  may  trefpafson  ths  rights 
of  the  minority. 

9.  Becaufe, if  rellgionbe  exempt  from 
the  authori-ty  of  the  focle.ty  at  large, 
ftill  lefs  can  it  be  fubp-rho  that  of  the 
legiflative  body.  The  latter  are  but 
the  creatures  and  vicegerent?  of  the 
former.  Their  jurifdiHion  is  both 
derivative  and  limited.  It  is  limited 
with  regard  to  the  co-ordinate  depart- 
ments ;  more  necefTiiriiy  is  it  limited, 
with  regard  to  the  condituants.  The 
prefervation  of  a  free  government,  re- 
quires, not  merelv  that  ihe  m.etes  an  d 
bounds,  which  feparatc  each  depart- 
ment of  power,  be  invariably  main- 
tained :  but  more  elpecially  that  nei- 
ther of  them  be  fullered  to  overleap 
the  great  barrier,  which  defends  the 
rights  of  the  people.  The  rulers,  who 
are  guilty  of  fuch-in  encroachment,  ex- 
ceed the  coinmi{Tion,from  which  they 
derive  their  authority — and  are  tyrants. 
The  people,  who  fubmit  to  it,  are  go- 
verned by  Iaw%  made  neither  by  them- 
fclves,  nor  by  an  authority  derived 
from  them — and  are  n.ives. 

3.  Bccauir.  it  is  proper  to  take  alarm 
at  the  firft  experiment  on  our  liber- 
ties. W<2  h(jld  this  prudent  jealou- 
fy  to  be  the  firll  diitv  of  citizen-,  and 
irvne  of  the  nobleR  charadenftics  of  , 
the  late  rpv(i|ution.  Ihe  freemen  of 
America  dd  not  wait, till  iifurpcd  pow- 
er had  Urengthened  itfrlfby  exercife, 
and  entangled  the  qup(lion  in  prece- 
dents. They  fav/  al!  thcconfequenres 
i'H   the  principle  ;  and    they    avoid- 


»7%-3 


Rcmonjiranct  to  the  general  ajfembly  of  Virginia, 


ed  the  confequences,  by  denyirg  the 
principle.  We  revere  this  leffon  too 
-much,  foon  to  forget  it.  Who  does 
not  fee,  that  the  fame  authority,  which 
can  eUablifh  chrnlianity,  in  excludon 
of  all  other  religions,  may  e'labltfh, 
with  the  fame  cafe,  any  particular  fett 
ef  chriltians,  in  exclufion  of  all  other 
lefts  ?  That  the  fame  authority,  which 
can  force  a  citizen  to  contribute  three 
pence  oiilv  of  his  property,  for  the 
luppnrt  of  any  one  eliablifhment,  may 
force  him  to  conform  to  any  other  ef- 
tablifliment,  in  all  cafes  whatfoever  ? 
4.  Becaufe,the  bill  violates  that  equa- 
lity wrhich  ought  to  be  the  bafis  of  eve- 
ry law  ;  and  which  is  more  indifpen- 
fable,  in  proportion  a^  the  validity,  or 
expediency  of  any  law,  is  more  liable 
to  be  impeached.  If  "  all  men  are, 
by  nature,  equally  free  and  indepen- 
deni+"  ail  mew  are  to  be  confidcred, 
as  entering  into  fociety  on  equal  con- 
ditions, as  relinquifliipg  no  more,  and 
therefore  retaining  no  lefs,  one  than  an- 
other, of  their  rights  Above  all, 
are  they  to  be  confidcred,  as  retaining 
an  "  equal  title  to  the  free  exercife  of 
religion  according  to  the  dictates  of 
confciencej."'.  Whilfl  we  afTerr, 
for  ourfelves,  a  freedom  to  embrace, 
to  profefs,  and  to  obferve  the  reli- 
gion, which  we  believe  to  be  of  di- 
vine origin — we  cannot  denyan  equal 
freedom  to  thofe,  whofe  minds  have 
not  yet  yielded  to  the  evidence,  which 
has  convinced  us.  If  this  freedom  be 
abufed,  it  Is  an  offence  agalnll  God, 
not  againft  man — to  God,  therefore, 
not  to  men,  muft  an  account  of  it  be 
rendered.  As  the  bill  violates  equa- 
lity, by  fubjetting  fome  to  peculiar 
burdens ;  fo  it  violates  the  fame  prin- 
ciple, by  granting  to  others  peculiar 
exemptions.  Are  the  qaakers  and 
menonids,  the  onlyfecfs,  who  think  a 
compulfive  fupport  of  their  religions, 
unnecelFary  and  unwarrantable  ?  Can 
their  piety  alone  be  inrruited  with  the 
care  of  pui-.iic  worOiip  ?  Ought  their 
religions  to  be  endowed,  above  all 
uthers,  with  extraordinary  privileges, 
by  which  profelytes  mnv  be  enticed 
from  ail  others  ?  We  think  too  favour- 
ably of  the  juflice  and  good  fcnfe  of 
thefe  denominations,    to  believe,  that 

N  O  T  F  S  . 

+  Declaration  of  right*,  arf.  1. 
I  Art.  16. 


they  either  covet  pre-eminencies  over 
their  fellow  citizens,  or  that  they  will 
be  feduced  by  them,  from  the  common 
oppofiiion  to  the  inealiire. 

5.  Becaufe,  the  bill  implies,  either 
that  the  civil  magiftrate  is  a  compe- 
tent judge  of  religious  truth  ;  or  that 
he  may  employ  religion,  as  an  engine 
of  civil  policy.  The  firft  is  an  arro- 
gant pretenfion,  fallififd  bv  the  con- 
tradictory opinions  of  rule':  in  all  n.^-ea 
and  throughout  the  whole  world — 
The  fecond,  an  unhallowed  perver- 
lion  of  the  means  of  falvation. 

6.  Becaufe,  the  edablilhment,  pro- 
pofed  by  the  bill,  is  not  requifite,  for 
the  fupport  of  the  chriftian  religion. 
To  fay  that  it  is,  is  a  contradiciion  to 
thechnRian  religion  itfelf — for  every 
page  of  it  difavows  a  dependence  on 
the  powers  of  this  world.  It  is  a 
contraditlion  to  fafl — for  it  is  known, 
that  this  religion  both  exilled  and 
floiiriihed,  not  only  without  the  fup- 
port of  human  laws,  but  in  fpite  of 
every  oppohtion  from  them  ;  and  not 
only  during  the  period  of  miraculous 
aid,  but  long  after  it  hiid  been  left  to 
its  own  evidence,  and  the  ordinary 
care  of  providence.  Nay  it  is  a  con- 
tradittion  m  terms — for  a  religion,  not 
invented  by  human  policy,  mud  have 
exifted.  and  been  fupported,  before  it 
was  eflablilhed  by  human  policy.  It 
is  moreover  to  weaken,  in  thofe  who 
profefs  this  religion,  a  pious  confidence 
in  its  innate  excellence,  and  the  patron- 
age of  Its  author  ;  and  to  fofler,  in 
thofe,  who  Hill  rejefl  it,  a  fufpicion, 
that  Its  friends  are  too  confcious  of  its 
fallacies,   to  truft  it  to  its  own  me,rits. 

7.  Becaufe,  experience  witnelFeih, 
that  ecclefiaRical  eftablifliments,  in- 
flead  of  maintaining  the  purity,  and 
efficacy  of  religion,  have  had  a  con- 
trary operation.  During  almoft  fif- 
teen centuries,  has  the  legal  eftablifh- 
ment  of  chriftianity  been  on  trial. 
What  have  been  its  fruits  ?  More  or 
lefs  in  all  places,  pride  and  indolence 
in  the  clergy — ignorance  and  fervility 
in  the  laity — in  both,  fuperdition, 
bigotry,  andperfecution.  Enquire,  of 
the  teachers  of  chrillianity,  for  the 
ages,  in  which  it  appeared  m  its  great- 
eif  luRre — thofe  of  every  feft  point 
to  the  ages  prior  to  its  incorporation 
with  civil  policy.  Fropofe  a  relKora- 
tion  of  this  primitive  ftare,  in  wliich 
us  teachers  depended  on  the  voluntary 


I»« 


Re  VIC  njl  ranee  to  the  general  ajfcmbly  of  Virginia, 


[Auguft, 


rewards  of  their  flocks — many  of  them 
pi  edict  its  downfall.  On  which  fide 
ought  their  telHmony  to  have  the  great- 
e!t  weight,  when  for,  or  when  againft 
lhe:t  niiereft  ? 

8*  Becaufe,  the  eftablifhment  -in 
intieftioii  is  not  neceflary.  for  the  fup- 
port  of  civil  government.  If  it  be  lif- 
ted,as  neceffary  for  the  fupport  of  civil 
government,  only  as  a  means  of  lup- 
porting  religion  ;  and  it  be  not  necef- 
frtry  for  (he  latter  pnrpofc-,  it  cannot 
be  neceflary  for  the  former.  If  re- 
1  <;ion  be  not  within  the  cognizance  of 
civil  government,  how  can  its  legal 
cfiablifhment  be  faidtobe  neceiTiiy  to 
tivil  <^overnment  ?  Vv'hat  influence, 
jn  fad,  have  ccclefiallical  eftablilh- 
memshad  on  civil  foeiety  ? — In  feme 
inflanccs,  they  have  been  feen  to 
crert  a  fpiritual  tyranny,  on  the  ruins 
of  the  civil  authority — m  many  in- 
ilaiK  es,  they  have  been  feen  uphold- 
in;^  the  thrones  of  political  tyranny — 
in  no  inllance  have  they  been  feen 
the  guardians  of  the  liberties  i^f  the 
people.  Rulers  who  wiflied  to  fub- 
vert  the  public  liberty,  may  have  found 
an  etlabiifl-icd  clergy,  convenient  aux- 
iliaries. A  jull  governrnenf,  inlli- 
iuted  lo  fecure  and  to  perpetuate  it, 
needs  ihem  not.  Such  a  government 
will  be  bell  fupported,  by  protcftin;^ 
cxery  citizen  in  the  enjoyment  (,{  his 
rtligion,  with  the  fame  equrd  hand, 
which  protects  his  perfon,  and  his  pro- 
perty ;  by  neither  invading  the  equal 
rights  of  any  fefl ;  nor  fuffering  any 
feil  to  invade  thofe  of  another. 

g,  Becaufe,  the  propofed  ellablifn- 
ment  is  a  departure  from  that  generous 
policy,  which,  offering  an  afylum  to 
the  perfecuted  and  oppreiTed  of  every 
jiation  and  religion,  promifed  a  luffre 
to  our  country,  and  an  acceflion  to 
the  number  of  its  citizens.  What  a 
melancholy  mark  of  fudden  de<^enera- 
<.y,  is  the  bill  propofed  ?  Inlleadof 
holding  forth  an  afylum  to  the  perfe- 
cuted, itisitfelfa  fignal  of  perfecu- 
tion.  It  degrades,  from  the  equal 
rank  of  citizens,  all  thofe,  whofe  opi- 
nions in  religion  do  not  bend  to  thole 
of  the  Icgiflative  authority.  Diftant 
as  it  may  be,  in  its  prefent  form,  from 
the  inciiiifition.  it  diflers  from  it  only 
the  degree.  The  one  is  the  firft  ftep, 
in  other  the  lail,  in  the  career  of  in- 
tolerance. The  magnanimous  fuf- 
ferer  under  this  cruel  fcourge  in   fo- 


reign regions,  muft  view  the  bill  as 
a  beacon  on  our  coalf,  warning  him 
to  feek  fome  other  haven,  where  li- 
berty and  philanthropy,  in  their  due 
extent,  may  offer  a  more  certain  repofe 
from  his  troubles. 

10.  Becaufe,  it  will  have  a  tendency 
to  banilh  our  citizens.  The  allure- 
ments,prefented  by  other  fit  nations,  arc 
every  day  thinning  their  number.  To 
fuperadd  a  frefh  mode  to  emigration, 
by  revoking  the  liberty  which  they 
now  enjoy,  would  be  the  fame  fpe- 
cies  of  folly,  which  has  dilhonoured 
and  depopulated  floiirifning  kingdoms. 

11.  Becaufe,  it  will  dellioy  that  mo- 
deration and  harmony,  which  the  for- 
bearance of  our  laws,  to  intermeddle 
with  religion,  has  produced  among  its. 
feveral  fefts.  Torrents  of  blood  have 
been  fpilled  in  the  old  world,  by 
vain  attempts  of  the  fecular  arm,  to 
exiinguifh  relisjious  difcord,  by  pro- 
fcribmg  all  diflerences  in  religious  o- 
pinion.  Time  has  at  length  revealed 
the  true  remedy.  Every  relaxation 
of  narrow  and  rigorous  policy,  where- 
ever  it  hasbcen  tried,  has  been  found 
to  alTuage  the  difeafe.  The  Ameri- 
can theatre  has  exhibited  proofs,  that 
equal  and  complete  liberty,  if  it  does 
not  wholly  eradicate  it,  fufficicnily 
dellroys  its  malignant  influence,  on 
the  health  and  profpcrity  of  theflate. 
If,  with  the  lalutary  efPefls  of  this 
fyflem  under  our  own  eyes,  we 
begin  to  contract  the  bounds  of  re- 
ligious freedom,  we  know  no  name, 
that  will  too  fevcrely  reproach  our 
folly.  At  leafl,  let  warnmg  be  tak- 
en, at  the  firfl  fruits  of  the  threatened 
innovation.  Ihe  very  appearance  of 
the  bill  has  transformed  *' that  chrif- 
tian  forbearance,  love  and  charity." 
which  of  late  mutually  prevailed,  in- 
to animofities  and  jealoufies,  which 
may  not  foon  be  appeafed.  M^hat 
raifchiefs  may  not  be  dreaded,  fhould 
this  enemy  to  the  public  quiet,  be 
armed  with  the  force  of  a  law  ? 

12.  Becaufe,  the  policy  of  thebill  is 
adverfe  to  the  diflufion  of  the  light 
of  chriftianity.  The  firil  wifh  of 
thofe,  who  enjoy  this  precious  gift, 
ought  to  be,  that  it  may  be  imparted 
to  the  whole  race  of  mankind.  Com- 
pare the  number  of  thofe,  who  have 
as  yet  received  it,  with  the  number 
flill  remaining  under  the  dominion  of 
falfe  religions — and  how   fmall  is  the 


1789-] 


Cf  complexion  end  fgure  in  the  human fpccici. 


former  ? — Does  the  policy  of  the  bill 
tend  to  lefJen  the  difproport'on  ? — 
No  ! — It  at  once  difcourages  thofe, 
who  are  llrangers  to  the  light  of  re- 
velation, from  com'.ng  into  the  re- 
gion of  it  ;  and  countenances,  by  ex- 
ample, the  nations,  who  conriniae  in 
darknef'4,  in  fliutting  out  rhcfe  who 
might  convey  it  to  them.  Initead  of 
levelling,  as  far  as  polfible.  every  ob- 
Hacle  to  the  victorious  progrcij  of 
truth,  the  bill  with  an  ignoble  and 
unchnftian  timidity,  would  circum- 
fcribe  it,  with  a  wjll  of  defence,  i« 
gainft  the  encroachments  of  error. 

13.  Becaufe,  attempts  to  enforce, 
by  legal  fanHions,  atts  obnoxious  to 
fo  great  a  proportion  of  citizens,  tend 
lo  enervaie  the  laws  in  general,  and 
to  flacken  the  bands  of  focicty.  If 
it  be  difficult  to  execute  any  law, 
v/hich  is  not  generally  deemed  necef- 
fary  or  falutary — what  mud  be  the 
cafe,  where  it  is  deemed  invalid  and 
dangerous  ? — And  what  may  be  the 
elFedof  fo  finking  an  example  of  im- 
potency  in  the  government,  on  its  ge- 
neral authority  ? 

14.  Becaufe  a  meafure,  of  fuch  fin- 
gular  magnitude  and  dehcacy,  ought 
not  to  he  impofed,  without  the  cleared 
evidence,  that  it  is  called  for  by  a  ma- 
jority of  citizens ;  and  no  fatisfadory 
method  is  yet  propofed,  by  which  the 
voice  of  the  majority  in  this  cafe  may 
be  determined,  or  its  influence  fecur- 
ed.  "  The  people  of  the  refpeftive 
counties  are  indeed  requelied  to  figni- 
fy  their  opinion,  refpec'fing  the  adop- 
tion of  the  bill,  to  the  next  fefTjonof 
alTembly."  But  the  reprefentation 
niiill  be  made  equal,  before  the  voice 
either  of  the  rcprefentatives,  or  of  the 
counties,  will  be  that  of  the  people. 
Our  hope  is,  that  neither  of  the  for- 
mer will,  after  due  confideration,  ef- 
poufe  the  dangerous  principle  of  the 
bill.  Should  the  event  difappoint  us, 
it  Will  dill  leave  us  in  full  confidence, 
that  a  fair  appeal  to  the  latter  will  re- 
verfe  the  fenience  againfl  our  liberties. 

_  15.  Becaufe,  hnally,  "  The  equal 
right  of  every  citizen,  to  the  freeexer- 
cifc  of  his  re!  gion,  according  to  the 
ditb'es  of  confcience,"  is  held  by  the 
fame  tenure,  with  all  our  other  rights. 
If  we  recur  to  its  origin,  it  is  equal- 
ly the  gifi  of  nature — if  we  weifjh  its 
impoitance,  it  cannot  be  lefs  dear  to 
us— if   we  confilt    the  "  declaration 


of  thofe  rights,  which  pertain  to  {vx 
good  people  of  Virginia,  a*t  the  bafis 
and  foundation  of  govenur.ent,"^  it 
is  enumerated  with  equal  foleninuy. 
or  rather  Ifudied  emphahs.  Eiihe*- 
then  we  mull  fay,  that  the  will  of  the 
legflature  is  the  only  mearut  of  thevr 
authority,  and  that,  in  the  plenitudt: 
of  this  authority,  they  may  fwtep  a- 
v\'ay  all  our  fundamental  rights ;  or 
that  they  are  bound  to  leave  this  par- 
ticular right,  untouched  and  facred — 
either  we  muft  fay,  that  they  may  con- 
trol the  freedom  of  the  prels — mav  a- 
Lolilh  the  trial  by  jury — may  fwallovv 
up  the  executive  and  judiciary  pow- 
ers of  the  Hate — nay,  that  they  may 
defpoil  us  of  our  very  right  of  fuf- 
fragc,  and  crett  themfelves  into  an  in- 
dependent and  hereditary  aifembly — 
or  we  inult  fay,  that  they  have  no 
authority  to  enaff  into  a  law,  the  bill 
under  confideration.  We  the  fub- 
fcribers  fay,  that  the  general  ad'emhiy 
of  this  commonwealth  have  no  fuch 
authority.  And,  that  no  effort  may- 
be omitted  on  our  part,  againft  fo  dan- 
gerous an  ufurpation,  we  oppoii;  to 
it  this  remonftrance;  earnellly  pray- 
ing, as  v/e  are  in  duty  bound,  tiiat 
the  fuprerae  lawgiver  of  the  universe, 
by  illuminating  thofe  to  whom  it  is 
addrelFed,  may,  on  the  one  hand, 
turn  their  councils  from  every  a^t, 
which  would  affront  his  holy  prero- 
gative, or  violate  the  truff  coinmiifed 
to  them — and,  on  the  other,  guide 
them  into  every  meafure,  which  may 
be  worthy  of  his  bleiTing,  may  re- 
dound to  their  own  praife,  and  may 
eflablilh  more  firmly  the  liberties,  the 
profperity  and  the  happinefs  of  the 
commonwealth*. 
Virginia^  1785. 

NOTES, 

§  Preamble  to   the   declaration  of 

rights. 

*  For  an  aff.  pafTed  in  confe- 
quence  of  this  addrefs,  eflablifliing 
religious  freedom  in  its  futlefl  extent 
See  vol.  II.  of  this  work,  page  501. 

An  ejfay  on  the  cavfes  cf  the  variety 
of  complexion  and  fgure  in  ihf 
human  f pedes.  To  which  are  added 
friBures  on  lord Kaims's  difcourfe, 
on  the  original  dtverftv  of  man- 
kind. By  the  reverend  Samuel 
Stanhope  $mith,  D,  D.  lice-pref' 


Of  complexion  and  figure  in  the  human  fpeciti 


[Auguft, 


deht^  and  proftjfor  of  moral phi- 
loJoph}\  in  the  college  of  Ntzv  Jer- 
Jey  ;  and  hL  A.  P.  S.—P.  3.5. 
\?  NClRCi^ii  the  earih  in  every 
Jlj  zone,  and,  making  thoie  reafon- 
able  allovv'ances  which  have  been 
already  fuggelled,  and  which  will 
hereafter  be  luriher  explained,  you 
will  fee  every  zone  marked  by  its 
diftlncl  and  characterillical  culuur. 
The  black  jjtevaiis,  under  the  cqia- 
tur  ;  under  the  tropics,  the  dark  cop- 
per ;  and  on  this  lide  of  the  tropic  of 
cancer,  to  the  leventieih  decree  of 
north  latitude,  you  fuccefiively  dif- 
cern  the  olive,  the  brown,  ihe  fair 
and  the  fanguuie  complexion.  Of 
each  of  theie,  there  are  feveral  tints 
or  iliades  :  and  under  the  arttic  cir- 
cle, yon  return  again  to  the  dark  hue. 
This  general  uniformity,  in  the  ef- 
fect, indicates  an  influence  in  the  cli- 
4iiate,  that,  under  the  fame  circum- 
ftances,  will  always  operate  in  the 
fame  manner.  The  apparent  devia- 
tions from  the  law  of  climate,  that  ex- 
ill  in  d.tlerent  regions  of  the  globe, 
will  be  found  to  conarm  it,  when  I 
tome,  in  the  progrefs  ot  this  dif- 
courfe,  to  point  out  ihcir  caufo'^^ 

The  power  of  climate,  I  have  faid, 
appears  from  obvious  and  undeniable 
events,  within  the  memory  of  hillory. 
From  the  Baltic  to  the  Mediterrane- 
an, you  trace  the  diHerent  lalitudes, 
by  various  fliades  of  colour.  From 
the  fame,  or  from  nearly  refembling 
nations,  are  derived  the  fair  German, 
the  dark  Frenchman,  the  « fwarthy 
Spaniard  and  Sicilian.  The  fouth  of 
Span  is  dillinguilhed  from  the  north, 
by  complexion.  The  fame  obfervation 
Kiay  be  applied  to  moU  of  the  other 
countries  of  Europe  :  and,  if  we 
would  extend  it  beyond  Europe  to 
the  great  nations  of  the  eaft .  it  is  ap- 
plicable to  Turkey,  to  Arabia,  to  Per- 
liaand  to  China.  The  people  of  Pekiii 
are  fair  ;  at  Canion,  they  are  nearly 
black.  The  Perfians,  near  the  Cafpian 
fea,  ?re  among  the  faireft  people  in  the 
v.orld  ;  near  the  gulph  of  Ormus,  they 
are  of  a  dark  olive.  The  inhabitants 
of  the  Stony  and  Defert  Arabia  are 
idvijy ;   while  thofe   of  Arabia  the 

NOTE. 

♦Independently  on  theefFefls  of  the 
ftaie  of  fociety,  which  will  be  hereaf- 
ter illuftratcd,  there  are,  in  reality,  va- 
rious climates  under  ibc  fame  parallels. 


happy  are  as  black  as  the  Ethiopians. 
In  thefe  ancient  nations  colour  holds  a 
regular  progrelhon,  with  the  latitude 
from. the  equator.  The  examples  of 
the  Chinefc,  and  the  ArabianSj  are 
the  more  decifive  on  this  fubje£t,  be- 
caufe  they  are  known  to  have  couti- 
nucd,  from  the  remoielt  antiquity,  un- 
imngled  with  other  nations.  The  lat- 
ter, in  particular,  can  be  traced  up  to 
their  origin  from  one  family.  But  no 
example  can  carry  with  it  greater 
forte,  on  this  iubject  ,than  that  of  the 
Jews.  Deicended  from  one  flock, 
prohibited,  by  their  mod  facred  infti- 
tutions,  from  intermarrying  with  other 
nations,  and  yet  difperfed,  according 
to  the  divine  predittions,  into  every 
country  on  the  globe,  this  one  people 
is  marked  with  the  colours  of  all: — 
fair  in  Britain  and  Germany,  brown 
in  France  and  in  Turkey,  fwarthy  in 
Portugal  and  m  Spain,  olive  in  Syria 
and  in  Chaldea,  tawny  or  copper  co- 
loured In  Arabia  and  in  Egypt+. 

Another  example  of  the  power  of 
climate,  more  immediately  fubjetl  to 
our  own  view,  may  be  (hewn  in  the 
inhabitants  of  thefe  united  fta'es. 
Sp'ung,  within  a  few  year?,  frc^ra  the 
Britilh,  the  Irifli  and  the  German  na- 
tions, who  are  the  faireft  people  in 
Europe,  they  are  now  fpread  over 
this  continent,  from  the  thirty  firft  to 
the  forty  fifth  degree  of  northern  lati- 
tude. And,  notwithftanding  the  tem- 
perature  of,  the    climate notvviih- 

flanding  the  fiiorfnefs  of  the  period, 
fince  their  firft  eilablifiiment  in  Ame- 
rica— notwiihftanding  the  continual 
mixture  of  Europeans,  with  thofe 
born  in  the  country — notwithftand- 
ing previous  ideas  of  beauty,  that 
prompted  them  to  guard  againft  the 
influence  of  the  t4;inatc — and  notwith- 
ftanding the  ftate  of  high  civilization, 
in  which  they  took  yiolleflion  of  their 
new  habitations,  they  have  already 
fuffeied  a  vifible  change.  A  ceria.n 
countenance  of  palenefs,  and  of  foft- 
nefs,  ftrikes  a  traveller  fiom  Britain, 
the  moment  he  arrives  on  ourftiore.  A 
degree  of  fallowncfs  is  vihble  to  him, 
which,  through  familiarity,  or  the 
wane  of  a  general  ftandud  of  compa- 
rifon,  hardly  attracts  <vir  obiervaiion. 
This  eSett  is  more  (^bvious  in  the 
middle,  and  ftill  more,  in  the  fouthern, 

NOTE. 

+  BuSbu's  nat.  hift.  vol.  3d, 


1789.] 


Of  complexion  and  figure  in  the  human f pedes. 


125 


|han  in  the  northern  ftates.  It  is 
more  obfervable,  in  the  low  lands 
near  the  ocean,  than  as  you  approach 
the  Apalachian  mountains ;  and  more, 
iji  the  lower  and  labouring  claffes  of 
people,  than  in  families  of  eafy  for- 
tune, who  pofiefs  the  means  and  the 
inclination  to  protefl  their  complexion. 
The  inhabitants  of  New  Jerfey,  be- 
low the  falls  of  the  rivers,  are  fome- 
what  darker  in  their  colour,  than  the 
people  of  Pennfylvania,  both  becaufe 
the  land  is  lower  in  its  fituation,  and 
Lecaufe  it  is  covered  with  a  greater 
tjiiantity  of  (lagnant  water.  A  more 
iouthern  latitude  augments  the  colour, 
along  the  fliores  of  Maryland  and 
Virginia.  At  length,  the  low  lands 
of  the  Carolinas,  and  of  Georgia, 
degenerate  to  a  complexion,  that  is 
but  a  few  Iliades  lighter,  than  that  of 
the  Iroquois.  I  fpeak.  of  the  poor 
labouring  clalTes  of  the  people,  who 
are  always  firft  and  moQ  deeply  af- 
fetled  by  the  influence  of  climate, 
and  who  eventually  give  the  na- 
tional complexion  to  every  country. 
The  change  of  complexion,  which 
has  already  pafled  upon  thefe  peo- 
ple, is  not  eafily  imagined  by  an  in- 
habitant of  Britain  ;  and  furnifiies  the 
cleareft  evidence  to  an  attentive  ob- 
ferver  of  nature,  that,  if  they  were 
thrown,  like  the  native  Indians,  into 
afavage  ftate,  they  would  be  perfect- 
ly marked,  in  time,  with  the  fame 
colour.  Not  only  their  complexion, 
but  their  whole  conftitution,  feems 
to  be  changed.  So  thin  and  meagre, 
is  the  habit  of  the  poor,  and  of  the 
overfeers  of  their  flaves,  that,  fre- 
quently, their  limbs  appear  to  have  a 
length  difproportioned  to  the  body  ; 
and  the  fhape  of  the  fkeleton  is  evi- 
dently difcernible  through  the  (kin*. 

NOTE. 

*  The  dark  colour  of  the  natives 
of  the  M'eft  India  iflands,  is  well 
known  to  approach  very  near  a  dark 
copper.  The  defcendants  of  the  Spa- 
niards, in  South  America,  are  already 
become  copper-coloured  :  [fee  phil. 
tranf.of  roy.  foe.  Lond.  N0.476.fe6t. 
4.]  The  Portuguefe  of  Mitomba,  in 
Sierra  Leoiia  on  the  coaft  of  Africa, 
have,  by  intermarrying  with  the  na- 
tives, and  by  adopung  their  manners, 
become,  iri  a  few  generations,  per- 
feftly  affimilated  in  afpeft,  figure,  and 

Vol.  VI,  ^     ^    6      ' 


If  thefe  men  had  been  found  in  a 
diftant  region,  v.-jiere  no  memory  of 
their  origin  remained,  the  philofo- 
phers,  who  efpoufe  the  hypotheiis 
of  different  fpecies  of  nien,  would 
have  produced  them  in  proof,  as  they 
have  often  done  nations,  ddtinguifii- 
ed  by  fmaller  differences,  than  diftin- 
guifli  thefe  from  their  European  an- 
celtorsf .     Examples,   taken  from  the 


complexion,  [fee  treatife  on  the  trade 
of  Great  Britani  to  Africa,  by  an 
African  merchant.]  And  lord  Kaims, 
who  cannot  be  fufpeftcd  of  partiality 
on  this  fubject,  fays  of  another  Portu- 
guefe fettlement  on  the  coad  of  Con- 
go, that  the  defcendants  of  ihofe  po- 
lifhed  Europeans,  have  become,  both 
in  their  perfons  and  iheir  manners, 
more  like  beads  than  like  men.  [fee 
Iketches  of  man,  prel.  difc]  Thefe 
examples  tend  to  ftrengthen  the  infer- 
ence, drawn  from  the  changes,  that 
have  happened  in  the  Anglo-Ameri- 
cans. And  thev  fhew,  how  eafily 
climate  would  affimilate  foreigners  to 
natives  in  the  courfe  of  lime,  if  they 
would  adopt  the  fame  manners,  and 
equally  expofe  themfelves  to  its  in- 
fluence. 

t  The  habit  of  America  is,  in  ge- 
neral, more  fiender  than  that  of  Bri- 
tain. But  the  extremely  meagre  af-  . 
pect  of  the  poorcft  and  lowed  clafs 
of  people,  in  feme  of  the  fouthern 
flates,  may  arife  from  the  following 
caufe,  that  the  changes,  produced  by 
climate,  are,  in  the  Hrd  inHance,  gene- 
rally difeafes.  Hereafter,  when  the 
conftitution  fhall  be  perfectly  accom- 
modated to  the  climate,  it  will  by  de- 
grees aflame  a  moreregularand  agree- 
able figure.  The  Anglo-Americans, 
however,  will  never  rel'^emble  the  na- 
tive Indians.  Civilization  will  pre- 
vent lo  great  a  degeneracy,  either  in 
the  colour,  or  the  features.  Even  if 
if  they  were  thrown  back  again  into 
the  favage  date,  the  refemhiance 
would  not  be  complete  ;  becaufe,  the 
one  would  receive  the  impreflions  of 
the  climate,  on  the  ground  of  features 
formed  in  Europe — the  others  have 
received  them,  on  the  ground  of  fea- 
tures, formed  in  a  very  different  re- 
gion of  the  globe.  The  eff^ecis  >>f 
fuch  various  combinations  can  never 
he  the  fame, 
R 


•iaS 


OfcomplixicTi  and [igUTc  in  the  hvmanfpcci.es. 


[Augun-, 


ratives  of  the  united  ftate^,  are  the 
flroa<4er,  becaufe  ciiina'e  has  not  had 
time  to  impiefs  upon  tlieru  us  full 
cliaracler  :  and  the  change  has  been  re- 
tarded by  the  arts  of  fociety,  and  by 
the  continual  intermixture  oF  foreign 
rations. 

Thefe  changes  may,  to  pcrfons  who 
think  fup'rficially  on  the  fnbjeH, 
fcera  more  flow  in  their  progrels.  than 
is  confirient  with  the  principles,  hi- 
therto laid  down,  concerning  the  in- 
fluence cf  climate,  iiu',  in  the  phi- 
losophy cf  human  nature,  it  is  wouhy 
of  obfervation,  that  ali  national  chan- 
g«s,  whethtr  moral  or  phyficaF,  ad- 
vance by  imperceptible  gradations,  and 
are  not  accomplilhed  but  in  a  feries  of 
a^cs.  Ten  centuries  were  r<?q;jiiite, 
to  polifli  the  manners  of  Europe.  It 
is  not  improbable,  that  an  equal  Ipace 
of  time  may  be  n  ■efFary,  to  form  the 
cotintenance,  and  -.he  Hgure  of  the 
body — ^to, receive  all  the  inl'enfible  and 
iniin.'ie'  i.^prefTions  of  climate — to 
cciTiiv';--  thefe  with  the  effecls,  that 
rei  .  •  from  the  flaie  of  fo'c'cty — to 
I.e.  1  both  along  wiih  prrfonal  pecu- 
liar ■■ties— and  by  the  innumerable  uni- 
ons of  fam  lies,  to  meltdown  the  whole 
into  one  uniform  and  ;Vational  counte- 
nance*. It  is  even  queOionable, 
whcther.iamidfl  eternal  migrations  and 
coiKiiicfts,  any  nation  in  Europe  has 
yet  received  the  full  effects  of  thefe 
cai!f;s..  China  and  Arabia  are  per- 
haps the  only  civilized  countries  in 
the  world,  in  which  they  have  attain- 
ed thsir  utmod  operation  :  becaufe 
they  are  the  only  countries,  in  which 
the  people  have  been  able,  during  a 
long  fiicccfrion  of  ages,  to  preferve 
tiiemfelves  unmixed  with  other  na- 
tions. Each  parallel  of  latitude  is, 
among  them,  dillinrily  marked  by  its 
peculiar  coinplexi<m.  In  no  other  na- 
tions, is  there  fiich  a  regular  and  per- 
fctf  gradation  of  colour,  as  is  traced 
from  the  fair  natives  of  Pekin,  to 
Canton,  whofe  inh.tbitanis  are  of  the 


*  In  favage  life,  men  more  fpccdily 
receive  the  charafferiftic  features  cf 
the  climate,  and  of  :h"f^ate  of  fociety  ; 
becaufe  the  habits  and  ideas  of  foci- 
ety, among  them,  are  few  and  fimple  ; 
and  to  ihe  action  of  the  climate  they 
areexpofed  naked  and  dcfencelefs,  to 
liiH-.T  us  full  force  at  once. 


darkefl  cop  ler — or,  from  the  olive  of 
the  Defen  Arabia,  to  the  deep  black' 
of  the  province  of  Yemen.  '  It  is 
plain  then,  that  the  caufes  of  colour) 
and  of  (UJier  varieties  in  the  human 
fpt-cies,  have  not  yet  had  theirfull  ope- 
ration on  the  inhabitants  of  thcf* 
united  flates.  However,  they  have 
already  had  fuchan  operation,  as  afr 
fords  a  ftrong  proof,  and  an  intersfting 
example,  of  the  powerful  influence  of 
climate*. 

The  preceding  obfervatlons  have 
been  mrcndcd  chiefly  to  explain  the 
principle  of  colour.  I  proceed  now 
to  illullrate  the  influence  of  climate 
on  other  varieties  of  the  human  bodv. 

It  would  be  impofuble,  in  the  com- 
pafs  of  Jl  difcoL'rfc  like  the  prefent,  to 
enter  minutely  into  the  defcription  of 
every  feature  r.f  the  countenance,  and 
of  every  limb  of  the  body  ;  and  to  ex- 
plain all  the  changes  in  each,  that  may 
po!Lhlybe  produced  by  the  power  of 
climate,  combined  wiih  other  acci- 
dental caufe-!.  Our  knowledge  of  the 
human  coilllitution,  or  6f  the  globei, 

NOTE. 

*■  The  reader  will  pleafe  to  keep 
in  mmdj  that,  in  remarking  on  the 
changes. that  h.ive  paffed  on  the  Anglo- 
Americans,  I  have  in  view  the  mafs 
of  the  people  :  and  that  I  h.ive  in 
view,  hkewife. -natives  of  the  fecond 
cr  third  geiieration,  and  not  fuch  as  are 
fprung  from  p:irents,  one  or.  both  of 
■  wl-ioni  have  been  born  in  Europe  ; 
•though,  even  with  regard  to  thefe,  the 
remarks  will  be  found  to  hold  good 
in  3  great  degree.  I  am  aware,  that 
p.irticular  mllanccs  may  be  adduced, 
which  will  feem  to  contradift each  re- 
rriark.  Rut  fuch  examples  do  n6t 
overthrow  general  conclufions,  de- 
rived from  the  body  of  the  popjlace. 
And  thefe  inHances,  I  am  perfuaded, 
Will  be  very  rare  among  thofe,  who 
have  had  a  elf  ar  American  dofcent  by 
boll  parents,  for  two  or  three  genera- 
tions. They  will  be  more  rare  in  the 
low  and  level  coun'ry,  where  the  cil- 
mate  is  more  diflerenr,  and  the  de- 
fcents  more  rersote  from  Europe,  than 
inihe countries  to  the  weO,  where  the 
land  rifes  into  hilK.  Here  the  climate 
is  more  fimilar  to  that  in  the  middle  of 
Europe,  and  the  people  are  more 
mingled  with  emigrants  from  Ireland 
and  Gsr  manv. 


•1785.] 


Cfctmplexien  end  figure  in  the  human  fpecits. 


127 


or  of  the  powers  of  nafurc,  is.  perhaps, 
jiotfiifKciently  accuiate  and  extenfive, 
to  enable  us  to  offer  a  ^au^fartory  lo- 
iuiioii  of  every  difficulty,  that  an  at- 
.teiuive  or  a  capiioiis  obierver  might 
propofe.  But  if  we  are  able,  on  juQ 
principles,  to  explain  the  capita!  va- 
rieties, in  figure  and  afpeft,  that  ex- 
iii  among  different  nations,  it  ought 
to  fatisfy  arealonable  enqiirer  ;  as  no 
minuter  ditferen.es  can  oe  fufficient, 
toconifitute  a  dittintt  fpecies. 

I  fliall,  therefore,  confine  my  ob- 
fervations,  atprefentj  to  thofe  confpi- 
cuous  varieties,  that  appear  in  the 
hair,  the  figure  of  the  head,  the  fize  of 
the  limbs,  and  the  principal  features 
of  the  face. 

The  hair  generally   follows  the  law 
of  the  complexion  ;  becauie,  its  roots, 
being  planted  in  the   (kin,    derive   its 
nourifliment  and  its  colour  from    the 
fame  fubltance,   which   there  contri- 
butes to  form  the  complexion.     Every 
gradation  of  colour  in   ihe  (kin,  from 
^he  bfown  to  the  perfectly  black,  is  ac- 
companied wi:h  proportionate    (liades 
in  the  hair.     The  pale  red,  or  faiidy 
.complexion,  on  the  other  hand,  is   u- 
fually  attended   with    rednefs  f)f  the 
hair.     Between  thefe  two   points,  is 
found  almoR    every    other    colour  of 
this  excrefcence,  arifing  from  the  acci- 
dental   mixture  of  the   principles  of 
black  as.d  red,  in  different  proportions. 
White  ha  r,  which  is  found  only  with 
the  faireit  fk;n,  fcems  to  be  the  middle 
of  the   exiremes,   and  the  ground    in 
which  they  both  are  blended*.     The 
extremes,  if  I  may  fpcak  fo,    are  as 
peartp  each  other,  as  to  any  point  in 
the  circle,  and  are  often  found  to  run 
into  one  another.     The   Highlanders 
of  Scotland  are  generally  either  black 
or  red.     A   red   beard   is   freqiieniiy 
■united  with  biack  ha'r.     And  if,  in  a 
red  or  dark-coloured   family,  a  child 
happens  to  deviate  from  the  law   of 
the  houfe,  it  15  commonly  to  the  oppo- 
fite   extreme.     On    this    obierva'ion 
p'^rniit  ine  to  remark,  that  thofe  who 
deny  the  identity    of   human    origin, 
becaufc  one  nation  is  red  and  another 


*That  black  hair  is  l\jmetirnes  f  ip- 
pofed  to  be  united  wuh  the  fair^j't 
fkai,  anfes  from  the  deception,  which 
the  contrail,  betv/een  the  hair  and 
fliin,  puts  upon  the  fifcht. 


black,  might,  on  the  fame  principle, 
deny,  to  perfons  of  different  complex- 
ion, the  identity  of  family.  But  as 
the  fact,  in  uhc  latter  inftancc,  is  cer- 
tain ;  we  may,  in  the  former,  reafona- 
bly  conclude,  that  the  llateof  nerves  or 
fluids,  which  contributes  to  produce 
one  or  other  of  thefe  effcfts  in  a  rini;le 
family,  may  be  the  general  tendency 
of  a  particular  cfimate.  In  this  ex- 
ample, at  leall,  we  fee,  that  ihe 
human  conflitution  is  capable  of  be- 
ing molded,  by  phyfical  caufes.  inio 
many  of  the  varieties  ifiat  diflinguifii 
mank'nd.  It  is  coniiarv  therefore 
to  found  philofophy,  which  never, 
without  neceffity,  afligns  different 
caufes  for  fnnilar  events,  to  have  re- 
courfe,  for  explaining  ihefe  varieties, 
to  the  hypothelis  of  feveval  original 
fpecies*. 

Climate  poffefTes  great  and  evident 
influence  on  the  hair,  not  only  of 
men,  but  of  all  other  animals,  The 
changes,  which  this  excrefcence  un- 
dergoes in  them,  is  at  [call  equal  to 
what  it  fuffcrs  in  man.  If,  in  one 
cafe,  thefe  tranfmutations  are  acknow- 
ledged to  be  confident  with  identity 
of  kind,  they  ought  not,  in  the  other, 
to  be  efteenied  critenons  of  diUintt 
fpecies      Nature  has  adapted  the  pli- 

NOTE. 

*  If  we  fuppofe  different  fpecies  to 
have  been  created,  liow  fliall  we  de- 
termine their  number  ? — Are  any  of 
them  loft  ? — or  where  lliall  we,  at 
prefent,  find  them  clearly  dillinguiflied 
from  all  others  ? — or  were  the  fpi'- 
cies  of  men  made  capable  of  being 
blended  together,  contrary  to  the  na- 
ture of  oiher  animals,  fo  thai  they 
ihoulu  never  be  difcriminaf^d,  thus 
rendering  the  end  unnereflary,  for 
which  they  arefuppoied  to  have  been 
created  i' — if  we  have  reafon  .from  the 
varieties,  that  cxifl  in  the  fame  family, 
or  in  the  lam.e  nation,  to  conclude, 
that  the  Danes,  the  French,  the 
Turks,  and  people  even  more  remote, 
are  of  one  ipecies,  have  v'e  not  the 
fame  reafon  to  conclude,  that  the  na- 
tions beyond  them,  and  wh'-"  do  not 
diifor  irom  the  lall,  by  more  confpi- 
cuous  diihntticiis,  tlian  the  laff  d-fTer 
from  the  hrfj,  are  alfo  of  the  iar.ie 
Ipccies.  liy  purfi'iig  this  progref- 
fion,  we  (hall  find  but  one  fpecies, 
froai  the  e'^uator  to  the  pole. 


:8 


Of  complexion  andjigure  in  the  human  fptcies. 


[Augut, 


ancy  of  her  work,  to  the  fituations,  in 
which  flie  may  require  it  to  be  placed. 
'I  he  beaver,  reniuved  to  the  warm  la- 
titudes,   exchanges   its   fur,   and    the 
Iheep  its  wool,  fur  a  coarfe  hair,   that 
prelerves  the  animal  in  a  more  mode- 
rate temperature.  The  coarfe  and  black 
fhag  of  the  bear  is  converted,  in    the 
arctic    regions,    into     the  finefl    and 
whiteft    hir.       1  he   horfe,  the  deer, 
and  almoli  every  animal  prote61ed   by 
hair,  doubles  his  coat  in  the  beginning 
of  winter,  and  iheds  it   in  the  fpring, 
when   it  is    no  longer   ufeful.      The 
finenelsand  dendty  of  the  hair  is  aug- 
mented, ni  proportion  to  the  latitude 
of  the  country.      The  Canadian   and 
Rulfian  furs  arc,  therefore,  better  than 
the   furs   of    climates   farther   fouth. 
The  colour   of  the  hair  is    likewife 
changed  by  chmate.        The  bear   is 
white  under  the   arfclic  circle  ;  and  in 
high  northern  latitudes,    black  foxes 
are  molt   frequently  found.      Similar 
ctledsof  climate,  on  mankind,  arealfo 
dilcernible.     Almoil  every   nation  is 
diflmguilhcd  by  fome  peculiar   quality 
of  this  excrefcence.     The  hair  of  the 
Danes  is  generally  red  ;  of  the  Englifh, 
fair  or  brown  ;  and  of  the  French,  com- 
monly  black.      The    highlanders    of 
Scotland  are  divided  between  red  and 
black.     Rid  hair  is  frequently  found 
in  [he  cold  and  elevated  regions  of  the 
Alps ;  although  black  be  the  predomi- 
nant complexion,  at  the  foot  of  thofe 
mountain^.     The  aborigines  of  Ame- 
rica,  like  all  people  of  colour,   have 
black  hair  ;   and   it  is  generally  long 
and   ftraif.       The    flraitnefs  of    the 
hair  may  a  rife  from  the   relaxation  of 
the  climate,  or  from  the  humidity  of 
an  uncultivated  region.     But,  whate- 
ver be  the  caiife,  the  Anglo-Ameri- 
cans already   feel  its   influence  :   and 
curled  locks,  fo  frequent  among   their 
jjucellors,  are  rare  in  the  united  Hates'''. 

KOTE. 

*  They  2'e  mofl  rare  In  the  fou- 
jhorn  ftate-<,atid  in  ihofe  families,  that 
are  fariheli  defcended  from  iheir  Eu- 
rcipean  or  gin.  Strait  lank  hair  is 
almoil  a  general  charafleriflic  of  the 
Americans  of  the  fecond  and  third 
race.  It  is  impollihle.  however,  to 
predirl,  what  cfletf  the  clearing  of  the 
country,  and  ihe  pro<;refs  of  cultiva- 
tion, may  hereafter  produce  on  the 
half,  z%  well  as  other  qualities,  of  the 


Black  is  the  mod  ufual  colour  of 
the  human  hair,  becaufe  thofe  cli- 
mates,that  are  moff  extenlive,and  moll 
favourable  to  population,  tend  to  the 
dark  complexion.  Climates,  that  are 
not  naturally  marked  by  a  peculiar 
colour,  may  owe  the  accidental  pre- 
dominancy of  one,  to  the  conftitutional 
qualities  of  an  anceftral  family — 
they  may  owe  ihe  prevalence  of  a 
variety  of  colours,  to  the  early  fettle- 
ment  of  different  families,  or  to  the 
migrations  or  conqu'ells  of  different 
nations.  England  is,  perhaps  for  this 
reafon,  the  country,  in  which  is  feeTi 
the  greatefl  variety  in  the  colour  of 
the  hair. 

But  the  form  of  this  excrefcencfe, 
which  principally  merits  obfervation, 
becaufe  it  feems  to  be  fartheft 
removed  from  the  ordinary  laws  of 
nature,  is  feen  in  that  fparfe  and 
curled  fubflance,  peculiar  to  a  part  of 
Africa,  and  to  a  few  of  the  Afiatic 
iflands. 

This  peculiarity  has  been  urged,  as 
adecifive  charaBer  of  a  diftind  fpe- 
cies,  with  more  affurance,  than  be- 
came philofophers  but  tolerably  ac- 
quainted with  the  operations  of  nature. 
The  fparfenefs  of  the  African  hair  is 
analogous  to  the  effeft,  which  a  warm 
climate  has  been  fliewn  to  have  on 
other  animals.  Cold,  by  obflrufting 
the  pcrfpiration,  tends  to  throw  out 
the  pcripirable  matter,  accumulated  at 
thefkin,  in  an  additional  coat  of  hair, 
A  warm  climate,  by  opening  the 
pores,  evaporates  this  matter,  before 
it  can  be  concreted  into  the  fubftance 
of  hair ;  and  the  laxnefs,  and  aper- 
ture of  the  pores,  renders  the  hair  li- 
able to  be  eafily  eradicated  by  innume- 
rable accidents. 

Its  curl  may  refult  in  part,  perhaps, 
from  external  heat,  and  in  part  from 
the  nature  of  the  fubflance  or  fecre- 
tion,  by  which  it  is  nourifhed.  That 
it  depends  in  a  degree  on  the  quality 
of  thefecretion,  is  rendered  probable, 
from  its  appearance  on  the  chin,  and 
on  other  parts  of  the  human  body. 
Climate  is  as  much  diflinguifhed,  by 
the  nature  and  proportion  of  the  fe- 

NOTE. 

Americans.  They  will  necefTarily 
produce  a  great  change  in  the  climate, 
and  confequently  in  the  human  conlh' 
tution. 


1789.1 


Of  complexion  and  figure  in  the  human /pedes. 


isg 


ctetions,  as  by  the  degree  of  heat. 
Whatever  be  the  nutriment  of  ihe  hair, 
itfecms  to  be  combined,  in  the  torrid 
zone  of  Africa,  with  fome  fluid  of  a 
hiy;hly  volatile  or  ardent  qiiahty.  That 
it  is  combined  with  a  flrong  volatile 
fait,  the  rank  and  offenfive  fmell  of 
many  African  nations,  gives  us  reafon 
to  fufpe6l.  Saline  fccretions  tend  to 
curl  and  to  burn  the  hair.  The  eva- 
poration of  any  volatile  fpirit  would 
render  itsfurface  dry  and  difpofed  to 
contraft,  while  the  centre  continuing 
dirtended  by  the  vital  motion,  thefe 
oppofite  dilatations  and  contractions 
vould  neccffarily  produce  a  curve, 
and  make  the  hair  grow  involved. 
This  conjefture  receives  fome  confir- 
mation, by  obferving  that  the  negroes, 
born  in  the  united  ftatesof  Arnerica, 
are  gradually  lofing  the  Hrong  fmell 
of  the  African  zone  ;  their  hair  is,  at 
ihe  fame  time,  growing  lefs  involved, 
and  becoming  denfer  and  longer*. 

External  and  viole^it  heat,  parching 
the  extremities  of  the  hair,  tends 
'  likewife  to  involve  it.  A  hair,  held 
near  the  fire,  inftantly  coils  itfelf  up. 
The  herbs,  in  the  extreme  heats  of 
fummer,  roll  up  their  leaves,  during 
the  day,  and  expand  them  again  in  the 
coolnefs  of  the  evening.  Africa  is 
the  hotteil  country  on  the  globe.  The 
aticients,  who  frequented  the  Afiatic 
'  zone,  clleenied  the  African  an  unin- 
habitable zone  of  fire.  The  hair,  as 
well  as  the  whole  human  conititution, 
fullers,  in  this  region,  the  eftects  of  an 
intenfe  heat. 

The  manners  of  the  people  add  to 
the  influence  of  the  climate.  Being 
favages,  they  have  few  arts  to  proteft 
them  from  its  intenfity.  The  heat  and 
ferenity  of  the  flty  preferving  the  life 
of  children,  without  much  care  of  the 

NOTE. 

*  Many  negroes  of  the  third  race, 
in  America,  have  thick,  clofe  hair, 
extended  (o  four  or  five  inches  in 
length.  In  fome,  who  take  great 
pains  to  comb  and  drefs  it  in  oil,  it  is 
even  longer,  and  they  are  able  to  ex- 
tend it  into  a  fliort  queue.  This  is 
particularly  the  cafe  with  fome  do^ 
meftic  fervants,  who  have  more  lei- 
fure  and  better  means,  than  others,  to 
cherifli  their  hair.  Many  negroes, 
however,  cut  their  hair  as  fafl  as  it 
grows,  preferring  it  &ort. 


parent,  they  feem  to  be  the  mofl  negli- 
gent people  of  their  offspring  in  the 
univerfe*.  Able  themfelves  to  en- 
dure the  extremes  of  that  ardent  cli- 
mate, they  inure  their  children  from 
their  mofl  tender  age.  They  fuffer 
them  to  lie  in  the  aOies  of  their  huts, 
or  to  roll  in  the  duft  and  fand,  beneath 
the  direct  rays  of  a  burning  fun.  The 
mother,  if  flic  is  engaged,  lavs  down 
the  infant  on  the  firll  fpot  fte  finds  ; 
and  is  fcldom  at  the  pains  to  feek  the 
miferable  fheltcr  of  a  barren  (hrub, 
which  is  all  that  the  interior  country 
affords.  Thus  the  hair  is  crifped, 
while  the  complexion  is  blackened  by 
exceffivc  heaif .  There  is  probably 
a  concurrence  of  both  the  preceding 
caufcs,  in  the  produflion  of  the  effefl. 
The  influence  of  heat,  either  external, 
or  internal,  or  of  both,  in  giving  the 
form  to  the  hair  of  the  Africans,  ap- 
pear'?, not  only  from  its  fparfenefs  and 
its  curl,  but  from  its  colour.  It  is 
not  of  a  fnining,  but  an  aduR  black  ; 
and  Its  extremities  tend  to  brown, 
as  if  it  had  been  foorched  by  the  fire. 
Having  treated  fo  .largely  on  the 
form  of  this  excrefcence,  :a  that 
country  where  it  deviates  farthefl 
from  the  common  law  of  the  fpecies, 
I  proceed  to  confiderafew  of  the  re- 
maining varieties  among  mankind. 
(To  be  continued.) 

NOTES. 

*  The  manners  of  a  people  are 
formed,  in  a  great  meafure,  by  their 
neceffities.  The  dangers  of  the  North 
American  climate  render  the  natives 
uncommonly  attentive  to  the  prefer- 
vation  of  their  children.  The  Afri- 
can climate  not  laying  its  favage  in- 
habitants under  any  neceffity  to  be 
careful,  thev  expofe  their  children  to 
itsutmoil  influence,  without  concern. 

+  I  have  myfclf  been  witnefs  of 
this  treatmentof  children  by  the  flaves 
in  the  fouthern  Rates,  where  they  are 
numerous  enough,  to  retain  many  of 
their  African  cufloms.  I  fpeak  of 
the  field  flaves,  who,  living  in  little 
villages  on  their  plantations,  at  a  dif- 
tance  from  their  maflers'  manfions. 
are  flow  in  adopting  the  manners  of 
their  fuperiors.  There  I  have  fecn 
the  mother  of  a  child,  within  lefs  than 
fix  weeks  after  it  was  born,  take  it 
with  her  to  the  field,  and  lay  it  in  the 
fand,   benc4tli  a   hot  fun,   while  flie 


13° 


Ejfay  on  fmuggling. 


tAugu^, 


Ejfny  on  fmuggling. — P.   64.  the   conifnon   opinions,    and   feelings 

AS  the  bulk  of  mankind  do  not  of  mankind,  fiirnidi  a  ,!^ood  ftandard 
fee  a  10  have  a  difpofuion,  to  of  eaimatioa,  fur  the  moral  ment  of 
^n'ethe.rreadvandeffcaual  CO  opcr-  ?^-^»"'>"'-  Bui  we  iwi..  nut  millake, 
atio-1,  in  rcnderin^r  the  public  revc-  m  our  appl  cation  of  this  principle; 
iije  producHve.  and  adequate  to  the  nor  mull  we  iuppofe,  that  the  public 
chjea  for  which  it  is  initituted— it  op">'""^  feally  is,  invariably,  and  m 
Tvould  lead  one  to  conclude,  that  no  il'  »n'lJ"ccs,  what  it  appears  to  be, 
public  utility  was  derived  from  the  \^}^  ^'J^  ""^  "/  j:overniTicru  are  com- 
revenue;  and  confequently,  that  rr,-n  pl»'-;=»'ed  ;  and  the  condud  of  men, 
arc  under  no  oblitrations  of  juUice,  wi,h  relpett  to  it,  has  a  contradittory 
for  the  payment  of  it.  Thofe,  who  appearance,  iu  the  capacity  of  in- 
■  *  dividuals,  we  icel  an  avernon   to  re- 

ftramt,  and  a  leluMance  in  making 
facrifices.  When  we  art,  not  mere- 
ly as  individuals,  but  as  members  of 
a  coinnmniiy,  we  feel  a  reipoiifibili- 
ty,  in  this  collc.:t:ve  characlcr,  which 
accommodatts  itfclf  to  the  general 
welfare.  I'he  common  reafon  of  the 
law-ftiakers,  while  employed  in  the 
att  of  legiflation,  becomes  the  teft  pf 
propriety,  rather  than  the  general 
temper  oF  ihofe,  over  whom  the  law 
is  to  operate.  If  however,  the  good 
cD'iCi  of  the  law  i^  fo  obvious,  that 
men,  in  their  pri^vaie  intercourfe  with 
each  other,  unavoidably  difcern  it, 
they  Aviii  acknowledge  and  applaud 
the  judicc  of  it.  But  the  benehts  of 
revenue  laws  are  not  immediately  per- 


Hraw  this  inference,  will  go  on  to  ob- 
Icrve,  that  the  common  fenfe,  and 
a-jiprehcnfion  of  the  great  mafs  of  the 
^people,  can  never  be  oppofed  to  any 
m^afure,  tint  is  jull  and  vifeful  ;  and 
that  gencril  confent  is  the  moft  in- 
fallible tc!},  by  which  to  form  our 
notions  oF  right  and  wrong.  What- 
ever IS  built  on  the  foundation  of  juf- 
tice,  muft  coincide  with  the  common 
interefts  of  men,  and  therefore  will 
meet  with  tieneral  approbation  and 
fiipport.  On  the  other  hand,  what- 
ever is  generally  difliked  and  oppof- 
ed. cannot  have  its  origin  in  public 
Ti'.ility,  and  has  no  ju'fl  claim  upon  the 
prcperiy  or  fervices  of  men,  to  pro- 
mote its  operation  and  fuccefs. 

Thofe,  who  reafon  in  this  manner 


have  taken    only   a   loofe,   fuperncial     ceived  by  every  individual ;  while  th 


burden;  are  never  concealed  from  the 
view  of  any  one. 

Nothing  has  been  more  common, 
thin  for  aimoft  every  member  of  the 
community  to  complain  of  certain 
grievance':,  and    to  elett   rcprefenta- 


vie-w  of  the  fubjed.     In  many  cafes, 

X  o  T  E  . 

hoed  her  corn-row  down  and  up.  She 
would  than  liickle  it  a  few  minutes, 
and  return  to  her   work,  leaving    ihe 

child  in  the  fame  expofure,  although  tivcs,  who  participate  of  that  fpirit  of 

Ihe  might  have  gained,  within   a   few  complaint,  for  the  exprefs  purpofe  of 

yar.fs,   a   convenient  liiade.       Struck  obtaining  relief;  and  yet  thefe    fame 

ar  hrii  withihe  apparent  barbarity  of  reprcfentatives,   upon  a  fair  confider- 

this    treatment,   I    have  remondrated  ation  of  the    fiibjert,    have    dropped 

Willi  thfin   0;i  the    fubjett;  and    was  their  clamor,    and  even  laid   further 

tiniforinly  told,  that    dry  land,  and   a  impohtions    upon   their   conftituents. 


hot   fun,   were  never    found  to  hurt 

them.     This  treatment  tends  to  add  10 

the  injury,  that  the  climaie  docs  to  the 

nair.      A    fimdar  negligence   ainong 

the  poor,  who  fuifer  their  children    fo 

lie  in  alhes,  or  on  the  naked  groifnd, 

and  who  expofe  th-'m,  without    ovcr- 

ing  for  their  heads,  to   the  fun   aiid 

wind,  wc  find,  greatly  injures  ihe  hair. 

Vy'e  rarely    fee   perfons,    who    have 

hfcn  bred  in   extreme   poverty,   who 

have  it  not  fhort,  and  thin,   and    fr.t- 

t(T/*d.      Hut    in    Africa,    the  heat  of    iniiiilu 

tiii;  (HidHodof  the  (un.  mull  have  a     is    not 


This  illud rates  the  idea,  that  peo- 
ple, in  their  private  capacity,  do  not 
always  perceive  the  utility,  or  allow 
ihejulticeof  a  meafure  ;  merely  be- 
caule  they  have  not  been  in  a  fitua- 
t.on,  to  comprehend  the  reafons,  up- 
on which  it  IS  founded. 

\'^  lien  there  is  a  general  preva- 
lence of  a  practice,  that  will  be  called 
unjiill  or  VICIOUS,  by  ihole  who  view 
it  upon  the  broad  principles  of  juf- 
tice  and  virtue,  it  argues  that  the 
of  fuch  in;iilluc,  or  vice, 
obvious   and    iimnediatc  :  but 


in  t..h  norc  p^iiverful  cuidi. 


fi  remote  and  ind  rcct. 


to  elcapc 


1733.]' 


.EJfay  onfmuggling. 


13 1 


common  obfervation.  This  is  men- 
lioiiedj  to  prove,  (hat  public  percep- 
tion IS  nut  necefTardy  a  teft  of  the 
rules  of  juftice.  The  partial  honeRy 
i)f  inankmd  is  well  if  [nclented,  in  a 
jaie  nuiiibcr  of  the  American  Mu- 
i;  um*.  1  will  purfue  fame  of  the 
ideas,  that  are  fuggeiled  in  that  pub- 
lication. 

:  Itrs  diverting,  to  obferve  the  dif- 
tihttions,  that  !ome  people  practical- 
ly mlake,  with  regard  to  their  moral 
cfiimation  of  attions.  Some  men 
are  fcrupuloully  honefl  in  certain 
points,  while,  in  oihers,  where  there 
js  nojiill  jjround  of  ditierence,  they 
ihrow  oil  all  rclliaints  of  truth  and 
honefly.  They  are  countenanced,  in 
their  narrow  fyHrm  of  morality,  by 
the  common  confcnt  of  the;r  neigh- 
bours. 

In  the  cour''e  of  a  journey,  fome 
time  fince,  I  palfed  a  few  hours  at 
th?  flore  of  a  country  trader.  While 
I  Was  there,  fsveral  of  his  caftomers 
came,  with  wa.,f^on- toads  of  grain. 
The  traier  di retted  the  baqs  to  be 
emptied  into  a  granary,  in  a  part  of 
tlu^'liore,  occupied  for  that  purpofe. 
I  obfervcd  him  enquire  of  each  man, 
the  quantity  he  brouijht  :  and  he  was  fo 
xvell  fat  tilled  wuhtlicir  information, 
as  to  take  the  grain  off  their  hands, 
without  the  trouble  of  mea Curing  it. 
'This  degree  of  confidence  a  little 
furprifed  me,  and  led  me  to  afic, 
whether  it  was  iifual,  in  purchafing 
articles,  to  rely  upon  the  word  of 
the  feller,  with  refpett  to  (he  quanti- 
ty. The  trader  allured  me,  that  he 
very  fsldom  meafured  the  grain,  as 
it  was  brought  to  his  {lore;  that,  in 
fome  few  inflances,  he  had  done  it, 
but  that  he  had  not  found  any  at- 
tempt to  deceive  him.  Many  of  his 
cui)omer«,  he  obferved  to  me,  would 
highly  relent  his  fcrupling  their  word 
in  this  matter ;  and  that  it  was  ge- 
•  nerally  believed,  no  man,  in  that  neigh- 
bourhood, would  defraud  another  in 
the  meafure  of  grain.  Soon  after 
this  converfation  ended,  a  man,  whofe 
;  appearance  was  better  than  that  of  the 
farmers,  oifered    to   fell  the   trader  a 


*  The  author,  we  fnppof:,  alhiclci; 
to  dr.  Franklin's  judicious  obfervati- 
ons  On  fmugglin,!/.  publifhed  in  the 
M-,ifcunifor  April  la'fh  page  ^.j,']. 


horfe.  The  latter  had  as  great  an  in- 
clination to  buy,  as  the  other  had  ti> 
fc-ll  ;  but  there  feerned  to  be  fome  dif- 
ficulty, in  fixing  the  value  of  thd 
horfe,  and  afceriainmg  his  age  and 
qualities.  The  feller  declared,  upon 
his  hon:iur,  that  what  he  alferted.was 
true;  but  the  buyer  doubted  all  his 
declarations.  I  took  au  opportumiy 
of  Ipeaking  to  the  trader,  on  the  fub- 
jett,  and  told  him.  that  I  imagined. 
the  perfon,  who  was  about  iGlliug  the 
horfe,  did  not  live  111  (he  fame  part  of 
the  country  with  the  honeU  grain- 
fellers.  The  trader  albircd  mc,  that 
he  lived  in  the  midil  of  them  ;  that 
there  was  not  a  better  man  among 
them  all ;  nor  one,  whofe  word  he 
would  fooiier  take,  in  any  matter  that 
related  to  weight  and  ineafurc.  "  Bur, 
replied  I,  you  do  not  feem  to  bcliev--; 
any  thing  he  aderts,  refpettiiig  his 
horfe.''—"  True,"  faid  he,  "  it  iscuf- 
tomary  for  people  to  take  all  the, ad- 
vantage they  can,  in  the  fale  of  an 
horfe,  and  to  deceive  the  purchafer, 
as  to  his  age  and  properties.  'I'he 
mod  honcll  men  m  the  world  do  not 
fcruplc  to  impofe  on  one  another,  in 
this  refpect." — from  this  anecdote,  I 
would  infer,  that  the  common  feel- 
ings, and  praflice  of  men,  are  not 
always  a  fure  criterion  of  the  juftice  or 
utility  of  actions.  As  there  are  few 
men  who  buy  horfes,  compared  with 
thoie  \vi)o  buy  grain,  the  general  con- 
venience, and  fafety  cf  the  people, 
do  not  require  them  to  make  a  com- 
mon caufe  of  tlie  deception,  in  both  * 
infiances  alike. 

Another  anecdote,  not  lefs  appli- 
cable to  the  f  ibjeft,  may  be  introduc- 
ed.. I  was  once  invited  to  pafs  an 
evening,  at  the  houle  of  a  gentleman, 
where  there  was  to  be  a  party  at  card»^ 
Before  the  play  commenced,  my  friend 
afTured  me.  that  I  could  depend  on 
the  utmoPt  fairnefs  in  the  game,  and, 
i!;at  each  perfon  would  punctually  pay 
his  lodes,  on  the  fpot.  I  found  it 
exattly,  as  was  repreiented.    In  every 


inltance,  wnere  1  won  money,  it  was 
readily  paid  ;  and  I  could  obferve  no 
attempt  or  difpofition  to  play  unfair- 
ly. At  the  clofe  of  the  evening,  a 
jj'^rtlernan.  vho  had  been  more  tto- 
fortunate  th?ii  ufaal,  happened  not  to 
be  in  rjft  to  fq'iare  the  board.  He 
cxpreffcd  great  folicitude  to  p;iy  his 
arrears ;  ai;d  addre/fing  himfclf  toihe 


13* 


F-fay  an  fmuggliftg. 


[Auguff, 


company,  reqtiened,  fome  one  would 
be  fo  obliging  as  to  lend  him  a  few 
guineas,  declaring,  in  die  mciR  (b- 
lemn  manner,  it  IhouLd  be  reimburfed 
early  the  next  morning.  I  d;d  not  heh- 
tate  to  advance  thefum  requeued,  be- 
ing fully  ptrfuaded,  that  a  perfon, 
who  was  fo  anxious  to  pay  a  demand 
iliat  accidentally  lay  againit  him  by  a 
run  of  ill  luck,  and  fo  unwilling,  that 
his  honour  (hould  fuller  by  a  dehn- 
quency,  would  be  no  lets  exatl.  in  dil- 
charginga  debt,  which  he  had  volun- 
tarily coniraCted,  through  the  confix 
deuce  and  poliienels  of  a  flranger. 
The  event,  however,  proved  other- 
wife.  If»  the  morning,  as  I  was  get- 
ting ready  to  puiTue  my  journey,  I 
recolleticd  the  money  I  had  lent;  and 
dcfircd  the  landlord  to  inform  me, 
where  the  borrower  cou'd  he  found. 
The  landlord,  with  a  pertnefs  he  had 
not  before  difcovercd,  replied,  "  mr. 

-< will  not  be  out  of  his  bed  thefe 

two  hours ;  have  you  any  bufineCs 
with  him?""'" — Nothing  iTSore,  faid  I, 
than  to  receive  a  little  cafii  of  him. 
*'  If  you  wait,  till  you  get  that,"  an- 
fwered  the  landlord,  "  1  would  advife 
you  to  become  an  inhabitant  of  this 
place,  and  fend  for  your  family  at 
once.    It  is  a  chance,  if  you  ever  get 

a  farthing  of  the  money,  as  mr.  

never  pays  any  debts  he  can  avoid." — 
"But, "continued  I, '•you  muftbe  mif- 
taken  in  this  man  ; — he  was  very  ho- 
nourable in  paying  his  lolTes  at  cards. 
— "  True,"  replied  the  landlord  ; — 
*'  for  the  rules  of  the  club  forbid  any 
nan  to  go  away  in  debt  to  the  table. 
If  he  left  any  thing  unpaid,  he  could 
no  longer  be  a  member  of  the  club. 
Bcfides,  he  is  often  foriunate,  and 
carries  away  money  ;  and  when  he 
lofes,  he  can  borrov/  of  fome  perfon, 
who  is  not  acquainted  with  his  cha- 
racter. Thofe,  who  attend  that  gam- 
ing club,  are  honed  with  each  other  : 
but  they  pay  no  regard  to  juftice,  or 
veracity,  w;th  anybody  clfe,  except 
when  they  are  in  the  club-room.." — 
—  I  was  not,  however,  difccuraged, 
by  tills  information,  from  an  aitempt 
to  get  my  money  ;  and  after  importun- 
ing the  landlord  for  fome  time,  he 
jjermittcd  a   negro  boy  to  lake  a  note 

for    m.e,    to   mr. .     The    hoy 

lumfelf  was  fo  well  convinced,  that 
his  errand  was  in  vain,  that  he  could 
not  refrain  frorn  wa^gijfb  capers.     He 


foon  returned,  anci  informed  me,  iha^ 

mr. r-  had  told  his  lervants,  that 

he  v\',as   not  to    be  feen,  till  iwelve. 
o'clock. 

I  do  not   mention   thefe  anecdotes, 
as  lingular  inllancesof  the  partial  view; 
and  prariiceof  men,  in  accom.modating 
their  ideas  of  right  and  wrong,  to  their 
particular   fuuation  and  convenience. 
Wherever  we  lock,  we   find  repeat- 
ed and   melancholy   cuuhrmations   of 
the    imperfeflion  of  prevailing   prin- 
ciple, and   ihp    pervcrfenels   of  au- 
thorized habits.     All  clubj,  or  focie- 
ties,  how  unimportant  or  immoral  fo- 
ever  shey  may  be,  have  certain    rules 
of  honor   and   eq^uity   among    them- 
felves.     Thefe  are  few   or  many,    11- 
luited  or  extenfive,  in  proportion    19 
the  obiefls,  which  are  to   be  accoin- 
pl.ihcd  by    the  alTociation.     It    is  19 
be  regretted,  that  men,  who  are  great- 
ly aiiached   to  any   particular  Icct  of 
party,  are  apt  to  forget  the  duties  they 
owe  the  community  at  large,  and  con- 
fine their  aBs  of  ufefulncfs,  and  their 
difplay  of  virtues,  within   narrow  h- 
niits.     "  Robbers  and  pirates,   (it  lias 
often  been  remarked.)  could  not  main- 
tain their  pernicious  confederacy,   did 
they  not  cllablifli  a  new    difiributive 
jurtice  among    ihenifelve;:,  and   rccal 
thofe  laws  of  equity,  which  they  have 
violated  with  the   reft   of  mankind." 
I    have  .been    thus    diflufive,    and 
thrown  the   fubjeH   into   fuch  diHer- 
ent  lights,   that  I  might    make  it   ful- 
ly evident,  that  there  are   various  in- 
llanccs,  in  which,  our  fentiments  of 
duty   are    not  co-exienfive   with    tl^e 
objecls  of  it.     There  is  no  cale,   that 
I  have  fpecificd,  in   which  our  ideas 
of  obligatioM  are  more  erroneous  ar\d 
deficient,  than  thofe,   which  relate  to 
a  difcharge  of  the  demands,  that  are 
laid   upon    us    bv   the   revenue   laws. 
Our  inventive  faculty  is  aiifully  dif- 
played,  in  finding  excufes  to  juftify 
afctions,  that  are   committed,  through 
the  impulfe  of  interefl  or  palhon. 

If  the  principles  of  this  difcuHiQn 
are  juO,  they  will  imprefs,  on  the 
minds  of  virtuous  citizens,  the  impor- 
tance of  fetting  fuch  examples,  aijd 
diffiifing  fuch  maxims,  as  will  con- 
vince the  bulk  of  the  people,  that 
their  duty  and  their  honour  are  con- 
cerned, in  a  punttiial  payment  of  the 
public  taxes,  in  whatever  form  they 
arc  impofed.     They  will  likewifc  co^i- 


ij^'l 


EJfoy  on  free  trade  and  f.nance. 


n\ 


tribute  to  convince  men  at   the   helm         II.  This  mode  of  taxation  applies 

ofatiairs,  that  in    order  to  obtain  the  for  money,  where  'tis   to   be   had   in 

concurrence  of  their  conliituents,    in  greateft   plenty,  and  can  be  pa  d  with 

fiipponing  the  execution  of  the  laws,  moft  eafe  and  leall  pain.    If  we  apply 

the  public    adinuiillration   (hould   be  to  the  farmer,  irad^fman  or  labourer 

nvarked  with  no  ac^,  that   is    caprici-  for  cafh,    they   have    very  I'tle  of  it, 

ous,  oppreOive,   or  unneceffary.     In  and  'tis  hard  for  them  to  raife  the  ne- 

addition  to  caulcs  of  a  permanent  na-  ceflary   fum  ;  but  'tis  matter  of, com- 

ture,   that  induce   men   to  doubt    the  mon     courfe     with     the     merchant, 

utility  or  the  juftice  of  revenue  laws,  through  whofe  hands  the  great  current 

there  are   often   adventitious   circum-  of    circulating    cafli   palTes :    he    will 

fiances,  that  alienate  the  affetlions  of  confider   the   tax,  as   part  of  the  hrft 

people  from  the  meafures  of  govern-  cof{  of  his   goods,   and   fet   his    price 

ment.     Of  this    defcription,  are  ex-  and  fell  accordingly.     It  matters  little 


travagant  or  ufelefs  appropriations; 
injudicious  or  fupernumerary  appomt- 
menis  of  oflicers  ;  ncgledful,  dilhon- 
elt,  or  overhearing  condutt  in  thofe, 
who  are  fcattered  through  the  difter- 
ent  branches  of  the  executive  depart- 
ment. 


to  him,  whether  he  pays  half  the  coit 
of  his  goods  abroad,  and  the  other 
half  at  home  ;  or  whether  he  pays  it 
all  abroad  :  his  objeft  is,  to  get  the 
whole  out  of  his  fales,  with  as  much 
proht  to  himfelf,  as  he  can. 

III.  This  m.ode  lays  tlie  burden  of 
tax  on  that  kind  of  cOnfumiKionj 
which  is  excelfive  and  hurtftil',  anci 
leffens    that     confumption,     and     of 


An   elfay  on  free   trade  and  finance,  ^  i       i  '  i    • 

particularly  Jliewing,  what  fupplies    "^^''^^  T"""^'  ^,1  "^'"Tu-'i  u  "  r  'u 
of  pubtic    revenue   may   be    draum     ^'"^'^^'^^  '^^   '"^"^^'"^'  ^"^  ^^^''^  "^^  'h, 


from  merchandfe,  zvttkout  injiir- 
in,s;  our  trade,  or  burdening  our 
people— P.  6g. 

By  a  citizen  of  Philadelaphia. 


people.  For  'tis  plain,  that  no  mor« 
mor.ey  will  be  paid  for  the  go;-ds 
taxed,  than  would  have  been  paid  for 
the  fame  kind  of  good«,  had  they  not 
been    taxed  :    the   d'.licrence    is,    the 


I,  nr*  HIS   mode  of  taxation  may  fane  money  paid  for  the  taxed  goods, 

X     fafely  be  raifed  to  fuch  a  de-  will   ncit   buy   the   fame    q'lantity    of 

gree,  as  to  produce  all  the  money,  we  them,  as  before  the  lax,  bccaufe  the 

need  for  the  public  fervice,  or  fuffici-  tax  will  raiie  the  price  of  them  ;  and 

cntly  near  it.     Perhaps  a  fmall  tax,  in  when  the  confumption,  or  ufe  of  fuch 

the  ordinary  way,  would  be  more  be-  goods,  is   excelhvcand   hurtful,  this 

neHcial  to  the  Itates,  than  none;  be-  lelFening  of  it  is  a  benefit,  though  the 

caufe  this  tax  keeps  the  cuHomary  a-  fame  money  is  paid   for  them   as  be- 


venues,  from  the  wealth  of  individu- 
als, to  the  public  trealury,  always 
open  ;  thele  may  be  ufed  on  emergen- 
cie-,  and  the  habit  and  pratlice  being 
fettled,  would  not  be  fubjecl  to  the 
dilHcultics,  naturally  anhng  from  no- 
velty, or  innova, ions.  But,  to  return 
to  my  argument — 'tis  greatly  in  favour 
of  this  kind  of  tax,  that  U  will  bring 
money  enough  for  the  public  fervice. 
'Tis  matter  of  great  animation,  m  the 
purfuit  of  any  objecl,  to  know,  that, 
when  accomplilhed,  it  will  be  ade- 
quate   to    its    purpofe^.      People    all 

want  to  fee  the  end  of  things,  and  to  fame  re.ilon.  'tis  better  for  a  reaper, 
know  when  they  are  to  have  done  :  to  drink  half  a  pint  of  rum  in  a  day, 
this  will  naturally  produce  much  than  to  reap  for  the  fame  wages,  and 
flronger  efforts,  vigour  and  chearful-  drink  a  quart  of  rum.  This  reafon- 
n-d's,  than  if  the  thmg,  when  accom-  ing  will  hold  in  its  proper  degree, 
piilhed,  would  be  but  half  adequate  with  re fpett  to  every  kind  of  confum- 
to  its  purpofes.  tion,  which  is  cxcetlive  aud  hurtful* 

Vol.  VI,  •  $  ' 


fore,  for  ihe  fame  realv)n  that  "tis  bet- 
ter for  a  man  who  happens  to  be  at  a 
tavern  with  exceiuve  drinkers,  to  pay 
his  whole  {hare  of  the  reckoning,  hut 
drink  lefs  than  his  fliare  >f  the  liquors, 
and  go  home  fober,  than  to  pay 
the  fame  reckoning,  drink  his  full 
fhare  of  the  liquors,  and  go  home 
drunk.  '  Fis  always  better  for  a  man, 
to  buy  poifon  and  not  ufe  it,  than  to 
buy  the  fame  poifon  and  ule  it.  In' 
the  one  cafe,  he  lof's  nothing  but  his 
money;  in  ihe  orher  cafe,  he  lofes 
his  money  and  his  health  too.  For  the 


134 


^ay  on  fne  trade  and  finance. 


[Auguft, 


IV.  This  mode  of  taxation  faves 
the  whole  fuin  of  the  tax  to  the 
fhtes,  while,  at  the  fame  time,  it 
mends  the  habits  and  health  of  the 
people :  tor  'tis  plain,  that,  if  the 
i,onfumption  of  fuch  iinported  goods 
is  lelTericd  by  the  tax,  a  iefs  quantify 
will  heimportcdj  and  of  courfe  a  lefs 
lum  of  money  be  Tent  abroad  to  pay 
the  firft  cofl  of  thefe  goods :  and  this 
excefs  of  money,  whith  is  thus  faved 
from  going  abroad  (whence  it  would 
never  return,)  is  paid,  by  the  tax, 
into  the  public  treafury,  whence  it 
iffues  on  the  public  fervice,  and  is 
directly  thrown  info  circulation  again 
through  the  Hates  ;  and  of  courfe  be- 
comes a  clear  faving,  or  balance  of 
increafe  of  the  circulating  medium, 
and  confequently  of  rcaluol  wealth 
in  the  country  ;  whilfl,  at  the  fame 
time,  the  people  are  better  ferved 
and  accommodated,  by  the  reduced 
confumption,  than  they  could  have 
been  by  (be  exceihve  one. 

V.  It  appears,  from  what  has  heen 
juft  now   ohferved,  that  this  mode  of 
taxation  naturally  increafes  the  circu- 
'  filing  cafli  of  the   flaies:  and  every 
one  knows  what  a   fpring,  what   vi- 
gour this  gives  to  every  kind  of  bufi- 
nefs  in  the  country,  whether  of  huf- 
bandry,     mechanic    arts,    or    trade. 
1  here  is  no  coiTiparifon    between  the 
advantages   of  carrying  on   any    fort 
ofbuliaefs,  in  a  country   where    calh 
circulates   freely,    and   in   a   country 
•where   cadi    is   fcarcc.     In  tlie   one 
calc,  every  kind  of  bufinefs  will  iloii- 
ri^h,  and   induilry    has  every   fort    of 
encouragement  and  motive  for  exer- 
tion ;  in  the  other,  all  bufinefs    m.uft 
be  fadly    embarralfed,  and  of  courfe 
make  but  a  feeble  and   flow   progrels. 
We   can  (rarcely  forma  conception, 
what  a  dittercnt  face  thefe   two  cir- 
cumOanccs   will  give  a  country  in  a 
flvjrt  time.     In  the  one   cafe,  build- 
ings   nfe,    huibandry    improves,   arts 
arid  manufactures   flounfh,  the  coun- 
try is  alive,   and   every   part  of  it  a- 
boiinds  with  induflry,  profits  and  de- 
light;    the    other  can  produce   liitle 
more  than   languor,   dcoy,    dullnefs 
and  fruitlcfs  anxieiy,  difappointment 
and  wretrhednel":. 

VI.  The  tax  I  propofe,  will  o- 
perate  in  a  way  of  genera!  equality, 
jiillice,  and  due  )>roportion.  A  tax 
cm  general  confuniptipns,  cannot  fail 


to  bring  the  burden  in   due   proporti- 
on on  individuals,  becauie   everyone 
will   pay   in  proportion    to   his  con- 
fumption ;    and   the   prefumption   is, 
that  the  man  who  fpends  moll,  is  beft 
able    to    fpend.     If  this   propofition 
admits  of  exceptions,  they  are  gener- 
ally in  favour  of  the  ceconomill,  the 
careful,  penurious   man,  and    againft 
the  prodigal,  who  dilTipates  his  eftate 
— and  will  operate  as  a  ftrong  check 
upon  him,  if  he  is  not  pall  all  confi- 
derations  of  intereft.     If  this   be  the 
cafe  with  him,  the  fooner  his  eflate 
is  run  through,  the  better  it  is  both  for 
himfelf  and   the  public  :    for,    when 
this  happens,  he  muft   either  die  or 
work   for  his   living,  and   of  courfe 
do  ioine  good  in  the  world,  or  at  leaft 
ccafe   doing  hurt:  he    will    then   no 
longer  be   able   to   fet  an  example  of 
idlenefs,  extravagance,  and  diffoluie- 
nefs,  and  draw  other  gay  fpirits  into 
his   pernicunis   practices  :    and  if  his 
conliiiiition  fliall   happen    to   out-laft 
his   eflate,  he   may,    by   temperance, 
enjoy   iome  good  degree  of   health  ; 
and  his  adverfiries  may  perhaps  bring 
on  ferious   reflexions,  fincere  repent- 
ance, and  amendment  of  life;  and  if 
his  fortune  is  defperate  in  this  world, 
he  may  at  leaft  find  flpjiig  inducements 
to  prepare  for  the  next  ;  fo  that  he  is 
in   no   fenfe  injured   by  the  tax,  but 
may  by  prudence  derive  great  benefits 
from  it.     Befides,   I  am  »if  opinion, 
that  government  ought  to  leave  every 
man  mafter  of  his  own  eflate,  and  per- 
mit him  to  judge  for  himfelf.  how  faff, 
and  in  what  mode,  he  will   fpend   it. 
He  knows  well,  wliat  tax  he  pays  on 
every   expenditure  :  every  part  of  it 
is  fiibjetlto  his  owu  free  choice:   and 
if  his  career  of  diflipation  cannot   be 
reftrained,  it  is  as  well  for  hun,  and 
much  belter  for  the    public,  that  he 
flioiild  give  part  of  his  wealth  to  the 
p\)blic  treafury,  than  wafle  the  wholtf 
of  it  in  luxury  and  pleafurc — fo  that  I 
do  not  fee,  that  he  has,  in  this  cafe, 
the   leaft  ground  of  complaint  of  in- 
jury or  oppredion — helides,   I  think, 
there  is  a  kind  of  juftice,  in  framing 
the  public  inftitutions,  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner, that  a  man  cannot  fpend  a  dollar 
in    luxury  and  dilfipation,  which  arc 
hurtful  to  the  public,  without  being, 
at  the  fame  time,  obliged  to  pay  ano- 
ther  dollar  into   the  public  treafurv, 
t©  nialie  thereby  fome  compcnfation 


1789-] 


EJfayon  frtt  trade  and  finance. 


for  the  injury,  which  the   public   re- 
ceives from  his  kixury. 

And  as  to  ihe  niggardly,  penurious 
man,  who  does  not  fpend  his  ilo- 
iiey  in  proportion  to  his  wealth,  and  of 
courfe  does  not  pay  his  fliare  of  tax  ; 
'tis  obfervable,  that  even  his  very 
penury  eventually  benefits  the  co'n- 
ntuniiy  :  for  what  he  does  not  fpend, 
he  faves  ;  and  thereby- enriches  him- 
felf,  and  of  courfe  adds  to  the  wealth 
of  the  community  :  for  the  weaUh  of 
the  community  is  the  agc»reeatc  of 
the  wealth  of  all  the  individuals  who 
eompofe  it.  This  ought  therefore  to 
be  a  favoured  cafe ;  as  the  communi- 
ty eventually  gams  more  by  a  (Lilling 
faved,  than  it  could,  by  a  IhiUing  con- 
fumed  and  loft,  though  the  conlumcr 
fliould  pay  fix-pence  into  the  public 
treafury.  In  fine,  the  tax,  on  this 
principle,  is  carved  out  of  the  cxpen- 
diiures  ot  the  nation — not  indeed  all 
expei'ditures  indircnmniately — but  is 
fo  calculated,  as  to  fall  heavieil  on 
thofe  expenditures,  which  are  the 
molt  general  indexes  of  wealth,  and 
are  ufually  made  by  the  rich,  who  are 
the  beft  able  to  bear  them  :  and  the 
few  exceptions,  which  may  be  fup- 
pofed  to  take  place,  will  generally 
operate  in  favour  of  virtue  and  eco- 
nomy, and  againft  vice  and  dilfi- 
pation  ;  and  where  it  falls  heavieft, 
and  becomes  molt  burdenlome,  'tis 
defigned,  and  does  actually  tend,  to 
correct  that  very  vicious  talte  and  cor- 
rupt habit,  which  is  the  true  caufe  of 
the  burden,  and  which  'tis  aUvays  in 
the  power  of  the  fufferer  to  eafe  him- 
feJfof,^  whenever  he  pleafes. 

Point  out  any  other  mode  of  tax- 
ing, if  you  can,  that  finds  its  way  io 
furely  to  the  wealth  of  individuals, 
and  apportions  itfelf  thereto  fo  equi- 
tably, that  no  fubject  can  be  burdened 
beyond  his  due  proportion,  without 
having  a  full  remedy  always  in  his 
own  power — yea,  a  fure,  eafy  and 
excellent  remedy — becaufe  a  man  m  ly 
always  avail  hinifeJf  of  it,  without  the 
expenfe  and  trouble  of  a  law-fjir,  and 
without  being  fubjetled  to  any  bevy's 
decifions,  opinions  or  caprices,  but 
his  own, 

VII.  This  mode  of  taxing  will 
make  the  quantity  and  rime  of  the  tax 
to  depend  on  the  free  choice  of  the 
man  who  pavs  it.  If  a  man  has  a 
mind  to  drink  a  bov.'l  of  punch,  or  a 


135 

bottle  of  wine,  with  his  frcnd,  or  to 
buy  a  fiik  gown  for  his  daughter,  he 
knows  very  well,  how  much  tax  is  in- 
corporated wi:h  the  purchafe,  and  a- 
dopis  and  pays  it  with  cheerfulnei"? 
and  good  humoiic — a  humo'.ir.  very 
different  from  the  irritated  fcnfibil  t/ 
of  a  man,  who  fees  an  awful  collector 
enter  upon  him  with  his  warrant  of 
plenary  powers,  to  diftrain  his  goods, 
or  arreil  his  pcrfon,  for  a  tax  wh'ch 
l>erhaps  he  abhors,  either  from  reli- 
gious fcruples,  or  an  opinion  that  he  is 
rated  beyond  his  due  proporrion,  O' , 
becaufe  he  is  not  at  that  time  in 
condition  to  pay  it.  The  good  hu- 
mour of  the  fubieft  is  of  great  confc- 
quence  in  any  government.  W'hca 
people  have  their  own  way  and  choice 
in  a  matt.jr,  they  will  bear  great  bur- 
dens wiih  little  cjuiplaint  ;  but  when 
matters  are  forced  on  them  contrary 
to  their  humour,  they  will  make  great 
complaints  on  fmall  occafions  ;  and 
the  public  peace  is  often  celiroyed, 
much  more  by  the  manner  of  doing, 
than  by  the  thing  done. 

VIII.  This  mode  of  taxing  will 
give  our  treafury  fome  compenfaiion, 
for  the  monies,  which  our  people  pay 
towards  the  tax  of  other  countries, 
which  they  travel  through  or  refide  in 
when  abroad.  An  American  cannot 
travel  through  any  country  in  Europe 
and  drink  a  bowl  of  punch  or  eat  a 
dinner,  witout  contributing  to  the  tax 
of  the  country:  and  if  our  taxes,  like 
theirs,  were  laid  on  fuch  luxurious 
confumptions,  ai  travellers  ufLially  in- 
indulge  themfelves  in,  their  people 
who  travel  through  our  country,  or 
refide  in  it,  would  contribute  .towards 
our  taxes,  in  like  manner,  asour  peo- 
ple, who  travel  through  or  re!:de  in 
their  countries,  contribute  to  theirs : 
and  as  we  expeti  that  the  intercourfe, 
between  us  and  all  the  countries  of 
Europe,  will  be  very  great,  'lis  high- 
ly reafonable  that  our  treafury  fhould 
receive  the  fame  benefit  frnn  their 
travellers  among  us,  that  the.r  trea- 
furies  receive  from  our  pet)ple,  who 
travel  or  refide  among  them;  and  2 
little  attention  to  the  fubject,  will  be 
fufiicicnt  to  convince  any  man,  that 
this  article  is  more  ihau  a  irille. 

IX.  This  mode  of  taxing,  which 
brings  the  burden  of  the  tax  princi- 
pally on  articles  of  luxury,  or  at  moil 
Oil  anicbsof  nut  ^ke  krii  aeceiiuy, 


iS$  Letter  refptclivg  thefortificaiiins  in  the  wtprn  ceuntry.     [Atjguftj 


gives  estfement  and  relief  to  our  huf- 
ba  ifliy  aticl  inanuiafliires,  which  are 
in  danger  of  rum,  from  the  pretent 
wei.ohi  of  taxes  that  lies  on  them.  If 
wc  tax  land,  we  lelfeti  its  value,  and 
of  coiirfe  dimini(h  iVit  whole  farming 
intereh.  If  we  tax  poles,  we  in  ef- 
fecitax  labour ;  thus  we  difcourage  it, 
aiid  of  cciiftquence  calt  a  damp  and 
«ieadenu)g  languor  on  the  very  firft 
f|M-itigs,  the  original  principle  and 
foiirce  of  our  national  wealth,  and 
wouiid  the  great  (laples  of  the  coun- 
try, in  embryo.  Now  I  thmk,  that 
any  mode  qf  taxing,  which  gives  re- 
medy and  relief,  againit  fo  great,  fo 
fatal  an  evil,  would  deferve  conhder- 
ation,  even  though  it  had  not  thele  ad- 
vantages in  its  favour,  which  I  have 
before  enumerated.  I  have  heard  a 
ilupid  and  cruel  argument  urged,  that 
"  taviny  labour  has  this  advantage,  that 
it  pr.irnoies  .induftry,  becauie  it  in- 
creaies  necefluy."  This  argument 
proves,  HI  a  very  cogent  manner, 
that  'tis  bell  loinake  everybody  poor, 
becaufe  it  will  make  him  woik  the 
harder.  I  fhould  think,  it  would  be 
rnore  humane  and  liberal  in  a  govern- 
in'-;nt  to  manae^e  the,  public  adminif- 
tration  fo,  that  induliry  might  have 
all  poOible  encouragement,  awd  be  ra- 
ther auirnaied  by  an  increafe  of  hap- 
pmefs  and  hope  of  reward,  than  goad- 
ed on  by  direnecelTiiy,  and  the  dread- 
ful fpurs  of  pinching  want.  I  freely 
give  It  as  my  clear  and  decided  o- 
p:ni()n,  that  'tis  the  intereft,  duty, 
and  befi  policy,  ofevery  government, 
to  give  all  pollible  eafe,  exoneration, 
and  encouragemement  to  that  induftry, 
thofe  occupations  and  kinds  of  bufi- 
nefs,  which  contribute  mofl  to  the 
riches,  ilrength  and  happinefs  of  a 
nation — and  to  lay  the  burdens  of  go- 
vernment, as  far  as  poflible,  on  thofe 
falh'.ons,  habits  and  practices,  which 
tend  to  weaken,  impoverifh  and  cor- 
rupt the  people — and,  therefore,  that 
any  mode  of  taxini?,  which  tends  to 
encourage  the  former  of  thefe,  and 
difcourage  the  latter,  is  worthy  of  the 
Hioft  {erioiis  attention. 

(To  be  continued.) 
•••«>••  ^^<:^  ^B>  ..<)... 
Correfpondcnce  between  Noah  Wejler, 

efq.  and  the  rev.  Ezra    Stiles,    D. 

D.  p'  cftdent    of  Yale  college,   ref- 

j/e8ii>,q     the.  fortif.caliom    in    the 

.iuejlern  country. 


LETTER    II, 

From  Nonh  Webjler,  efq.  to  the  rev* 
Ezra  Stiles  D.  D. 
Nfw  York,  Dec.  15,  1787. 
Reverend  Jir, 

I  DID  myfelf  the  honour  to  ad- 
drefs  you,  on  the  ead  of  Oclober, 
giving  you  a  fliort  hiftorical  acct)unt 
of  the  famous  expedition  of  Ferdi- 
nand de  Soto  into  Florida.  I  wrote, 
juftas  I  was  leaving  Phijadelphia,  and 
before  I  had  an  opportunity  to  examine 
the  account  in  Roberts's  hdhtry, 
with  that  accuracy  which  the  fubjcti 
deferves.  I  have  lately  read  it  with 
more  attention,  and  compared  the 
names  of  Indian  tribes  and  rivers, 
with  thofe  on  other  maps  of  Florida, 
and  aKo  with  mr.  Hutchins's  hiHory 
and  deicriptionof  Uiat  country,  which 
I  had  not  read,  when  I  firft  wrote  to 
you  upon  the  fubjett.  The  refult  of 
my  enquiries  is,  a  flrong  perfuafion 
in  my  own  mind,  that  the  foriihca- 
tions,  remaining  in  that  weOern  coun- 
trv,  were  ereHed  by  that  commander. 
The  fafls^  and  reafons  which  have  in- 
duced this  belief,  I  have  the  honour 
to  communicate, 

Ferdinand,  on  his  firft  landing  at 
Spiritu  Santo,  marched  to  Palache,  a 
country,  which  lies  on  a  nvcr  that  ftill 
retains  the  name.  Hence  be  dilpachfd 
Maldonado,  with  a  bodv  of  infantry, 
toexplorethe  country  weftward  ;  who 
returned  with  this  account,  "  that, 
fixty  leagues  weftward,  was  a  harbour 
of  good  depth,  and  well  IheUcred." 
This  harbor  was  called  Ochuie — in 
fome  maps  it  is  now  called  Anchufe  ; 
andi  t  is  the  bay  of  Penfacola,  which  is 
about  fixty  leagues  weft  of  Palache* 
This  is  the  bay,  where  Maldonado 
afterwards  arrived  with  the  fleet,  to 
carry  Ferdinand  and  the  troops  to  the 
Havanna. 

On  this  Information,  Ferdinand  de- 
termined to  march  weftward  ;  but  a 
young  Indian,  who  had  been  taken  at 
Napetica,  toid  him,  that  "  at  Yupa- 
ha,  far  diftant  on  the  eaftern  coa'l, 
there  was  gold  ;"  and  hedefcnbed  the 
ore,  and  the  manner  of  extracting  and 
refining  the  metal,  fo  minutely,  ibat 
Ferdinand  was  convinced,  that  he 
fpoke  the  truth.*      He  therefore   or- 

NOTE. 

*  It  {hould  have  been    previoiUly 


J7?9»  Letter  refpecling  the  fortifications  in  the  wejttrn  counXry.  igy 

thcr  he  determined  to  march,  in  hopes 
of  fir.rliiig  gold  mines.  From  Ocuta 
to  Patofa,  is  {"aid  to  be  a  diliance  of 
hfty  aules,  of  rich,  fertile,  well  wa- 
tered country.  From  Patofa  to  Ay- 
may,  was  twelve  leagues,  belides  four 
days'  march,  the  diftance  not  mea- 
tionrd.  From  tlus  lo  Catafachique> 
is  faid  to  bea  fmall  diliance.  From  Pa- 
tofa,  therefore,  muft  have  been  about 
one  hundred  or  one  hiuidrcd  and  twenty 
miles,  in  a  north-weft  direction.  From 
the  forks  of  the  Altamaha,  where  the 
rf  mams  of  i he  fort  ate  feen,  to  the 
Ogechee,  which  I  take  to  be  the  Ca- 
lafachique,  m  a  north  well  courfe,  is 
about  the  fame  diliance,  or  one  hiin- 
died  miles.  The  account"  favs,  that, 
between  Ocuta  and  Catafachrque,  the 
diUance  is  one  hundred  and  thirty 
miles  ;  then,  from  Patofa,  to  Catafa- 
chrque, was  but  e;ighty  miles  ;  the 
fifty,  between  Ocuta  and  Patofa,  be- 
ing deducted. 

There  is  another  fuppofition,  whicli 
is  well-foynded.  The  h^ad  of  the  ri- 
ver Apalachikola,  or  a  branch  of  it, 
is  called,  on  modern  maps,  Chataoo.- 
che — a  name  that  bears  fome  analo<^y 
to  Catafachupie.  as  it  is  pronounced 
in  Spaniih.  From  the  forks  of  the 
Aliamaha,  wellward,  to  this  river,  in  a 
Hra't  direction,  is  not  much  more 
than  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles,  if 
the  maps  can  he  relied  on.  But  whe- 
ther Catafjchiqiie  was  on  the  Oge- 
chee, or  a  b;anch  of  the  Apalachi- 
koia^  is  net  material.  This  is  certain, 
the  diliance,  from  Caiafachique  to 
Xualla,  was  two  hundred  and  fifty 
miles.  Then  the 'army  marched  ten 
or  twelve  days  to  L  hiahe,  which  I 
take  to  be  Lexington  in  Kentucke  : 
for  Ferdinand  himfeif  fays,  that,  in  a 
fettled  country,  he  marched  five  or  fix 
leagues  a  day  ;  but  falter,  throiii^h  a 
defert.  Sunpofe  he  marched  fix 
leagues  a  day,  and  ten  days — fixty 
leagues,  or  one  himdred  and  ei.ohty 
miles,  added  to  two  hundred  and  fifty, 
make  four  hundred  and  ihlrfy  miles, 
the  diflance  between  C'aiafach'que  and 
Chiaha.  _  This  diftance,  either  from 
Ogechee  iii  Georgia,  or  the  Apala- 
chikola, will  bring,  him  alinoR  to  the 
Ohio.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  Ca- 
tafachique  to  have  been  in  Georgia  ; 
becaufe  the  account  Cays  the  counirv, 
between  that  and  Xualla,  for  two 
hundred  and   fifty  miJes,    was  mouii- 


dered  his  men  to  take  provifion  with 
them  for  "  fixty  leagues  of  dofert," 
and  marched  to  Patofa.  This  muft 
have  been  in  Georgia,  and  probably 
on  the  river  Ahamaha.  My  opmion 
is  founded  on  thele  \if\-> — i .  An  eall- 
rorth  eaft  courfe,  from  Palache, 
would  carr)'  him  to  that  river.  2.  Six- 
ty leagues,  from  Palache,  would  carry 
him  within  lets  than  a  hundred  miles 
of  the  Atlantic,  on  the  coall  of 
Georgia.  From  Palache,  to  St.  Au- 
gulline,  IS  188  mies,  nearly  eaft. 
3.  The  Indian  informed  Ferdinand, 
that  the  country  Yupaha  was  on  the 
eailern  coall.  4.  Ferdinand  was,  it 
is  exprefUy  find,  within  two  davs' 
march  of  the  fea — about  forty  or  fifty 
miles.  As  an  unequivocal  proof  of 
this,  the  account  relates,  "  that  all  the 
troops  were  of  opinion,  that  this  was 
the  proper  fituation  for  them  to  Icttle  ; 
it  being  fo  advantageous  a  port,  f«)r 
all  the  Ihips  from  New- Spain,  Peru, 
St.  Martha,  and  the  main,  to  carry  on 
their  iraHic  in,  as  it  lay  in  iheir  road 
to  Old  Spain  ;  that  the  land  was  good, 
and  commerce  might  be  there  ellab- 
lillieJ  with  great  profit."  This  de- 
fcription  anfwers  to  Georgia  :  for  it  is 
well  known,  that  the  Spaniih  fh'ps, 
in  ther  voyages  to  Spain,  pifs  nor- 
therly, from  the  iflands  and  the  main, 
through  the  guif  of  Florida,  and  near- 
ly to  the  latitude  of  Savanna.  But 
Ferdinand  was  obliged  to  return,  in 
rrder  to  meet  Maldonado,  with  the 
fleet,  at  Ochufe.  5.  H^,  however, 
remained  here  lome  time,  and  fent  out 
parties  to  make  difcoveries.  6.  The 
"confequence  of  thefe  fatts,  is,  that  the 
fortifications  now  to  be  feen  on  the 
Aliamaha,  were  probably  the  work  of 
Ferdinand  de  Soto. 

\v  hile  Ferdinand  was  in  this  quar- 
ter, he  was  told  "  that,  at  thediftance 
of  twelve  days'  journey,  north-weft, 
was   the  province  of  Chiaha,"   whi- 

NOTE. 

•noticed,  that  Ferdinand's  interpreter 
was  one  Ortiz,  a  Spaniard,  who  had 
"been  in  Florid?.,  twelve  year« ;  viz. 
from  the  tim^  of  Narvez's  expediticn, 
who  oenftiod  with  his  followers,  near 
l^enfacob,  in  1527.  The  wife  of 
Narvez  had  fent  Ortiz  in  qucft  of  her 
hu^iand  ;  but  being  decoyed  on  (hore 
by  the  natives,  he  was  made  prifoner, 
and  detained  till  Ferdinand's  arrival. 


1^8 


Letter  refpe£lin,!r  thcforlrjtcations  in  tin  wcjlcrn  country.  [Aiigufi, 


tainous;  and  the  direflion  muft  have 
•been  over  the  fouthern  part  of  the 
Allegany. 

"  Chiaha    was    fituated   u^wn   ths 
feinks  of  a  river,  which,  dividing  it- 
ielf  into  two  branches,  formed  a  little 
ifland.fomewhat  more  than  a  mile  lon^, 
and  two  bow- (hots  acrofs."  I  fhoiild  be 
glad  to  know,  of  lome  perfon,  who  has 
begn  at  Le;cmgi:on,  whether  there  is 
an  ifland  of  this  defcription,  oppofite 
^r    near   the   old  fortiHcatioiis ;    and 
whether  nee  grows   m   that  country, 
fo  far  northward.     The  troops  repof- 
ed  at  Chiaha  thirty  days ;  and  1  (uf- 
peti  the  fort  to  have  been  their  work. 
-     Here  Ferdinand  was  informed,  that 
"  more  to  the  north,   was  the  country 
of   Chifca,   where  copper  was  f)iirid, 
and  another  metal  purer  and  livelier; 
but   that   ihe   road    was   mountainous 
and  rough."  He  therefore  difpatched 
■two  Spaniards,  with  an  interpreter  and 
guides,  to  explore  the  couniry.  Thefe 
returned  in  three  days,  with  fuch  an 
ficcount  of  the  road,  as  to  difcourage 
Ferdinand   from  proceedm*  ;  and  he 
refolved  to  return.    This  was  in  J^ily. 
Ferdinand  now  marched  fouihward, 
through  Cofa.  This  is  on  the  we{}crn 
branch   of  the  large    river    Mobille  ; 
which  is  called,  in  fomemaps,  Tambe- 
che.    The  eadern  branch  is  called  A- 
libama  ;  v.'hich  1  fufped   to  be  but  a 
variation    of  Ulliballi,    a  lettiement, 
thro' which  Ferdinand  padcd.  Healfo 
came  to  Tallife,  a  large  town,  which 
■I  take  to  be  the  modern  Taliifec,  the 
head  quarters,  or  large  town,  of  the 
lower  Creeks.    He  then  proceeded  to 
Maville,    which  is   undoubtedly    the 
fame  as  Mabille:  for,  in  the  Spanifh 
language,  the  letters  h  and  v  are  ufed 
indifferently  ;    and   it   is    immaterial, 
whether    we    pronounce    the    word 
Maville,  or    Mabille.    Here  a  quar- 
rel  broke  out   between  (he    Spaniih 
and   Indians,  which   ended  with   the 
fii'.iKhter  of  two  thoufand    five  hun- 
dred of  the   latter.     This   was  about 
the  i8ihof  Oftober.  1540. 

That  Ferdinand  w-is  now  near  the 
Mobille,  i<  certain,  Irom  tins  faft — 
that  he  wa*;  but  feven  davs' i'mrney, 
or  about  one  hundred  and  ihirty miles, 
from  Ochiile,  or  Penfacola,  where 
Maldonado  was  waitingwith  the  ileet. 
Of  this  he  had  intelligenrc  ;  but  would 
not  communicate  it  10  his  troops:  for 
h,e  was  determined  not  to  leave  the 


country,  till  he  had  difcovered  fome 
mine's,  to  reward  his  followers.     He 
therefore  Ifaid  a  month  at  Maville,  to 
recruit  his   troops,   and   marched   for 
Chicoca,  on  the  i8(h  of  Novemberi 
The   dillance,    and   dircttion   of  thij 
place,  are  not  mentioned  :  but  we  may 
polhbly  collect  them  from  circumftan- 
tial   evidence.    Suppofing  Ferdinand 
to  be  one   hundred  ajid   thirty   miles, 
or  feven  days'  journey,  from  the  Bay 
of   Penfacola — which    is   nearly    the 
truth — which  way  could  he  travel  ? — 
had   he  gone  eaft,  he   muft   have  met 
with  the  Ailantic,  in  lefs  than  half  the 
time    which   he    marched    before    he 
took  winter  quarters,  which   was  on 
the  18th  of  December.    Had  he  gone 
v^eft,  he  would  have  found  the  Mif- 
filfippi  in  a  few  days.     His  diretlion, 
then,  muft  have   been   nearly   north. 
But  this  circumftance  puts  the  matter 
beyond  a  doubt — the    account     faysy 
"the  cold  grew  too  fevere,  for  the  army 
to  proceed."    This  is  never  the  cafe 
near  the  gulf  of  Florida,  and  cannot 
be  the  cafe  much  10  the  fouthward  of 
Mufkingum,  which  is  in  the  latitudeof 
Maryland,  about  thirty  eight  or  thir- 
ty nine.    But  let  us  attend  to  the  dif- 
tance.     He   marched   from   Maville, 
on  the  J 8th  of  November,  and  arriv- 
ed at  Chiooca,   on   the    iSih  of  De- 
cember.    He  crofTcd  many  rivers,  but 
two  large   ones,  at  one  of  which    he 
was  detained  four  days,  for  a  boat  to 
be  made.  Jiift  as  he  palled  the  lall,  he 
came  to  Chicoca,  where  he  wintered, 
I^et  us  allow  hiin  five  days,  for  inter- 
ruptions, and  fiippofe  he  marched,  on 
an   average,     fix   leagues   a  day,   for 
twenty-five    days : — this     makes    the 
diftanceone  hundred  and  fifty  leagues, 
or  four  hundred  and  fifty  miles.  Add 
this  to  one   hundred   and  thirty — the 
diftance  of  Maville.  from  Pcnfacola- 
Bay — and  Ferdinand  muft  have  win- 
tered, at  the  diftance  of  five  hundred 
and  eighty  miles  from  that  hay.     We 
cannot    reconcile    the   length  of  his 
march,  ami  the  feverily  of  the  cold.* 
on  any  oiher  principle.     The  Bay  of 
Penfacola  is  nearly   in  the  latitudeof 
New  Orleans;  but  fomething  north. 
From  New  Orleans,  10  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio,  is,  in  a  ft  rait  line,  but  four 
hundred  and   lixiy   miles.     From  the 
Ohio,  to  the  month  of  the  Miffoori, 
is,  by  land,   one  hundred   and   forty 
miles ;  that  is,  from   New    Orleans, 


1789.]         Letter  rtfpe5ling  the  fortifications  in  the  wejlern  eountry,  139 


to  Miffoori,  juO  fix  hundred.  Miiik- 
ingum  is  nearly  in  ihe  latitude  of  the 
mouth  of  Miffoori  :  coniequently,  as 
the  Bay  of  Penfacola  is  about  half  a 
decree  northward  of  New  Orleans, 
thedillance,  from  that  Bay  to  Mufk- 
ingum,  would  be  nearly  five  hundred 
and  eighty  miles,  in  a  Hrait  line  north- 
ward. We  murt,  however,  make  iome 
allowance  for  four  or  nve  degrees  d  f - 
ference  of  longitude.  At  any  rate, 
the  time  of  maichiiig  cnrrefponds  well 
enough  with  the  length  of  the  way, 
from  Maville  to  Mulkingiim.  The 
detcription  of  the  country  alfo  anfwers 
to  that  of  Mufkingum;  for  it  is  faid 
to  be  extremely  rich  and  plealant. 

In  March,  a  jealoufy  was  raifed, 
between  the  Spaniards  and  Indians, 
which  came  to  a  rupture.  The  Spani- 
ards defeated  the  lavages  ;  but  the 
town  was  burnt,  and  in  it  fifty  horles 
and  four  hundred  pig".*  The  Spani- 
ards loft  alio  twelve  men.  In  April, 
1541,  Ferdinand  marched  towards 
Rio  le  Grande,  the  great  river,  or 
MilliHippi.  He  palled  throug  Ail- 
mamu,  which  may  be  the  country  a- 
bout  the  river  Miami;  then  he  had 
a  wildernefs  of  feven  davs'  journey, 
about  one  hundred  atid  thirty  or  one 
hundred  and  forty  miles,  to  pafs  ihr.i, 
before  he  came  to  Quizquiz.  Confi- 
dering  the  letter  q  as  e'jinvalent  to  k, 
as  it  is  in  all  languages,  of  wh'ch  I  have 
any  knowledge,  and  that  the  Spaniards 
generally  ufe  q.  the  analogy  of  names 
leads  me  to  fulpei:!  this  to  be  the  mo- 
dern KalTtafliias,  which  is  about  fe- 
venty  or  eighty  miles  above  the  Ohio. 
Ferdinand  then  proceeded  to  crofs 
the  great  river — boats  were  condiruct- 
ed  for  the  pupofe — and  the  whole  ar- 
my crofTed,  in  the  courfe  of  a  day. 
The  time,  when  he  croifed.  is  not 
mentioned;  but  from  circumfiances, 
it  appears  to  have  been  in  May. 

NOTE. 

*  I  would  here  obferve,  that  it  was 
dfunomary  for  the  Spaniards,  to  travel 
with  herds  of  fwine,  in  their  expedi- 
tion's. The  fwine  will  live  in  a  wil- 
dernefs without  any  trouble,  and  foon 
learn  to  follow  like  dogs.  The  fa- 
vages,  at  Chicoca,  were  once  enter- 
tained with  fwine 's  flt'Ri,  the  firft  they 
had  tafted  ;  and,  after  that,  were  con- 
Hantiy  ftealingthe  pigs  from  the  Spa- 
niards, 


Ferdinand  then  proceeded  towards 
the  province  of  Pacaha  :  but  his  way 
"  lay  over  a  lake,  which  formed  a 
kind  of  gulf  in  the  Rio  Grande" — 
This  defcription  anfwers  exactly  to 
the  Miffoori ;  for  it  is  faid,  immedi- 
ately after,  that  its  current  was  both 
deep  and  rapid i.  The  Milfoori  is 
cold,  deep,  muddy  and  rapid,  and,  at 
the  mouth,  broader  than  the  Millif- 
fippi.  The  defcription,  in  this  ac- 
count, will  not  anfwer  to  any  o;her 
auxiliary  flream,  on  the  well  of  the 
MilTi  [fippi .  The  Indians  framed  for 
the  Spaniards  a  kind  of  bridge,  on 
which  the  army  croHed. 

Ferdinand  entered  Pacaha  on  the 
nineteenth  of  June.  He  fent  out  a 
party  to  reconnoitre  the  country  :  but 
receiving  an  unfavourable  account  of 
it  to  the  northward,  he  determined  10 
return,  and  march  fouihwaid,  to  the 
great  province,  Quigate.  Here  he 
arrived,  on  the  fourth  of  Auguii,  hav- 
ing remained  forty  days  at  Pacaha.  It 
is  impofiible  to  find  what  courfe  he 
had  marched  ;  but,  at  Quigate,  hs 
muft  have  been  far  weft  of  the  Mif- 
fiflippi ;  for  he  next  moved  to  Caligoa, 
which  was  forty  leagues  north- eaft  of 
Quigate,  and  at  the  foot  of  a  mouu- 
trfin.  From  Caligoa,  to  Palifema,, 
was  five  days  march,  or  about  ona 
hundred  miks.  From  iiie  latter,  to 
Pafal'.coya,  and  thence  to  Cayas,  the 
Courfe  and  diftance  are  not  noticed. 
But  it  IS  faid  afterwards,  that  Cayas 
is  on  the  river  that  waflie-;  Nilco  and 
Autiamque,  and  that  tins  river  joins 
the  great  river  near  Guachoya,  where 
Ferdinand  died.  Mr.  Ilutchins  fays, 
that  Ferdinand  died  near  the  mouth 
of  Red  River,  which  is  one  hundred 
and  eighty  feven  miles  above  New 
Orleans.  If  lo,  ths;n  Cayas  mult 
have  been  at  leall  one  hundred  and 
forty  leagues,  or  four  hundred  and 
twenty  miles,  from  the  niouih  of  the 
Red  River.  For,  from  Cayas,  to 
Tulla,  was  one  day's  march,  or  fix 
leagues;  from  Tulla  to  Autiamque, 
was  'eight  leaiaies  fouth-eail,  or  down 
the  river  :  aud  from  Autiamque  to 
Nilco.  the  diftance  was  about  eight 
days'  march  or  forty  eight  leagues — 
and  Nilco  was  at  a  confiderable  dif- 
atnce  from    the  mouth   of   the    ilted 

,\  o  T  F. . 

f  See  mr.  JeiTejTon'i  note?; 


f4«         Letter  refpe^ing  the /ortiftcations  iu  the  wcjlem  country',     [Augufl| 

River.      Ferdinand    therefore     muft  of  July.  1543.     They  were  therefore 

have  traverle'd  the  mountains    well  of  in  Florida,  tour  years  and  two  months^ 

the  Milhdippi,  at  the  diliance  oft-.ree  Thefirll  winier  ihey  p^Hcd  in  or  nean 

hundred,  four  hundred,  and  hvehun-  the  povince  of  Paiache — ihe  fccond^' 

dred  miles.     The  probability  1?,  that,  ui  a  cold  clunatCj  which  I  fuppofe  to- 


after  palling  the  Milliirippi,  he  crof- 
fed  the  Miifoori — bent  his  courfe 
northward  and  weitward — then  chang- 
.  ed  his  route  fouihward,  nearly  to  the 
head  of  Red  River — then  followed 
the  courfe  of  that  river,  to  AuLiam- 
que.  v;here  he  wintered,  the  third 
year  after  his  landing.  In  the  fprintf^ 
he  continued  his  coiirf-,  by  the  nver, 
to  Nilco,  then  to  Guachova,  at  the 
-confluence  of  that  and  the  Miiiiirippi, 
Iwhere  he  died  of  a  fever,  on  the  21ft 
of  May,  1542,  three  years  from  his 
firll  landing. 

After  his  death,  Mofcofo  f  immon- 
ed  a  council,  to  determine,  which  way 
to  proceed— whether   by  land,  weft- 
ward,     to   Mexico,   or   by    water,  to 
Cuba.      They   were   ill-prepared   to 
march   fuch  a   dilfknce,    being  worn 
out   with  fatigue,    and   many   of  the 
troops  unable  to  bear  arms.     But   to 
the  other  plan,  greater  diiliculties  op- 
pofed    theaifcives — it    was   doubtful, 
whether  a  veflel  could  he  conilrafted 
capable  of  fuilaining  Inch  a  voyage  ; 
and  they   had    neither    pilot,   charts, 
tior   compalTes.     They    iheref  irc  re- 
folved to  travel,  by  land,   to  Mexico, 
and  left   Guachoya,   on  thi   Hhh   of 
June.     The  particulars  of  this    lum- 
mrr's  march  are   ir.uuterefling  ;   it  1$ 
fufficicnt  to  obferve,  that  they  travel- 
led nearly  five  hundred  mdes  well    of 
the  MifTiiTippi,  fom."time;aliTio(tllarv- 
ed  ;  at  others,  harrallcd  bv  fierce  tribes 
of  lavajies.     The   obllacles,  tiiat    op- 
pofed  theexecution  of  their  delign,  in- 
creafed  to  that  degree,  that  a    coun- 
cil  was  called,   in    which  it  was  re- 
folved  to  return,  to  build  fume  velTels 
at  Nilco,  and  to  hazard  themfelves  at 
fea.     They   arr'ved  in   autumn;  but 
not  finding  a  fufficiency  of  maize,  for    above  Red  River 
their   lubiiilence,     they    moved   two 
days'  journey,  northward.  toMinoya, 
on  the  banks  of_ihe  MilIiHippi.   Here 
they  employed  (he   fourth    winter   of 
their  expedition,  in  condruHing  foine 
brigant:ne«,    which   were   finilhcd   in 
June.      Inthpfe,lhe  Spaniards  failed 
to  Mexico,  where  they  arrived  on  the 
tenth  of  Septembrr. 

The     Spaniards   landed   at  Spintu 
Santo,  on  the    p.-vh   of  May.    1539  ; 
andleftthc  Milliiljppi,  on  the    iSih 
3 


be  Mulkingum — the  third,  at  Autiam- 
que,  on   the   Red   River,  (la   Riviere 
Rouge) — and    the  fourih  at  Minoya^ 
two  days'  journey,  or  twelve    league* 
north  of  the  Red  River,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Miffillippi.     If  we  confidery- 
in  this  exp-"dition,  the  number  of  meii 
employed,    nine    hundred    foot    and 
three  hundred  and  fifty  horfe — the  dif- 
ficulties and   dangers  to    which    they, 
were    expofed,    froni   fam  ne,    front  ' 
larje  rivers,  from  the  wildernefs,  fronv 
mountains  and  from  hollsof  fa-'ages — ■ 
and   the   amai'ing   perfcvcrance,  with; 
which     ihe    whole    undertaking   was 
conduced — we  iliall  be  aftonilhed  at 
the  palfion  for  gold,,  wiiich     inflamed: 
the  Spaniards  at   that    period.      But 
that  palfion  was  as  real  then,    as   it  is 
now  furprifing.    Previous  to  this,  there 
had  been  thiee  expedirions  to  Florida, 
undertaken  with  a  fimilar  view.     The 
firll,  under  John   Ponce  de  Leon,  in 
1512  .  The  fecond,  under^uke  Vaf- 
qiicz,  in  i/iao;   And  the  third,  under 
Pauiphilo  Narvez,  in  1,526  and  1527. 
Narvczand  all  his  followers    p?rilhcd 
by  the  hands   of  the  Indians   or   by 
Ihipwreck   ;    and    the    ill    fuccefs   of 
Ferdin md  difcouragcd  the  Spaniards 
fr»»in  any  further  aiiempt. 

I    cannot    conclude    this    relation, 
without  one   reiuavk — Mr.  Ilutchin* 
fays,  that  '"'  Ferdinand  died  near  the 
mouth    of    Red    River."     Were   il 
not  for  the   aurhority  of  this  gentle- 
man, whofe  opinion,  in  this  matter,  I 
dare   not   controvert,  I   fliould    have 
fuppofed,  that   Ferdinand  died  at  the 
mouth   of  the    Arkenfaw,    which   is 
larger  than  the    Red  River,  runs  the 
fame  courfe,  and  falls  into  the    Mif- 
fi'Tippi,    about    three  hundred    miles 
Mv    reafons  are 
thefe, — Mafcofa   was    fourteen  days 
navigating    the   river    from   Minoya, 
(which  was  two  days'  iournev,  above 
the  place  of  Fcrd-nand's  death)  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Millillippi.    Now,  mr. 
Hiitchins  himfelf  fays,  tiiai  the  river, 
in  floods,  runs  about  five  or  fix  m  les 
an   hour.     Mofcofo   went  down  the 
river,  in  the  time  of  a  flood  ;  and  the 
account  fays  exprefsly.    "   that    ihey 
found  the  current  very  llrong.  and  tliey 
advanced  at  a  ••rcat  rate,  by  the  help 


•89.] 


Settlement  of  Plymouth,  in  New  England. 


I4t 


of  their  oars."  But  leaving  out  all 
ainftance  of  oars,  fuppofe  that  the 
fleet  Hopped  at  night,  and  that  they 
failed  but  five  miles  an  hour,  and  ten 
hours  a  day,  for  fourteen  days,  they 
muft  have  palled  feven  hundred  miles. 
But,  according  to  mr.  Hutchins's 
own  account,  which  is  very  accurate, 
the  mouth  of  Red  River  is  but  two 
hundred  and  ninety-two  miles,  from 
the  Balize,  at  the  mouth  of  MidilTip- 
pi.  If  to  this  we  add  three  hundred 
and  eight  miles,  for  the  diitance,  from 
Red  River  to  Arkenfaw,  we  have  a 
diftance  of  but  fix  hundred  miles,  for 
the  fourteen  days'  voyage.  But  the 
velFels  were  built  at  Minoya,  about 
forty  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
river;  and,  adding  this,  the  dillance 
Hill  falls  fhort  of  the  molt  moderate 
calculation,  fonfourieen  days' palTage. 
But,  mr.  Hutchins,  who  has  lived 
long  in  that  country,  may  have  rea- 
fons  for  his  opinion,  to  which  I  am  a 
flranger.  I  Ihould  therefore fubfcribe 
to  his  opinion,  and  fuppofe,  thatMaf- 
cufo  might  have  futtercd,  on  his  paf- 
fjge,  various  interruptions,  which  are 
not  mentioned.  The  account  I  have 
of  this  expedition,  dr.  Franklin  fup- 
poies  to  be  an  abridgment,  not  a  tranf- 
lation,  of  the  whole  original  hiflory  : 
and  it  is  very  probable,  that  the  ori- 
ginal might  throw  new  light  upon  the 
iubje£f. 

In  a  future  letter,  fir,  I  fliall  take 
the  liberty  of  making  a  few  remarks 
on  the  old  fortifications,  and  fome  ap- 
pearances relating  to  them,  which 
may  remove  fome  objeQions  to  the 
opinion,  that  they  were  crafted  by 
the  Spaniard";, 

I  am,  rev,  fir,  with  perfeft  refpeft, 
Your  mofl  obedient 

humble  fervant, 
NOAH  WEBSTER. 
(To  be  continued.) 


Relation  or  iourvall of  the  beginnin!^ 
and  proceedings  of  the  Englifi 
plantations  felled  at  Plimoth  in 
New  England,  by  certaine  Eng- 
lifi  adutnturers,  both  merchants 
and  others,  IVitk  their  dijjidilt 
pO;lfcg^t  their  fafe  urriuall,  their 
joyful  building  of,  and  comfort- 
able planting  tkemfelwts  in  the 
now  well  defended  toivne  of  Nezo 
Plimoth.  As  alfo  a  relation  of 
Vol.  VI. 


fovre  feuerall    difcoiieries,    finct 
made  by  feme  of  the  fame  Englifk 
planters  there  refident,  &c. — P.  61 » 
London,  printed,  1662, 

IN  the  end  wee  got  out  of  the 
wood,  and  were  fallen  about  a 
myle  toohigh  abcue  the  creake,  where 
we  faw  three  bucks ;  but  we  had  ra- 
ther haiie  had  one  of  them«  Wee 
alfo  did  fpring  three  couple  of  par- 
tridges j  and  as  we  came  along  by  the 
creake,  we  faw  great  ilocke?  of  wild 
gcefe  and  duckcs,  but  they  were  very 
fearefuU  of  vs.  So  v/e  marched  fome 
while  in  the  woods,  fome  while  ca 
the  lands,  and  other  while,  in  the  wa- 
ter vp  to  the  knees,  till  at  length  we 
came  neare  the  fhip  ;  and  then  wc 
fhot  ofF  our  peeces,  and  the  long  boat 
came  to  fetch  vs ;  mafter  lones,  and 
mailer  Caruer,  being  on  the  fliore, 
with  many  of  our  people,  came  to 
meete  vs.  And  thus  wee  came,  both 
weary  and  well-come,  home,  and  de- 
liuered  in  our  corne  into  the  ftore,  to 
be  kept  for  feed  ;  for  we  knew  riot 
how  to  conrie  by  any,  and  therefore 
were  very  glad,  purpofing,  fo  foone 
as  we  could  meete  with  any  of  the  in- 
habitants of  that  place,  to  make  them 
large  fatisfattion. 

This  was  our  firll  difcot'ery  :  whilft 
our  Ihallop  U'as  in  repairing,  our  peo- 
ple did  make  things  as  fitung  as  ihey 
could,  and  time  would,  in  fccking  out 
wood,  and  heluing  of  tooles,  and 
fawing  of  tymber,  to  build  a  new 
fhallop ;  but,  the  difcommodioufnes 
of  the  harbour  did  much  hinder  vs; 
for  we  could  neither  goe  to,  nor  come 
from  the  fhore,  but  at  high  water, 
which  was  much  to  our  hinderance 
and  hurt ;  for  oftentinies  they  waded 
to  the  middle  of  the  ihigh,  and  oft  to 
the  knees,  to  goe  and  come  from  land  ; 
fome  did  it  neccffaniy,  and  fome  for 
their  ovvne  pleafure;  but  it  brought 
to  the  mod,  if  not  to  all,  coughes 
and  colds,  the  weather  hroinngfodainly 
cold  and  llormie, which  afterward  turn- 
ed to  the  fcurvev,  whereof  many  dyed. 

When  our  {hallop  was  fit  (indeed, 
before  flie  was  fully  fitted,  for  therewas 
tvvodayes  worke  after  bellowed  on  her) 
there  was  appointed  fome  twentie-four 
ihen  of  ouruwne,  and  armed,  then  to 
goe  and  make  a  more  full  difcovery  of 
the  rivers  beforcmeniioned.  Mailer 
lones  was  dcfirous  to  goe  with  vs,  and 
tooke  fuchof  hisfaylcrs  as  he  thought 


142 


Stttlcnient  of  Plymouth,  in  New  England. 


[AuguQ, 


vfeful  for  vs,  fo  as  we  were  in  all,  about 
about  thirtie-tourmen  ;  wee  made  mat- 
ter I  ones  our  leader,  for  we  thought 
it  bell  herein  to  graiiBe  his  kindncs 
and  furwardnefs.  When  we  were  let 
forth,  It  proued  rough  weather  and 
erode  windes,  fo  as  we  were  tou- 
lirairted,  fome  in  the  Ihallop,  and 
othersm  the  long  boaie,  to  row  to 
the  nccreft  Ihore  the  winde  would 
lurler  them  to  goe  viito,  and  then  to 
%vade  out  aboue  the  knees  ;  the  wind 
was  fojUrong,  as  the  fliallop  could  not 
keepe  the  water,  but  was  forced  to 
harbour  there  that  night;  but  we 
matched  fixe  or  feaven  miles  fur- 
ther, and  appointed  the  fliallop  to 
come  to  vs,  as  foone  as  they  could.  It 
blowed,  and  did  fnow,  all  that  day 
and  night,  and  frofc  wiihall  ;  fome  of 
our  people,  that  are  dead,  looke  the 
oiigmall  of  their  death  here. 

1  he  next  day,  about  ii.a  clocke, 
our  Ihallop  came  to  vs',  and  wee  ih:p- 
■  ped  ourlelues,  and  the  wind  being 
good,  we  fayled  to  the  river  we  for- 
mcily  difcovered,  which  we  named, 
Cold  Harbour  ;  to  which,  when  wee 
came,  we  found  it  not  navigable  for 
ihipSj  yet  we  thought  it  might  be  a 
good  harbour  for  boats  ;  for  it  flowes 
there  twelve  foote  at  high  water.  We 
landed  our  men  betweene  the  two 
creekes,  and  marched  fome  foure  or 
hue  myles  by  the  greater  of  them,  and 
the  Ihallop  followed  vs ;  at  length 
night  drew  on,  and  our  men  were 
tired  with  marching  vp  and  downe 
the  Tteepe  hills,  and  deepe  vaU 
lies,  which  lay  halfe  a  foote  thicke 
with  fnow  :  mailer  lones,  wearied 
with  niiirching,  was  dehrous  wefliould 
take  vp  our  lodging,  though  fome  of 
vs  would  haue  matched  further  ;  fo 
we  made  there  our  randeezvous,  for 
that  night,  vnder  a  few  pine  trees  ; 
and,  as  it  fell  out,  wee  got  three  fat 
geefe,  and  fix  ducks  to  our  fupper, 
which  we  eate  with  fouldiers  llo- 
riiachs,  for  we  had  eaten  little  all  that 
day,  our  rcfolution  was,  next  morn- 
ing to  go  vp  to  the  head  of  this  ri- 
ver, for  we  fuppofed  it  would  proue 
frelh  water;  but  in  the  morning  our 
rciolution  hold  not  ;  beraufe  many 
liked  not  the  hillin?fs  of  the  foyle, 
and  badneffe  of  the  harbour  ;  fo  we 
turned  towards  the  other  creeke,  that 
wee  might  goe  over,  and  look  for 
the  rell  of  the  come,  that  wc  left  be- 


hind when  we  were  here  before; 
when  we  canu:  to  the  Creeke,  we  faw 
the  lanow  lie  on  the  dry  ground,  and 
a  llocke  of  geefe  in  the  river,  at 
which  one  made  a  fliot,  and  killed  a 
couple  of  them,  and  we  launched  th« 
caiiow,  and  fetcht  them;  and  when 
we  had  done,  flie  carried  vs'  over  by 
fcavcn  or  eight  at  once. 

This  done,  we  marched  to  the  place 
where  we  had  the  corne  formerly, 
which  place  we  called  Corne-hill ;  and 
digged,  and  found  the  rell,  of  Vi'hich 
we  were  very  glad  :  we  alfo  digged  in 
a  place  a  little  further  olf,  and  found 
a  botle  of  oyle  ;  wee  went  to  another 
place,  which  we  had  feene  before, 
and  digged,  and  found  more  corne, 
viz.  two  or  three  baflcets  full  of  In- 
dian wheat,  and  a  bag  of  beanes,  with 
a  good  many  of  faire  wheat  eares ; 
whilll  fome  of  vs  were  digging  vp 
this,  fome  others  found  another  heaps 
of  corne,  which  they  digged  vp  alio, 
fo  as  we  had  in  all  about  ten  bulhels, 
which  will  ferue  vs  fufficiently  for 
feed.  And  fure  it  was  God's  good 
providence  that  we  found  this  corne  ; 
for  els  wee  know  not  how  we  fliould 
haue  done,  for  we  knew  not  how  w« 
ftiould  find  or  meete  with  any  of  the 
Indians,  except  it  be  to  doe  vs  a  mif- 
chiefe.  Alfo,  we  had  neuer,  in  all 
likelihood,  feene  a  graine  of  it,  if  we 
had  not  midc  ourfirll  iourney  ;  for  the 
ground  was  now  covered  with  Inovv, 
and  fo  hard  frofen,  that  we  were  faine 
with  our  curtlaxes  and  fliort  fwords, 
to  hue  and  came  the  ground  a  foot 
deepe.  and  then  wreft  it  vp  with  lea- 
vers, for  wc  had  f(jrgot  to  bring  other 
tooles.  Whilll  we  were  in  this  im- 
ployment.  foule  weather  being  to- 
wards, mufler  lones  was  earnelt  to 
goe  abroad  ;  but  fundry  of  vs  defircd 
to  make  further  difco-ery,  and  to  find 
out  the  Indians  habitations ;  fo  we 
fenthome  with  him  our  weakeil  peo- 
ple, and  fome  that  were  licke,  and' 
all  the  corne,  and  eighteen  of  vs  flay- 
ed ftill.  and  lodged  there  that  night, 
and  de'ired  that  the  Ihallop  might  re- 
turne  to  vs  next  day,  and  bring  us 
fome  mattocks  and  Ipades  with  them. 
The  next  morning,  wc  followed 
certaine  beaten  paihes  and  trails  of 
the  Indians,  into  the  woods,  fuppof- 
ing  they  would  haue  led  rs  into  fome 
towne,  or  houfes;  aficr  wee  had 
gone  a  while,  we  li^ht  vpon  a  very 


^7^9-1 


Settlement  of  Plyviouth^  in  New  England. 


143 


broad    beaten    path,    well    nigh    two 
footc  broad  :  theii  we  lighted  all  our 
matches,  and  prepared  our  feliies,  con- 
cltidina;  wee   were   neare  their  dwel- 
lings ;  but  in  the  end   we  found  it  to 
be  onely  a  path   made  to   draie  deer 
in,  when    the    Indians   hunt,  as  wee 
fuppofed  ;  when  we  had  marched  fine 
or  fix  myles  into  the  woods,  and  could 
find  no  Iignes   of  any  people,  we  re- 
turned  agame   another    way,   and   as 
we  canne  into  the  plaine  ground,   wee 
found  a  place  like  a  graiie,  but  it  was 
much  bigger  and  iongtr,  than  any  we 
had  yet  feene.      ti   was  alfo  covered 
wiih  boords,  fo  as  we  mufed  what  it 
fhould  be,  and  refolved  to  digge  it  vp, 
where  we  found,  firil  a  matt,  and  vn- 
der  that,  a  fay  re  bow,  and   there  ano- 
ther  matt,    and  s'ndcr  that,  a    boord 
about  three  quarters  long,  finely  carued 
and    paynted,    with   three    tyncs,    or 
broches   on    the   top,   like  a  crowne  ; 
alfo    between     the   mails    we   found 
bodies,  trayes,   diflies,  and   fuch    like 
trinkets  ;  ai  length  we  came  to   a  faire 
new  mair,  and  vnder  that,    two  bun- 
dles, the  one  bigger,  the  oiher  lelle  ; 
we  opened  the  greater,  and   found   in 
it  a  great  quaniitie  of  hue  and  perfect 
red  powder,  and  in  it  ihe  bones   and 
fknll  of  a  man.     The   fkull  had    fine 
yellow  liaire  flill  on  it,  and    fome   of 
the    flefh    vnconfumed    ;    there    was 
bound  vp    with  it,   a    knife,  a    pack 
needle,   and    two  or  three    old    iron 
things.     It  was  bound  vp  in  a  faylers 
canvas  cafacke,  and  a  payre  of  cloth 
breeches ;  the  red  powder  was  a  kind 
of  embaidment,  and  yeelded  a  Rrong, 
but  no  offenfiue  fmell  ;   it   was   as  fine 
as  any  flower.      We  opened  the  lefTe 
bundle    likewife,    and   found    of  the 
•fame  powder  in  it,  and  the  bones  and 
head  of   a    little    childe ;    about  the 
legg"!,    and   other    parts   of   it,    was 
■  bound  Itrfngs,  and  bracelets    of  fine 
white  beads;  there  was  alio  by  it,  a 
little  bow,  about  three  quarters  long, 
and    fome   other  odd   knackes ;    we 
brought  fundry  of  the  pretielt  things 
away  with  vs,  and  covered  the  corps 
vp  againe.     After   this,  we  digged  in 
fundry  like  places,  but  found  no  more 
corne,  nor  any  things  els  but  gKiues  : 
there  was   a    vanetie  of  opinions  a- 
mongft   vs,  about  the  embalmed  per- 
fon  ;  fome  thought   it   was  an  Indian 
lord  and  king:   others   fayd,  the    In- 
dians haue  all    blacke  hayre,  and  ne- 


ver any   was   feene    with  browne  or 
yellow  hayre  ;  fome  thought,  it  was  a 
chrifhan  of  fome  fpeciall  note,  which 
had   dyed    amongd   them,    and    they 
thus  buried    him  to  honour  him  ;  o- 
ihers  thought,  they  had  killed  him,  and 
did  it  in  triumph  over  him.     Whilefi 
we  were  thus  ranging  and  fearchmg, 
two  of  the  faylers,  which  were  newly 
come  on  the  fliore,  by  chance  eipied 
two  houfcs,  wh'cli    had  beene    lately 
dwelt   in,  but  the  people  were  gone. 
They  having  their  pceccs,  and   hear- 
ing no  body,  entered  the  hoiifes,  and 
tooke  out  fome  things,  and  duiR  not 
ffay,  but    came    againe   and  told  vs  ; 
fo   fome  fcaven  or  eight   of  vs    went 
with  them,  and  found   how    we    had 
gone  within  a  flight-fliot  of  them   be- 
fore.    The   hojfes   were  made  with 
long  youRg  fapling  trees,  bended,  and 
both    ends   Hucke    into   the    ground  ; 
they  were   made  round,   like  vnto  an 
arbour,    and    covered   downe  to   the 
ground  wiih  tliicke  and  well  wrought 
matts  ;  and  the  doore  was  not  over  a 
yard  high,  made  of  a  matt,   to  open  ; 
the  chimney  was  a  wide  open  hole  in 
the  top,  for  which  they  had  a  matt,  to 
cover  it  clofe  when  they  pleaftd  ;  one 
might  If  and  and  goe  vpriglit  in  them  ; 
in  the  midfl  of  them  vs'ere  foure  little 
tninches  knockt  into  the  ground,  and 
fmall  llickes  laid  over,  on  which  they 
hang  their  pots,  and  what  they  had  to 
feeth  ;  round  about  the  fire,  they  lay 
on  matts,  which  are  their  beds.     The 
houfes  were    double   matted  ;  for,  as 
they   were    matted    withomgl^o  they 
were  within,  with   ncwej  and    fairer 
matts.  In  the  houfes  w? found  wood- 
en boules,  trayes  and  diilies,  earthen 
pots,  hand  bafkets  made  of  crab  fliells, 
wrought    together;    alfo    an    Englifh 
paile   or   bucket;  it   wanted  a  bayle, 
but  it  had  two  iron  eares  :   there    was 
alio   bdfkeis  of    fundry   forts,  bigger 
and  fome  lefTcr,  finer  and  fome  cour- 
fer;    fome    were    curioufly  wrought, 
with    blacke    and    white,    in    pretie 
workes,    and    fundry   other   of  their 
houfhoid  fluffe  :  we   found  alfo  two 
or  three   deeres    heads,  one  whereof 
had  bin  newly  killed,  for   it  was  ffill 
frefl:  :  there   was  alfo   a  company  of 
deeres  feete,  ftuck  vp  in  the  houfes  ; 
harts  homes,  and  eagles    clavves,   and 
fundry  fuch  like  things  :  there  was  alfo 
two  or  three  baOcets  full   of  parched 
acornesj  pecces  of  fifli,  and  a   petce 


144 


Settlement  of  Plymouth,  in  Nta>  England. 


[AuguR, 


of  a  broyled  hcring.  We  found  alfo 
a  Imie  Hike  gralie,  and  a  little  tobac- 
co feed,  with  tome  other  feeds,  which 
■wee  knew  not  ;  without  was  fundry 
bundle-;  of  ilags,  and  fedge,  buU-niih- 
es,  and  other  Itutie  to  make  malts; 
there  was  ihruH  into  an  holloiv  tree, 
two  or  three  peeces  of  venifon  ;  but 
we  thought  It  fitter  for  the  dogs  then 
for  vs.  Some  of  the  beft  things  we 
tooke  away  with  vs,  and  left  the 
houles  Handing  (till  as  they  were  ;  fo 
it  growing  towaids  night,  and  the 
tyde  almoft  fpent,  we  haded  with  our 
things  downe  to  the  (hallop,  and  got 
abourd  that  night,  intending  to  haue 
brought  fome  beanes,  and  other  things, 
to  haue  left  in  the  houfes,  in  figne 
of  peace,  and  that  we  meant  to  truk 
vith  them  ;  but  u  was  not  done,  by 
mranes  of  our  haRic  comming  away 
from  Cape  Cod  ;  but  fo  foone,  as  we 
can  prieete  conveniently  with  them, 
we  will  giue  them  full  fatisfaOion. 
Thus  much  of  our  fecond   difcovery. 

Having  thus  difcovered  this  place, 
it  wascontroverfall  amongft  vs,  what 
to  doe,  touching  our  aboad  and  fet- 
llug  there  ;  fome  thought  it  beft,  for 
mnny  reafons,  to  abide  there  ; 

As  full,  there  was  a  convenient 
harbour  for  boates,  though  not  for 
fhips. 

Secondly,  good  corne-groiuid,  rea- 
die  to  our  hands,  as  we  faw  by  expe- 
rience in  the  goodly  come  it  yeelded, 
which  would  ngaine  agree  with  the 
ground,  and  be  naturall  feed  for  the 
fame.    *^ 

Thirdly,  Cape  Cod  was  like  to  be  a 
place  of  good  hfliing  ;  for  we  faw 
daily  great  whales  of  the  beft  kind, 
for  oyle  and  bone,  come  clofe  aboord 
our  fhip,  and  in  fayre  weather  fv/im 
and  play  about  vs  ;  there  was  once 
one,  when  the  fun  (hone  warme, 
came  and  lay  aboue  warer,  as  if  {he 
had  heene  dead,  for  a  good  while  to- 
gether, within  halfe  a  mufket  fiiot  of 
the  fli'p,  at  which  two  were  prepared 
to  fliootc,  to  fee  whether  ihe  would 
{lir  or  no  ;  he  that  gaue  hre  firft,  his 
imufket  flew  in  peecc<:,  both  ftocke  and 
barrel  1 ;  yd,  thiinkes  be  to  God,  nei- 
ther he,  nor  any  man  els,  was  hurt 
%v!th  it,  though  many  were  there  a- 
bout  ;  but  when  the  whale  faw  her 
time,  fhc  gaue  a  fnuffe  and  away. 

Foiitihly,  the  place  was  likely  to 
be  lieahbfuilj  fecurc,  and  ^efcnfible. 


But  the  laft,  and  efpeciall  reafon, 
was,  that  now  the  heart  of  winter,  and 
vnfealonable  weather,  was  come  vpon 
vs.  fo  that  we  could  not  goe  vpon 
coafting  and  difcovery,  without  dan- 
ger of  lofing  men  and  boat ;  vpon 
which  wou|d  follow  the  overthrow 
of  all,  efpecially,  confidering  what 
variable  windes  and  fodaine  ftormes 
do  there  arife.  Alfo  cold  and  wett 
lodging  had  fo  taynted  our  people, 
(for  fcarce  any  of  vs  were  free  from 
vehement  coughs)  a-,  if  they  fhould 
continue  long  in  that  ftate,  it  would 
indanger  the  hues  of  many,  and  breed 
difeafes  and  infetlion  amongft  vs. 
Againe,  we  had  yet  fome  beere,  butr 
ter,  flelh,  and  other  fuch  viduals  left, 
which  would  quickly  be  all  gone  ;  and 
then  we  fliould  haue  nothing  to  com- 
fort vs,  in  the  great  labour  and  toyle 
we  were  like  to  vndergoe  at  the  firft  ; 
it  was  alfo  conceived,  whilft  we  had 
competent  viftuals,  that  the  fhip  would 
flay  with  vs,  but  when  that  grew  low, 
they  would  be  gone,  and  let  vs  fhift 
as  we  could. 

Others  againe,  vrged  greatly  the  go- 
ing to  Anguum,  or  Angoum,  a  place 
twentie  leagues  off  to  the  northwards, 
which  they  had  heard  to  be  an  excel- 
lent harbour  for  fliips ;  better  ground 
and  better  fifliing.  Secondly,  for  any 
thing  we  knew,  there  might  be,  hard 
by  vs,  a  farre  better  feate,  and  it 
fhould  be  a  great  hindrance  to  leate 
where  we  fhould  remoue  againe. 
Thirdly,  the  water  was  but  in  ponds, 
and  it  was  thought,  there  would  be 
none  in  fummer,  or  very  little. 
Fourthly,  the  water  there  muft  be 
fetched  vp  a  lleepe  hill:  but  to  omit 
many  reafons  and  replies,  vfed  heere 
abouts;  it  was  in  the  ende  concluded, 
tr)  make  fome  dilcovery  within  the 
bay,  hut  in  no  cafe  fo  far  as  Angoum  : 
befides,  Robert  Corpin,  our  pilot, 
made  relation  of  a  great  navigable  ri- 
ver and  good  harbour,  in  the  other 
head  land  of  this  bay,  almoft  right 
over  againft  Cape  Cod,  being  a  right 
line,  not  much  above  eight  leagues 
diftant,  in  which  hee  had  becne  once  ; 
and  bccaiife  that  one  of  the  wild 
men, with  whom  they  had  fome  truck- 
ing, flole  a  harping  iron  from  them, 
they  called  it  I'hecuifli  Harbour.  And 
beyond  that  place  they  were  enioyned 
not  to  goe  ;  whereup-m,  a  company 
v/as  chofcn   to  goe  out   vpQn  a  third 


nh-] 


Settlement  of  Plymouth^  in  New  England, 


H5 


difcovery  :  whileft  fome  were  itnploy. 
ed  in  this  dilcovery,  it  pleafed  God, 
that  miRns  White  was  brought  to  bed 
t)f  a  fonne,  which  was  called  Pere- 
grine. 

The  fift  day,  we,  through  Gods 
mercy,  efcaped  a  great  danger  by  the 
finliAiues  of  a  boy,  one  of  Francis 
Pullingtons  fonnes,  who  in  his  fathers 
aljfence,  had  got  gun- powder,  and  had 
0  lit  of  a  peice  or  two,  and  made 
Iquibs  ;  and  there  being  a  fowling 
peice  charged  in  his  fathers  cabbin, 
flioj  her  oft  in  the  cabbin,  there  being 
a  litile  barrel  1  of  powder  halfe  full, 
fraitsred  in  and  about  the  cabbin,  the 
fire  being  wuhin  four  foote  of  the 
ocd'betweene  the  deckes,  and  many 
flints  and  iron  things  about  the  cabbin, 
and  many  people  about  the  fire,  and 
yet,  by  Gods  mercy,  no  harme  was 
doue, 

Wednefday,  the  fixt  of  December 
it  was  refolved  our  difcoverers  fhou'.d 
fet  forth  ;  for  the  day  before  was  too 
iowle  weather  ;  and  fo  they  did, 
though  it  was  well  ore  the  day,  ere  all 
things  could  be  readie.  So  ten  of 
pur  men  were  appointed,  who  were 
of  themfelues  willing  to  vndertake  it, 
to  wit,  captaine  Standifh,  maifler 
carver,  William  Bradford,  Edward 
M'lnfloe,  lohn  Tilley,  Edward  Til- 
ley,  lohn  PIouiand,and  three  of  Lon- 
don, Richard  Warren,  Steeuen  Hop- 
k  ns  and  Ecjward  Dotte,  and  two  of 
our  lea-men,  lohn  Alderton  and  Tho- 
mas Englifli  :  of  the  fivps  company, 
there  went  two  of  the  mailers  mates, 
mailer  Clarke  and  mailer  Copin,  the 
mailer  gunner,  and  three  faylers.  The 
narration  of  which  difcovery,  fol- 
lowes  penned  by  one  of  the  company. 

Wednefdiy,  the  fi^ct  of  December, 
wee  fet  out,  being  very  cold  and  hard 
weather;  wee  were  a  long  while,  af- 
ter wc  laynchgd  from  thelhip,  before 
we  could  get  cleare  of  a  fandiepoynt, 
which  lay  within  led'c  then  a  furlong 
of  the  lame.  In  which  tin^e.  two  were 
very  fickf?,  and  Edward  Tilley  had 
Ike  to  haue  founded  with  cold  :  the 
gunner  was  slfo  ficke  vnto  death, 
(but.  hope  of  irukjngmadejitm  !o,g_)e) 
and  fo  remained  all  that  day.  and  the 
next  night ;  at  length  we  got  cleare  of 
the  fandy  poynt,  and  got  vp  our  fayles, 
and  wuhin  an  houre  or  two  we  got 
vnJer  the  weather  (bore,  and  then  had 
fcjother  water   and   better  iasliug  : 


but  it  was  very  cold,  for  the  water 
frofe  on  ourclothes,  and  made  them 
many  times  like  coats  of  iron  ;  wee 
fayled  fixe  or  feven  leagues  by  the 
lliore,  but  faw  neuher  river  nor 
creeke  ;  at  length  we  metf  with  a 
tongue  of  land,  being  flat  otf  from  the 
fliore,  with  a  landy  poynt  ;  we  bore 
vp  to  game  the  poynt,  and  found  there 
a  fayre  income  or  rode,  of  a  bay,  be- 
ing a  league  over  at  the  narroweft, 
and  loine  two  or  three  in  length  ; 
but  wee  made  right  over  to  the  land 
before  vs,  and  left  the  difcovery  of 
this  income  till  the  next  day  ;  as  wee 
drew  ncare  to  the  (liore,  wee  efpicd 
fome  tenor  twelue  Indians,  very  bufie 
about  a  Wacke  thing;  what  it  was,  we 
could  not  tell,  till  afterwards  they  favir 
vs,  and  ran  to  and  fro,  as  if  they  had 
beene  carrying  I'omething  away  ;  wee 
landed,  a  league  or  two  from  them, 
and  had  much  adoe  to  put  a  fliore 
any  where,  it  lay  fo  full  of  flat  fands ; 
when  we  came  to  fliore,  we  made  vs 
a  baricado,  and  got  fire-wood,  and 
fetout  our  fentinells,  and  betooke  vs 
to  our  lodging,  fach  it  was  ;  we  faw 
the  fmoke  of  the  fire,  which  the  fa- 
vages  made  that  night,  about  foure  or 
fiuemylesfrom  us ;  in  the  morning  we 
devided  our  company,  fome  eight  in 
the  ihallop.  and  the  reft  on  the  fliore 
went  to  difcouer  this  place  ;  but  we 
found  it  only  to  be  a  bay,  without  ei- 
ther river  or  creeke  comming  into  it, 
yet  we  deemed  to  be  as  good  an  har- 
bour as  Cape  Cod,  for  rhey  that 
{ounded  it,  found  a  fliip  might  ride  in 
fine  fathom  water  ;  wee  on  the  land 
found  It  to  be  a  levill  foyle,  but  none 
of  the  truitfuUefl  ;wce  faw  two  beckes 
offrefii  water,  which  were  the  firft 
running  ftreames  that  we  faw  in  the 
country,  but  one  migh*  ftride  over 
them  ;  we  found  alfo  a  great  fifli,  cal- 
Ied'agrampu5,de"d  on  the  fandi  :  thxjy 
in  the  (hallop  found  two  of  them  alfo 
in  the  bottome  of  the  bay,  dead  in 
iikeiort ;  ihey  were  caft  vp  at  high 
v/atcr,  and  could  not  get  off,  for  the 
froll  and  ice  ;  they  were  fome  nue  or 
fixe  pares  long,  and  about  two  inches 
thicke  of  fat,  and  fleflied  like  a  fwine  ; 
they  would  haue  yeeMed  a  great  deale 
of  oyle,  if  th-ere  had  beene  time  and 
meanes,  to  haue  taken  it ;  fo  we  find- 
in^f  nothing  fir  our  turne,  both  we  a::d 
our  fliallop  reiurnfed. 

('  Fo  be  continued.) 


146        Central  Jiatemenl  of  the  foreign  loans  to  the  united  Jlates.     [Auguft, 

A  general  Jlatcment  of  the  Foreign  V.oi^^a.'i  \  JJicwing,  in  ah/lra&,  the 
capital  funis  borrowed;  the  arrearages  of  inter  cjt,  and  parts  of  princi* 
pal,  which  became  due ^  in  1786,  1787,  a«^  1  788,  and  remaining  unpaid 
en  the  if.  of  January^  1789  ;  and  the  inter ef  and  parts  of  principal,  b<' 
eoming  due  in  the  year  1789. 

Capital  fums  borrowed,  viz. 

Livres.  Dolls.  90, 

Of   the  French  royal  treafury,   on  intereft, 
at  5  per  cent. 

In  Holland,  guaranteed  by  the 
French  court. 


245000,000 
4  per  cent.   10,000,000 


Royal  Spanifh  treafury, 

Lenders  in  Holland,   iR  loan, 
2nd  ditto, 
3d  ditto, 
4th  ditto, 


Total, 


34,000,009- 
5  percent. 

Florins. 
5  per  cent.     5,000,000 

4  per  cent. 

5  per  cent. 
5  percent. 


-6.  £96, 295. 

'174,011. 


g. 000,00c 


-3,600,000. 


10,070.307. 


Arrearages  of  interef,  and  parts  of  principal,   which,  by  the   terms   of  the 

loans,  became  due  in  1786,   1787,  and  1788  ;   and  remained  unpaid,  on  the 

ij  of  January,  1789. 

1786. 

Jan.  1.     2  years'  int.  on       6,000,000  liv.  F.  L.  at  5  per  cent 


Nov.  5.  1  ditto  10.000,000  do. 

Mar.  21.  principal  of  the  Spaniiji  loan  is, 

Arrearages  of  interell  on  ditto. 


F.  L. 


4  per  cent. 

5  per  cent. 


Dolls. 
111,111. 

74,074. 
174,011. 

39,%5' 


90. 
10 


85 


Total, 


39.9  5  °9  2. 


1787. 
Jan.  1, 
Sept.  3. 

Nov.  5. 

Mar.  2 1 


1  year's  inf.  on       6,000,000  liv.  F.  L.  at  5  per  cent. 

4  years' int.  on  18,000,000  liv.  do.  ditto, 

Firll  paymt.  of  18,000,000  capital,      is        -         - 

1  year'.s  int.  on  10,000,000  liv.  F.  L.    at  4  per  cent. 

Y\r{i  paymt.  of  10,000,000  do.  capital,  is, 
,  1  year's  int.  on  174,011  liv.  S.  L.  is, 

Total, 


Dolls.  901 

5.5, .5.5,5-  50 ' 
666,666.  60 

277,777.  70 
74,074. 
185,185.  17 
8,700.  60 

1,267,959.  77 


Jan.  1.  1  year's  int.  on, 
Sept.  3.   1  ditto. 

Second  paymt.  of 
Nov,  5.   1  year's  int.  on 

Second  paymt.  of 
Mar.  21.  1  year's  int.  on 


6,000,000  liv.  F.  L.  at  5  percent, 
18.000,000  hv.  do,       ditto, 
18,000,000  do.  capital,  is, 
10,000,000  do.  F.  L.  at  4  per  cent. 
10,000.000  do.  capital,  is, 

174,011  do.  S.  L.  at  5  per  cent. 


Total, 


Intereft, 

Parts  of  principal, 


Total  unpaid  ift  January,  1789. 

J,3.3.5;074-  75 
», 099-936.  ^4— 


Dolls. 

90 

166.666, 

50 
60 

277,777. 

73 

74,074. 

185,185. 
8,700. 

17 
60, 

767,959. 

77 

Dolls. 

go 

-2-435. oil- 


1789.]  'rhe  Vijitant,  1^7 

Intereft,  becoming  due, 'in  the  year,  1789. 
1789. 

Jan.i,      1  years' int.  on  6,000,000  liv.  F.  L.  at  5  per  cent. 

Feb.i.     1  ditto  2,000,000  {io.  D.  L.      4  per  cent. 

Mar.  21.  1  ditto  174,01 1  dels. S.  L.       5  per  cent, 

June  1.     1  ditto  7,000,000  fla.   D.  L.      ditto, 

'Sept.  3.   1  ditto  18,000,000  !iv.  F.  L.       ditto, 

Nov.  5.  1  ditto  10,000,000  do.  F- L,      4  per  cent. 

Annual  Intereft,  -  w  -  _ 

Parts  of  principal,  becoming  due,  in  the  year  1785 

17S9.         .  ... 

Sept.  3.Third  paymt.  of    18,000,000  liv.  capital,  is, 

Nov.^.Thlrd  paymt.of   10,000,000  do,  ditto,  is, 

Total,  -  -  -  . 

February  1.  By  the  terms  of  the  loan  of  2,000,000  florins,  vide  journals 
of  congrefs  for  1787,  appendix,  246. 

The  united  ftaces  may,  if  they  choofe,  pay  off,  and  difcharge,  in  ready 
money,  the  premium  anfiug  this  year,  in  like  manner  as  was  done  in  178^, 
and  1787;  whereby  they  will  fave,  as  per  page  259,  the  gratification  of 
C  per  cent,  as  alfo  the  intereft  upon  70,000  florins,  at  4  per  cent,  until  1803. 

Dolls.  90. 
Premium  of  70,000  florins,         -         -  28,000. 

Total— 1789,  -  -  -  -  9675959-  77 


Dolls. 

90 

bb:bbb- 

5« 

g2,000. 

8,700. 

60 

140,006. 

166,666. 

6,? 

74,074- 

476,996. 

80 

Dolls. 

90 

^17,777- 

70 

185,185. 

17 

462,962. 

«7 

Dolls 


90. 


From  the  foregoing  ftatements,  it  appears,  there  was  due,  on 

the  ill  January,   1789,  intereft,            -             .             -  i5335-°74  75 

To  be  provided  for,  to  pay  intereft,  due  in  1789,  476,996.  80 

Dutch  premium  of  1789,                 -                -                .-  28,000. 

Total  intereft,                 -  -  -               1,840,071.  65 
Parts  of  principal,  due,  on  the  1  ft  of  Ja- 
nuary, 1789,         ...  1,099,936.  84 
Becoming  due,  in  1789,  462,962.  87 — • 1,562,899.  8t 

Total  principal  and  intereft,  due,  January,  1790,  3,402,971.  56 

The  farmers  general  of  France  have  a  claim  on  the  united  ftates,  for  eight 
hundred,  forty  fix  thoufand,  feven  hundred  andfeventy  livres,  fourteen  fols,  and 
five  deniers  ;  upon  a  contraB,  figned  Benjamin  Franklin,  i7ih  November, 
1781;  being  a  balance,  due  on  a  loan  of  one  million  of  livres,  tournois,  tho 
3d  of  June,  1777,  to  melTrs.  Franklin  &  Deane,  as  agents  of  the  united 
llates. 

Treafury  of  the  united  Jlates,  regijler^s  office^  Qd  March,  1789. 

The  Vijitant. — Continued from\ Ol-.  Mr.    Vifitant, 

V.  page  f)Z-j,  "X7"OIJR  laft   paper  confirms   me 

Number    xj.  X     in  the  opinion  I  always  had  of 

MY  ingenious  corrcfpondent  who  yon.  that  you   are  "  vn  fort   galant 

figns  himfelf  T.  S.  B.*    has  homvu' — a  very  polite  fort  of  a  ^eu- 

favoured    me    with    another    letter,  tlcman.     1   imagine,  that  you  did  not 

which  1  fliall  prefent  to  the  public,  take  my  meaning,   by    what  you   lay, 

NOTE.  jufl  befure    you  introduce    my    lelfcr, 

*For  this  corrcfpondent  ^,  firft  let-  "•  iliat  1  was  out  of  humour  with  the 

ter,  fee  vol,  v,p3«e  2S2,  ladies."     You  miftake  me  cntirt-!). 


The  Vifiidnt. 


[Augii'ft, 


Sir  :  I  have  as  great  a  reverence  and 
regard  for  ihe  fair  fex,  as  you,  or  any 
ether  gentlemen,  can  have. 

Cummagnis  virtutibus^  offers 

Grande Juperciliuvi — Juv.    Sat.  6; 
1  own  their    virtues ;    but  I   blame 

befide 
Their  minds  elate  with  haughtinefs 
and  pride." 

ADDISON. 

"  All  I  meant,  was  to  give  you  a  lit-  . 
tie  jog,  to  put  you  in  mind  of  your  du- 
ty ;  and,  as  your  flyle  is  very  delicate, 
and  your  addrefs  much  admired  by  the 
lovely  creatures  in  general,  you  might 
at  (he  fame  time  that  you  delight  them, 
give  a  few  lines  of  inrtrurtiOn.  1 
■would  have  you  paint  their  virtues  in 
the  molt  Unking  light ;  but  I  would 
alio  have  you  reprelent  their  vices  in 
the  groffeft  defoniiity — In  llTort,  my 
only  meaning  was,  that  you  fliould 
permit  them  to  behold  themfelves  in 
an  impartial  mirror,  that  they  may  a- 
void  thofe  follies,  that  make  beauty 
difguflful  and  even  good  fenfe  difa- 
greeable. 

lam,  fir,  your  moft  obedient, 
Plumble  fervant, 

T.  S.  B." 

In  confcquence  of  this  gentleman's 
advice,  I  had  refolved  to  matte  fonie 
animadverfions  on  the  love  of  domi- 
nion in  the  fair  fex,  and  had  begun  to 
look  around  for  materials  of  a  paper 
on  that  fubjefl,  when  I  received  the 
following  excellent  letter,  which  whol- 
ly diverted  me  from  executing  my  de- 
fign.  The  agreeable  writer  difcovers 
fo  much  good  fcnle,  and  inch  a  deli- 
cate turn  of  thought,  in  what  (he  fays, 
that  (he  has  inclined  me  rather  to  com- 
pofe  a  panegyric,  than  a  fatire,  on  the 
fex.  Befides,  her  obfervations  upon 
the  ungenerous  condiifl  of  us  men,  are 
but  too  well  founded  ;  and  j'uflice  o- 
bliges  me  to  own,  that  an  immoderate 
attachment  to  power  in  us,  is  one  rea- 
fon  why  we  complain  fo  much  of  it  in 
the  women  ;  and  that  we  would  fee 
fewer  rebels,  were  there  fewer  tyrants, 
who  provoke  them  fo  rebellion.  If 
it  is  true,  that  many  a  lady  is  content 
to  take  a  fool  for  her  hufband,  in  or- 
der to  govern  wiih  abfolute  fvvay  ;  it 
it  is  no  lefs  true,  that  many  a  fool  is  fo 
fond  of  the  prerogative  of  hir;  fex,  that, 
inorder  topreferveit,  he  looks  out  for 
a  mate,  flill  more  foolifli  than  hmi- 
felf.  I  willi  an  inviolable  regard  lor 
3 


truth  did  not  lay  me  under  the  necef- 
hty  of  laying,  that  even  men,  who  are 
CO nfpicuous  for  their  merii,  too  frfi* 
qiienily  betray  a  jealoufy  of  thofe  ve- 
ry excellencies  in  the  female  fex,  by 
which  ihcnil.^lvcs  are  diftinguilhed. 
The  ineanrtefs  and  unreafonablcneis  of 
fuch  adilpohtion  are  admirilbly  paint* 
ed  by  my  fair  correlpondent, 

Mk.  Visitant, 
"  npii  E  candid  and  kind  manner, 
A  in  which  you  treat  both  the 
errors  and  perfections  of  the  female 
feX,  mult  make  every  woman,  who, 
reads  your  paper  with  as  good  a  heart, 
as  you  appear  to  have,  when  you  write 
it,  your  admirer  and  friend. 

"  I  do  allare  you,  fir,  I  am  totally 
ignorant,  whether  the  Vifitant  is 
written  by  one,  who  appears  in  a  black 
coat  or  a  red  ;  or  by  one,  whofe  garb 
does  not  denote  any  particular  profef- 
lion.  Alas!  lo  excentric  a  fet  of  be- 
ings are  writers,  that  the  Vilitant  maty 
be  unfocial,  indelicate,  and  unfriend- 
ly— the  reverfe  of  every  thing  he  fays 
— Fool  he  can  never  be  :  but  I  hope 
the  kind  advocate  of  our  caufe  is  as 
agreeable  in  private  life,  as  in  public  ; 
and  in  this  he  is  truly  amiable. 

"  Your  definition  of  politenefs, 
and  the  fources  of  alleclation,  in  No. 
IV. +  1  read  with  peculiar  fatisfac- 
tion  ;  but  give  me  leave,  at  prefent, 
to  mention  your  paper,  No.  VI Lt 
where,  among  many  good  things  ycni 
fay,  you. endeavour  to  (hew,  what  are 
the  fleps  to  attain  elleem,  and  what 
to  attain  admiration.  As  far  as  I  am 
a  judge,  the  means  are  well  calculat- 
ed to  gam  their  refpeflive  ends.  But, 
lir,  you  mull  correil;  fome  faults  in 
your  own  fex,  before  you  can  bright- 
en the  fliades  of  ours.  The  ways  you 
have  pomied  out,  will,  as  I  have  juft 
obferved,  iecure  us  efteem  ;  but  at 
elteem  we  (liall  always  Hop. 

When  a  worthy  voi.mg  woman,  not 
without  a  fliare  of  fenfibility  in  her 
compofition,  has  attentively  ciilnvated 
the  virtues  of  the  muid,  and  has  im- 
proved herfelf  in  the  feveral  branches 
of  education,  with  much  refolutiou, 
and,  on  many  occafions,  with  much 
felf-denial — when,  thus  accomplifhed, 
file  enters  upon  life,  and  mixes  in  a  pa- 

NOTES. 

•f  See  vol.  iv.  page  220. 
X  See  vol.  iv.  page  489, 


i78g.] 


The  Vifilantt 


M9 


lite  circle  of  both  fexes — muft  it  not 
give  her  a  fenhble  mortification,  to 
fee  a  girl  of  fprightly  levity,  whofe 
underftanding,  if  Ihe  is  pretty,  is 
thought  brilliant ;  whofe  tartnefs  is 
ftyled  elegant  repartee  ;  and  rifes  only 
to  what  Pope  calls  *'  the  pert  low 
dialogue,  fcarce  a  degree  above  Swift's 
politeconverfarion" — mull  it  not  mor- 
tify her  to  fee  fuch  a  one  fingled  out, 
and  draw  the  attention  of  men  of  me- 
rit, while  (lie  is  paffed  by  without  no- 
tice ?  As  for  the  moths  of  the  feafon, 
that  are  always  buzzing  about,  their 
negleft  gives  no  uneafmefs. 

"  The  men  are  extremely  confined 
in  their  notions  of  our  fex.  It  is  true, 
they  do  not  all  exprefs  themfeK  es  in 
the  coarfe,  inelegant,  trite  faymg, 
*'  give  me  a  wife,  that  can  make  a 
liiirt,  and  a  pudding:"  but,  indeed, 
mr.  Vifitant,  if  you  will  be  as  can- 
did as  you  have  hitherto  been,  you 
will  own,  that  this  fentiment  runs 
through  the  major  part  of  the  lordly 
race." 

"  One  would  think,  that  they  were 
throwing  fcarcafms  on  their  owrl  fex, 
^vhen  they  draw  the  following  conclu- 
sions— that  the  more  a  woman's  un- 
derftanding is  improved,  the  more  apt 
Ihe  will  be  to  defpife  her  hufband— 
that  the  ftrengthenitig  of  her  reafon 
will  weaken  her  affetlion — that  the 
duties  of  tendernefs  and  actention,  and 
all  the  focial  tram,  will  be  difregard- 
ed,  in  proportion  as  her  knowledge  is 
increafed — that,  to  teach  her  God  and 
nature,  will,  in  the  end,  dellroy  all 
order,  and  domeUic  comfort.  Good 
heavens  !  What  fubverfions  of  truths 
are  all  thefe  aflertions !  Docs  not  the 
enlargement  of  the  underftanding  point 
out  the  relative  duties  ?  And  is  not 
fubordination  to  a  hufband,  one  of 
•them  ?  Does  not  reafon  as  frequently 
roufe,  as  damp  the  affedions  ? — Does 
not  knowledge  dilate  and  expand  the 
finer  feelings  of  the  mind,  and  mak« 
it  thrill  in  a  tlioufand  vibrations,  un- 
known to  the  favage  and  untutored 
foul  ? — Do  not  God  and  nature  lead 
us  lo  a  courfe  of  tender  affeftions  and 
pleafing  duties,  which  can  be  praclif- 
ed  only  by  one,  whofe  mind  is  touch- 
ed with  ardent  piety,  and  who  can 
obferve,  with  refined  dehght,  the  re- 
gular and  beautiful  order  of  the  uni- 
verfe. 

*'  However,    in    gratitude  to  the 

Voi.  VI, 


generous  few,  that  have  condefceod- 
ed  to  treat  us  as  reafonable  beings, 
let  us  never  forget,  that  an  Addilon, 
a  Richardfon,  and  a  Fordyce,  have 
not  thought  it  beneath  them,  to  point 
out,  what  is,  and  what  is  not,  female 
excellence. 

"  Hard,  indeed,  is  that  medium 
to  be  obferved,  which  you  mention  in 
your  nuuh  paper*;  and  it  only  falls 
to  the  lot  of  a  happy  few,  to  anfwer 
the  poet's  elegant  pidure  : 
"  Favours  to  none,  to  all  (he  fmiles 

"  extends : 
*'  Oft   flie   rejects  ;    but   never   once 
"  offends." 

"  Howfoever  pleafing  timidity  and 
implicit  fubmiirion  in  us  may  be  to 
your  fex,  yet  what  lord  Halifax  ob- 
ferved, is  very  true  ;  "  that  a  woman, 
who  has  not  too  much  fpirit  on  fomc 
occafions,  will  run  the  rilque  of  hav- 
ing too  little  on  others."  As  maidsj 
as  wives,  and  as  widow?,  we  meet 
with  a  thoufand  occafions  in  life, 
where  fortitude  and  lefolution  are  ab- 
foluffly  neceflarv.  I  would  not  wifll 
a  lady  to  be  a  Camilla  or  a  Thalef- 
tris :  but  fteadinefs,  to  a  degree  of 
perfeverance,  is  abGjluiely  requifite  in 
us.  Before  marriage,  it  is  neceffary, 
in  the  important  point  ofdifnnilfing 
or  acceptiug  lovers:  for  you  know, 
fir,  that  ii^all  a  fingle  woman  has  to 
do.  After  marriage,  it  is  neceffary 
in  the  education  of  children,  and  iu 
regulating  the  more  fubordinate  mem- 
bers of  a  family  :  for,  as  to  a  hufband, 
it  is  a  virtue,  which  maft  never  peep 
our,  where  his  lordly  prerogative  is 
concerned.  And  furely  equally  ef- 
fential  is  it,  in  the  lonely  widowed 
Hate,  where  we  have  to  acl  in  fo  ma- 
ny different  capacities, — In  which  of 
thefe  claffes  the  writer  of  this  is, 
cannot  be  material:  let  it  fuffice, 
that,  in  your  public  chara-'tcr  of  Vi- 
fitant, file  is  much  your  adm.irer. 

ASPASIA, 
.■<>-<S><S><^-"<v 
To  the  printer  of  the  AmericaM 
MusEt;M, 
Sir, 
OBSERVING    in    feveral    late 
publications,  an  attempt  to  revive  the 
culture  of  filk  in  your  ftate,  I  tranf- 

H  o  X  B. 

*  See  vol,  V.  p.  »22,  of  this  woi^c, 
Y 


Hiretlions  fcr  the  bnedivg  and 


[Awguft, 


ir.it  the  cnclored  i^amphlct,  tliat  if 
you  ji:dge,  it  may  conduce  in  any 
inealure  towards  fo  laudable  an  un- 
tleriaking,  it  may  be  preferved  in  your 
lifeful  repofitory. 

Robert  StrettcU  Jones. 
Burlington,  May,  1783. 

GireSions  for  the  breeding  and  ma- 
nagement cffilk-zcornu.  ExlraBed 
frem  the  treatij'es  of  Abbe  Boijier, 
de  Sauvages,  and  PutUin:  and 
publt/Ji'd,  anno  1770,  by  order  of 
the  Philadelphia  fociety  foi  pra- 
moting  the  culture  ofjilk. 

SECTION     I. 

Of  the  Jilk  worms'  eggs. 

AT  firR,  their  colour  is  a  pale 
yellow.  W'iihin  five  or  lix 
days,  aficr  they  are  laid,  this  colour 
changes  by  degrees  to  a  darker  :  and 
then  (hole  eggs  are  faid  to  be  of  the 
ucll  fort,  which  are  of  a  grey  afb-co- 
lour.  inclining  to  a  tarnifhed  purple. 
il  the  flirt  colour  continues  unchang- 
ed, it  is  a  certain  mark,  that  the  eggs 
are  unimpregnatcd  and  barren. 

a.  The  bert  eggs  may  be  (poiled — 
Ly  a  111  fled  heat — by  a  moiil  air — by 
being  pent  up  in  tight  vt  Ifcls — or  by 
teiug  arnaffed  together  in  any  confi- 
derable  quantities.  The  eggs,  which 
are  ipoiled  by  any  of  thcle  means, 
lurn  euher  to  a  whitiQi  or  a  brown 
colour  ;  and  either  they  do  not  crack 
under  the  nail,  and  are  fo  light  as  to 
Iwim  in  water;  or  clfe,  when  they 
are  cracked,  their  liquor  is  fluid  and 
vatery,  which  ought  to  be  flimy  and 
thick. 

3.  To  prevent  thefe  cvjjs,  keep 
your  eggs,  as  they  are  firrt  laid,  upon 
iepftraie  pieces  of  rag  or  paper,  and  in 
a  dry,  frcfh  air.  In  this  manner, 
they  maybe  fent  to  any  dirtante,  with 
a  cover,  in  form  of  a  letter ;  only 
taking  care,  that,  if  feveral  pieces  are 
put  into  one  packet,  they  be  kept  from 
rubbing  together,  by  flips  of  rag  or 
paper,  laid  between  them. 

4,  From  the  time  that  your  eggs 
are  laid,  fill  you  fct  thern  to  hatch, 
they  fhonld  be  kept  from  the  two  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold.  As  loon, 
therefore,  as  th;'v  are  laid,  put  them 
awav,  in  tiie  coolcfl  place  you  can 
find,  about  the  houfe,  or  in  the  cel- 
lar; only  taking  care,  that  they  be 
MOt  flifled  by  a  damp,  •r  a  cun&ncd 


air,  nor  cxpofed  to  be  devoured  by 
mice,  or  oiher  vermin:  if  your  cel- 
lar, therefore,  be  damp  or  clofe,  you 
mufl  choofe  ionie  other  place.  And,  11 
to  fecure  them  from  vermin,  you 
may  put  them  in  a  large  bafket,  co- 
vered at  the  tup  witn  a  thin  linen 
cloth,  and  futpended  by  a  firing 
from  the  ceiling.  When  the  cold 
weather  fets  in,  and  threatens  froff, 
you  may  move  them  into  a  room 
where  you  keep  a  conilant  fire,  and 
hang  them  up,  as  before,  but  at  a 
good  dillance  from  the  fire.  The 
room  fliould  be  large,  and  the  ceil- 
ing pretty  fiigh;  for  they  do  not  re- 
quire a  greater  warmth,  than  about 
ten  degrees  above  freezing.  And, 
indeed,  a  very  flrong  froft  would  not 
kill  the  worm  in  the  egg  ;  but  the  in- 
conveniences, an  ling  from  the  eggs 
having  been  l"o  chilled,  are,  that  fuch 
eggs  caiinot  eafily  be  made  to  hatch 
together,  nor  at  the  proper  feafon  ; 
uniefs  you  force  them  by  fuch  a  de- 
gree of  heat,  as,  by  the  fudden  per- 
fpira.'ion  it  occahons  in  the  egg,  en- 
feebles or  perhaps  dellroys  tlie  worm. 
As  the  fpring  approaches,  if  the  wea- 
ther fhould  turn  unfeafonably  warm, 
remove  your  eggs  again  to  a  cool 
place, 

Lallly,  keep  your  eggs  always 
clean,  and  free  from  every  kind  of 
fat  or  oily  fubftanccs. 

SECTION     II. 

Of  hatching  the  fi Ik- worms'   eggs. 

As  I  mull,  throughout  this  effay, 
endeavour  to  adapt  the  direflions  and 
obfervations  of  my  author  to  our  own 
climate,  the  reader  will  pleafe  to  con- 
fider  v.'hat  I  fay,  to  be  often  no  more 
than  hints  and  conjectures,  which  can 
only  be  tncd  by  experience.  And 
yet  I  hope,  thofe  hinrs  may  be  of  ufe, 
in  diretiing  us  to  the  knowledge  of 
fuch  experiments,  as  are  neceffary  to 
be  made,  and  in  what  manner  to 
make  them. 

1  he  eggs,  if  properly  preferved, 
accordmg  lo  the  diretUons  given  in 
the  firrt  feciion,  would,  without  more 
trouble,  as  the  fpring  advances,  be 
hatched  by  the  natural  warmth  of  the 
feafon.  But,  in  every  country,  where 
the  breeding  of  iilk-worms  is  well 
iindeirtood,  the  people  have  been 
taught,  by  long  experience,  that,  in 
this  affair,  nature   requires   the  ailif- 


i7^9-] 


Mana^^evicnt  of  fUk- worms. 


tanceofart.  Accordiiii^Iy,  in  Chi- 
na, Perfia,  Italy,  France,  and  Spain, 
they  avail  themfelves  of  artihcial 
means,  in  the  hatching  of  theie  ufe- 
fiil  inlefts,  and  indeed  in  the  breed- 
ing and  management  of  them,  throuj;h 
every  (lage  of  their  exilience.  At 
firft,  we  may  be  apt  to  imagine,  that 
here,  as  in  molt  other  iniiances,  art 
is  nJt  fo  good  a  nurfe  as  nature  ;  and 
that,  in  their  own  country  and  cli- 
mate at  leait,  (ilk-worms  would  do 
befi,  if  left  in  the  open  air.  But  tlie 
fatl  is  far  otherwife.  There  is  no 
country,  where  they  can  be  rendered 
profitable  to  man,  but  by  the  means 
of  artificial  management.  If  they 
were  to  be  left  abroad  upon  the  tree*, 
they  would  become  the  prey  of  birds, 
Hies,  and  other  infects. 
^  But,  to  return  from  this  digreflion, 
tiie  two  principal  things  to  be  regard- 
ed, in  the  hatching  of  filk  wonur,  are 
the  time  when,  and  the  manjier  how. 
1.  With  refpeft  to  the  time,  if  the 
feafons  were  uniform,  an  infalhbie 
rule  might  be  given,  that  the  worms 
ought  to  come  out,  with  the  firft  ap- 
pearance of  the  mulberry  leaf,  which 
is  to  be  their  only  food.  If  they 
come  out  fooner,  they  mufi  (larve*.  It 
has  been  thought,  indeed,  that  lettuce, 
and  perhaps  fome  other  leaves  rnight, 
in  cafes  of  neceffity,  be  ufed  as  a  fub- 
ftitute  for  the  mulberry  leaves+.  But 
experience  has  decided  againft  this 
opinion.  For  though  you  mav,  by 
fuch  means,  fave  the  lives  of  the 
worms,  for  a  while,  yet,  unlefs  they 
are  fed  with  that  food,  which  nature 
has  dcllined  for  their  ufe,  and  which, 
therefore,  is  alone  proper  to  fuinilli 
the  gum,  from  which  thefilk  is  made, 
it  viTere  better  to   fpare   yourfelf  the 

NOTES. 

*  If  a  fcarcity  of  food  fliould  be 
apprehended,  it  may  be  eafily  ouarded 
agamft,  by  cutting  fome  fuckers  or 
fnfall  branches  of  the  mulberry-tree, 
and  felting  them  in  bottles  of  water, 
in  a  warm  room.  By  this  menns, 
they  may  be  made  to  vegetate  as  early 
in  the  leafon  as  you  pleafe.  and  af- 
ford a  fuffi(?tent  fupply  of  food  for 
your  young  worms,  till  the  natural 
fprouting  of  your  mulberry-trees. 

+  For  letter's  on  this  intcrefting 
fiibjea,  fee  the'  American  Mufcuni^ 
vol.  V,  pages  i6'6,  272,  gj^. 


fruitlefs  pains,  and  to  let  the'ni  die  at 
once.  If  their  hatching,  on  the  other 
band,  be  delayed,  till  the  leaves, upon 
which  they  are  fed,  have  got  ctnfider- 
ably  forward  in  rheir  growth,  thcH 
the  worms  lofe  the  advantage  of  fei^d- 
ing  at  firft  upon  young  and  tender 
leaves,  which  are  fittefl  for  their  lu- 
fant  flate,  and  contribute  greatly  to 
their  future  health  and  vigour.  And, 
beddts,  by  the  time  they  have  got 
through  their  iaft  moulting,  they  will 
be  much  injured,  by  a  food  that  is 
grown  too  dry,  and  of  too  hard  a 
texture,  and  ftill  more  by  the  rlofe 
air  and  ftiflmg  heat  of  fummer.  It  is, 
therefore,  of  importance,  to  have  the 
worms  come  out  as  early  in  the  fpriug 
as  may  be,  without  expohng  them  to 
the  danger  of  wanting  food.  But  it 
frequently  bappens,  elpecially  in  thi« 
country,  that  a  too  forward  fpring 
brings  out  young  leaves,  which  are 
foon  after  fuddenly  killed  by  anippuiJ 
froft  ;  and,  in  that  cafe,  it  will  be  often 
fifteen,  and  fometimes  twenty  days, 
before  a  fecond  crop  of  leaves  is  put 
out. 

There  is  an  Indan  proverb  which 
fays,  that  '"  the  winter  feldom  rots  in 
the  fky  :"  the  meaning  of  which  is 
obvious,  that  fooner  or  later  we  mull 
expecl  to  feel  our  fliare  of  cold. 
And  the  converfe  of  this  obfeivation 
is  alfo  true,  that  if,  in  the  winter 
months,  the  cold  has  been  pretty  con- 
ftant  and  uniform,  the  winter  then  will 
feldom  ufurp  the,  place  of  fpring. 
When  the  feafou,  therefore,  has  been 
thus  regular,  there  will  be  little  or  no 
danger  in  fetting  your  eggs  to  hatch,  as 
foon  as  the  mulberry  buds  begin  10 
fwcll.  But  if  the  fpring  appear  to  be 
too  forward,  you  run  a  rifti  either 
way  :  if  you  hatch  your  eggs,  and  a 
froft  fiiould  happew  to  nip  the  tender 
leaves  in  the  bud,  you  lofe  your 
worms;  and  if  you  keep  tack  your 
eggs  for  fear  of  th:  froft,  and  no  fr(;ft 
ftjould  happen,  then  your  worms  will 
come  too  late  for  their  food,  and  will 
iiave  to  ftruggle  with  the  fuUry  fu'Fo- 
caiing  heats  of  the  advancing  feafon. 
Now,  if  the  buds,  by  putting  out  too 
early,  fliould  happen  to  be  nipped  by 
the  froft,  the  fecond  crop  will  come  lo 
much  later,  that  there  will  then  be  no 
reafon  to  fear  the  like  accident  agam 
for  that  feafoii,  /  Upon  the  whole, 
therefore,  it    wiil  te -fafeft,  to  keeji 


tis 


BtreQionsfor  the  hreedtng  and 


[Auguft, 


I 


fuch  a  quantity  of  egg?,  that  you  may 
divide  them  into  iwo  parcels ;  (and  let 
the  iealon  be  as  it  may)  have  one  of 
the  panels  ready  to  hatch,  with  the 
firit  appearance  cf  the  leaf;  then,  if 
their  food  fhould  be  killed,  you  may 
have  the  fecond  parcel  ready,  agaiiift 
the  leaves  put  out  anew.  It  may 
be,  nil  things  coijiidered,  a  good  eco- 
nomy, to  fubmit  to  the  lofs  of  halfthe 
eggs  that  you  keep,  or  (which  is  the 
fame  thing)  to  he  at  the  expenfe  of 
keeping  double  the  qnatitity  of  eggs 
that  will  be  waiited,  rather  than  run 
the  riiqne  of  lofing  the  labour  and  ex- 
pefiation  of  a  whole  fcafon, 

Thele  hints  may  ferve  to  direft  the 
attentive  obfcrver,  io  ascertaining  the 
proper  time,  for  hatching  the  filk- 
vvorm'sepgs.    It  remains  to  fhow, 

2.  The  manner  of  bringing  then;  to 
hatch  at  the  time  required.  It  is 
neerilcis  to  fiy,  that  this  cannot  be 
done,  with  any  degree  of  certainty,  by 
truOmg  them  to  the  natural  warmth  of 
the  Ipa^on,  which  would  often  bring 
out  the  worms  too  foon,  and  as  often 
erhaps,  keep  them  back  too  long, 
''or  this  reafon,  therefore,  (and,  in- 
deed, for  feveral  others,  with  which 
I  need  not  detain  the  reader)  it  is  ne- 
celFary  to  follow  the  direftions  given 
in  fhe  firil  ieclion,  keeping  your  eggs 
in  a  moderately  cool  air,  till  the 
time, indicated  inihe  foregoing  article; 
and  then  to  hatch  them  by  means  of 
fuch  a  heat,  as  it  is,  at  all  times,  in  your 
po'ver  to  regulate  at  pleafure. 

In  Europe,  it  has  been  a  very  ge- 
neral praBice,  to  do  this  by  means  of 
the  natur^il  warmth  of  the  human 
body.  They  put  a  quantity  of  eggs 
into  a  linen  ra^g,  tied  up  with  a  llring  ; 
atid  begin  by  putting  this  little  bundle 
into  fomc  cleiin  dry  {lraw,at  the  foot 
of  the  bed  at  night,  ard  by  wearing  it 
pinned  unleriheir  ouiward  garments 
m  the  day  timr.  Then  by  degrees 
they  give. the  eggs,  a  greater  heat,  by 
pnttintr  the  bundles  hrll  into  bed  at 
their  f 'ct,  and  fo  gradually  bringing 
ihem  to  1  e  on  their  bread  at  night, 
and  to  be  worn  next  to  the  ikm  by 
day.  But  I  Ihall  not  give  a  lyiinute 
detail  of  this  method,  becaufe  it  is 
lidble  to  many  objeflions.  The  two 
grand  requifnes  in  the  management 
of  filk  worms,  fiom  firft  to  lall,  are, 
to  keep  them,  both  while  they  are  in 
the  eg^s,  ;ujd  afterwards,  in  a  dry  air, 


and  free  from  a  clofe  ftifled  heat.  In 
the  method  iuil  now  mentioned, there- 
fore, a  coniiant  attention,  and  a  pain- 
ful vigilance,  are  abfolutely  neceifary, 
to  guard  agamft  the  dangers  arifing 
from  the  infenlible  perfpiration  of  the 
bodv,  and  from  the  eggs  being  too 
clofely  pent  up  in  a  fuffocating  kind 
of  warmth.  Thofe  who  follow  this 
mode.,  are  obliged,  every  now  and 
then,  both  by  day  and  by  night,  to 
open  the  bundle  of  eggs,  Iprcad  them 
about  for  a  while,  and  then  tie  ihetn 
up  again,  and  return  them  into  their 
place.  When  the  worms  are  on  the 
eve  of  coming  out,  they  dare  not  truft 
themfelves  to  fleep,  left  their  nap 
(hould  be  too  long;  for  one  hour's 
negleft  might  hazard  the  lofs  of  more 
than  half  their  labour,  and  be  pro- 
dudive  of  fuch  a  fickly  brood,  as 
would  hardly  be  wortli  the  pains  oF 
nurfing. 

Another,  and  a  far  preferable  me- 
tliod,  has  therefore  been  attempted 
with  fuccefs,  which  is  to  h^tch  the 
eggs  by  the  heat  of  a  common  fire. 
The  manner  of  putting  this  method 
in  praftice,  may  be  varied,  accordmg 
as  fancy  or  convenience  (hall  direfct, 
and  experience  fliall  approve.  The 
abbe  Boiflier,  whofe  book  has  been 
my  chief  inftru6tor,  direOs  a  flove, 
or  rather  a  fmall  hot-houfe,  to  be 
built  for  this  purpofe.  It  is  about  fix 
feet  wide,  and  fifteen  feet  long,  built 
of  bricK,  and  covered  with  tile,  and 
has  a  fireplace  in  each  end,  a  door 
in  one  fide,  and  a  fmall  window, 
which  is  clofed  by  a  Aiding  (hutter, 
to  be  opened  occajionally.  In  order 
to  keep  up,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  a 
fteady,  equal  heat,  he  puts  every 
morning  a  quantity  of  tanner's  bark, 
well  dried  in  the  fun,  into  each  fire- 
place;  this  bark  he  difpofes  in  an  e- 
ven  heap,  from  jamb  to  jamb,  and 
kindles  it  at  one  end  with  a  (hovel- 
fill  of  burning  coals.  It  burns  flow- 
ly  and  conftantly,  and  you  may  put 
on  enough  at  one  time,  to  ferve  for 
twenty-four  hours.  If  tanner's  bark 
cannot  be  had,  you  may  ufe  cow- 
dung,  turf,  fea-coal,  &c,  inftead 
of  it. 

The  ftove   being  ready,  the  next 
thing  to   be    done,  is,  to   provide  3 
fmall  table,  or  tablet,  upon  which  yoa . 
may  fpread  your  eggs.     This  may  be  , 
a  thin  piece  of  well-feafoned  board, 


1 7^9-3 


managemtnt  ofJUk-tuarms. 


155 


planed  fmootli,  with  a  ledge  on  the 
edges,  about  half  an  inch  higher  than 
the  furface  of  the  board,  which  is  to 
be  covered  with  a  lining  of  clean 
brown  paper  ;  or,  inllead  of  a  board, 
it  might  be  made  with  Tpl^nters,  or 
fniooth  twigs,  like  the  cover  of  a 
(quire  bafltet.  Strew  this  (moothly 
over,  with  a  layer  of  clean  cut  llraw, 
upon  which  lay  the  brown  p^per  as 
before.  The  lizeof  this  tablet  Ihould 
at  leail  be  fuch,  as  that  a  layer  of 
eggs,  when  fpread  upon  the  paper, 
may  r.otbe  more  dian  a  quarter  of  an 
inci:  thick.  Ar  each  corner  of  the 
tablet,  faften  a  firing,  and  make  the 
i{rin<is  meet  in  a  knot,  at  a  conve- 
nient height,  above  the  tablet.  When 
your  eggs  are  properly  fpread,  fuf- 
pend  the  tablet  on  a  hook,  at  the  end 
of  a  (tring  which  Hides  above,  by  a 
loop,  upon  a  fmooih  ro.-i,  that  runs 
over  head,  lengthways  of  the  Hove. 
By  this  means,  you  can  move  the  tab- 
let from  the  middle,  towards  elihcr 
fire-place,  as  ociafion  may  require. 
Let  the  tablet  hang  at  the  didanceof 
three  or  four  feet  from  the  g'roun<l. 
To  fecurcyour  eggs  fronithe dull,  and 
other  nuifances,  make  a  fmall  hole  in 
the  middle  of  a  fqiare  piece  of  thin 
linen  cloth  ;  (lip  it  up  a  few  inches  a- 
bove  the  hook,  upon  the  Aiding  Hring, 
and  let  the  edges  of  the  cloth  tall 
down,  round  the  edges  of  the  tablec  ; 
by  which  means  your  eggs  will  be  co- 
vered, without  being  Hilled;  for  the 


this  point,  tic  a  thread  roi^nl  the  tube, 
for  a  mark  ;  then  put  the  bulb  itjto 
your  mouth,  or  in  your  bofom,  fo  as 
to  raife  the  mercury  to  the  degree  of 
blood-heat ;  mark  this  point  with  ano- 
ther thread,  lied  round  the  tube.  Call 
this  laft  point,  32  degrees.  The  mid- 
dle point,  between  this  and  the  point 
of  freezing,  will  be  16.  Divide  the 
fpace,  between  16  and  32,  into  four 
equal  parts  :  mark  them,  and  they 
will  be  as  many  divifions  as  are  neccf- 
fary.  Thus,  you  will  have  marks  for 
the  following  degrees,  16.  eo.  24.  28. 
Inllead  of  a  graduated  fcale 


cloth    hanging    loofely 


round,  will 
leave  a  free  communication  for  the  air 
to  circulate,  and  for  the  imperceptible 
lleacn,  that  rifes  by  perfpiratioii  from 
the  eggs,  to  efcape. 

In  order  to  proceed  with  certainty, 
it  wUl  be  advifable,  to  furnilh  your- 
felf  with  a  thermometer,  which  may 
be  fixed  fall  in  the  middle  of  the  tab- 
let^ and  the  ejgs  fpread  round  it.  As 
it  IS  not  neceiTary  to  be  very  nice  in 
marking  the  degrees  of  heat,  the  ab- 
be advlfes  the  ufe  of  a  thermometer, 
•which  is  very  readily  adjufled,  and 
may  be  underllood  with  equal  eafe  by 
every  one.  And,  for  the  fake  of 
thofe  who  are  not  fond  of  hard  words, 
he  calls  it  a  regulator.  It  is  adjufled 
in  the  following  manner.  Take  any 
low-priced  thermometer,  and  cover 
the  bulb  with  fnow,  or  broken  ice,  fo 
as  to  bring  the  mercury  (or  the  liquor) 
down  to  the  point  of   freexing :  at 


ft 


and  32. 

with  figures,  rraxe  a  inarK,  again 
each  of  the  points  thus  afcertaincd, 
on  the  flip  of  board  that  your  ther- 
mometer is  fixed  to.  Let  the  marks 
be  coarfe  lin**'  drawn  acrofs,  and  iii 
ditfercnt  toloiiry,  as  black,  red,  yel- 
low, green,  and  blue.  And  then 
you  have  only  to  direct,  that  in  fuch 
and  fuch  circumfiances,  the  mercury, 
or  (.vhich  amounts  to  the  fame  thing) 
the  heat,  mull  be  kept  at  fuch  or 
fui.h  a  mark,  black  or  red,  &.c.  or 
beiwccn  the  two  ;  for,  a  greater  pre- 
cifion  is  not  necefTary  ;  nor  will  you 
need  any  graduation  lower  than  16, 
nor  higher  than  32  degrees  above  the 
point  of  freezing. 

With  this  apparatus  once  complet- 
ed, the  reft  is  eafy.  For  the  firfl  two 
or  three  days,  you  have  only  to  keep 
the  heat  at  about  fixteen  or  eighteen 
degrees;  it  will  gradually  rife  to  twen- 
ty-four and  twenty-eight,  as  the  walls 
get  heated,  without  increafing  the 
iire.  And  at  this  point,  you  rriay  let 
it  remain,  till  nearly  tv(.'o  thirds  of 
vour  eggs  are  hatched  ;  when  it  will 
be  advifable  to  give  the  remainder  a 
heat  of  about  thirty-two  degrees,  at 
leaft  for  a  few  hours,  in  order  to  haft- 
en  the  hatching,  and  to  bring  out 
your  whole  brood  as  nearly  together 
as  may  be.* 

NOTE. 

*  This  regulator  may  be  difpenfed 
with,  and,  inftead  thereof,  a  little 
velTcl  of  water  placed  near  the  eggs 
in  the  ftove,  where  it  will  receive  an 
equal  heat  with  the  eggs.  You  may 
know  at  any  time,  whether  the  heat  is 
properly  regulated,  by  putting  your 
finger  into  the  water  ;  for  if  the  water 
fhould  feel  rather  a  litile  warmer  than 
milk  newly  from  the  cow,  you  may 


»54 

Three  or  four  times  a  day  will  be 
fuffic'.ent  to  turn  your  eggs,  which  is 
done  by  raking  them  up  into  heaps, 
and  then  immediately  fpreading  iheai 
again  :  and  at  night  there  will  be  no 
inconvenience  in  letting  the  fire  go 
down  a  linle,  as  you  will  thus  be  lels. 
apprehenfive  of  accidents. 

Eggs,  that  have  been  well  wintered, 
■will  hatch  by  this  procefs,  in  about 
nine  or  ten  days.  You  i-nav  know 
when  they  are  near  hatching,  by  their, 
turning  of  a  paler  cohjur,  v^fhich  ufu-. 
ally  happens  on  the  feverith  or  eighth 
^ay. 

(To  It  coniiniud.) 

The   friend.    No.   V.     WriiUn    by. 
the  reverend  Timothy  Dwight^  un- 
der  the  fionature  of  James    Lit- 
tlejohn,  eiq,  continuidjrom  vol.  v, 
page  567- 
Sip, 
T,7"OUR    publication    of   my  firft 
X     addrefs  10  you+,  will  render  an 
ap')logv,  for  the  renewal  of  my  cor- 
refpondence,  unnecefTary.     The  rea- 
fons,  on   which   the  fentiments  then 
mentioned,    were  grounded,    I    Ihaii 
now  lay  before  you. 

It  is  a  trite,  but  important  maxim, 
df  common  fenfe,  that  the  mind  is 
•wholly  influenced  by  motives.  When 
thefe  motives  are  interefting,  the  mind 
is  roufed  and  animated  to  attion,  and, 
in  the  view  of  important  rewards,  • 
is  quickened  to  illuHrious  purpofes, 
and  vigorous  exertions.  When  fuch 
inotives  recede  from  its  apprehenhon. 
jt  returns  to  its  original  indolence  and 
infignifjcance.  If  luch  motives  are 
never  prelented,  it  never  emerges 
from  that  Hate  ;  but  p.)fies  through  its 
earthly  being,  in  a  fnail-like  torpidi- 
ty. This  is  the  real  reafonofthat 
nientai  debility,  obferved  in  the  flaves. 
Neither  property,  liberty,  nor  import- 
Jipce,  ever  hold  out  to  their  minds  a 
fijigle  objeft,  to  tempt  them  to  one 
animated  eHort  ;  but  their  whole  ho- 
rizon of  profpeft,  is  overcad  with  an' 

NOTE. 

conclude  it  is  of  a  proper  heat  ;  but 
if  the  water  fliould  feel  difagrceably 
■warm,  the  heat  will  be  too  great,  and 
fiiould  be  IcHened  accord mgly. 

t  See  vol.  V.  page  445.  ' 


The  /yie.'id.—Xo.  F, 


[Auguft, 


nnvariegaled  gloom  of  darknefs  and 
defperation. 

The  great  motives,  which  animata 
men  to  Icience,  ait,  and  elevated  po-. 
litical  exertions,  are  found  in  proper- 
ty, inOiience,  and  reputation.  When 
the  path  to  thefe  attainments  liesopen 
to  the  laudable  attempts  of  every  in- 
dividual, a  general  emulation  is  at 
once  excited  among  all  uidividuals, 
who  are  poffeded  of  capacity,  elFcn-' 
tially  to  ferve  mankind.  The  neceflary' 
eSecls  of  fuch  an  emulation,  are  ef-' 
forts  fimilar  to  ihofe,  which  raifed 
Greece  to  fupreme  diftinCtion,  and 
thehifiory  of  which  conditutesa  prin- 
cipal part  of  modern  erudition. 
Greece  then  produced  no  greater  men, 
than  India  now  produces;  but  in 
Greece,  a  comcidence  of  great  and  an- 
imating objefls,  in  the  faireft  profpefl 
of  attainment,  originated  exertions  be- 
yond belief;  and  in  a  few  years,  taught 
the  mind  of  man  an  acquaintance 
with  refources,  and  capacities,  which, 
through  a  thoufand  centuries  of  fervi- 
tude,  wouldnever  have  appeared,  even 
to  the  dreaming  eye  of  conjecture. 

In  this  country  exift  the  means  of 
furnifhing  the  happieft  union  of  mo-  ^ 
tives  to  improvement,  hitherto  known. 
Among  other  circumilances,  in  which 
the  ftate  of  America,  in  this  refpeB, 
is  fuperior  to  that  of  Greece,  the  en- 
tire fecurity  of  advantages  gained,  is 
of  the  firft  importance.  In  this  coun- 
try, as  in  Greece,  all  enjoyirients  are 
opened,  by  our  political  conilitutions, 
to  the  honeft  and  vigorous  cfiorts  of 
every  citizen  ;  and,  from  this  circum- 
Hance,  all  great  and  dignified  exer- 
tions may  be  expetled.  But,  by  the 
preference  given  to  Europeans,  the 
inlluence  of  this  combination  of  in- 
citements, upon  our  own  countrymen, 
is  dedroyed.  The  man,  who  fees  a 
foreigner,  of  inferior,  or  equal  abili- 
ties, preferred  to  himfelf,  who  is  o- 
bliged  to  languifli  in  obfcurily  and' 
want,  after  great  labours  to  obtain  the 
regard  of  his  countrymen — while 
mere  Europeanifm  elevates  milliitudes 
around  him  to  property  and  characler 
— will  Toon  lofe  this  m'oft  laudable  am- 
bition, in  difcouragement  and  ladi- 
tude.  Make  this  the  general  Hate 
of  our  country,  and  its  natives 
will  foon  be' din mguifhed  from  their 
ferva'nts,  by  nothing  but  their  colour 
and  featut'es,      '' 


1789.] 


Tht  friend.— No.  K 


155 


How  great  a  calamity  would  this 
be  to  America,  and  to  mankind  j  In 
the  era,  mod  friendly  to  improvement, 
lince  time  began — with  all  natural 
and  political  advantages  to  encourage 
and  allure  us — with  an  almoit  entire 
freedom  from  habituation  to  the  fyl- 
tems  and  prejudices  of  Europe — wuh 
minds  unfettered  by  authority,  and, 
in  the  prefent  general  fluttuation,  rea- 
dy to  lettle,  where  the  weight  of  evi- 
dence may  preponderate — we  might, 
doubtlefs,  make  large  additions  tothi 
ftock  of  human  attainmeats — lead  the 
imagination  through  new  paths  ot 
beauty  and  grandeur,  and  highly  en- 
noble every  conllituent  of  dignity, 
amiablenefs,  and  glory,  in  the  human 
charatler.  With  theie  means  of  per- 
fonal  and  national  importance,  pro- 
perly ufed,  Franklin  would  foon  be 
but  the  tallelt  in  a  groupe  of  philo- 
fophers,  and  Walhmgton  but  the 
bnghtell  liar  in  a  coniiellation  of 
heroes. 

The  efforts,  we  have  already  made, 
in  art  and  fcience,  under  all  the  co- 
lonial difadvantages,  are  fuch,  as 
ought  to  teach  us  very  refpeftful  ideas 
of  American  genius.  The  philofo- 
phy  of  dr.  Franklin  is  the  objeti  of 
unrivalled  admiration,  through  every 
country  of  Europe.  The  moral  fcru- 
tinies  of  mr.  Edwards  have  received 
the  highsft  applaufe  in  moH  proteftant 
countries,  even  from  the  hxed  op- 
pofersof  his  opinions.  The  quadrant, 
jnjurioully  called  Hadley's,  was  the 
invention  of  mr.  Godfrey,  of  Phila- 
delphia ;  Mercurial  inoculation  was 
the  difcoveryof  the  late  dr.  Muufon  ; 
the  M'Fingal  of  mr.  Trumbull,  is 
ranked,  by  theEnglilh  reviewers,  wuh 
their  own  boalted  Hudibras ;  and  the 
paintings  of  Copely  and  \\'ell,hnd, 
even  in  Europe,  little  competition. 
The  memorials  of  rongrefs  have  been 
elaffed,  in  Europe  alfo,  with  the  tirll 
produ£Hons  of  that  nature,  hitherto 
publilhed  ;  and  the  moft  enlightened 
nations  of  that  region,  by  ornament- 
ing, with  every  panegyrical  tt ilimony, 
our  military  and  political  charatlers, 
have  rendered  our  own  applaufes  to- 
tally um^^ccilary  to  their  glory.  Of 
no  othefir  nation  can  fo  honourable 
things  be  mentioned,  at  fo  early  a  pe- 
liod  of  their  exillence. 

At  the  fame  time,  we  hive  every 
reafon  t©  fuppofj,  that,    in  molt  na- 


tions of  Europe,  genius,  or  at  leafl 
the  exertions  of  it,  are  on  the  decline. 
Few  hgnal  eiiorts  of  the  human  mtnd 
have  characterized  the  decadence  of 
emp'.re.  The  rife  of  nations  is  ofieu 
dillingiuflied  by  great  exhibitions  of 
ability  ;  but  the  evening  of  the  faireil 
dominions  beneath  the  lun,  has  beeu 
principally  marked  by  the  feeble, 
melancholy  emanations  of  departing 
glory. 

How  inconGflent,  how  contradic- 
tory a  charahlcr  is  pourtrayed  in  ihe 
conduct  of  Americans,  reh fling  all  the 
power  and  policy  of  iintam,  througti 
a  formidable  war,  and,  at  the  mo- 
ment of  returning  peace,  lertileiy  lo- 
hciting  very  ordinary  members  ot  the 
lame  community,  to  take  the  d  rettion 
of  their  policy,  fcience,  and  rel'gion  ! 
How  greatly  is  this  abfurdity  increal- 
ed,  by  its  introduction  at  the  hour  of 
triumphant  contell,  and  moft  pr'->f- 
perous  negotiation  !  jrlow  llrongly 
does  fuch  a  triumph  refemble  that, 
which  a  modern  Peruvian  boalls  of 
gaining  over  a  wild  bull,  when  the 
aniiurtl  toffes  him  into  the  air,  and 
leaves  him  plunged  in  the  dirt ! 

Nor  is  inconiiHency  the  only  de- 
bafement  of  character  we  attach  to 
ourlelves,  by  the  condutl,  of  which  I 
complain.  The  very  declaration,  that 
we  thinic  lightly  of  ourfeU'es,  wiU 
teach  all  nations  to  think  ligbi ly  of  us, 
and  rivet  the  humiliation  beyond  re- 
trieval. To  rslpett  ourlelves,  is  the 
firll  advance  towards  the  reipett  of 
others.  The  Romans  and  Greeks 
felt  thcmfelves  fuperior  to  other  na- 
tions ;  and  by  that  feeling,  as  real!/ 
as  by  any  other  circumllaBce.  gained 
their  fuperiority. 

This,  mr.  Litllejohn,  may  per- 
haps be  efteemed  the  expreifion  of  a 
Willi,  that  we  may  ber\)nie  infiaied 
Vv'ith  that  odious  pride,  which  ancient- 
ly rendered  the  Romans,  and,  in  mo- 
dern times,  has  rendered  the  Britons  fo 
difagrecable  to  their  fellow-men.  This 
opinion  can  arile  only  from  a  milap- 
prehenhon  of  thefe  remarks.  I  wiih 
the  Americans  not  to  be  vain  of  what 
they  have  done,  but  to  experience 
flrong  convictions  of  what  they  can 
do.  To  be  proud  of  OHir  qualities,  or 
attainments,  is  poor  and  debahng  ; 
but  to  believe,  that  we  can  do  any. 
thing,  within  the  limits  of  the  hu- 
man tapa'ity,  is   a  valuable   chaiac- 


tss 


Tkt  frUnd.—No.  V. 


[Augu!!, 


terifli'c,  the  natural  fource-  of  great 
and  fucceGful  entcrprizes.  So  vaiu- 
ble  a  character. flic  is  this  convittion, 
that  it  may  be  fairly  qucHioiied,  whe- 
ther, Without  us  influence,  any  mind 
ever  rofc  to  greatnels,  or  any  conduct 
ever  commanded  a  high  degree  of  ap- 
plaufe. 

Let  me  further  obferve,  that  there 
IS  a  moff  ridiculous  impropriety,  in 
communicating  the  prune  bleihngs.  for 
which  our  treaiure  and  our  blood  have 
fo  long  flowed  in  rivers,  to  the  en- 
joyment of  thofe,  who  neither  toiled, 
nor  ventured  for  the  ineflimable  pur- 
chafe.  Still  more  improperly  are  they 
kvilhed  on  thole,  whofe  endeavours 
to  deprive  us  of  them,  forced  us  to 
fuch  a  boundlefs  expenfe,  I  wifli  all 
honeft  men  to  Ihare  in  the  blejfings,  we 
enjoy.  1  revere  the  fublime  Evan- 
gelical doftrine  of  forgiving  injuries, 
until  feventy  times  feven  ;  but  I  do 
not  unddrltand  the  propriety  of  judg- 
ing the  labourer  unworthy  of  his  hire, 
or  of  promoting,  with  vait  anxiety, 
one's  own  lofs,  and  rewarding  an 
enemy  for  the  exhibitions  of  his  en- 
mity. Yet  nothing  lefs  than  this  fol- 
ly is  the  language  of  our  predilection 
for  Britons. 

I  have  indeed,  mr.  Littlcjohn,  with 
no  fmall  pieafure,  viewed  the  Ame- 
rican revolution,  as  a  new  era  of  im- 
provement in  all  things  natural  and 
moral.  When  1  fee  all  Europe  fur- 
veying  and  admiring  our  military  and 
politicalexertions — when  I  fee  princes, 
and  philofophers,  learning  from  us 
new  views  of  human  rights,  and  blelf- 
ing  nations  with  new  enjoyments,  co- 
pied from  our  enlightened  confUtu- 
tions  of  government — when  I  fee  good 
men,  throughout  Europe,  as  well  as 
America,  anticipating,  from  our  cir- 
eumflancc:,  brighter  and  happier  days 
for  the  enflaved  eallern  nations — when 
I  fee  gloomy  bigots,  in  the  hght  of 
our  catholicifm,  relaxing  their  afpett, 
and  expanding  their  hearts  with  cha- 
ritable regards  to  the  once-hated  pro- 
felFors  of  adverfe  fyftems  of  religion* 

NOTE. 

*  The  printer  has  taken  the  liberty 
to  make  a  Jli^^ht  alteration  in  this 
pajjage^  tomakt  it  more covjrntaneous, 
not  only  with  the  liberality  oj' the  pre- 
fcnt  day,  but  even  with  the  philan- 
thropy of  the  author,  mho,  he  hopes, 
uiiUexcu/e  his prefumption. 


— when  I  ffee  ten  thoufand  fetters  of 
authority  and  fyflem  dilfolved,  as  by 
the  fairy  touch  of  enchantment,  and 
the  mind,  elcaped  from  prifon,  be- 
ginning to  prunejts  wings  forelevated 
and  danijg  adventure — I  cannot  but 
pcrfuyde  myfelf,  (hat  thefe  mighty 
prcparaiKmsot  Providence  aredchgn- 
cd  for  advan(ageous  changes  in  the  af^ 
fairs  of  men.  1  cannot  but  think,» 
ans,  policy,  fcience,  and  virtue  will 
begin  to  wear  a  brighter  afpecl,  and 
claim  a  more  extcnhve  influence. 
Judge,  then,  of  the  mortification,  I 
mull  experience,  in  feeing  ariy  event 
begin  to  overcaft  this  delightful  prof- 
pett,  and  threaten  the  return  of  all 
thofe  prejudices,  which,  through  a 
long  and  difmal  continuance,  have 
darkened  the  horizon  of  the  eallern 
continent. 

Thus,  mr.  Littlejohn,  have  I  pre* 
fented  you  my.  views  of  this  important 
fubjeft. — Should  thefe  hints  haveeven 
a  little  influence  on  my  countrymen, 
to  vary  this  part  of  their  conduct ;  or 
fliould  they  flimulate  fome  other  pcr- 
fon  to  exhibit  it  more  convincing- 
ly to  the  public,  I  fliall  think  I  have 
not  written  in  vain. 

1  am  yours,  &c. 

JOHN  HOMELY. 

Ob/ervations  on  representatiom 

and   COMPENSATION. 

IRecolteft  but  one  good  rcafon,  for 
a  numerous  r.'piefentation  of  the 
people — that  is,  the  greater  certainty 
of  having  their  iiiterefts  and  fenti* 
ments  underflood  in  the  reprefeniativc 
affembly.  The  objefcls  of  the  national 
government  are  not  local,  but  general 
concerns ;  of  courfe,  a  moderate  num- 
ber is  fufhcient.  Refponfibility  de- 
creafes,  as  the  body  increafes.  In  a 
fmall  alfembly,  a  member  has  more  to  , 
do,  and  more  to  anfwer  for.  He  i» 
more  in  public  view,  and  feels  his  in- 
duftry,  and  his  generous  paffions,  ex- 
cited by  a  flroiiger  flimutus.  In  a 
numerous  afTembly.  he  feels  his  per- 
fonal  weight  and  influence  diminiflied. 
The  members  will  a6\  Ifefs  as  indivi- 
duals, and  more  by  conablfiations  and 
parties.  If  a  man  has  not  great  ta- 
lents, finglv,  he  can  do  little.  If  he 
has,  he  gains  an  afcendency,  and  at- 
taches many  to  his  views.  Their  af- 
fociationis  cemented  by  the  fympathy 


17^9-] 


Obfervations  on  reprejentstion  and  ccmpcvfation. 


157 


of  acting  together — by  the  fear  of 
lofing  a  favourite  point — by  the  anger 
on  having  it  difputed— by  the  joy  of 
gaining  it,  or  the  chagrin  of  a  dilap- 
poiiiiment.  By  degrees,  the  two  fides 
are  divided,  ftrongly  marked,  and  ag;- 
lated  by  the  fpirit  of  their  body  (/'^m 
de  corps,  as  the  French  term  \i,)  In 
tad,  all  great  alfemblies  have  been  led 
allray  by  the  fpirit  of  party.  Per- 
haps, all  parties  are  nearly  equally 
vindictive,  violent,  and  blind.  The 
true  check  upon  them,  is  the  interpo- 
fuion  of  the  public  fentiment.  A 
free  prefs,  and  an  enlightened  people, 
•will  form  a  coniroul  over  all  parties; 
zv.A  oblige  them  to  feek  the  means  of 
fuperiority  and  power,  by  the  promo- 
tion of  the  public  good.  Party  fpirit 
is  an  evil,  but  it  is  the  inevitable  con- 
fequence  of  a  numerous  alTembly.  It 
is  not,  however,  impolTible  to  draw 
good  from  evil.  Thefe  are  the  con- 
fcquences  which  refult  from  the  prin- 
ciples ;  but  it  is  obvioufly  preferable, 
to  exclude  the  evil,  if  pollible. 
Though  parties  may  promote  the  pub- 
lic good,  they  often  do  infinite  mif- 
chief.  They  difturb  the  tranquility, 
impair  the  happinefs,  and  endanger 
the  fafety  of  focieiy. 

Whether  it  is  poffible,  fo  to  con- 
flitute  a  fmall  affembly,  as  wholly  to 
banifh,  or  in  a  confiderable  degree  to 
reftrain  this  fpirit,  is  a  problem  of 
fome  nicety.  Its  folutii^n  is  highly 
important  to  mankind,  and  efpecially 
10  the  united  ilates.  A  government, 
firong  by  the  means  of  a  rich  treafury, 
by  troops,  and  by  the  habits  of  a  peo- 
ple broken  to  fubjeftion,  may  be  dif- 
turbed,  but  will  not  be  endangered, 
fey  party  difputes.  But  in  America, 
government  rells  on  public  opinion, 
and  we  (hould  carefully  avoid  thofe 
caules,  which  are  powerful  enough  to 
fubvert  its  foundations. 
•  In  forming  a  legiflative  affenibly, 
we  fhould  counteract,  as  much  as  pof- 
fible, the  gregarious  difoofltion  of 
the  members,  which  is  the  aliment  of 
faction.  It  will  be  neceffary  to  ana- 
lyze the  human  character,  and  to  lay 
open  the  motives  which  lead  public 
men  to  combine  together,  and  to  atl 
in  parties.  It  is  true,  that  a  public 
life  calls  forth  the  ftiongeft  paffions  of 
the  heart.  But  it  is  alfo  true,  that 
thefe  paflions  are  not  continually  in 
action.     On  great  and  rar"  orcjfi.on'', 

Vol,  VJ. 


they  are  roufed  to  acl  with  violence. 
But,  ordinarily,  they  are  held  fuf- 
pended  by  motives  of  leis  ftrengih,  but 
ot  a  more  uniform  and  permanent  in- 
fluence. 1  heie  nioiives  are  the  fenfe 
of  weaknefs,  the  love  of  eafe,  and  ihc 
love  of  power. 

Suppofe  a  member  of  common  abi- 
lity in  an  airemblv  of  fifty.  lie  has 
a  fiftieth  part  of  the  duty,  as  wtU  as  of 
the  weight  of  the  body.  Increafe  the 
affembly  to  two  hundred  members — 
Ins  voice  will  loie  three  fourths  of 
its  influence — he  will  lofe  more  of 
his  refponfibility — be  further  remov- 
ed from  public  view — and,  as  party 
influence  will  be  more  aCiivc,  he  will 
probably  lole  nine-tenths  of  his  per- 
fonal  weight,  and  his  vote  will  be- 
come proportionably  of  lefs  coni'e- 
quence  to  his  conllituents,  and  to  the 
public.  Suppofe  him  a  weak,  but 
well-intentioned  man,  his  fenfe  of 
weaknefs  and  fenfe  of  duty  will  com- 
bine to  fubjefi  hiin  to  the  influence  of 
fome  leading  member.  Knowing 
that  his  voice  will  not  govern  the  vote 
of  any  other,  and  doubting  how  to 
give  his  own,  he  will  relieve  his  fuf- 
peiife  by  following  the  guide  in  whom 
he  places  moft  confidence. 

The  love  of  eafe  is  a  more  pow- 
erful agent  than  is  generally  fuppof- 
ed.  It  is  the  greatelt  impediment  to 
eminence.  Reft  is  the  reward  of  la- 
bour, and  the  hope  of  this  reward  is 
probably  one  of  the  fprings  of  atition, 
even  with  thofe  men  who  feem  to 
abhor  repofe.  We  compare  atiion 
with  refl.  We  calculate  the  value  of 
the  objett,  propofed  to  be  attained 
by  our  exertions,  and  the  price  of 
thofe  exertions.  A  member,  con- 
fcious  of  being  able  to  efleft  little, 
fingly,  will  not  make  the  attempt.  He 
will  be  obliged  to  add  his  llrength  to 
a  parly.  There  is  fomeihing  unac- 
countable in  the  fympaihy  of  many 
minds.  Probably  a  large  aflembly  of 
the  wifeft  men,  would  not  be  wholly 
exempt  from  that  diilruil  of  their  owti 
underflandings,  and  ihat  complacen- 
cy towards  the  errors  and  wiflies  of 
one  another,  which  has  been  found 
totally  to  banifh  reafon,  and  even  hu- 
manity, from  mobs  and  riotous  meet* 
ings. 

That  the  admiiiiflration  of  a  go- 
vernment fhould  correfpond  with  its 
pr!nciple<:.  and  be  fecured   from  fac- 


Obfcrvations  on  reprefentatio'n  end  c em p en f alien,         [Auguft, 


tion  and    cOmmorion,  it    feems  to  be 

important  that  the  legiflative  powers 
llioiik-i  be  lodged  in  as  few  hands,  as 
niay  be  necefiary  for  procuring  infor- 
inaiioii  of  ihe  flate  of  the  focicly,  and 
that  they  [hould  be  carefully  felefled 
frcra  the  heft  informed  and  belt  dif- 
pofed  citizens.  Men,  who  under- 
liand,  and  are  able  to  manage  bufi- 
nefs,  and  who,  in  a  body  of  fifty,  are 
individually  important,  will  a£t  more 
accordinj^  to  the  dictates  of  their  own 
underRaiidings,  and  be  lels  influenced 
by  party  pailions,  than  an  aflembly  of 
two  hundred.  The  great  quedion  of 
the  conliitMtion  had  divided  the  com- 
munity. It  was  natural  to  expeft  the 
Bew  con.E;rcfs  would  be  tinftured  with 
the  hue  of  the  rival  parties.  It  is  not 
owing  to  any  miracle,  fufpending  the 
human  palfrons,  that  the  national  le- 
giflature  has  been  fo  remarkably  dif- 
tinquiflied  by  the  fpirit  of  candor  and 
njoderation.  Nothing  like  faction,  or 
cabal  and  intrigue,  has  been  charged 
upon  that  body — and  the  public  are 
dilpofed  to  think  favourably  of  their 
patriotifm  and  independency  of  fcnti- 
inent.  Two  events  may  be  contem- 
plated, either  of  which  would  wholly 
chan^qc  the  charaBer  and  condutl  of 
the  allembly — increafing  the  number 
of  the  members  would  expofe  the  go- 
vernment to  fafctlon — it  would  dmii- 
nifh  the  agency  of  the  underllandmg, 
iand  augrnent  that  of  the  paflions.  Im- 
proper perfons  would  more  eafiiy  get 
eletted — Fo,r  the  number  of  fuuable 
perfons  is  not  great  in  any  country — 
of  thefe,  many  will  be  indifpoled  to 
the  duty.  Probably,  this  country  is 
as  little  deficient  in  this  refpeft  as  any 
whatever.  If,  however,  more  repre- 
feniatives  are  to  be  elefted,  than  a 
due  proportion  of  thofe  who  are  wil- 
ling and  qualified  to  ferve,  the  proba- 
bility of  inferior  candidates  being  e- 
lettcd,  will  rife.  Learned  men  have 
difpuled,  whether  fo  large  a  territory 
could  remain  united  under  one  go- 
vernment, even  if  the  adminiflration 
fhould  be  entrufted  to  men  of  confum- 
mate  wifdom  and  incorruptible  virtue. 
The  chance  would  be  made  confider- 
ably  more  unfavourable  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  men  of  a  difterent  cha- 
racter. 

To  make  the  people  happyt  and  the 
government  permanent,  two  princi- 
pjes  muit    be   regarded.      That  the 


members  of  the  legiftature  be  few, 
and  that  provifion  (hould  be  made,  for 
A-awing  forth  the  beft  qualified  citi- 
zers  to  ierve. 

In  a  republic,  it  is  not  necefTary. 
perhaps  not  fafe,  that  a  citizen  Ihoula 
be  allowed,  (and  fureiy  he  Ihould  not 
be  ublig/-(l)  to  lay  the  public  under 
obligations  of  gratitude  to  him,  by 
ferving  at  a  lots.  Pay,  for  fervices, 
is  as  republican,  as  it  is  equitable. 
Adequate  compenfation  may  be  un- 
derllood  very  variously,  in  its  appli- 
cation to  particular  cales.  It  muH  al- 
ways mean  fuch  compenfation,  as  will 
fecure  to  the  public,  the  performance 
of  the  fervices  in  qucilion.  If  the 
pay  of  the  members  of  the  leglflature 
is  eilablilhed  at  an  higher  rate  than  is 
necedary  to  fecure  the  attendance  of 
men  bell  qualified  to  ferve,  it  is  im- 
proper. The  interelt  of  the  people 
requires  the  adoption  of  the  principle 
infilled  upon.  Many  will  difpute  the 
application  of  the  dof.trine  to  the  cafe, 
though  none  will  deny  the  doflrine 
itfelf.  Thedilpute,  if  any  (hould  arife, 
willbeof  thelefsconfcquence,becaufe, 
as  it  is  a  quefiion  of  fa£t  only,  no  in- 
ference, unfavourable  to  the  intentions 
of  thehoufe,  could  be  drawn  from  the 
tenor  of  the  bill  which  has  pa(red  the 
houleof  reprefentatives.  Thofe,  who 
may  happen  to  be  violent  on  the  fub- 
jecV,  will  be  forry  to  find  any  reaions 
to  vindicate, what  has  been  done,  be- 
caufe  it  will  difappoint  their  palfions 
of  an  expecled  gratification.  But 
candid  men  will  confider  the  princi- 
ples which  have  been  difcuffed  iii  this 
fpeculation,  and  they  will  not  over- 
look the  rate  of  compenfation  which 
has  been  allowed  to  members  of  the 
former  congrefs,  by  the  refpedive 
Hates — the  average  of  which  is  faid 
to  be  equal  to  the  fum  propofed  by  the 
bill.  They  %vill  alfonote,  that  that 
body  being  in  fefTion  the  whole  year, 
was  better  paid  than  the  new  con- 
grefs, which,  probably,  after  the  firft 
year,  will  not  fit  more  than  one-fourth 
of  the  time,  and  that  the  recclfes,  and 
the  diminilhed  bufinefs  of  eighteen 
hundred  members  of  the  (late  Icgifla- 
tures,  will  make  a  faving  by  the  na- 
tional government.  Perhaps,  how- 
ever, it  would  have  been  advifable  to 
have  reduced  the  pay,  as  it  is  not  an 
ol)je6t  which  thenumbejs  willdeema 
balance   for  any   diminution  of  the 


^^•*w 


J7%0 


'Difiovery  of  America,  by  the  Icclandfrs, 


159 


approbation  and  confidence  cf  the  nifiied  by  any  other  country  in  En- 
people,  rope,  for  ihe  fame  period.  The  fol- 
Another  circumflante  is  worthy  of  lowing  account  (lauds  on  the  teftimo- 
being  mentioned.  The  difficulty  of  ny  of  Torfarus,  and  Angrini  Jor.a?, 
prelerving  a  government  over  a  great  two  writers  of  undoubted  credit,  who 
trafl  of  country,  is  principally  in  pro-  had  faithfully  copied  the  old  hifto- 
portion  to  the  inconvenience  of  af-  rians  of  their  country.* 
fembling  the  members  from  the  ex-  "  There  was,"  fay  the  ancient 
treme  parts  to  the  feat  of  government,  chronicles,"  an  Icelander,  named 
Very  low  pay  would  render  this  in-  Heriol,  who,  with  his  fon  Biarn, 
convenience  fpeedily  intolerable,  and  made  every  year  a  trading  voyage  to 
produce  a  general  delire  for  a  diviiion  different  countries,  and  generally  wm- 
of  the  union.  The  diHant  members  tered  in  Norway.  Happening  one 
fubmit  to  a  kind  of  banifliment,  and  time  to  be  feparated  from  each  other, 
cannot  regulate  their  private  concerns,  the  fon  (leered  his  coiirfe  for  Nor- 
This  funiilhes  no  reafon  for  profu-  v;ay,  where  he  fuppofed  he  fiiould 
fion  and  extravagance— but  it  affords  meet  his  father;  but,  on  his  arrival 
a  caution  againd  extreme  parfimo-  there,  he  found  he  was  gone  to 
ny.  There  is  a  juU  medium,  which  Greenland,  a  country  but  laiely  dif- 
is  to  be  preferred — it  will  extend  the  covered,    and     little    known    to    the 


principle  of  union  to  the  extremities, 
and  brmg  the  outfide  of  the  circle 
nearer  to  the  centre.  1  he  people  will 
confider,  therefore,  whether  the  union 
is  not  more  valuable  than  any  other 
objetl,  and  whether  they  would  dc- 
fire  to  have  any  fmall  favings  of  mo- 
ney, which,  in  any  future  period, 
fliould  endanger  that  blelTing.  Thefe 
obfervations  are  fubmitted  to  the  can- 
did public.  If,  upon  an  impartial  ex- 
amination, they    (hould  be  found  to 


Norwegians. t  Biarn  determined,  at 
all  events,  to  follow  his  fither,  and 
fet  fail  for  Greenland  ;  although,  fays 
Angrim,  he  had  no  body  on  board 
who  could  dirett  him  in  the  voyage,nor 
any  particular  inftrudions  to  guide 
him  :  fo  great  was  the  courage  of  the 
ancients !  He  lieered  by  the  obferva- 
tions of  the  flars,  and  by  what  he 
had  heard  of  the  fituation  of  the 
country  he  was  in  quefl  of. 

During  the  lirR  three  days,  he  bore 


have  lefs  weight   than  the  writer  has     towards  the  well,  but  the  wind  vary 
given    them,  the  voice  of  the  public     ing  to  the  north,  and  blowing  Urong, 
will  vmquellionably  reach  the  walls  of 
the  legiflature.     For,   in    this    coun- 
try, the  general  fentirnent  of  the  wife 


and  worthy,  is  law. 

An  account  of  the  difcovery  of  J^in- 
land,  or  America,  by  the  Icelanders, 
in  the  eleventh  century,  taken  f rem 
Mallet's  Northern  Antiquities,  vo- 
lume I. 

TH  E  authorities  from 
which  monf.  Mallet, 
the  fauhful  hiilorian  of  Denmark, 
has  compiled  the  following  account, 
areof  moft  unqiiefhonahle  credibility. 


Note. 


he  was  forced  to  run  to  the  fouth- 
ward.  The  wind  ceafing,  in  about 
twenty-four  hours,  they  d; (covered 
land  at  a  didance,  which,  as  they  ap- 
proached, they  perceived  to  be  flat 
and  low,  and  covered  with  wood  ; 
for  which  reafon  he  would  not  go  on 
(hore,  as  being  convinced  it  was  not 
Greenland,  which  had  been  repre- 
fented  to  him  as  diOinguiihable,  at  a 
great  didance,  by  its  mountains,  co- 
no  x  e  s . 

*  By  the  hiflories  and  other  monu- 
ments of  art  remaining  in  D.-nmark, 
Sweden,  Norway,  and  even  Iceland, 


Iceland  was   peopled  by  a  colony  of    it    is  almod  certain,  that  fhoie  coiin- 


Norwegians,  under  In.gulph,  im  the 
year  874.  The  Icelandic  chronicles, 
or  annals,  are  very  exad  in  relating 
tiie  maritime  expeditions  in  the  nor- 
thern feas,  and  preferving  the  names 
of  the  adventurers.     Thele  annals  of 


tries  were  faf! her  advanced  in  civili- 
zation about  the  ninth  century,  than 
England, 

f  Greenland  was  fettled  by  Eric 
Rufus,  a  young  Norwegian  noble- 
man, in  the  year  0)82  ;  and  before  the 


Iceland,  the  authenticity  of  which  is  eleventh  century,  churches  were 
undeniable,  are  faul  by  critics  to  be  founded,  and  a  bifliopric  erected,  at 
a  more  complete  hiilury,  than  is  fur-     Ciarde,'  the  capital  of  the  ieitlement. 


i6o 


Difcovery  of  America  by  the  Icelanders, 


[Auguft, 


vered  with  fnow.  They  then  failed 
towards  the  norih-weft,  and  were  a- 
vvare  of  a  road  which  formed  an 
ifldnd,  but  did  not  {top  there.  Afrer 
feme  davs,  they  arrived  in  Greenland, 
■where  Biarn  met  with  his  father. 

I  he  following  fummer,  viz.  in 
the  year  1002,  Biarn  made  another 
voyage  to  Norway,  where,  to  one 
of  the  principal  lords  of  the  country, 
named  count  Eric,  he  mentioned  the 
difcovery  he  had  made,  of  fome  un- 
known iflands. 

The  count  blamed  his  want  of 
curiofjty,  and  ftrongly  prefTed  him 
to  proceed  on  with  his  difcovery.  In 
confeqiience  of  this  advice,  Biarn, 
as  foon  as  he  had  returned  to  his  fa- 
ther at  Greenland,  began  to  think 
fenoufly  of  exploring  thofe  lauds  with 
more  attention.  Lief,  the  fon  of  the 
fame  Eric  Rufus,  who  had  difcover- 
ed  Greenland,  and  who  was  {\\\\ 
chief  of  the  colony  he  had  fettled 
there — being  defirous  of  rendering 
himfelf  illuflrious  like  his  father, 
formed  the  defign  of  going  thither 
himfelf;  and  prevailed  on  his  father 
Eric  to  accompany  him — they  fitted 
out  a  veffel  with  thirty-five  hands; 
but  when  the  old  man  was  fetting  out 
on  horfeback  to  go  to  the  fliip,  his 
horfe  happened  to  fall  down  under 
him  ;  an  accident  which  he  confider- 
ed  as  an  admonition  from  heaven,  to 
defift  from  the  entcrprize  ;  and  there- 
fore returning  home,  the  lefs  fnper- 
Ifitious  Lief,  fet  fail  without  him. 

He  foon  defcried  one  of  the  coafts 
which  Biarn  had  before  feen,  that 
lay  nearelt  to  Cireenland.  He  calt 
anchor,  and  went  on  (hore,  but  found 
only  a  flat,  rocky  (hore,  without  any 
kind  of  verdure,  he  therefore  imme- 
diately quitted  It,  after  having  firft 
given  it  the  name  of  Helleland,  or 
the  flat  country. +  A  fhort  naviga- 
tion brought  him  to  another  place, 
•".vhich  Biarn  had  alfo  noted.  In  this 
land,  which  lav  very  low,  they  <aw 
roihing  but  a  few  Icattering  thickets 
gnd    white    fand.      This    he    called 

N  o  T  F.  . 

+  Pays  p fat,  favs  the  French  ori- 
ginal. But  Helleland  flionld  rather 
he  rendered  flony  land;  for  hella, 
in  the  northern  language,  fignifies  a 
jlqne,  or  rock. 


Mark-land,  or  the  level  country.^ 
Two  days'  profperous  failing  brought 
them  to  a  third  fhore,  which  was 
flTehered  to  the  north  by  an  ifland. 
They  difeinbarked  there  in  very  fine 
weather,  and  found  plants,  which 
produced  a  grain  as  fweet  as  honey. 
Leaving  this,  they  failed  weflward, 
in  fearch  of  fome  harbour,  and  at 
length,  entering  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
were  carried  up  by  the  tide,  into 
a  lake,  whence  the  llream  proceeded. 
As  foon  as  they  were  landed,  they 
pitched  their  tents  on  the  Ihore,  not 
yet  daring  to  wander  far  from  if.  The 
river  afforded  them  plenty  of  large 
falmon  ;  the  air  was  foft  and  tempe- 
rate ;  the  foil  appeared  to  be  fruitful, 
and  the  palturage  very  good.  The 
days  in  winter,  were  much  longer 
than  in  Greenland,  and  they  had  lefs 
fnow  than  in  Iceland.  Entirely  fa- 
tisfied  With  their  new  refidence,  they 
eretted  houfes,  and  fpent  the  winter 
there. 

But  before  the  fetting  in  of  this 
feafon,  a  German,  named  Tyrker, 
who  was  of  their  company,  was  one 
day  miffing.  Lief,  apprehenfive  for 
the  fafety  of  a  man  who  had  been 
long  in  his  father's  family,  and  was 
an  excellent  handicraft,  fent'  his 
people  all  about  to  hunt  for  him.  He 
was  at  length  found,  finging  and 
leaping,  and  exprelfing  ihe  moil  ex- 
travagant joy  by  his  dilcourfe  and 
geflures.  The  adoniOied  Greenland- 
ers  enquired  the  reafon  of  fuch 
ftrange  behaviour,  and  it  was  not 
without  difficulty,  owing  to  the  dif- 
ference of  their  languages,  that  Tyr- 
ker made  them  underlland  he  had 
difcovered  wild  grapes,  near  a  place 
which  he  pointed  out.  Excited  by 
this  new?,  they  immediately  went 
thither,  and  brought  back  feveral 
bunches  to  their  commander,  who 
was  equally  furprized.  Lief  ftill 
doubted  whether  they  were  grapes  ; 
but  the  (ierman  alTured  him  he  was 
born  in  a  country  where  vines  grew, 
and  that  he  knew  them  too  well  to  be 
miflaken.     Yielding   to    this    proof, 


X  Pays  dii  plaive,  fays  our  author. 
But  markland  rather  fignifies  woody 
land,  from  mark,  fylva,  a  wood,  or 
rough  thicket. 


1789.] 


Dijcovery  of  America  by  the  Icelanders, 


161 


Lief  named  the  country  Vinland,  or 
the  land  of  wine. 

Lief  returned  to  Greenland  in  the 
fpring  ;  but  one  of  his  brothers,  nam- 
ed* Thorvald,  thinking  he  had  left 
the  difcovery  impefeft,  obtained  from 
Eric,  this  fameveird,  and  thirty  men. 
7horvald,  arriving  at  \'^inland,  made 
ufe  of  the  houfes  built  by  Leif,  and 
living  on  fifli,  which  was  in  great 
plenty,  paffed  the  winter  there.  In 
the  fprmg  he  took  part  of  his  people, 
and  let  out  weftward  to  examme  the 
country.  They  met  every  where 
with  very  pleafmg  landfcapes,  all  the 
coafts  covered  with  foreits,  and  the 
fhores  covered  with  a  black  fand. 
They  faw  a  multitude  of  little  iflands 
divided  from  each  other  by  fmall 
arms  of  the  fea,  but  no  marks  of  ei- 
thet^  wild  bealis,  or  of  men,  except 
a  heap  of  wood  piled  up  in  the  form 
of  a  pyramid.  Having  fpent  the  fum- 
mer  in  this  furvey,  they  returned  in 
autumn  to  their  winter  quarters ;  but 
the  fummer  following,  1  horvald  be- 
ing dehrous  of  exploring  the  eaflern 
and  northern  coads,  his  veffel  was  a 
good  deal  {battered  by  a  llorm,  and 
the  remainder  of  that  feafon  was  tak- 
en up  ill  repairing  her.  He  after- 
wards fet  up  the  keel,  which  was  un- 
fit for  fervice,  at  the  extremity  of  a 
neck  of  land,  thence  called  Kiellar- 
liacas,  or  Cape  Keel.*  He  then  pro- 
ceeded to  furvey  the  eailern  coafts, 
where  he  gave  names  to  feveral 
bays  and  capes  which  he  then  dif- 
covered . 

On  his  landing  one  day,  a^traBed 
by  the  beauty  of  the  (hore,  he  was 
aware  of  three  little  leathern  canoes, 
in  each  of  which  were  three  perfonr, 
feemingly  half  alleep.  Thcrvald  and 
his  companions  inllantly  ran  in  and 
feized  them  all,  except  one,  who 
efcaped  ;  and  by  an  imprudent  fero- 
city, put  them  to  death  the  fame  day. 
Soon  afterwards  as  they  lay  on  the 
fame  coall,  they  were  fuddenly  a- 
larmed  by  the  arrival  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  thefe  little  velFels,  whirli  co- 
vered the  whole  bay.  Thorvald  gave 
immediate  orders  to  his  party  to  de- 
fend themielves  with  planks  and 
boards     againfl     their    darts,    which 

NOTE. 

*  Or  as  we  fliould  fay  in  Englifh, 
•i'veclnefs. 


quite  filled  the  air;  and  the  favage^, 
having  in  vain  vvailed  all  their  ar- 
rows, after  an  hour's  combat,  betook 
themt'elves  to  a  precipitate  flight.  The 
Norwegians  called  them  in  dcrifion 
Skraslmgues,  that  is,  fmall  and  pu- 
ny men.+  The  chronicles  tell  us, 
that  this  kind  of  men  are  neither  en- 
dov/ed  with  llrength  nor  courage,  and 
that  there  would  be  nothing  to  fear 
from  a  whole  army  of  them.  An- 
grim  adds,  that  thefe  Skraelingues 
are  the  fame  people  who  inhabit  the 
weOern  parts  of  Greenland,  and  that 
the  Norwegians,  who  are  fettled  on 
thofe  coads,  had  called  the  favages 
they  met  with  there,  by  the  fame 
name. 

Thorvald  was  the  only  one  who  was 
mortally  wounded,  and  who,  dying 
foon  after,  paid  the  p-?iialty  that  was 
jiillly  due  for  his  inhuman  condud.  As 
he  defired  to  be  buried  with  a  crofs 
at  his  feet,  and  another  at  his  head, 
he  feems  to  have  imbibed  fome  idea 
of  chrillianity,  which  at  that  time  be- 
gan to  dawn  in  Norvv'eeian  Green- 
land, His  body  was  interred  at  the 
point  of  the  Cape,  where  he  had  in- 
tended to  make  a  fettlement ;  which 
cape  was  named  from  the  croffe^, 
Kra>Ta-na2s,  or  Korfnees,  (CrofTncfs, 
or  Cape  crofs-)  The  feafon  being 
too  far  advanced  for  undertaking  the 
voyage  home,  the  reft  of  the  crew 
fla-d  the  winter  there,  and  did  not 
reach  Greenland  till  the  following 
fpnng.  We  are  farther  told,  that 
fhev  loaded  the  veflel  with  vine-fets, 
ar,d  all  the  raifins  they/could  pre- 
ferve. 

Eric  had  left  a  third  fon,  named 
Thorflein,  who,  as  foon  as  he  was 
informed  of  his  brother  Thorvald 's 
death,  embarked  that  very  year  with 
his  wife  Gudride,  and  a  felecl  crew 
of  twenty  men.  His  principal  de- 
fign  was  to  bring  his  brother's  body 
back  to  Greenland,  that  it  might  be 
buried  i«  a  country  more  agreeable  to 
his  manes,  and  in  a  manner  more  ho;- 


+  They  alfo  called  them  fm^Elings, 
which  ngnihes  the  fame  thing  ; /wzcf/, 
in  Icelandic,  being  equivalent  to 
final!,  in  Englifli.  This  defcription 
agrees  well  enough  with  the  accounts 
we  have  of  the  Elquimaux  on  the 
Labrador  coaft. 


1*64 


Objervations  on  the  currents  in  the  Atlantic  ocean. 


[Augnft, 


norable  to  his  family.  But,  during 
the  whole  fummer,  the  v/inds  proved 
fo  contiary  and  tempeduous,  that  af- 
ter fcveral  fruitlefs  attempts,  he  was 
driven  back  to  apart  of  Greenland, 
far  diliant  from  the  colony  of  his 
countrymen.  Here  he  was  confined 
during  the  rigour  of  the  winter,  de- 
prived of  all  affiflance,  and  expofed 
to  the  feverity  of  fo  rude  a  climate. 
Thefe  misfortunes  were  increaled  by 
a  contagious  ficknefs,  which  carried 
otf  Thorflein  and  molt  of  his  compa- 
ny. His  widow  took  care  of  her 
hufband's  body,  and  returning  with 
it  in  the  fpring,  interred  it  in  the  bu- 
rial place  of  his  family. 

Hitherto  we  have  feem  the  Norwe- 
g'ans  only  makmg  iHght  efforts  to 
cHabliHi  theinfelves  in  Vinland.  The 
year  after,  Thorflein 's  death  proved 
more  favourable  to  the  defign  of  fet- 
tling a  colony.  A  rich  Icelander, 
named  Thorfin,  whofe  genealogy  the 
chronicles  have  carefully  preferved, 
arrived  in  Greenland,  from  Norway, 
with  a  great  number  of  his  follow- 
ers. He  cultivated  an  acquaintance 
with  Lief,  who,  fince  his  father  Eric's 
death,  was  head  of  the  colony  ;  and, 
with  his  confent,  efpoufed  Gudride, 
by  whom  he  acquired  a  right  to  thofe 
claims  her  former  hufband  had  on 
the  fettlements  at  Vinland.  Thither, 
he  foon  went  to  take  poflefiTion,  hav- 
ing with  him  Gudride  and  five  other 
women,  belides  fixty  failors,  many 
cattle,  provifion,  and  implements  of 
hufbandry.  Nothing  was  omitted 
that  could  forward  an  enterprize  of 
this  kind.  Soon  after  his  arrival  on 
the  coall,  he  caught  a  great  whale, 
which  proved  very  fcrviceable  to  the 
whole  company.  The  pafturagc  was 
found  to  be  fo  plentiful  and  rich, 
that  a  bull  they  had  carried  over  with 
thrm, became,  ma  (hort  time,  remark- 
able for  his  fiercenels  and  llrengih. 

ihe  remiimder  of  that  fummer,  and 
the  winter  following,  were  fpent  in 
taking  ■all  nccelTary  precautions  for 
their  prefervaiion,  and  in  procuring 
all  the  conveniences  of  which  they 
had  any  idea.  The  fucceeding  fum- 
sricr,  the  Skrelingues,  or  natives  of 
the  country,  came  down  in  crouds, 
ard  brought  with  them  various  mer- 
chandizes for  traffic;  confifiing  of 
furs,  fables,  and  fkins  of  white  rats. 
It  was  cbferved,  that  the  roaiiug  of 


the  bull  terrified  them  to  fuch  a  de- 
gree, that  they  burfl  open  the  doors 
of  1  horfin's  houfe,  and  crouded  in 
with  the  utmoll  precipitation.  Thor- 
fin fuffered  his  people  to  traffic  with 
them,  but  ftriclly  forbade  their  fupply- 
ing  them  with  arms,  which  were 
what  they  feemed  moll  defirous  of 
obtaining.  The  Greenland  women 
oflered  them  different  kinds  of  eat- 
ables made  with  m;lk,  of  which  they 
were  fo  fond,  ihat  ihey  came  down 
in  crouds  to  beg  them  in  exchange  for 
their  flvins.  Some  difputes  that  arofe, 
obliged  the  Skrelingues  to  retire,  and 
Thorfin  furrounded  the  manufatlory 
with  a  ilrong  pallifade  to  prevent  fur- 
pnze.  (  To  be  continued.) 


Hydraulic  and  nautical  objervations 
on  the.  currents  in  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  &c,  &c.  By  Governor  Pow- 
nal,  F.  R.  S.  and  F.  A.  S. 

TH  E  ingenious  writer  of  this 
piece,  fubmits  to  the  confidera- 
tion  of  navigators,  fome  obfervations 
on  the  currents  in  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
as  applying  to  the  ufe  of  navigation. 
The  lludies  which  he  purfued,  and 
the  line  of  fervice  in  which  he  was 
employed  in  tlie  early  part  of  his  life, 
led  and  enabled  him  to  make  thefe 
obfervations. 

I'he  fafts  and  obfervations  which 
he  flates  anddefcribes,  he  throws  out 
rather  as  matters  of  inveftiganon  than 
as  things  proved,  although  fome  have 
been  determined  by  obfervation,  and 
others  are  of  common  notoriety  :  but 
it  appears  to  him  better  to  ftate  them 
as  matters  which  require,  as  they  de- 
ferve,  farther  and  repeated  obferva- 
tions, in  a  more  regular,  and  more 
fcientificcourfe  of  experiment. 

The  author  reafons,    that,  in   like 
manner   as  the    combined   operation 
of  attraB'.on  between  the  fun,  moon, 
and   earth,    being   uniform  and   per- 
manent,   produces  an    uniform    and 
permanent  etfeft  in  the  general   tides 
of  ibe  ocean  ;  fo  ihe  winds,  when  they 
are  uniform  and  permanent,  produce, , 
by  protrufion,  currents  in  the  ocean,  in  > 
like  manner  permanent  and  uniform. 
The  currents,  occafioned  by  the  pro- 
trufion of  the  winds,  continue  at  all 
times    (lowing  one  way,  either  in  the* 
direcHon  of  the  wind,  or  in  a  diverg- 
ing lateral  courfe,  or  ia  a  rellexcd  re-' 


Obfervations  on  the  currents  in  the  Atlantic  ocean. 


1783.] 

coiling  current,  as  the  waters  piled  up 
againlT  any  obltrutlion  find  the  means 
of  running  off,  and  defcending  from 
their  forced  elevation. 

The  winds,  between  the  tropics, 
having  a  general  conrfe  wertwards, 
protrude  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean  in  the  fame  direction,  and  caufe 
a  current  running  always  nearly  in  the 
fame  direftion.  This  general  current, 
in  paihng  through  the  chain  of  the 
Caribbee  and  Bahama  iflands,  and 
amongU  the  cayos  of  the  fame,  is  di- 
verted and  drawn  from  its  general 
courfe  In  almolt  alldireHions.  Where 
it  IS  not  interrupted  or  dillurbed,  it 
keeps  its  general  courfe,  as  along  the 
Weft- Indian  fea,  through  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  to  its  bottom ;  and  in  the 
channel  between  Hil'paniola,  Cuba, 
and  the  cayos  and  iflands  of  Bahama, 
to  the  gulf  of  Florida.  The  mam 
current,  which  runs  direftly  wed  to 
the  bottom  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  be- 
ing there  oppofed  by  the  continent, 
piles  up  its  waters  to  a  confiderable 
height.  Thefe  aggregated  waters  run 
off  laterally,  and  dcfcend,  as  it  were, 
down  an  inclined  plane,  along  the 
coafts  of  Mexico,  Louifiana,  and  Flo- 
rida, and,  rounding  the  fable  point, 
rufli  out  of  the  gulf  of  Florida. 
The  current  which  runs  north-well, 
through  the  old  Bahama  channel, 
meets,  at  its  embouchure,  the  current 
coming  north-eaft,  round  the  point, 
from  the  gulf  of  Mexico  :  and  thefe, 
in  one  combined  ci;rrent,  fet  through 
the  gulf  of  Florida,  north-eafterly. 
From  hence  this  current,  in  a  bended 
and  expanded  flow,  fcts  north-eafterly 
along  the  coall  of  America,  to  about 
north  latitude  41  degrees  and  a  half. 

The  governor  then  remarks,  that  this 
courfe  of  the  waters,  produced  by  the 
^onftant  blowing  of  the  trade-winds 
acrofs  the  Atlantic  ocean,  is  analogous 
to  currents  produced  by  the  periodical 
monfoons  in  the  fouthern  and  Indian 
feas :  he  then  returns,  and  takes  up 
the  current  of  the  gulf-fiream,  as  it 
fets  along  the  New  England  coafts, 
where  we  before  left  it ;  and,  from  ex- 
perienced fafls,  dates  the  following 
fourfe,  and  limits  of  it :  namely,  that 
the  northern  edge  of  the  current  lies  in 
381  degrees  of  latitude,  in  the  meridian 
of  the  ifland  of  Nantucket ;  and,  in  the 
meridian  of  Georg'j's  Bank,  it  is  in  la- 
titude 39  degrees,  where  its  courfe  is 


iCs 


E.  N.  E.  In  the  meridian  of  the 
ide  of  Sable,  its  northern  edge  is  m 
4 li  degrees;  and  here  its  courfe  is 
E.  S.  E.  and  S.  E.  by  E.  From 
hence  he  traces  the  courfe  of  the  cur- 
rent acrofs  the  Atlantic  again,  iii  a 
fouth-eafterly  direthon,  till  it  ap- 
proach the  coad  of  Africa,  where  it 
is  deflected  along  the  coad,  at  fome 
fmall  didance,in  a foutherly  direction, 
holding  that  courfe  till  it  arriv:^  at,  and 
fupply  the  place  of  thole  waters,  ear- 
ned, by  the  condant  trade-winds,  from 
the  coad  of  Africa,  acrofs  the  Atlan- 
tic, towards  the  wed,  as  afore Li'.:d  ; 
and  thus  producmg  a  perpetual  wiiiii- 
ling  or  circulating  current,  including 
within  its  clrcuu, a  confiderable  bread;  rt 
of  fpacc,  forming  a  kmd  of  eddy,  or 
perhaps  returning  or  lee  currents.  And 
this  Hate  of  the  matter,  he  oblcrve?, 
compared  by  its  caufes,  and  in  its  ef- 
fects, is  the  aclual  fatt. 

This  current,  thus  revolving,  in  an 
orbit,  round  the  Atlantic  ocean,  in  a 
continual  circulation,  it  is  conform- 
able to  the  laws  of  hydraulics,  that 
there  diould  be,  in  the  fpace  included 
within  the  inner  edges  of  this  orbit, 
an  eddy,  into  which  all  floating  lub- 
dances,  fuch  as  wood  and  weeds, 
which  fall  into  the  general  current, 
fiiall  be  finally  abforbed.  Now  the 
fart  is,  that  weeds,  called  the  Sara- 
gofa  weeds,  as  alio  the  gulf  weeds, 
have  been  obferved  at  certain  latitudes 
and  longitudes,  within  the  area  of  the 
orbit  of  this  general  current,  and  near- 
ly on  what  may  be  fupppofcd  the  in- 
ner edge  of  it. 

Although  there  are  not,  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
any  fettled  rnonfoons,  or  any  trade- 
winds,  as  between  the  tropics,  yet, 
this  author  obferves,  to  the  northward 
of  the  fpace  above  defcribed,  a  gene- 
ral eadern  current  takes  place,  run- 
ning along  the  north  boundary  of  this 
fpace,  to  the  ead,  foutherly,  acrofs 
the  Atlantic,  towards  the  coafts  of 
Europe,  and  fets  continually  throuiih 
the  Straits  into  the  Meduerranean 
fea  ;  jud  as  the  current  in  the  Indian 
fea  fets,  during  the  north-eaft  mon^ 
foon,  into  the  gulf  of  Perfia,  and 
through  the  d raits  of  Babelmandel 
into  the  Red  Sea.  Various  opera- 
tions and  combinations  of  winds,  and 
various  circumftances  of  banks,  and 
elevated  grouBd,  in  this  northern  part 


1^4     Sir  IV.  Keith's  felt  erne  refpcBinj  the  government  of  America.  [Aoguff, 

of  the  Atlantic,  may  be  afOgncd  as 
caufcs  of  this  eftett.  Thcfe  are  not 
yet  fufficiently  explored,  even  fo  much 
as  to  admit  of  a  theoretic  coniDiua- 
lion.  The  matter,  however,  is  fatt, 
and  of  common  notoriety,  as  is  the 
fac^,  that  the  pafTage  from  America 
ID  Europe,  is  at  lealt  one-ihird  Iliort- 
er,  than  the  paffage  from  Europe  to 
America.  It  is  fo  much  fo,  that  it 
is  a  common  expredion  among  the 
American  navigators,  that, '"  thecourfe 
IS  down  hill  all  the  way  home,"  as 
thsy  ufed  to  call  England. 

Skilful  navigators,  who  have  ac- 
quired a  knowledge  of  the  extent  to 
which  the  norihern  edge  of  the  Gulf 
Stream  reaches  on  the  New  England 
coait,  have  learnt  in  their  voyages  to 
New  England,  New  York,  or  Penn- 
fylvania,  to  pafs  the  banks  of  New- 
foundland in  about  44  °  or  45  "^  N. 
latitude,  to  fail  thence,  in  a  courfe 
between  the  northern  edge  of  the 
Gulf  Stream,  as  above  defcribed,  and 
the  Ihoals  and  banks  of  Sable  Ifland, 
George's  Bank,  and  Nantucket,  by 
which  they  make  better  and  quicker 
palTages  from  England  to  America. 

By  an  exmination  of  the  cur- 
rents in  the  higher  latitudes  of  the 
northern  parts  of  the  Atlantic,  and 
of  their  courfe  along  the  coalis  of 
Greenland,  and  the  Efquimaux  Oicres, 
if  they  (hould  prove  luch  as  the  rca- 
foning  in  this  paper  leads  to,  a  much 
quicker  palfage  >et  may  be  found. 

By  a  particular  and  Hill  more  ac- 
curate examination  of  the  northern 
and  fouthern  edgeof  the  Gulf  Stream, 
of  the  variation  of  thefe  circumilances, 
as  winds  and  feafons  vary  ;  and  expe- 
rimentally afcertaiiiing  what,  where, 
and  of  what  nature,  the  lee- currents 
on  the  edges,  both  inner  and  outer,  of 
the  Gulf  Stream,  are,  great  facilities 
and  alhftarr.e  mud  be  derived  to  naviga- 
tion. The  knowledgeof  this  would  lead 
to  the  afcei  taining  the  eddies,  or  other 
partial  currents  in  the  great  fpace  of 
ocean  included  within  the  great  circu- 
lating current.  The  knowledge  of 
'he  wellern  edge  of  the  current,  which 
(ets  fouth,  along  the  coails  of  Africa, 
and  of  all  its  variations,  a^  alfoof  the 
Ice-currents  upon  that  edge,  would  be 
of  elfential  ule  in  navigating  to  (and 
perhaps  from)  the  Weft  Indies.  A 
prailical  knowledge  of  the  variable 
currents,  and  how  they  vary  under 
3 


the  operation  of  various  caufes,  in  the 
fpace  aforenamed,  as  running  acrofs 
the  Atlantic,  might  be  of  great  be- 
nefit in  forwarding  a  quick  palFage 
from  America,  perhaps  in  Ihortening 
the  paffage  to  Europe  in  winter.  Va- 
rious other  ufes  of  this  enquiry  might 
be  pointed  out,  but  tohave  marked, 
that  this  hypothetic  theorem  is  not 
without  its  ule,  is  fufficient. 

•••<>■-  '^e'^s>'^e>  •••<>■•• 

Copy  of  fir  William  Keith' sfcfieme,  re- 
J~pe6Ii?tg  the  government  of  America, 
prefented  to  the  king  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, November,    1728;  and  refer- 
red in  council,  to  the  lords  commif- 
fioners  of  trade. 
To  the  king' s  mofl   excellent  majefy. 
May  it  plealeyour  majefty. 
SINCE    the  obfervations,  con- 
tained  in    the     following    difcourfe, 
were  occafionaliy  made,   in  your  ma- 
jelly's,  and  your  royal  father's  fervice 
abroad,    during   the  fpace  of  twelve 
years ;  I  moll  humbly    beg    leave,   to 
lay  them  at  your  royal  feet,  as  a  na- 
tural elFeft  of  the   purell    loyalty    to 
your    facred   perfon  ;    and   the    only 
means,  which  is  left  in  my  power,  to 
ferve  the  public,  and  to   demonllrate 
that    I  am. 

May  it  pleafe  your  majeftyj 
your  majeily's 

mort  humble,  mofl  faithful, 
andmoft  obedient  fubjetl, 

WlLLIAiM    Ke  ITW. 

Afhort  difcourfe,  on  the  prefcntfiate 
■  of  the  colonies    in   America^    zuitk 
refpecl  to  Great  Britain, 

HAPPY  are  the  people,  whofe 
lot  is  to  be  governed  by  a 
prince  who  does  not  wholly  dejiend 
upon  the  reprefcntaiions  of  others, 
but  makes  it  a  chief  part  of  his  delight, 
to  infpefl  into  the  condition  of  his 
fubjeBs,  according  to  their  feveral 
ranks  and  degrees — who,  from  the 
clearnefs  of  his  own  mind,  diftin- 
guilhes  the  true  merit  of  his  fervants, 
lea"'ing  the  liberties  and  properties 
of  his  people,  to  be  equally  guarded 
and  jultly  defended,  by  a  pun£lual  ex- 
ecution of  the  laws. 

The  unbounded  extent  of  know- 
ledge, to  be  daily  acquired  by  the  ju- 
dicious enquiries  and  application  of 
fuch  a  prince,  will  ioon  abohih  the 
ufe  of  llattery,  and  the  pernicious  ef- 
f?Bs  of  all  defigncd    mifreprefenta- 


1789.]     Sir  fK  KeitA*s/chme,  refpeBing  the  govemmtnt  of  America,     165 


lion.  The  paths  of  virtue  and  ho- 
nour, with  a  rtritt  adherence  to  truth, 
will  be  the  only  avenues  of  accefs,  to 
the  foveieign's  elleem  ;  and  the  royal 
favours,  in  fuch  a  reign,  will  ever 
be  agreeably  difpenfed,  in  propor- 
tion to  the  ufeful  coudu£l,  and  true 
merit  of  the  party. 

So  great  an  exatnple  from  the 
throne,  will  doubtlefs  infpire  every 
honeU  breaft,  with  a  better  fliare  of 
public  fpirit ;  men's  thoughts  will  not 
then  be  fo  intent  on  what  they  can 
get  for  themfelves,  as  on  what  they 
can  do  for  their  country.  And  as 
for  fuch  parts  of  the  prince's  pre- 
roj^ative  and  executive  power,  as  ne- 
ceUarily  mult  be  entrufted  with  minif- 
ters,  they  will  ever  be  thought  an  ad- 
vantage and  fecurity  to  a  nation ; 
while  the    conduft  of   the    miniftry 

ririncipally  ftiines  in  the  fupport  of 
iberty,  which  cannot  fail  to  gain  the 
hearts  and  affections  of  a  free  people. 
On  a  provincial  dependent  government, 

WHEN,  either  by  conqueft  or  in- 
creafe  of  people,  foreign  provinces 
are  poffeired,  and  colonies  planted 
abroad,  it  is  convenient,  and  often  ne- 
Geffai7,  to  fubftitute  little  dependent 
provincial  governments,  whofe  peo- 
ple, by  being  infranchized,  and  made 
partakers  of  the  liberties  and  privi- 
leges belongingto  the  original  mother 
Itate,  are  juftly  bound  by  its  laws, 
and  become  fubfervient  to  its  interefts, 
as  the  true  end  of  their  incorporation. 

Every  afcl  of  a  dependent  provi  ncial 
government,  ought  therefoie  to  ter- 
minate in  the  advantage  of  the  mother 
ilate,  unto  whom  it  owes  its  being, 
and  by  whom  it  is  protefted  in  all  its 
valuable  privileges.  Hence  it  fol- 
lows, that  all  advantageous  projefts, 
or  commercial  gains  in  any  colony, 
which  are  truly  prejudicial  to,  and  in- 
confiftent  with,  the  intereft  of  the 
mother  Hate,  muft  be  underftood,  to 
be  illegal ;  and  the  praflice  thereof 
unwarrantable,  becaufe  they  contra- 
dift  the  end,  for  which  the  colony 
had  a  being,  and  are  incompatible 
with  the  terms,  on  which  the  people 
claim  both  privileges,  and  protection. 

On  a  Britijk  colony  in  America, 

WERE  thefe  things  rightly  under- 
ftood, amongft  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Britifh  colonies  in  America,  there 
would  be  Icfs  occafion  for  fuch  in- 
firuftions  and  ftrift    prohibitions,   as 

Vol.  VI. 


are  daily  fent  from  England  to  regu- 
late their  conduti  in  many  points. 
The  very  nature  of  the  thing  would 
be  fufficient  to  diretl  their  chiJice,  'n 
cultivating  fuch  parts  of  indtillry  and 
commerce  only,  as  would  l)iiiig  fome 
advantage  to  the  interelt  and  trade  of 
Great  Britain  :  they  would  foon  find, 
by  experience,  tliat  this  was  ihe  folid 
and  true  foundation,  whereon  to  build 
a  real  intereft  m  theirmother  country, 
and  the  certain  means  to  acquire 
riches  without  envy. 

On  the  other  hand,  where  the  go- 
vernment of  a  provincial  colony  is 
well  regulated,  and  all  its  bulinefs 
and  commerce  truly  adapted  to  the 
proper  end  and  delign  of  ihe  firft  fet- 
tlemeni — fuch  a  province,  like  a 
choice  branch  fpringmg  from  the 
main  root,  ought  to  be  carefully  noii- 
riflied,  and  its  juft  intereft  well 
guarded.  No  little,  partial  projeft, 
or  party  gain,  fhould  be  fullered  to  af- 
fcft  it  :  but  rather,  it  ought  to  be  con- 
fidered  and  weighed  in  the  general  ba- 
lance of  the  whole  ilate,  as  an  ufeful 
and  profitable  nieiiiber ;  for,  fuch  is 
the  end  of  all  colonies ;  and,  if  this 
ufe  cannot  be  made  of  them,  it  would 
be  much  better  for  the  ftate,  to  be 
without  them. 

Advantages,  arifing  to  Britain  from 
the  trade  oj' the  colonies, 

IT  has  ever  been  the  maxim  of  all 
polilhed  nations,  to  regulate  their  go- 
vernment, to  the  bsft  ad  van  age  of 
their  trading  intereft  ;  whence  it  miy 
be  helpful,  to  take  a  fliort  view  of  the 
principal  benefits,  arifing  to  Great 
Britain,  from  the  trade  of  the  colo- 
nies. 

1.  The  colonies  take  off,  and  con- 
fume,  above  one-fixth  part  of  the 
woolen  manufaclures  exported  from 
Britain  ;  which  are  the  chief  ftaple  of 
England,  and  the  main  fupport  of  all 
the  landed  intereft. 

2.  They  take  off,  and  confume, 
more  than  double  that  value,  in  linen, 
and  callicoes,  which  are  partly  the 
produclof  Britain,  and  Ireland,  parti/ 
the  profitable  returns  made  for  that 
produil,  when  earned  to  foreign 
countries. 

3.  The  luxury  of  the  colonies, 
which  increafes  daily,  confumes  great 
quantities  of  Englilh  manufaflured 
filks,  haberdaftiery,  houfhold  furni- 
ture, and  trinkets  of  all  forts ;  as  alf« 
Y 


i66     S:r  IV.  Ket't/i's/cAcme,  refpeSling  the  gdvrMWeiit  of  Amtrka.  [Auguft, 


a  very  confiderable  value  in  Eaft  In- 
dia goods. 

4.  A  s;reat  revenue  is  raifed  to  the 
cfown  of  Brirain,  by  returns  made  in 
tlie  produce  of  the  plantations,  efpe- 
cially  tobacco,  whch,  at  the  fame  time, 
helps  England  to  bring  nearer  to  a 
balance,  her  unprofitable  trade  with 
France. 

5.  Thefe  colonies  promote  the 
intsrefi  and  trade  of  Britain,  by  a  vaft 
increafe  of  {liipping  and  fcamen, 
wh;ch  enables  them  to  carry  great 
quaniiiy  of  fifh  to  Spain,  Portugal, 
Leghorn,  &c.  furs,  logwood,  and 
rsce,  to  Holland,  where  ihey  keep 
Great  Britain  confiderably  in  the  ba- 
lance of  trade  with   thofe   countries. 

6.  If  reafonably  encouraged,  the 
Colonies  are  now  in  a  condition,  to 
furtr.fii  Britain  with  as  much  cf  the 
following  commodities,  a,;  it  can  de- 
mand, VIZ.  mafting  for  the  navy,  and 
all  forfs  of  timber  ;  hemp,  flax,  pitch, 
tar,  o;I,  rofin,  copper  ore,  with  pig 
z.vA  bar  iron  ;  by  means  whereof  the 
balance  of  trade  to  RufTia,  and  the 
Baltic,  may  be  very  much  reduced  in 
favour  of  Great  Britain. 

7.  The  profits  arifing  to  all 
thofe  colonies  by  trade,  are  returned 
in  bullion,  or  other  ufef  j!  cfFetls.  to 
Great  Britain  ;  where  the  fuperflu- 
ous  cafli,  and  oilier  riches,  acquired 
in  America,  miif}  centre — v^hich  is 
not  one  of  the  leafl  fecurities  that 
Brita  n  has,  to  keep  ths  colonies  al- 
ways in  due  fubjetlion.* 

8.  The  colonies  upon  the  main 
are  the  granary  of  America ;  and 
a  necelTary  fupport  to  ihe  fugar-plan- 
tations  in  the  Weii-Indie^,  which 
could  not  fubfift  without  them. 

By  this  fhort  view  of  the  trade  in 
general,  we  may  plainly  underftand, 
that  thefe  colonies  may  be  very  bene- 
ficially employed,  both  for  Great  Bri- 


*  If  this  maxim  was  true  In  1728, 
ought  not  we  of  the  ])refent  genera- 
tion ferioufly  to  confider,  what  will  be 
the  probable  confequences  of  our  trad- 
ing with  Britain,  for  articles  of  lux- 
ury and  exiravygance — a  commerce, 
which  not  only  turns  the  balance  of 
trade  againll  us,  and  drains  us  of  our 
circulating  cafli,  but  alfo  keeps  us 
conflantly  and  deeply  indebted  to 
licr? 


tain  and  themfelves,  without  inter- 
fering with  any  of  the  flaple  manufac- 
tures of  England.  And,  confidering- 
the  bulk  and  end  of  the  whole  traf- 
fic, 'twere  pity  that  any  material 
branch  of  it  fhould  be  depreffed,  on 
account  of  private  and  particular  in- 
terelis,  which,  in  comparifon  with 
thefe,  cannot  juftly  be  efleemed  a 
national  concern  :  for,  if  the  trade 
of  the  colonies  be  to  the  advantage 
of  Britain,  there  is  nothing  more 
certain,  than  that  the  difcouragement 
of  any  fubftantial  branch,  for  the  fake 
of  any  company,  or  private  interett, 
would  be  a  iofs  to  the  nation.  But, 
in  order  to  fet  this  point  yet  in  a 
clearer  light,  we  will  proceed  to  con- 
fider  fome  of  the  moll  obvious  regu- 
lations in  the  American  trade,  for 
rendering  the  colonies  truly  fervice- 
able  to  Great  Britain. 
Regulations  in  the  plantation  trade. 

1.  THAT  all  the  product  of  the 
colonies,  for  which  the  manufatlures 
and  trade  of  Britain  have  a  conflant 
demand,  be  enumerated  amongft  the 
goods,  which,  by  the  law,  muft  be 
firft  tranfported  to  Britain,  before 
they  can  be  carried  to  any  other 
market. 

e.  That  every  valuable  merchan* 
di/e,  found  in  the  Englifh  colonies, 
and  rarely  any  where  elfe — and  for 
which  there  is  a  conflant  demand  in^ 
Europe,  fhail  alfo  be  enumerated,  in 
order  to  afliU  Great  Britain  in  the 
balance  of  trade  with  other  coun- 
tries. 

3.  That  all  kinds  of  woolen  ma- 
nnfaflures,  for  which  the  colonies 
have  a  demand,  (hall  continue  to  be 
brought  from  Britain  only  ;  and  linen, 
from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

4.  All  other  kinds  of  European  com- 
modities, to  be  carr!c<l  to  the  colonies, 
(fait  excepted)  entry  thereof  firll  to 
be  made  in  Britain,  before  they  can 
be  tranfported  to  any  of  the  Engliib 
colonies. 

5.  The  cttlonies  to  be  abfolulely 
reflrained,  in  their  feveral  govern- 
ments, from  laying  any  manner  of 
duties  on  Clipping  or  trade  from  En- 
rope  ;  or,  upon  European  goods, 
tranfported  from  one  colony  to  ano- 
ther. 

6.  That  the  afts  of  parliament,  re- 
lating to  the  trade  and  government  of 
the  colonies,  be  revifed,  and  coUcft- 


^jSg.^      Sir  W.  Knth\  fchemeyrcfprRing  the  government  of  America.     167 


eH  into  one  diflinft  body  of  laws,  for 
(he  life  of  the  plantations,  and  of 
fuch  as  trade  with  them. 

Suppofing  thefe  things  to  be  done, 
it  will  evideoiiy  follow,  that  the  more 
extenfive  the  trade  of  the  colonies  is, 
the  greater  will  be  the  advantage  ac- 
cruing to  Great  Britain  therefrom; 
and,  confequentiy.  that  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  colonies,  and  the  in- 
creafe  of  their  people,  would  liill  be 
an  addition  to  ihe  mtional  ilreiigih. 
All  fmaller  improvement.^,  therefore, 
pretended  to,  and  fer  up,  for  jinvate 
ga'.n,  by  the  leffer  focieiies,  in  Great 
Britain,  or  elfewhere,  although  they 
might  have  a  jud  pt\;ience  to  bring 
fnme  fort  of  p'.ibKc  benefit  ^nng  with 
them,  yet,  if  they  Iball  appear  to  be 
hurtful  to  the  much  greater,  and 
more  national  concern  of  the  trading, 
ufeful  colonies,  ought,  in  jullice  to 
the  public,  to  be  neglected,  in  fa- 
vour of  ihem — It  being  an  unaltera- 
ble maxim,  that  a  lefTer  public  good 
miift  give  place  to  a  greater ;  and 
that  it  is  of  more  moment  to  mainiain 
a  greater,  than  a  leiler  number  of 
fubjefts,  well  employed,  to  the  ad- 
vantage of  any  flate. 

On  the  legijlative  power. 

FROM  what  has  been  laid  of  the 
nature  of  colonies,  and  the  reflric- 
tions,  that  ought  to  be  laid  on  their 
trade,  it  is  plain,  that  none  of  the 
Englifli  planiations  in  America  can, 
with  any  reafon,  or  good  fenfe,  pre- 
tend to  claim  an  abfolute  legdlaiive 
power  within  themfelves  :  lb  that — 
let  theirfeveral  confliiutions  be  found- 
ed on  ancient  charters,  royal  patents, 
cuHom  by  prefcription,  or  what  other 
]egal  authority  you  pleafe — yet  ftill 
they  cannot  be  polfeffed  of  any  right- 
ful capacity  to  contradict,  or  evade 
the  true  intent  and  force  of  any  aft 
of  parliament,  wherewnh  the  wil- 
dom  of  Great  liritain  may  think  fit 
to  affeft  them,  from  time  to  time. 
And,  in  d'.fcourfing  on  their  legifla- 
tive  powers  ('.mproi>erly  fo  called  in 
a  dependent  governmeni)  we  are  to 
confider  them,  only  as  fo  many  cor- 
porations, at  a  diftance,  inveiled  with 
ability  to  make  temporary  by-la wn 
for  themfelves,  agreeable  to  their  re- 
fpeftive  fuuations  and  climates,  but 
iio  ways  interfering  with  the  legal 
prerogative  of  the  crown,  or  ibe  true 
legiCitive  pov.er  of  the  rooiher  llate. 


If  tbe  governors  and  general  aiTem- 
blies  of  the  feveral  colonies,  would 
be  pleafed  to  conlidcr  theniielvcs  m 
this  light,  one  would  think  it  M-as 
impoibble,  they  could  be  lo  weak,  as 
to  fancy,  that  tliey  reprefcnted  the 
king,  lords,  and  commons  of  Great 
Britain,  within  their  little  diilricts. 
And,  indeed,  the  ufclefs,  or  rather 
hurtful  and  inconfillent  conftitiition 
of  a  negative  council  in  all  the  king's 
provincial  governments,  coninbuted, 
as  it  IS  believed,  to  lead  them  miO 
this  miflake  :  for,  fo  long  as  the  king 
has  rcferved  to  himfelf,  in  his  pru'y 
council,  the  confiderainm  of,  a^d 
negative  upon,  all  their  laws,  the 
meihod  of  aiipointing  a  few  of  the 
ririicfl  and  prv^udell  men  in  a  fmaii 
colony,  as  an  upper  houfe,  wirh  a 
negative  on  the  proceedings  of  the 
king's  lieutenant  governor,  and  the 
people's  reprefentatives,  feems  not 
only  to  cramp  the  natural  I  berty  of 
the  fubjeft  there,  but  alfo  the  king's 
jiifl  power,  and  prerogative  :  fqr,  it 
often  happens,  that  very  reafonabie 
and  good  bilh,  fometimes  propoied 
for  the  benefit  of  the  crown,  bv  tlie 
w  fdom  of  a  goi>d  governor,  and,  at 
other  times,  oriered  by  the  people's 
reprefentatives,  in  behalf  of  their 
conlluucnis,  have  been  loft,  and  the 
enatling  of  fuch  made  impracticable, 
by  the  obllinacy  of  a  majority  in  the 
council  ;  only,  becaule  fuch  (hings 
did  not  ftpiare  with  their  private,  par- 
ticular intereft  and  gain,  or  with  the 
views,  which  they  form  to  them- 
felves, by  afTummg  an  imaginary  dig- 
nity and  rank  above  all  the  reff  of 
the  king's  fubjecls.  And  as  to  the 
fecunty,  which,  it  is  pretended, 
either  the  crown,  or  a  proprietary 
may  have  by  fuch  a  negative  council, 
it  is  in  fatl  quite  otherwile  :  for  that 
caution  would  be  much  better  fecur- 
ed,  if  this  council  was  only  a  coun- 
cil of  {fare,  to  advife  with  the  go- 
vernor, and  be  condant  witncfles  of 
all  public  iranl'aftions :  and  it  cannot 
be  thought,  ihat  an  ofliccr,  who  is 
not  only  under  oaths  and  bonds,  but 
anfwerable  by  lav>-  for  his  mifdeeds, 
and  removable  at  pleafure,  would,  in 
the  face  of  witnefles  fo  appointed, 
contraditl:  a  rational  advice,  thereby 
fubjetlmg  himlelf  to  grievous  penal- 
ties, and  icilFes ;  neuher  is  it  to  be 
fuppofed,  that  thcfe  men,  if  ihey  had 


l68     Sir  W,  Keith's  fcheme^  refpe&ing  the  government  of  America.   [Aiiguft, 


only  the  privilege  of  advifing,  would 
oppofe  fuch  good  bills,  or  other  rea- 
fonable  propofitions,  as  they  well 
knew  ijiey  had  no  legal  power  to  re- 
jeft.  But  while  they  Hiid  themfelves 
pofTefTed  of  a  perempiory  negative, 
without  being  in  any  lort  accountable 
for  their  opinions,  it  is  cafy  to  ima- 
gine, how  iuch  a  power  may  be  ufed 
on  many  occafions,  to  ferve  their 
private  interells,  and  views  in  trade; 
as  well  as  to  indulge  the  too  natural 
propenlity,  which  mankind  have,  ef- 
pecially  abroad,  to  rule  over,  and 
opprefs  their  poor  neighbours.  Be- 
fides,  an  artful,  corrupt  governor  will 
find  means,  by  prefernienl,  &c.  fo  to 
influence  a  negative  council,  that 
knowing  themfelves  to  be  under  no 
bonds,  or  any  oiher  valuable  penalty, 
to  anlwer  ihe  party  aggrievetl  by  their 
opinions,  they  may,  without  rifque, 
proceed  in  fuch  manner,  as  to  fcreen 
the  governor  in  many  things,  which, 
e;herwife,  he  would  be  peifonally, 
and  fingly  bound  to  account  for  in 
a  legal  and  juil  way. 

If  ihen  a  council  of  flate,  only  to 
advife  with  the  governor,  fliall  appear 
(m  all  emergencies  and  cafes  that  can 
be  propofed)  to  be  equally  ufeful ; 
and  not  attended  with  the  inconfill- 
encics,  obflru6tions,  and  difadvan- 
tages  of  a  negaiive  council  ;  the  one 
feems  to  be  much  preferable  to  the 
other,  and  more,  agreeable  to  that 
liberty,  and  jufl  equality,  which  is  ef- 
tablilhed  by  the  common  law  ainongft 
Knglilhmen,  and  confeqiieiuly  lefs 
priidudive  of  ihofe  greivaaces,  and 
complaints,  which  have  been  fo  fre- 
quent hiiherto   from    the   plantations. 

At  firft  view,  it  will  appear  natu- 
ral enough  for  an  Englifhinan,  who 
has  tailed  the  fweeinefs  of  that  free- 
dom, which  is  enjoyed  under  the  hap- 
py coniliiuiion  of  king.  lords,  and 
commons  of  Great  Britain,  to  ima- 
gine, that  a  third  p.irc  Ih.oulJ  be 
formed  in  the  little  governments  of 
the  plantaitons,  ui  the  imitation  of 
the  houfe  of  lords;  bur,  if  we  rightly 
confiderit,  that  part  cf  the  conllitu- 
iion  is  already  moll  properly  and  ful- 
ly fuppled  by  the  lords  of  his  majef- 
ty's  privy  coinuil  :  befide<^.  let  us  fup- 
pofe,  that  inlfead  of  an  honle  of  lords 
in  Britain,  alike  nmnberof  feleci  com- 
moners were  mveiled  with  a  power 
;w  fet   apart  ,   ai^d  to   pu:  a    I'egative 


upon  the  proceedings  of  the  houfe  of 
commons  confilting  of  three  times  the 
number  of  perfons,  of  equal  rank, 
and  reprefenting  all  the  commons  of 
Great  Britain  in  parliament,  the  in- 
confiftency  and  unreafonablenefs  oF 
the  thing  does  prefently  obtrude  it- 
felf  upon  our  minds;  and  yet,  fuch 
is  the  very  cafe  of  that  negative,  which 
is  now  prafciifed  by  the  councils  in 
America. 

On  the 'civil  jurifdiBion. 

NEXT  to  the  legrflative  power, 
we  fliall  proceed  to  confider  the  civil 
jurifdithon  in  the  plantations,  which, 
by  their  own  arts,  is  branched  out  in- 
to fo  many  diflerent  forms,  almoft  in 
each  colony,  that  it  is  fcarce  prafti- 
cable  to  reduce  them  under  fuch  heads, 
in  any  one  difcourfe,  as  to  make  it  intel- 
ligible to  thofe,  who  are  altogether  un- 
acquainted with  American  aifairs. 

It  is  generally  acknowledged  in  the 
plantations,  that  the  fubjeft  is  en- 
titled by  birth-right  unto  the  benefit 
of  the  common  law  of  England;  but 
then,  as  the  common  law  has  been  al- 
tered from  time  to  time,  and  rellrici- 
ed  by  (latutes,  it  is  ftill  a  queflion  in 
many  of  the  American  courts  of  ju- 
dicature, whether  any  of  the  Englifh 
flatutes,  which  do  not  particularly 
mention  the  plantations,  can  be  of 
force  there,  until  they  be  brought 
pv^r  by  fome  att  of  alfembly  In  that 
colony  where  they  are  pleaded  ;  and 
this  creates  fuch  confufion,  that,  ac- 
cording to  the  art,  or  influence  of  the 
lawyers  and  atiornies,  before  judges, 
who,  by  their  education,  are  but  in- 
differently qualified  for  that  fervice, 
they  fometimes  allow  the  force  of 
particular  Hatutes,  and  at  other  times 
rcjett  the  whole,  efpecially,  if  the 
bench  is  inclinable  to  be  partial,  which 
too  frequently  happens  in  thole  new 
and  unlettled  countries  :  and,  as 
men's  liberties  and  properties,  in 
any  coniiiry,  chiefly  depend  on  an 
impartial  and  erpial  admiiiiflration 
of  jiillice  ;  this  is  one  of  the  moll  ma- 
terial grievances  which  the  fubjefcts  of 
America  have  jufl  caufe  to  complain 
of  :  but  while,  for  the  want  of  fchools, 
and  other  proper  inflrutlion  in  the 
principles  of  moral  virtue,  their  peo- 
ple arc  not  fo  well  qualified,  even  to 
ferve  upon  juries,  and  much  lefs  to 
aff  on  a  bench  of  judicature,  it  feems 
imprafticable  to  provide  a  remedy  un- 


tySg.']      Sir  tV,  Keith^s  fcheme,  Tefpetiing  the  government  of  Amtrica,    169 


til  a  fijfficlent  revenue  be  found  out 
amongft  them,  to  fupport  the  charges 
of  fending  judges  from  England,  to 
take  their  circuits  by  turns,  in  the  fe- 
vcral  colonics  on  the  main  ;  which,  if 
it  is  thought  worthy  of  confideration, 
will  appear  neither  to  be  improper,  nor 
impraciicable ;  and,  until  that  can  be 
done,  all  other  attempts  to  reftify 
their  courts  of  law,  will  be  fruillefs, 
and  may  be  fufpended. 

Courts  of  chancery,  which  are 
known  to  be  neceffary  in  many  cafes, 
to  correft  the  feverity  of  the  common 
law,  feem  to  fubfifl  there  on  a  molt  pre- 
carious footing  ;  for  it  does  not  appear 
that  there  is  a  proper  and  legal  autho- 
rity to  hold  fuch  a  court,  in  any  of 
the  colonies ;  neverihelefs,  by  cuHom, 
every  where  fome  kind  of  chancery 
is  to  be  found,  in  one  form  or  other  ; 
fo  that  when  a  rich  man  defigns  to 
conteft  any  thing  in  difpute  with  his 
poor  neighbour,  if  he  can  contrive 
to  bring  it  into  chancery,  he  is  fure 
the  matter  will  rarely  or  never  be 
brought  to  ilTiie,  which,  on  many  oc- 
cafions,  proves  an  intolerable  opprel- 
fion  ;  wherefore,  it  is  hoped,  that  fo 
high  a  junfdittion,  illuing  imme- 
diately from  the  crown,  will,  in  due 
time,  be  put  on  a  more  regular  and 
certain  enabliflimcnt. 

On  the  military  Jlrevgth. 

A  Militia,  in  an  arbitrary  and  ty- 
rannical government,  may  polhbly 
be  of  fome  fervice  to  the  governing 
power ;  but  we  learn  from  experi- 
ence, that  in  a  free  country,  it  is  of 
little  ufe;  the  people  in  the  planta- 
tions are  fo  few,  in  proportion  to  the 
lands  they  polfefs,  that  fervants  being 
fcarcc,  and  flaves  excefhvely  dear, 
the  men  are  generally  under  a  nc- 
cefTity  there,  to  work  hard  them- 
felves,  in  order  to  provide  the  com- 
mon neceflaries  of  life  for  their  fami- 
lies, fo  that  they  cannot  fpare  a  day's 
time,  without  great  lofs  to  their  in- 
terell ;  wherefore,  a  militia  there 
would  become  more  burdenfome  to 
the  poor  people,  than  it  can  be  in  any 
part  of  Europe  ;  but,  befides,  it  may 
be  queftioned,  how  far  it  would  con- 
fift  with  good  policy,  to  accuftom  all 
the  able  men  in  the  colonies  to  be 
well  exercifed  in  arms ;  it  fecms  at  pre- 
fenttobe  more  advifable  to  keep  up  a 
fmall,  regular  (landing  force  in  each 
provinccj  which  might  be  readily  aug- 


mented for  a  time,  if  occafion  did  re- 
quire ;  and  thus,  in  cafe  of  war,  or 
rebellion,  the  whole  of  the  regular 
troops  might  be,  without  lofs  of 
time,  united,  or  diftributed  at  plea- 
fure  ;  and  if,  as  has  been  faid  before, 
a  fuitable  revenue  abroad  can  be  raif- 
ed  for  the  defence  and  fupport  of 
the  plantations,  it  would  be  no  diffi- 
cult matter,  boih  to  form  and  exe- 
cute a  proper  fcheme  of  this  nature. 
On  taxes. 

L  A  N  D  is  fo  plenty,  and  to  be 
had  fo  very  cheap,  in  America,  that 
there  is  no  fuch  thing  as  a  tenant  to  be 
found  in  that  country,  for  every  man 
is  a  landlord  in  fee  of  what  he  pof- 
felTes,  and  only  pays  a  fmall  quit,  or 
ground  rent,  to  the  lord  of  the  foil; 
and  this  makes  it  impraQicable  to  hnd 
an  alTembly  of  fuch  freeholders  in  any 
of  the  colonies,  who  will  confcnt  to 
lay  any  tax  upon  lands,  (nor  indeed  is 
it  to  be  expetied,  they  {hould  volui.- 
tarily  a^ree  to  raife  any  revenue  a-" 
mongfl  themfelves)  except  what  is  ab- 
foiutely  necelFary  for  erefting  court- 
houfes,  bridges,  highways,  and  other 
needful  expenles  of  their  civil  go- 
vernment, which  IS  commonly  levied 
upon  flock  :  an  excifc  on  foreign  li- 
quors retailed;  or  a  fmall  poll  tax  ; 
and  the  public  there  is  generally  in 
debt,  becaufe  they  are  extremely  jea- 
lous of  attempts  upon  their  liberties; 
and  appreheniive,  that  if  at  any  time 
the  public  treafury  was  rich,  it  might 
prove  too  great  a  temptation  for  an 
artful  governor,  in  conjunftion  with 
their  own  reprefentatives,  to  divide 
the  fpoil,  and  betray  them. 

On  their  independency . 

IT  mud  be  allowed,  that  a  fiiareof 
perfonal  interelt  or  lelf-love,  influen- 
ces, vn  fome  degree,  every  man  ;  af- 
fection gives  a  natural  impiilfe  to  all 
our  aftions ;  and  though  this  is  mod 
perceptible  in  trade,  or  commercial 
affairs,  yet  there  is  not  any  other 
tranfatlion  in  life,  that  palTes  without 
it  ;  and  as  it  is  with  men  in  this  cafe, 
fo  we  find  it  has  ever  been  with  all 
Hates,  or  bodies  politic,  fo  long  as 
they  are  independent  one  upon  ano- 
ther. The  wifdom  of  the  crown  of 
Britain  therefore,  in  keeping  its  co-< 
tomes  in  that  fituation,  is  very  much 
to  be  applauded  ;  while  they  continue 
fo,  it  is  morally  impoffible  that  any 
dangerous   uni»n  can  be  formed  a- 


3  JO  Sir  W.  Keith^sjckcme^  re/peBing  the  govermneni  cf  America.  [Augufi, 


mcmgft  them  ;  becaufe  their  Intereft  in 
trmle,  and  all  manner  of  bufinefs,  be- 
iflg  entirely  feparated  by  their  inde- 
pendency, every  advantage  that  is  loll, 
or  neglctted,  by  one  colony,  is  im- 
mediately picked  up  by  another  ;  and 
the  emularion  that  continually  fubfifls 
fcetween  them,  in  all  manner  of  in- 
rercourfe,  and  traffic,  is  ever  pro- 
duftivcof  envies,  jealoufics,  and  cares, 
how  to  gam  upon  each  other's  con- 
dutl,  in  /government,  or  trade,  every 
..one  endeavouring  thereby  to  magnify 
their  prctcnfions  to  the  favour  of  the 
crown,  by  becoming  more  ufeful  than 
their  neighbours,  to  the  intereft  of 
Oieat  Rritain. 

On     ths   mavagemevt    of  plantation 
nffairs  in  England, 

'BUT  to  render  the  colonies  flill 
more  confiderabb  to  Britain,  and  the 
management  of  their  affairs  much 
more  eafy  to  the  kmg,  and  his  minif- 
trrs  at  home,  it  would  be  convenient 
JO  a;;point  particular  officers  m  Kng- 
J  >nd,  ivnly  for  difpatch  of  bufinefs 
belonging  to  the  plantations :  for  often, 
perfons  that  come  from  America,  on 
purpofe  either  to  complain,  or  to  Sup- 
port their  own  juft  rights,  are  at  a  lofs 
how,  or  where  to  apply.  This  uncer- 
tainty does  not  only  fatigue  the  minif- 
ter?,  but  frequently  terminates  in  the 
dellrutHon  of  the  party  ;  by  his  being 
referred  from  office  to  office,  until 
both  his  money  and  patience  be 
quite  worn  out  ;  fiich  things,  in  time, 
may  cool  people's  affettions,  and 
.give  them  too  mean  an  opinion  of  the 
juBice  of  their  mother  country, 
"which  ought  carefully  to  be  prevented  ; 
for  where  there  is  a  liberty,  the  in- 
jhabitants  will  certainly  expeft  right, 
and  ftill  have  an  eye  towards  obtain- 
ing it  one  way  or  other. 

It  may  be confidered, therefore, how 
■far  if  would  be  fervireable,  to  put  all 
th.-;  crow:'.'s  civil  oflicers  in  the  plan- 
tations, of  what  kind  foever,  under 
the  dire' tion  of  the  board  of  trade, 
fnm  whom  they  might  receive  their 
fevcral  deputations,  or  appointments  ; 
and  unto  whom  they  ought  lo  be  ar- 
coiintabl'*,  both  for  fheirreceipts,  and 
management  ;  and,  if  a  pariicuUr  fe- 
fretary  was  appointed  for  the  planta- 
tion affy^rs  only,  or  if,  the  firft  lord 
commilliouer  of  that  board  was  per- 
mitted to  have  daily  accefs  to  the 
king,  in  ordiJr  to  receive  his    inajef- 


ty's  commands,  in  all  bufinefTes  relat- 
ing to  the  plantations,  the  fubjccl's, 
application  would  be  reduced  into  fo 
narrow  a  compafs,  and  the  board  of 
trade  would  always  be  fo  perfeflly 
acquainted  with  the  king's  pieafure, 
that  great  difpatch  might  be  given, 
even  to  thofe  diftant  matters,  with- 
out taking  up  too  much  of  miniftry's 
time,  and  interfering  with  other  pe- 
haps  more  important  bufinefs  ;  the 
people  of  the  cohmies  would  be  pleaf- 
ed  to  find  themfelves  thus  equally  re- 
garded, without  giving  one  any  un- 
due preference  to  another;  and  all 
the  rents,  cufloms,  revenues,  and  o- 
ther  profits  in  any  manner  ariftng 
from  the  plantations,  v/ou!d  then  cen- 
tre in  one  place  where  another  pro- 
per member  of  the  fame  board  might 
be  appointed  treafurerof  that  particu- 
lar revenue  *,  to  anfwer  all  fuch  or- 
ders as  fiiould  be  iffued  from  time  to 
time,  for  the  plantations;  fervice  and, 
as  the  revenue  from  America,  would" 
in  ail  probability  be  increafed  dally, 
it  may  reafonably  be  expefted  that  the 
expenie  of  paying  the  board  of  trade, 
and  other  officers,  wholly  employed 
in  plantation  affairs,  which  is  now 
borne  by  the  civil  lifl,  would  then, 
more  properly,  arife,  and  be  difcharg- 
ed  out  of  the  American  fund  ;  and, 
the  overplus  remaining  would,  in 
time,  become  a  moll  ufcfiil  ftock  for 
purchafing  of  the  proprietary  lands  ; 
erefting  forts ;  and  extending  the  pre- 
fent  fettlements  as  far  as  the  great 
lakes,  or  might  be  applied  to  fuch 
other  ufes,  as  his  majeRy  (hould  think 
proper  for  that  fervice. 

OJ' a  revenue  in  America. 

ALL  that  has  been  faid  in  refpefl 
of  theimprovement  of  theplantations, 
will ,  it  is  fuppofed,  fignify  very  little, 
unlefs  a  fufficient  revenue  can  be 
raifed  to  fiipport  the  needful  expenfe  ; 
in  order  to  which,  u  is  humbly  fubmit- 
ted,  whether  the  dutiesof  (lamps  upon 
parchment,  and  p4per  in  England, 
may  not,  with  good  rcafon,  beextend-' 
cd  by  afl  of  parliament,  to  all  the 
American  plantations. 

When  we  do  but  caft  an  eye  upon 
ihe  vad  trarls  of  land,  and  immenfe 
riches  which  the  Spanifii  nation  have, 
in  littie  more  than  one  century,  very 
oddly  acquired  in  America,  infomnch 
that  the  fimple  privilege  of  tradmg 
with  them,  on  very  high   terms   loo, 


1789.]  Hymns,  Z7» 

is  become  a  prize  worth  contending  of    his   majcfty's  privy  cotmcil  (ex- 

for,  amonglt  the  greatefl   powers  in  clufive    of  Weftminfter  hall,  or  any 

Europe  ;  furcly  we   muft,  on   due  re-  other  judicaLure)   the  brightnmg  that 

flexion,  acknovv/ledge,  that  the  prefer-  jev^el  in  the  crown   may  not    perhaps 

vation    and  enlargement  of  the   En-  be  thought  unworthy  of  the    prefeni 

glifli  fettlemcnts,  in  thofe  parts,  is  of  happy  reign,  to  which,  the    improve- 

the  laft  confequence  to  the  trade,  inte-  ment   and  future  lecurity  of  fo   large 

rell,  and  ftrength  of  Great   Britain;  a  part  of  the  Briiifli  dominions,  the 

and,  moreover,  confidering,  how,  that  advancement  of   trade,   and    univer- 

ihe  laft  refort  of  juftice  in  the  plania-  fally  fupportmg  the  glorious  caufe  of 

tions   is  folely  lodged   in    the   king's  liberty,  feem  to  be    rcferved,  by   the 

facred    perfon,    with  the  advifement  peculiar  hand  of  Providence, 

To  the  PRINTER  of  the  Ans.KicA'H  Museum.. 

I F  you   think   the   following   attempt  to  verfify   the 
beautiful  hymn,  beginning 

"  Awake,  0  mannr,  fro  Jltpe  ajierte.'"  &c. 
worth  a  place  in  your  Mufeum,  it  is  at  your  fervice, 

Burlington  county,  Augujt  \,  '78g» 

ARISE,  mv  foul  !  with  rapture  rife  ? 
And,  fiU'd  with  love  and  fear,  adore 
The  awful  Sov 'reign  of  the  fkie?, 

Whofe  mercy  lends  me  one.day  more. 

And  may  this  day,  indulgent  Pow'r! 

Not  idly  pafs,  nor  fruitlefs  be  ; 
But,  may  each  fwiftly-flying  hour-— 

Advance  my  foul  more  nigh  to  thee. 

But  can  it  be,  that  Pow'r  divine, 

Whofe  throne  is  light's  unbounded  blaxe — 
While  countlefs  worlds,  and  angels  join, 

To  fwell  the  glorious  fong  of  praife — 

M^iil  deign  to  lend  a  fav'ring  ear, 

When  1 ,  poor,  abjetl  mortal,  pray  ? 
Yes,  boiindlefs  goodnefs  !   he  will  hear» 

Nor  caft  the  meanell  wretch  away. 
Then  let  me  ferve  thee,  all  my  days, 

And  may  my  zeal  with  years  increafe  ; 
For,  pleafant,  Lord  !  arc  all  thy  ways, 

"  And  all  thy  paths,  are  paths  of  peace." 

A  nyyiri-fung  at  tkepublic  exhibiticn  of  thefcholars,  btlongmg  to  the  aca* 
demy  inGreeriJield,  May  i,   1788.    jS^  dr.  D Wight. 
AIL!  child  of  light,  returning  fpring, 
Fair  image,  foretaile  fweet  of  heav'n  ! 
In  thee  our  hearts  thy  Maker  fing, 

By  whofe  bleft  bounty  thou  waft  gtv'n. 

From  thee,  the  wintry  glooms  retire, 

The  fkies  their  purell  beams  difplay  ; 
And  winds,  and  fhow'rs,  and  funs  confpire, 

To  clothe  the  world  with  life  and  May. 

Hailknowledge,  hail — the  moral  fpring. 
That  wakes  the  verdure  of  the  mind ! 
To   man  thy  rays  indulgent  bring 
All  flagrant  flow'rs,  and  fruits  refinM, 


H 


*7*  Reflexions  of  a  libertine.  [Augwil, 

Thv  progrefs  with  the  morn  began  ; 

Before  thee,  ev'ry  region  fmii'd  } 
The  favage  brighten 'd  into  man, 

And  gardens  blofrom'd  in  the  wild. 

All  hail,  fair  virtue,  nobiellgood. 

The  biifs  and  beauty  of  the  fkies ! 
liy  whom,  to  yonder  blefl  abode 

The  humble,  and  the  faithful  rife. 

While  here  fair  learning's  fmiles  begin, 

And  fpring  leads  on  the  genial  year, 
From  realms  of  life  and  peace  divine, 

Defcend,  and  bloom,  and  flourifh  here. 

And  O,  thou  fount  of  good  fupreme, 

The  Sun,  that  lights  eternal  fpring, 
At  once  of  knowledge,  fource  and  theme, 

Thee  firft,  and  lall,  our  voices  fing! 

Virtue,  in  ev'ry  charm  array 'd, 

For  this  dark  world,  thy  fuff 'rings  won  ; 
Thofe  charms,  thy  matchlefs  life  difpiay'd, 

When  here  th'  incarnate  fplendor  fiione. 

As  dews  refrefli,  as  funs  revive. 

When  clear  and  cloudlefs  (hines  the  day, 
Command  our  rifing  race  to  live, 

And  win  them  from  the  world  away. 

With  thee,  the  fource  of  ev'ry  grace, 

Our  fong  (hall  end,  as  it  began. 
Our  hope,  our  truf},  our  joy,  and  praife, 

The  Saviour,  and  the  Friend  of  man. 

Rtjlexions  of  a  libertine  rrclaimed  byficknefs.     By  the  Rev,  J,  Lathrcp,  of 
Springfield,  in  ConneBicut, 

WHEN  fprightly  health  flow'd  in  my  veins, 
And  fparkled  in  my  eye, 
I  fear'd  no  forrow,  felt  no  pains. 
Nor  thought  a  change  fo  nigh. 

The  world,  which  all  my  foul  engrofs'd 

Shut  out  each  ferious  thought  ; 
My  heart,  inguiltypleafures  loft, 

Death  and  the  grave  forgot, 

I  liften'd  to  the  wanton  fong, 

And  lov'd  the  jeft  profane  ; 
No  pious  fubjeft  mov'd  my  tongue, 

But  all  my  talk  was  vain. 

I  mingled  with  the  noify  croud, 

The  jovial  board  around  ; 
When  loud  they  laugh 'd,  I  laugh 'd  as  loud, 

In  mirth  and  pleafure  drown'd. 
If  cuftom  urg'd  me  to  the  place 

Where  heav'nly  truths  are  heard, 
I  damn'd  devotion's  dull  grimace. 

And  heav'nly  truths  I  jcer'd. 


yf  hymn   to  Rrjignativn,  37J 


The  wife  reprov'd  me,  but  in  vain  ; 

I  Iptirn'd  their  fner.dly  care; 
To  ev'ry  luft  gave  loofer  rein, 

And  finn'd  with  bolder  air. 

While  madly  I  purfue  my  race, 

Difeafe  my  frame  invades, 
The  bloom's  extmgudh'd  iti  my  fac«, 

And  all  my  beauty  fades. 

My  eye-balls  fink,  my  cheeks  grow  pale, 

My  piilfes  fault'ring  beat, 
My  ftrcngth  diffolves,  my  fpirits  fail, 

I  loath  my  needful  meat. 

Death's  gloomy  mefTengcrs  appear 

In  all  their  ghaflly  forms  ; 
I  to  the  darkfome  grave  draw  near, 

A  prey  to  dull  and  worms. 

The  terrors  of  the  lafl  great  day 

My  guilty  foul  alarm  ; 
I  can't  endure — but  who  can  flay 

Juftice'  uplifted  arm  ? 

Great  God,  1  fall  before  thy  throne, 

And  all  my  cfimes  coufcls  ; 
My  Kuilt  immenfe,  I  can't  atone, 

I'll  fly  to  lov 'reign  grace. 

But  will  that  grace  extend  to  me 

Which  I  could  long  deride  ? 
Yes  ;  grace  is  moll  divuiely  free. 

And  Jefus,  too,  has  dy'd. 

Tho'  valt  my  crimes,  immenfe  my  guilt, 

In  mercy,  i-ord,  furgive, 
Thro'  that  dear  blood,  v;hich  Jefus  fpilt, 

That  fuchas  I  might  live. 

Let  grace  thy  vengeful  thunder  flay  ; 

Defcend  and  cheer  my  loul, 
Purge  the  full  llains  of  fin  away, 

This  wounded  heart  make  whole. 

When  thus  I  pray'd,  my  God  forgave. 

And  fent  a  cheering  voice  ; 
Difplay'd  his  grace  and  pow'r  to  fave, 

And  turn'd  my  fighs  to  joys.  ^ 

I  love  his  holy,  chafl'ning  hand, 

KindeR,  when  moR  fevcre. 
Which  brought  my  confcicnce  to  a  ftand, 

And  ftopt  my  bold  career. 

Let  God  fend  (icknefs,  pain,  or  death, 

No  more  will  I  repme  ; 
I'll  prjife  hmi  with  my  lareft  breath, 

i'or  heav'xi  ufelf  is  nune. 

An      HVMN     to     R  ES  I  G^f  AT  10  >f, 

V/rittcn  by  a  clergyman  of  Fhiladclphia. 

Oil  !  from  that  high  and  holy  fphere, 
Where,  throa'd  m  light,  you  dwell, 
Vol.  VI.  Z 


t;4 


'i ht  bachelor  s  zvijk. 


[Aupifi, 


Sweet  maid,  in  all  thy  charms  defcend 
To  gild  my  humble  cell. 

Thy  prefencc  heightens  ev'ry  blifs, 

Draws  out  the  lllng  of  woe, 
Allures  to  brighter  worlds  above. 

And  makes  an  hca\ 'n  below. 

The  pilgrim,    rovinj;   all   night  long,, 
Ihrouj^h  tracklefs  wilds  forlorn, 

Oft  fighs   cppr^fs'd,  atid   fighs,   again, 
Ihe  wi{};'d  return  of  morn. 

So  I,  in  forrow't;  gloomy  night, 

Condemn'd  a  while  to  ftray. 
Look  up.  with  ardent  eye,  to  heav'n, 

And  afk  the  devious  way. 

Inconflant  as  the  idle  wind, 

Ihat  Iports  wiih  ev'ry  flow'r, 
When  earthly  friends  by  turn^  drop  off. 

Friends  of  our  brighter  hour  ; 

Do  thou,  mild  cherub,  fill  my  brcaft 
With  all  ihai's  good  and  wife. 

Snatch  nie  from  earth's  tumultuous  fcenesj 
And  lead  me  to  the  fkies. 

There  kindred  fpirits  ne'er  deceive, 

Soul  mingles  there  with  foul ; 
Sweet  fympathy  and  truih  are  there. 

And  love  cements  the  whole. 

More  welcome  to  this  forrowing  heart, 

O  penfive  queen,  thy  flrain, 
Than  all  the  joys  mad  Riot  gives 

To  footlic  h!s  clam'rous  train. 

You  {hade  the  poor  man's  evening  walk 
With  wreaths  of  endlefs  green, 

And  when  the  lamp  of  life  declines, 
You  tend  the  lall  dread  fcene. 

Oh!  then  from  heav'n,  thy  holy  fphere. 
Where,  thron'd  in  light,  you  dwell; 

Come,  Refigiiaiion,  fainted  maid. 
And  ^uild  my  humble  cell. 


The  bachelor's  zijiJiK 

LET  others  praife  a  beauteous  face. 
The  features  of  the  fair; 
1  look  for  fpirit  in  her  eyes 
And  meaning  in  her  air. 

What  though  fhe    feem   quite    fweet 
and  mild, 

W^iih  colour  frelh  as  morn  : 
An  innocent  and  harrnlcls  child 

As  ever  yet  was  born. 

This  will  not  kindle  my  dt-fire, 
Or  make  me  wifh  to  wed  ; 

Lefl  Ignorance  flioiild  quench  the  fire, 
Which  wifdom  would  have  fed. 


What  though  her  fiiapebefaultlefbtoo; 

And  carnage  alamode, 
Her  manner  pleafing  to  the  view 

Whene'er  fhe  walks  abroad. 

Thf;  charming  puppet  may  pafs  by, 

Or  gently  fall  and  nfe  ; 
It  will  not  hurt  my  peace  :  for  I 

Have  ears,  as  well  as  eyes. 

I  want  to  know  the  inward  (late 
And  temper  of  her  mind  ; 

If  file  will  pout,  or  rage,  or  fret, 
J3e  gentle,  or  unkind. 

If  her  dilcourfe  is  calm  and  (laid 
And  judgment  rule  her  life  ; 


17?9.] 


Foreign  intelligenee. 


}1l 


Nonfenfe  may  charm  us  In  a  maid, 
But  never  in  a  wife. 

I  love  to  lee  a  female  friend, 
Who  looks  as  if  (he  thought ; 

Who  on  her  houlhold  will  attend 
And  do  whate'cr  (he  ought. 

A  q'laker  plainnefs  in  her  drefs, 
Kitchen  and  fervants  clean  ; 


Provifion  neither  in  excefs, 
Nor  fcandaloufly  mean. 

Oh  could  I  fuch  a  female  find  ; 

Such  treafure  in  a  wife ; 
I'd  pafs  uiy  days  to  peace  refign'd, 

Nor  fear  the  ills  of  life. 


>.<>~..4V..<^g><S><^&^&'^&^S>'S'—<>"-"<v-< 


FOREIQN  INTELLIGENCE. 
Paris,  June  21. 

AT  the  moment  when  France 
thought  hi-rl-ilf  happy  in  the  elta- 
blilhmcni  of  the  rights  and  liberties, 
every  thing  is  again  thrown  into  con- 
fufioii. 

On  Friday,  the  national  afTembly, 
(tliat  is  to  fay,  that  part  of  the  flates, 
lately  called  the  commons)  had  finally 
voted  the  provilional  grant  of  taxes, 
till  ihe  end  of  the  fefhons  ;  the  con- 
folidation  of  the  national  debt  ;  a 
loan  for  the  immediate  payment  of  the 
arrears,  due  from  government ;  and  a 
confiderabie  fum  of  money  to  be  forth- 
with fent  into  the  provinces  for  the  re- 
lief of  the  poor — at  the  lame  time  the 
clergy  had  determined  to  join  thethird 
cHate  on  the  next  day,  Saturday. 

In  the  morning,  at  three  o'cock, 
an  oih.cer  with  fixfy  men  was  polled  at 
the  door  of  the  alFembly  room,  to  pre- 
vent the  entrance  of  the  deputies, 
and,  at  nine  o'clock,  the  heralds  pro- 
claimed a  (ufpenfion  of  the  meeting, 
till  iMonday,  when  h;s  m.sjelly  would 
go  to  the  houfe,  and  receive  them. 

The  prefident  and  feveral  members 
arriving  at  thiir  uiiial  hour,  and  find- 
ing the  doors  (hut  againft  them,  re- 
mained fome  time  in  tiie  ftreet  ;  but 
at  length  adjourned  to  the  tennis- 
court,  and  there  held  their  afTcmbly, 
till  late  in  the  evening,  when  they  fe- 
parately  took  the  following  oaih  : 

"  We  folemenly  fwear,  never  to 
feparate  from  the  national  affembly, 
but  to  unite  ourfelves  in  every  place, 
wherever  circumOances  may  require, 
until  the  conltitution  of  the  kingdom 
is  ellabliihed  on  a  fol'.d  foundation." 

'■  Refolvcd,  that  this  drtrnninaiion 
fliall  be  printed,  dnd  lent  to  the  diiTer- 
cnt  provinces." 

At  the  fame  tune,  monfieur  De 
Gocies,  on  the  part  of  the  inhabitanls 
of  St,  Doming*.),  put  the  colonies  un- 


der the  protection  of  the  national  a  ITem- 
bly,  and  declared  that  henceforwards 
they  would  call  themfelves  Colonies 
Nationalcs. 

AU  Paris  is  in  the  greateft  confier- 
nation,  and  the  court  under  the  ut- 
moft  embarraiTment ;  the  intention  of 
the  king,  in  going  to  the  houfe,  is 
kept  a  profound  fecret ;  and  the  people 
are  the  more  alarmed,  as  they  lee  no 
reafon  why  any  fecret  fhotild  be  made, 
if  his  defign  was  favourable;  on  the 
other  hand,  the  firmncfs  of  the  alFem- 
bly, in  their  proceedings  of  yeflcrday, 
has  evidently  put  the  court  party  in 
the  greateft  dilemma;  for  this  even- 
ing, at  fix  o'clock,  no  orders  are  as 
yet  given  for  his  majefly's  equipage, 
nor  any  notice  fent  to  the  officers  who 
fhould  attend  hiin.  The  general  re- 
port is,  that  the  king  will  not  go  to 
the  houfe  to-morrow,  and  that  a  coun- 
ter proclamation  will  be  iflued  on  the 
breaking  up  of  the  council. 

Every  day  brings  fre(h  accounts  of 
the  diftrefs  of  the  country  for  want  of 
bread.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Sen- 
lis,  SoilTons,  Chantilly,  &c.  it  is 
credibly  affirmed,  that  the  bakrrs  will 
not  be  able  to  furnifli  a  fingle  loaf  at 
any  price,  after  Wednefday.  To 
Paris,  Vcrfailles,  Marli,  &c.  not  a 
cart  load  of  tlour  is  brought,  without 
the  protection  of  a  guard. 

June  29.  La  feance  royale,  which 
we  formerly  announced,  took  place 
on  Tuefday  laft,  at  which  time  the 
king  abolifhed  all  the  arrets  enteicd 
into  bv  the  tiers  etat.  Each  order  of 
the  allenibly  went  feparately  to  their 
refpettlvc  chambers,  the  tiers  efat  re- 
maining in  their  own.  After  the 
king's  departure,  they  voted  in  their 
own  cajjiicity,  a  confirmation  of  the 
arret"^,  which  they  had  jult  agreed  to, 
notwiihftanding  the  king  had  com- 
manded thein  to  be  abolKhed.  They 
then  feverally  look  an  oath,  not  to 
coiilider  themfelves  as  being  diffolved. 


syS 


Foreign  intelligence. 


[Augult, 


although  the  king  fliould  iffoe  his  or- 
ders tor  thai  purpofe  ! 

immediately  after  this,  monf.  Nec- 
kar,  the  minitfer  of  finance,  went  to 
the  king,  and  intreated  pennilfion  to 
rciign  his  feals  of  office.  This  was 
peremptorily  refufed  by  the  fovereign. 
0;i  going  out  of  the  palace,  he  was 
embraced  by  ihe  affembly  of  tiers  etat, 
and  conduttcd  by  them  in  triumph  to 
his  official  apartments. 

Twelve  months  a^o,  files  of  muf- 
queteers,  with  drawn  bayonets,  were 
placed  m,  and  {urroiinded  the  courts 
«;f  julHce  and  the  houfes  of  parlia- 
ment in  Paris.  At  this-  moment,  the 
ihu'd  and  inlenor  ellate  of  the  king- 
dom IS  bidding  defiance  to  arhiirary 
power  and  the  decrees  of  their  fove- 
)ti,t;n.  This  may  be  coniidt^red  as  a 
critical  epoch  in  the  hillory  of  na- 
li«>ns.  and  of  France  in  particular ; 
•wiiiiri  faiuine  is  hnfiening  to  the  very 
gales  of  the  capital. 

Liberty  will  have  another  f^'athcr 
in  ner  cap — the  leraphic  co-.uagion 
•was  caught  from  Britain — u  croikd 
the  Atlantic  ro  North  America — from 
wittnce  the  flame  has  been  comijiuni- 
Cdted  to  France. 

London.  May  2.9, 

I.xirnB  of  the  Jpeech  ofM.  Neckar, 
Jpoktn  at  the  opentvf^  of  the Jiatts 
geveral,  May  9,  17K9. 
"  The  time  probably  will  come, 
jfentlemen,  in  which  you  will  afToci- 
ate  m  your  deliberation^  the  deputies 
f)f  the  colonies,  and  will  caft  a  look  of 
rompalfion  on  that  unhappy  race  of 
jnen,  who  have  been  hitherto  coolly 
cnnlidered  onlv  as  the  objeTts  of  a 
barbarous  traffic.  Men,  fimilar  to 
oiirlelves  in  faculty  of  ilioiight,  and 
efpecially  fo,  in  the  forrnwful  one  of 
fuffering.  Men,  neverthelcfs, whom, 
deaf  to  their  lamentations,  we  croud, 
y/e  heap  in  the  holds  of  our  vetfeis, 
in  order  to  convey  them  to  the 
bondage  whch  awaits  them  in  our 
ifl^nds. 

"  Whatnatfon  can,  with  more  pro- 
priety than  F'rancr.  endeavour  to  mi- 
tigate a  fyfiem  of  fiavery,  fuppofcd  to 
be  neceffary,  bv  fubHituting,  for  the 
evils  infeparjible  from  the  African 
trade  (evils  which  dellroy  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  new  world,  and  of  the 
old)  that  f  )flpring  care,  which  would 
tend  to  multiply  in  our  colonies,  a  peo- 


ple intended  to  afTiIl:  us  In  our   culti- 
vaiion. 

"  A  diflingiiifhcd  nation  has  alrea- 
dy given  the  fignai — a  token  of  her 
dilcernment  and  compalfion.  Hu- 
manity hath  already  found  a  defent^e, 
even  in  perfonal  iuierell  and  polltlcs^l 
calculation;  and  before  long,  her  glo- 
rious caufe  Will  find  advocates  at  the 
tribunal  of  every  nation.  Ah,  what 
tranfcendant  fatisfattion,  what  apcu- 
inulation  of  honour,  is  in  reierve  for 
thoie  lutings  of  our  Hates  general,  now 
they  are  revived  in  the  midll  of  an  en- 
lightened age  ! " 

ExtraSis  from  the  inftrvBions  offomt 
of  the  bailiwicks  in  France^  relat- 
ing to  the  abolition  of  the  fave 
trade. 

''  NoblefTe  of  Beauvais, 
"  That   the  Hates  general  lake  into 
conhderation  the  fituation   of  the  ne- 
groes in  our  colonies," 

"  Clergy  of  Melun  and  Moret, 
"  Seeing  that,  in  the  eye  of 
religion,  difference  of  colour  caules 
none  among  her  children,  her  rainif- 
ters  cannot  forbear  perpetually  to  ex- 
claim againitthe  fiavery  of  the  negroes 
in  the  colonies." 

'"  Tiers  eiat  of  Chateau  Tierry, 
"  The  third  eflate,  confidering 
th^t  France  hath  been  at  all  times  an 
afylum  for  kings,  and  the  protehor  of 
opprelFc'd  nations — that  fiavery  itfelf, 
on  breathing  the  air  of  her  happy  cli- 
mate, becomes  free — cannot  omit  ex- 
clanningagaiiift  the  public  outrage  upon 
humanity,  and  uptui  the  nation,  occa- 
fioned  by  the  commerce  and  fiavery 
of  the  negroes — not  definng,  howtvef 
to  prevent  the  rneafures  necefi.iry  to 
be  taken,  to  guard  againif  the  detri- 
ment to  the  cultivation  of  the  co- 
lonies." 

^'NohleiTe  of  Montcsand  Mudon, 
*'  We  alio    recommend  an   exami- 
nation into  the   means   »)f  dertroving 
the  flave  trade,  and  preparing  for  the 
deflrudion  of  the  fiavery  of  the  blacks  ; 
and  we   muff    be   permitted   lo  w-ifh, 
that  F"rance  may  have   the  honour  of 
eflacing  the  lall  veftiges  of  this  depre- 
dation on  human  nature," 
"  Clergy  of  the  fame, 
"    Difgiiffed    humanity     ought    to 
liold  out   to    the    nation,    reprefented 
in    the    flates   general,    an   abufe,  by 
v'hich  every  feeling  mind  is  wounded. 
This  abufe  is  the  fhameful  right  that 


1789-] 


Foreign!  intelligence. 


177 


man  has  aflumed  of  buying  his  fellow- 
man  ;  depriving  him  of  h.s  liberty, 
{"ubjeftinghim  to  rigorous  and  coniinii- 
al  labour,  and  making  hnn,  to  the  end 
of  his  life,  the  vitlim  of  caprice  and 
cnielty.  The  king  (Iiould,  therefore, 
be  petitioned  to  encourage  therelpec- 
table  focieiy  of  friends  to  the  blacks, 
and  to  authorife  them  to  confider, 
and  to  propofe  to  government,  the 
moft  proper  means  of  abolifhing  the 
infamous  commerceof the fldve  trade." 
May  30.  It  has  been  Hated  in 
the  houte  of  commons,  that  there 
are  at  prefent  mortgages  on  the  Bri- 
tiih  Weft  India  iflands,  to  the  im- 
menfe  amount  of  leventy  millions 
llerling.  Little  more  than  a  century 
ago,  Guadaloupe  and  its  dependencies, 
with  all  the  property  on  them,  were 
fold  by  the  French  court  for  about 
3000I.  and  the  iflands  of  Marliinco, 
St.  Lucia,  Gt^nada  and  the  Grena- 
dines, for  2500!.  About  the  fame 
lime  the  knights  of  Malta  purchafed 
the  iflandsof  St.  Kitt's,  St.  Martin's, 
St.  Bartholomew,  Santa  Cruz,  and 
Tortola,  for  500CI.  and  it  is  probable 
that,  had  the  whole  of  the  Weft  In- 
dia iflands  (Jamaica  not  cxceptedj'becn 
then  fold,  the  purchafe  money  would 
not  have  equalled  a  fourth  of  the  fum 
now  fecured  by  a  part  of  the  pollel- 
fions  of  Great  Britain  in  that  quaner. 
June  7.  His  royal  highnefs  the  dau- 
phin of  France  died  between  twelve 
and  one  o'clock  the  4th  inftant,  in  the 
eighth  year  of  his  age,  to  the  great 
grief  of  their  moft  chnilian  majeities 
and  the  royal  family. 

The  dauphin  was  in  his  eighth  year  ; 
for  four  of  which  he  had  been 
almoft  conflanilv  afflicted  with  dif- 
eafes.  which  baffled  the  art  of  the  firft 
phyficians,  and  have  now  terminated 
in  his  dilfolution.  His  royal  high- 
nefs's  remains  will  be  interred  in  the 
burying  place  of  the  kins'-  of  France, 
in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame,  in  Pa- 
ris. All  the  public  places  of  amufe- 
jnent  are  (hut  up,  and  will  remain  fo 
till  after  his  burial.  The  due  de  Nor- 
mandie,  now  the  onlyfon  of  his  moft 
chriftian  majelly,  is  a  fine  child,  about 
five  years  old,  and  bids  fair  to  become, 
in  due  time,  the  kmg  of  France,^ 

June  29.  One  of  the  firft  and  moft 
neceffary  articles  of  hidinefs.on  winch 
jhe  ftates  general  of  France  will  en- 
ter, as  foon  as  the  afTemblies  are  re- 


duced to  proper  regulations,  is.  that 
ot  the  improvement  of  wafte  lands  ; 
by  which  they  may,  in  future,  in  lome 
meafure,  avoid  the  difafiers  of  fa- 
mine, with  which  they  are  now^threai- 
ensd. 

The  troubles  in  Franca  have  in- 
creafed  to  an  height  hitherto  unknown. 
The  duke  of  Dorfet  is,  by  this  cir- 
cumftance,  prevented  from  coming 
to  England. 

^\'e  are  afTiired  from  refpeflable 
authority,  that  the  great  controverted 
queftion  m  France  has  received  its 
final  determination.  The  two  fupe- 
rior  orders  have  yielded  to  the  com- 
mons, in  confequence  of  a  letter  from 
the  king.  On  Saturday  !aft,  the  three 
orders  met,  and  formed  one  iioiife  ; 
none  of  the  clergy  diilenting,  and  of 
the  nobles  only  forty-five ;  lo  that 
now  every  thing  is  peace  and  concord 
within  doors. 

Trouhlrs  in  Brabant. 

The  following  are  the  articles  pro- 
pofed  by  the  emperor,  to  the  commous 
of  Brabant,  and  which  having  refuf- 
ed  to  accede  to,  they  have  been  di- 
vefted  of  all  power. 

Article  I.  A  fixed  fubfidy  to  be 
granted  as  in  Flanders. 

Art.  II.  Fifteen  towns  in  the  pro- 
vince to  fend  members  to  the  ftates, 
inflead  of  the  three  chief  towns  only- 
Art.  III.  The  wifties  of  twoor- 
ders  forming  the  majority,  to  carry 
the  conf-^nt  of  the  third. 

Art.  I  v.  The  council  of  Brabant 
to  feal  and  publiih  the  edifls,  regula- 
tions,  &c.  in  the  ufual  form. 

Thefe  being  all  refufed,  the  emp-- 
ror  has  revoked  all  the  charters  of  li- 
berties granted  to  the  people  of  Bra- 
bant. Ttieir  archives  and  treafure 
chells  have  been  fealed  up  by  his  <ifh- 
cers,  and  a  committee  is  appoinicd  10 
manage  the  cafh  accounts  of  the  pro- 
vince. 

It  is  eafy  to  perceive  how  arbitrary 
this  law  is.  1  he  nobletle  and  clergv 
dare  rot  refufe  their  confent  to  the 
emperor's  will ;  and,  if  the  above  arti- 
cles were  agreed  to,  the  commons 
would,  in  fafct,  become  nothing  more 
than  proclaimers  of  the  laws  agreed 
to  by  the  other  two  orders. 

A  treaty  of  fextuple  alliance,  be- 
tween the  courts  of  France,  Vienna, 
St.  Peterfburgh,  Spain,  Copenhagen, 
and  Naples,  is  confidently  laid  to  bs 


.American  intelligence. 


[Augu0, 


on  the  pnint  oFbeinff  concluded;  the 
refpecl'.ve  ambafTadors,  who  are  ap- 
pomied  to  ncffociaie  the  treaty,  hav- 
ing received  their  final  mftrutlions  on 
ihis  fjrand  aaair. 

Tfii'i  mcaiijrc  forebodes  further 
war,  which  is  ftrcnjftheiied  in  p.ppcar- 
a»icc,  by  the  preparations  making  in 
every  quarter  of  Europe. 

The  Turks  are  itkiH  firmly  re- 
fulved  to  proceed,  and  have  abfolute- 
ly  refufed  all  propofitious  for  peace — • 
ibeir  preparations  are  nnnienfe — all 
tlievr  forces  both  by  land  and  fea  are 
in  motion. 

The  dates  general  of  France  now 
afTcmbled,  confift  of  twelve  hundred 
member<^,  exclufive  of  ihofe  from  the 
Wed  India  illdnds ;  which,  flrange 
to  tell  !  have  claimed  the  ri,t;ht  of 
lending  deputies  to  that  budy,  and 
their  claim  has  been  recognlz  -d. 

AMERICAN  INTELLIGENCE. 
B  oft  on,  Augujl  8. 

It  is  a  fact — mortify ing  as  it  may 
be — that  lord  Dorcheller's  lecreiary 
has  adveriifed  lands,  wuhin  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  fovereign  ftates  of  Ame- 
rica, and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  wcllern 
poits,  to  be  given  asvay,  in  tv;o  hun- 
dred acre  lots,  to  any  loyalilts,  &c. 
vvlxo  ihall  choofe  to  fettle  on  ihetn. 
Ncxi)  York,  Augnjl  20. 

Upwards  of  twenty  perfbns  fell  un- 
liappy  victims  to  the  heat  of  the  lalt 
v.'eok  ;  and  it  is  faid,  that  as  many  of 
ttiem  died  by  over  labouring,  as  by 
drinking  cold  water. 

The  general  convention  of  the  pro- 
teftant  eplfcopal  church,  met  at  Phi- 
ladelphia, July  28>h,  and  adjourned 
Augull  Bth',  to  meet  again  at  the  fame 
place,  September  29.  , 

We  are  informed  that  the  greateft 
harmony  pervades  that  refpertable  bo- 
dy :  and  that  among  other  buhnels, 
tliey  have  formally  recognized  Ar. 
Seabury's  confecration,  which  act 
tney  have  communicated  to  him.  It 
is  expected  he  will  meet  the  conven- 
tion m  September.  That  the  churches 
to  the  eailward  have  wrote  to  each  of 
iiui  bifhops,  requeuing  them  jointly 
10  conlecrate  the  rev.  dr.  Bafs  of 
Mallachufetts,  bidiop,  as  foon  as  con- 
.■.•n:ent.  And  that,  as  the  convention 
■  not  broken  up,  the  clergy  from  the 
»-.t!(4inas,  &c.  will  remain  at  Ph;la- 
ticlpiua  till  the  meeting  in  September. 


Lexington,    f KenttickfJ  June  13. 

On  Wednefday  the  3d  inftant,  two 
men  and  ihiee  boys  were  fidiing  on 
Floyd's  Fork  of  Salt  River,  when  a 
party  of  Indians  fell  in  with  them, 
killed  the  two  men,  and  took  the  boy^ 
prifoners. 

About  the  20th  uh.  the  Indians 
fired  on  nine  Frenchmen  going  up  10, 
the  Wabafli  river,  killed  four,  and 
wounded  three  ;  coming  up  to  the 
dead,  they  dilcovered  one  of  them  to 
be  a  French  trader,  who  was  mar- 
ried to  a  daughter  of  John  Brandt, 
the  famous  Indian  chief;  on  which 
they  alfided  in  pulling  the  arrows  out 
of  the  wounded,  and  then  went  off. 

Pliifadclphia,  Augujl  i. 

A  letter  from  a  gentleman  at  Louif- 
ville.  Falls  of  Ohio,  to  his  friend  in 
Pitifhurg.  dated  the  lii.  of  June,  fays, 
"  The  firft  and  mo{^>  general  topic 
of  converfation  at  this  place,  is  the 
hod  lie  difpofition  of  the  Indians, 
v/hich,  in  feveral  indances,  has  dif- 
covered  itfelf  in  the  vicinity  of  this 
place.  A  few  day  ago,  a  very  re- 
fpefiabale  woman  was  murdered  by  a 
party  of  Indians,  and  mangled  in  the 
mod  barbarous  manner ;  and  a  negro 
girl  and  two  white  children  taken 
prifoners.  Judge  Simms's  feiilement 
is  in  the  greaieft  apprehenfion.  and 
not  without  reafon.  Six  foldiers  arc 
now  at  this  garrifon,  who  were  wound- 
ed on  Thurfday  at  that  fettlement,  and 
one  killed  on  the  fpot.  Since,  it 
is  reported,  two  furveyorsof  that  par- 
ty were  killed,  but  it  is  not  fo  well  af- 
certained  as  the  former ;  however,  no 
one  doubts  it  ;  the  fame  report  fays, 
that  a  party  was  detached  a  few  days 
after  to  purfue  fome  Indians,  who 
were  difcovered  in  the  fettlement, 
and  took  eight  prifoners,  who  are 
lodged  at  this  time  at  a  block-houfe 
near  th^  mouth  of  the  Miami." 

Sept,  t.  A  letter  from  an  officer 
hclon<ring  to  the  federal  troops,  dated, 
Rapids  of  Ohio,  id  July,  fays,  "  Our 
affairs,  in  this  quarter,  at  prefent  bear 
a  glot^my  afpctl.  I  am  juH  returned 
from  Pod  \''incennes,on  the  Wabr.fh, 
with  a  detachment  of  fifty-five  men, 
who  were  employed  as  an  efcort  to 
provifion  for  that  garrifon  ;  and  be- 
lieve me,  fir,  it  is  almod  next  to  an 
a;:cid.-ni,  that  my  whole  party  was 
r.oi  cut  oil  ;  the  nver  was  lined  with 


1789.] 


American  inttlligtn-t. 


Indians.  I  routed  two  parties,  and, 
finding  where  their  Uiengih  lay.  evad- 
ed coinng  to  action,  by  croihng  to 
the  oiher  lide  of  the  river ;  and,  in 
fliort,  I  made  fuch  expedition,  that 
they  had  not  time  to  allemble  in  one 
body.  They  killed  one  man,  and 
wounded  another,  who  were  feiu 
down  exprefs,  in  a  light  canoe  to  me, 
dirtciing  me  to  foriity  on  an  ifland, 
until  I  could  be  reinforced.  I  com- 
pleted a  paiFage  to  and  from  the  pod, 
in  iwen:y-une  days.  The  dtfiance 
between  the  two  places  is  called  five 
hundred  and  twenty  miles.  This  will 
prove  to  you  how  eafy  it  is  to  afcend 
the  river  Ohio.  The  Indians  are 
daily  commiitingdepredations  m  Ken- 
tuckt" ;  and  from  the  Miami,  we  learn, 
that  the  troops  there  would  be  unlafe 
to  go  two  hundred  yards  from  1  heir 
poll,  as  lurking  fellows  are  frequently 
leen  in  wait  for  them.  I  want  much 
to  know  if  our  new  councils  are  about 
to  take  meafures  to  get  pofleffion  of 
the  weftern  polls.  This,  and  this 
alone  will  fecure  peace  with  the  In- 
dians. The  prefcnce  of  the  gover- 
nor IS  much  wanted,  at  the  difterent 
fettlements  on  the  Miihffippi  ;  and, 
indeed, if  he  does  not  come  out  foon, 
we  may  judge  from  appji^rances,  thofe 
fettlements  will  generally  break  up." 
Another  letter  from  the  fame  gen- 
tleman, fays,  "  Since  the  date  of  my 
laft,  I  learn,  that  on  the  ill  of  next 
month,  major  Hardin,  with  two  hun- 
dred volunteers  on  horfeback,  from 
the  difliifl  of  Kentucke,  are  toalTem- 
ble  at  the  Rapids,  on  their  way  to 
fome  of  the  Indian  towns  on  White 
River,  in  order  to  deftroy  a  banditti 
that  live  there,  and  are  very  trouble- 
foine  to  the  fettlcment." 
Return  ef  patients  admitted,  cured, 
£3c.  from  the  injlitution  of  the  Phi- 
Ladeiphia  difpcnfary,  to  the  \^th 
pf  December,  1788. 
irom  April  lu,  to  December  12, 
1786. 

Patients  admitted, 
C'ured, 
Died, 
Relieved 

Difchtirged  diforderly, 
Removed  to  1  he  hofpital 
and  houfe  of  employ- 
ment, s 
Difcharged  incurable  1 
'Riaia.ning  under  care,       ^2. -7  JP 


562 

32 

33 

7 


719 


From  December  12, 

1786 

ceoiber  1,  1787. 

Patients  ad .uuied. 

Cured, 

ie<?7 

Difd, 

fc9 

Relieved, 

131 

Difcharged  diforderly, 

-4 

Removed  to  the   hoi- 

pital   and  houfe   of 

employment, 

6 

P..emaining  under  care, 

120- 

to  De- 


114'' 


From  December   1, 
cember  1,  1788. 
Patients  admitted, 
Cured, 
Died, 
Pvt-1  eved, 

Difcharged  difordi^ily, 
Removed  to  the  hoi- 

pital    and    houfe   of 

employment. 
Remaining  under  care, 


-1647 


1787,  to  Dc- 


ICQ4 

81 
-7 


'3 


•  t  '•cS 


Befides  which,  leSo  patients  have 
been  admitted  from  December  1,  178?*, 
to  Auguft  1,  1788.  loral  numberof 
patieius,  who  have  been  attended  un- 
der the  care  of  the  difpenfary,  from 
its  firll  inftilution  in  April  1786.  to 
the  prcfent  time,  five  thoufand  two 
hundred  and  fony-two. 

Publiflied  by  order  of  the  board 
of  managers, 

IVtliiam  V/!.ite, 
Ctorge  DnJ/ifid, 
Thomas  Cli^ord^ 
Samuel  Powell, 

Aftgvjl  ijl,  1789. 

DEATHS. 

In  New  York.  Mailer  George 
Wafliington  Knox — Mr.  liayiiian 
Levy — Major  John  Lucub — Robert 
G.  Livingilon. 

In  Philadelphia.  Rowland  Evans, 
efq. — Mrs.Ccli'd  Magens— Mrs.  Ma- 
ry AlHon. 

Virginia,  At  Winchefer.  Mrs. 
Rachel  Donaldf->n — At  Frcderickf- 
burg.  Mrs.  \'i'arnington,  mother  of 
the  prefident  of  the  united  llaies. 

New  Jersey.  Near  Llizaleth 
Town,  Mrs.  Sulannah  Livmgllon, 
confort  of  his  excellency  goveriK^r 
Livingfton. 

South  Caro LI  NA,  KiCheiiay, 
Capt.  Lauchlin  MTntofh. 

Maryland.  In  Cecil  co.  Mrs, 
Rebecca  Grace  May — In  Charles  cs. 
Williaiii  Ilarrifon.  tfq. 


119 


CONTENTS. 

Finance, 

1.  Obfervations  on  the  utility  of  funding  the  debts  of  the  united  ftates,  53 

2.  'rhoiigtus  on  the  tinaraces  and  debts  of  the  uniied  Hates,  jo6 

3.  A  general  llatement  of  the  foreign  loans  to  the  united  dates,  3^6 

Rural  concerns. 

4.  Obferv3t!ons  on  manufaftunng  fujiarfrom  the  fap  of  the  maple  tree,  98 
^5,  Diretlicns  for  diito,  -  .  .  .  joq 
h.  Remarks  on  the  bell  mode  of  raifing  young  hogs           -             -  joi 

7.  Remarks  on  railing  calves  without  new  unlk,              -               -  ica 

8.  Method  of  deQroying  the  tlyin^  wevil  in  Bavaria,  jc6 
y.  Directions  for  the  breeding  ,iua  management  of  hlk-wormsj  i^a 

Mijcellanccus  politics, 

la.   Memorial  and  remonQrance  to  the  iegiilature  of  Virginia,  120 

11.   Etfay  on  fmuggling,                     ...  j^o 

iti.  Eifay  on  free  trade  and  finance,              -                  -                 -  J3_?j 

13.  (-)ijiervations  on  reprelentation  and  compenfation,          -            -  1^56 

34.  Proceedings  of  the  Iegiilature  of  Virginia,                 -               -  iig 

Mafiuja6}urei. 
ij.  Remarks  on  the  manufaclure  of  glafs,  -»  -  ■ 

Antiquities. 

16.   Letter  refpecfing  (he  fortifications  in  the  weffern  country,  i.g5 

1  '.  Relation  of  the  iettlement  of  Plymouth,  in  New  England,  141 

jB,  Difcovery  of  America,  by  the  Icelanders,            -            -             -  ijg 
ly.  Sir  William  Keith's  fcheme  refpecting  the  government  of  America,    164 

Addrcjfes  to,  and  anjioeis  of^   the  prefidtnt  of  the  united  Jlates. 

SQ.  Addrefs  of  the  fenate  and  alTcmbly  of  New  York,  103 

21.  Anfwcr  to  ditto,                 ....  iLid. 

22.  Addrefs  of  the  convention  of  the  proteftant  epifcopal  church  in  the 

ilaies  of    New  York,    New  Jerfey,    Peiinfylvania.    Delaware, 

Maryland,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina,              -              -  104 

2,^.  Anfwer  to  ditio,           -              -                  -                 -             -  ibid, 

24.  Addrefs  of  a  committee  of  the  vifitors  and  governors  of  WaGiing- 

ington  college,                  -                  -                  -                 -  117 

25.  Anfwer  to  ditto,                .                  -                                    -  119 

Mifcellanies. 

26.  Refutation  of  a  charge  againil  the  Americans,  made  by  dr.  Kippis,  116 

27.  ElFay  on  the  cautes  of  the  variety  of  complexion  and  figure   in  the 

human  fpecies,                 -                   -                  -                 -  IU3 

28.  The  Vifitant,  No.  XI.                  _                  -                  -  147 

29.  The  friend,   No.  V.                 -                  _                 -                 -  1^54 

30.  Oblervations  on  the  currents  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  161 

31.  Reply   to  an  enquiry  into  the  utility  of  the  Greek  and   Latin  lan- 

guages,            -             -             -             -             -             -             -  101 

Tables. 

32.  Exports  and  imports  of  the  port  of  Wilmington,  Delaware,  from 

June  J,   1788,   till  June  1,   1789,               ...  10!? 

,^3.  Exports  from  Alexantiria,  from  July  20,  1788,  till  July  14,  1789,  ibid. 

Medicinal  andfurgical. 
34.  Mode  of  preventing  the  dreadful  confequences  of  the  bite  of  a  mad 

dog,                  -                     -                          -                         -  J 1 1 

33.  Receipt  for  the  cure  of  the  hooping  cough,                -               -  112 

36.  Remarkable  cure  of  a  gun- (hot  wound,         -              -       *      -  J17 

Poetry. 

37.  Hvmti,                   -                   -                   -                 -                 -  171 
vfS.   Reflexions  of  a  libertine  reclaimed  by  ficknefs,             -  172 

39.  Hymn  fung  at  a  public  examination  of  the  fcholars  belonging  to  the 

academy  in  Greenfield,                  -                  -                  -  17* 

40.  Hymn  to  Refignaiion,                  -                -               -              -            "  173 

41.  The  bachelor's  v.lfli,             -                r                -                "  *74 


THE 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM, 

For  SEPTEMBER,  1789. 


jfn  fjfc^y  on  the  caitfes  of  the  variety 
of  complexion  and  figure  in  the  hu- 
man f  pedes.  To  which  are  added 
JiriBures  on  lord  Kaims's  difcourfe^ 
on  the  original  diverfity  of  man- 
kind. By  the  reverend  Samuel  Stan- 
hope Smith,  D.  D.  vice-prefidcnt, 
and  profejfor  of  moral  philofopky, 
in  the  college  of  New  Jerfey  ;  and 
M.  A.  P.  S.—P.  129. 

THE  whole  of  the  Tartar  race  are 
of  low  ftature.  Their  heads 
have  a  magnitude  dilproportioned  to 
the  reft  of  the  body.  Their  fhoul- 
ders  are  raifed,  and  their  necks  are 
fliort.  Their  eyes  are  fmall,  and  ap- 
pear, by  the  jutting  of  the  eyebrov/s 
over  them,  to  be  funk  in  the  head. 
The  nofe  is  Tnort,  and  rifes  but  hitle 
from  the  face.  The  cheek  is  elevat- 
ed, and  fpread  out  on  the  fides.  The 
whole  of  the  features  are  remarkably 
coarfe  and  deformed.  And  all  ihefe 
peculiarities  are  aggravated,  as  you 
proceed  towards  the  pole,  in  the  La- 
ponian,  Borandian,  and  Samoiede  ra- 
ces, which,  as  Buffon  juilly  remarks, 
are  Tartars,  reduced  to  the  laft  degree 
©f  degeneracy. — A  race  of  men,  re- 
fembling  the  Laplanders,  we  find  in 
a  fimilar  climate  in  America.  The 
frozen  countries  round  Hudfon's  bay 
are,  except  Siberia,  the  coldeft  in 
the  world.  And  here  the  inhabitants 
are  between  four  and  five  feet  in 
height.  Their  heads  are  large — their 
eyes  are  little  and  weak — and  their 
hands,  feet,  and  limbs,  uncommonly 
fmall. 

Thefe  effetls  naturally  refult  from 
extreme  cold.  Cold  contrarts  the 
nerves,  at  it  does  all  foiid  bodies. 
The  inhabitants  grow  un(ier  ths  con- 
firitiion  of  continual  froft,  as  under 
the  forcible  comprefficuvof  fome  pow- 
erful machine.  Men  will,  therefore, 
be  found  in  the  higheft  latitudes,  for- 
ever fmall,  and  of  low  fiatiire*.    The 

K  o  T  E . 

*  A  moderate  degree  of  cold  is 
Beceffary  to  give  force  and  tone  to 
the  nerves,  and  to  raife  the  human 
body  to  Its  largeft  fize.     But  extreme 

Vol.  VI.  No.  HI. 


excefiive  rigours  of  thefe  frozen  re- 
gions, aHect  chieHv  the  extremities. 
The  blood,  circulating  to  them  with 
a  more  languid  and  feeble  motion, 
has  not  fufficient  vigour  to  refiR  ihe 
impreflions  of  the  cold.  Thefe  limbs, 
confequenlly,  fufter  a  greater  cf)ntrac- 
tion  and  diminution  than  the  refl  of 
the  body.  But  the  blood,  flowing 
with  warmth  and  force  to  the  breafl 
and  head,  and  perhaps  with  the  more 
force,  as  its  courfe  to  the  extremities 
is  obftrutled,  diftends  thefe  parts  to  a 
difproportionate  fize.  There  is  a  re- 
gular gradation,  in  .the  eHetl  of  the 
climate,  and  in  the  figure  of  the  peo- 
ple, from  the  Tartars  to  the  tribes 
round  Hudfon's  bay.  The  Tartars 
are  taller  and  thicker  than  the  Lap- 
landers, or  the  Samoiedes,  becaufe 
their  climate  is  lefs  fevere.  The  nor- 
thern Americans  are  th^  mol\  dimi- 
nutive of  all  ;  their  extremities  are  the 
fmallelt,  and  their  breaft  and  head  of 
the  moll  dilproportioned  magnitude, 
becaufe,  inhabiting  a  climate  equally 
fevere  with  the  Samoiedes,  ihey  are 
reduced  to  a  more  favage  Hate  of  fo- 
cietyf . 

NOTES. 

cold  overftrains  and  contraBs  thetn. 
Therefore,  thele  norihern  ir  bes  are 
not  only  fmall,  but  weak  and  timid. 

+  The  neighbourhood  of  the  Ruf- 
fians, of  the  Chmefe,  and  even  of 
Tartars,  who  have  adopted  many  im- 
provements from  the  civilized  nations 
thai  border  upon  them,  gives  the,  Lap- 
landers and  Siberians  confiderahle  ad- 
vantages over  the  northern  Ameri- 
cans, who  are  in  the  mod  abjett  Hate 
of  favage  life,  and  totally  deftitute 
of  every  art,  either  for  convenience 
or  protection.  The  principles,  dated 
above,  apply  to  all  thefe  nations,  in 
proportion  to  the  degree  of  cold,  com- 
bined with  the  degree  of  favagenefs. 
The  inhabitants  ot  the  northern  ci- 
vilized countries  of  Europe,  are  gene- 
rally of  lower  liaiure  than  thofe  in  the 
m  ddle  regions.  But  civilization,  and 
a  milder  climate,  prevent  them  from 
degenerating  equally  with  the  northern 
Afiatics  and  Americans, 
Aa 


i?2 


0/  complexion  and  fgure 


[Septembe 


Extreme  cold  likewife  tends  to  form 
the  next  peculiarities  of  iheie  races, 
their  high  fhoulders,  and  their  (hort 
necks.  Severe  frod  prompts  men  to 
raife  their  Ihoulders,  as  if  to  proted 
the  neck,  and  to  cherifh  the  warmth 
of  the  blood  that  Hows  to  the  head; 
and  the  habits  of  an  eternal  winter 
will  fix  them  in  that  pofition.  The 
neck  will  appear  ftiortened  beyond  its 
due  proportion,  not  only  becaiife  it 
fufTcrs  an  equal  contraction  with  the 
other  parts  of  the  body  ;  but  becaufe 
the  head  and  brea'l,  being  increafed 
to  a  dilproportioned  hze,  will  en- 
croach upon  its  length  ;  and  the  na- 
tural elevation  of  the  fnuulders  will 
bury  what  remains,  fo  deep  as  to  give 
the  head  an  appearance  of  refting  up- 
on tl/em  for  its  fupport.  That  ihefe 
peculiarities  are  the  eftect  of  climate*, 
the  examples,  produced  by  French 
niiihoiiaries  in  China,  of  mofi  refpec- 
table  charatters,  leave  us  no  room  to 
doubt,  who  allure  us,  that  they  have 
feen,  even  in  the  forty-eighth  degree 
of  northern  latitude,  the  poileriiy  of 
Chiuele  families  who  had  become 
p,'rfecl  Tartars  in  their  figure  and 
afpeci ;  and  that  they  were  diftin- 
guiflied,  in  particular,  by  the  fame 
fhortnefs  of  the  neck,  and  by  the 
fame  elevation  of  the  {lioulderst. 

That  coarfe  and  deformed  features 
are  the  necelTary  production  of  the 
climate,  cannot  have  efcapcd  the  at- 
tention of  the  moft  incurious  obferver. 
Let  us  attend  to  the  effefts  of  extreme 
cold,  it  contracts  the  aperture  of  the 
eyei — it  draws  down    the  brows — it 

KOTF.  s, 

*  As  climate  is  often  known  pecu- 
liarly to  affect  certain  parts  of  the  bo- 
dy, philolophy,  if  it  were  necellary, 
could  find  no  more  difficulty  in  ac- 
counting for  the  Ihort  necks  of  the 
Tartars,  and  other  northern  tribes, 
as  a  difcafe  of  the  climate,  than  fhe 
finds  in  giving  the  fame  account  for 
the  thick  necks  fo  frequently  found  in 
the  regions  of  the  Alp*;.  Rut,  the  ob- 
fervations  before  made,  will  probably 
convince  the  attentive  reader,  that 
there  is  no  need  to  refort  to  fuch  a 
folution  of  the  phenomenon,  when  it 
feems  fo  ealily  to  be  explained  by  the 
known  operation  of  natural  caufes. 

+  See  Rccueil  24  dcs  leUrts  idi- 
Jiantes, 


raifes  the  cheek,  by  the  prclTure  of 
the  under  jaw  againft  the  upper;  it 
diininilhes  the  face  in  length,  and 
fpreads  it  out  at  the  fides — and  dillorts 
the  fliape  of  every  feature. 

Tins,  which  is  only  a  tranfient  im- 
preihon  in  our  climate,  loon  effaced 
by  the  conveniencies  of  fociety,  and 
by  the  changes  of  the  feafons,  becomes 
a  heightened  and  permanent  efieft  in 
thofe  extreme  regions,  arifing  from 
the  greater  inienfity,  and  the  conllant 
action  of  the  caule.  The  naked  and 
defencelefs  condition  of  the  people, 
augments  its  violence — and  beginning 
its  operation  from  infancy,  when  the 
features  are  molf  tender  and  fufcepti- 
ble  of  imprelfion,  and  continuing  it, 
without  remiiTion,  till  they  have  at- 
tained their  utmoft  growth,  they  be- 
come fixed  at  length  in  the  point  of 
greatelt  deformity,  and  form  ^\^  cha- 
racter of  the  liudfon  or  Siberian 
countenance. 

The  principal  peculiarities,  that 
may  require  a  farther  illu.'lration,  are 
the  fmailncfs  of  the  nofe,  and  deprcf- 
fion  of  the  middle  of  the  face — the 
prouinience  of  the  forehead — and  the 
extreme  weaknels  of  the  eyes. 

The  middle  of  the  face  is  that  part 
which  is  moff  expofed  to  the  cold,  and 
confequently  fullers  mofi  from  its 
power  of  contratiion.  It  firft  meets 
the  wind,  and  it  is  fartheft  removed 
from  the  ieat  of  warmth  m  the  head. 
But  a  circumflance  of  equal,  or,  per- 
haps, of  greater  importance,  on  this 
fubjeft,  is,  that  the  inhabitants  of 
frozen  climates,  naturally  drawing 
their  breath  more  through  the  nofe, 
than  through  the  mouth;}:,  thereby  di- 
rert  the  greateft  impulfe  of  the  air  on 
that  feature,  and  the  parts  adjacent. 
Such  a  continual  11  ream  of  air  aug- 
ments the  cold,  and,  by  increafing  the 
contraction  of  the  parts,  reflrains  the 
freedom  of  their  growth|j. 


\  A  frofly  air,  inhaled  by  the 
mouth,  chills  the  body  more  than 
when  it  is  received  by  the  noHrils ; 
probably,  becaufe  a  greater  quantity 
enters  at  a  time.  Nature,  therefore, 
prompts  men  to  keep  the  mouth  clof- 
ed.  during  the  prevalence  of  intenfe 
froR. 

IJ  On  the  fame  principle,  the  mer- 
cury,   in  ill*    thcnnometer,    may   b^ 


.] 


in  the  human  f pedes. 


iSj 


Hence,  likewife,  will  arife  an  eafy 
folution  of  the  next  peculiarity,  the 
prominence  of  the  forehead.  The 
luperior  warmih  and  force  of  life,  in 
the  brain,  that  fills  the  upper  part  of 
the  head,  wll  naturaliy  increafe  its 
fizc,  and  make  it  overhang  the  con- 
tracted parts  belov.'. 

Laltly,  the  eyes,  in  thcfe  rigorous 
climates,  are  linj;ularly  affefte-i.  By 
the  projeftion  of  the  eyerbrows,  they 
appear  to  be  funk  into  the  head  ;  the 
cold  naturaliy  diminiflies  their  aper- 
ture ;  and  the  intenfuy  of  the  froft, 
concurring  with  the  glare  of  eternal 
fnows,  fo  overHrains  thefe  tender  or- 
jans,  that  ihey  are  always  weak,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  often  liable  to 
blindnefs,  at  an  early  age. 

In  the  tem{»eraie  zone,  on  the  o- 
tker  hand,  and  in  a  point  rather  be- 
low than  above  the  middle  region  of 
temperature,  the  agreeable  v^armih 
of  the  air,  difpofmg  the  nerves  to 
the  moft  free  and  eafy  expanfion,  will 
open  the  features,  and  mcreafe  the  orb 
of  the  eye*.  Kere,  a  large  full 
eye,  being  the  tendency  of  nature, 
will  grow  to  heefteemed  a  perfeftion. 
And,  in  the  flrain  of  Homer,  /joarif 
*<i7v/a  Hj»  would  convey,  to  a  Greek, 
an  idea  of  divine  beaury,  that  ir.  hard- 
ly intelligible  to  an  inhabitant  of  the 
north  of  Europe,  All  the  principles 
of   the    human    conftitution,  unfold- 

NOTES. 

contracted  and  funk  into  the  bulb,  by 
direfting  upon  it  a  conllant  flream  of 
ir,  from  a  pair  of  bellows,  if  the 
fculb  be  frequently  touched,  during 
the  operation,  with  any  fluid,  that, 
by  a  fpeedy  evaporation,  tends  to  in- 
creafe the  cold. 

*  It  is  perhzps  worthy  of  remark, 
that,  in  the  three  coiuinents,  the  tem- 
perate climates,  and  eternal  cold, 
oorder  fo  nearly  upon  one  another, 
hat  we  pafs  almoft  inllantly  from  the 
former  to  the  latter.  And  we  find 
the  Laplander,  the  Samoiede,  the 
Mongou,  and  the  tribes  round  Hud- 
Ton's  bay,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
he  Swede,  the  RuiTian,  the  Chi- 
nefe,  and  the  Canadian.  Without 
ittention  to  this  remark,  hafty  rea- 
oners  will  make  the  fudden  change 
of  features,  in  thefe  nations,  an  ob- 
eftion  againft  tke  preceding  philo- 
sophy. 


ing  themfelves  freely  In  fuch  a  region, 
and  nature  attin/i  without  conflramt, 
will  be  there  f;<n  molt  nearly  in  that 
perfechon,  which  was  the  original 
deiign  and  idea  of  the  Crea'or+. 

11.  Having  endeavoured  to  afcer- 
tain  the  powerof  tliaiate,  in  producing 
many  varieties  in  the  human  Ipecie^, 
I  proceed  to  tlluRrate  the  influence 
of  the  ffate  <'f  focietv. 

On  t!  is  fubieft  I  obferve, 

1.  In  the  firll  place,  that  the  efFeft 
of  climate  is  augmented  by  a  favage 
ffate,  and  corretted  by  a  Ifate  of  ci- 
vilization.   And, 

2.  In  the  next  place,  that,  by  flie 
Rate  of  lociety,  many  varieties  in  the 
human  perfcm  are  ent'.rely  formed. 

In  the  firll  place,  the  effefl;  of  cli- 
mate is  augmented  by  a  favage  flate 
of  fociety,  and  corrected  by  a  ftate  of 
civilization. 

A  naked  favage,  feldom  enjoying 
the  protection  of  a  miferable  hut, 
and  compelled  to  lodge  on  the  bare 
ground,  and  under  the  open  fky,  im- 
bibes the  influence  of  the  fun  and  at- 
mofphere  at  every  pore.  He  inhabits 
an  uncultivated  region,  filled  with 
flagnant  waters,  and  covered  with  pu- 
trid vegetables,  that  fall  down,  and 
corrupt  on  the  fpot  where  they  have 
grown.  He  pitches  his  wigwam  on 
the  fide  of  a  river,  that  he  may  enjoy 
the  convenience  of  filhmg,  as  well  as 
of  hunting.  The  vapour  of  rivers, 
the  exhalations  of  marfhes,  and  the 
noxious  effluvia  of  decaying  vegeiar 
bles,  fill  the  whole  atmofphere,  in  an 
unimproved  country,  and  tend  to  give 
a  dark  and  bilious  hue  to  the  com- 
plexionj.    And  the   fun,  atling  ira- 

NOTES. 

+  It  may  perhaps  gratify  my  coun- 
trymen, to  reflect,  that  the  united 
fiates  occupy  thofe  latitudes,  that 
have  ever  been  mofl  favourable  to 
the  beauty  of  the  human  form.  When 
time  fliall  have  accommodated  the  con- 
ftitution  to  us  new  ilaie,  and  cultiva- 
tion fliall  have  meliorated  the  climate, 
the  beauties  of  Greece  and  CircalTia 
may  be  renewed  in  America  ;  as  there 
are  not  a  few  already,  who  rival  thofe 
of  any  other  quarter  of  the  globe. 

+  The  forefts,  in  unctihivated  coun- 
tries, ablorb  a  great  part  of  thefe  pu- 
trid vapours,  oiherwife  they  would 
be  contagious  and  mortal.    But  as  na- 


i84 


Of  complexion  and  Jigurt 


[September, 


inedialely  on  the  ficin  in  this  flate, 
will  necefTmily  imprefs  a  deep  co- 
lour. 

This  effeft  is  augmented  by  the 
prattice  ot  painting,  to  which  favages 
are  often  obliged  to  have  recourfe,  in 
Older  to  protett  themfelves  from  the 
inipreffion  of  the  humid  earth,  on 
which  they  lie,  or  of  a  noxious  at- 
molphere.  to  which  they  are  expofed 
without  covering.  Painting,  taken  up 
at  hrli  ihrough  neceliiiy,  is  afterwards 
employed  as  an  ornament  ;  and  a  fa- 
vage  is  feldom  feen  without  having 
his  fkin  covered  with  foine  compofi- 
tion,  that  fpoils  the  finenels  of  its 
texture,  and  impairs  the  beauty  and 
clearnefs  of  its  natural  colour.  This 
is  known  to  be  the  effett  of  the  fineft 
paints  and  wafiies,  that  are  u(ed  for 
the  fame  purpofe,  in  polUhed  fociety. 
Much  more  will  it  be  the  eftetl  of 
thofe  coarfe  and  filthy  unguents  which 
are  employed  by  favages.  And  as  we 
fee,  that  coloured  marks,  imprelTed 
by  puntlures  in  the  fkin,  become  in- 
delible, ,it  is  reafonable  to  believe, 
that  [he  particles  of  paints,  infinuated 
into  its  texture  by  forcible  and  fre- 
quent rubbing,  vyill  tend,  in  like 
manner,  to  create  a  dark  and  perma- 
nent colour, 

NOTE. 

ture  never  makes  her  workperfefl,  but 
leaves  the  completion  of  her  fchenies 
to  exercife  the  induftry  and  wifdom 
of  man,  the  growing  vegetablesdo  not 
abforb  the  whole  effluvia  of  the  de- 
caying, and  of  the  noxious  marfhes 
that  overfpn,ad  ihe  face  of  fuch  a  re- 
gion. Nothing  but  civilization  and 
culture  can  perfeftly  purify  the  atmo- 
fphere.  Unculiivated,  as  well  as  warm 
countries,  therefore,  naturally  tend  to  a 
bilious  habit,  and  a  dark  complexion. 
It  may  feem  an  objeiilion  againll  this 
obfcrvation,  that  m  America  we  of- 
ten hnd  bilious  diftuders  augmented 
ill  confequence  of  cutting  down  the 
timber,  and  extending  the  plantations. 
Thereafon  of  which,  probably,  is,  that 
the  indolence  or  neceOuies  of  a  new 
country,  freqiienily  lead  men  to  clear 
the  ground,  without  draining  the 
inarflies  ;  or  fmall  plantations  are  fur- 
rounded  by  unimproved  forclls.  Thus, 
the  vegetables,  that  ablorbed  the  noxi- 
ous moiftiirc,  being  removed,  it  is  left 
to  fall  in  greater  abundance  on  man. 


To  this  may  be  added,  that  the 
frequent  fumigations,  by  which  they 
are  obliged  to  guard  againft  the  an- 
noyance of  innumerable  infects,  in 
undrainedand  uncultivated  countries 
—and  the  fmoke,  with  which  their 
huts,  unfkdfully  built,  and  without 
chimneys,  are  eternally  filled,  contri- 
bute to  augment  the  natural  darknefs 
of  the  favage  complexion.  Smoke, 
we  perceive,  difcoluurs  the  fkin  of 
thofe  iaboureis  and  mechanics,  who 
are  habitually  immtried  in  it — itflaini 
every  objc£l,  long  expofed  to  its  atli- 
on,  by  entering  the  pores,  and  ad- 
hering flrongly  to  the  luiface.  It  in- 
finuates  itfelf,  in  a  fmr.lar  manner, 
into  the  pores  of  the  fkin,  and  there 
tends  to  change  the  complexion,  ox\ 
the  fame  principles,  that  it  is  changed 
by  inferted  paints. 

And,  laltly,  the  hardfhips  of  their 
condition,  that  weaken   and  exhaufl 
the  principle  of  life — their  fcanty  and 
rneagre  fare,  which  wants  the  fucru- 
lence  and  nourifhment  that  give  frefli- 
nefs  and  vigour  to  the  conltitution — 
the   uncertainty   of   their    provifion, 
which  fometimes  leaves  them  to  lan- 
guifli  wJth  want,  and  fometimes  ena- 
bles them  to  overlfrain  themfelves  by 
a  furfeit — and  their  entire  inattention 
to  perfonal  and  domeff  ic  cleanlinefs- 
all  have  a  prodigious  effeft  to  darken 
the   complexion,  to  relax  and  emaci- 
ate   the    conHitution,    and  to   render 
the  features  coarfe  and  deformed.    Of 
the  influence  of  thefe  caufes,  we  have 
an  example,  in  perfons  reduced  to  ex- 
treme poverty,  who   are    ufually    a8( 
much   diflinguiflied  by  their  thin  ha* 
bit,  their  uncouth  features,  and  their 
fwarihy  and  fquabd  afpeft,  as  by  th(t 
meaniiefs  of  their  garb.     Nakednefs^ 
cxpofure,    negligence  of  appearance, 
want  of  cleanlinefs,  bad  lodging,  and 
meagre  diet,    fo  difcolour  and   injur* 
their  form,  as  to  enable  us  to  frame 
fome  iudgment  of  the  degree,  in  which 
fuch    caufes    will    contribute   to  aug- 
ment the  influence  of  climate  in  fa- 
vage life.    Independently  on  climate, 
thefe  caufes  will  render  it  impofiiblcj 
that  a  favage  fhould  ever  be  fair.  And, 
the  co-operation  of  both,  will  ufttally 
render   men,  in   that  Hate  of  fociety, 
extremely  dark   in   their  compl?xlon^ 
And,    generally,  they    will   be  moT« 
coarte  and  hard  in  their  features,  an4 
lefs  robuft  in  their  perfons,  than  ineri 


1789.] 


in  the  human  fpecies. 


185 


who  enjoy,  with  temperance,  the  ad- 
vantages 01  civihzed  lociety*. 

As  a  favageftate  contributes  to  aug- 
ment the  influence  cf  chmaie  ;  or,  at 
leaW,  to  exhibit  its  worft  eHecls  upon 
the  human  conllitntion  ;  a  ftate  of 
civilization,  on  the  other  hand,  tends 
to  corretl  it,  by  furnifning  innumera- 
ble means  of  guarding  againft  its  pow- 
er.    The  conveniencies    of  clothing 

K  o  T  E. 

*  One  of  the  greateft  difficultiesj 
■with  which   a  wriier  on   this   iubject 
has  to  combat,   is   the  ignorance  and 
fuperficial  obfervation  ot  the  bt^lk  of 
travellers,    who    travel    without    the 
true  fpirit  of  remark*     The  firll   ob- 
jetts    that   meet  their  view,  in  a  new 
country,    and   among   a   new  people, 
feize  their  fancy,  and  are  recued  wuh 
exaggeration ;  and   they  feldom  have 
judgment    and    impartiality   fufhcient 
to  examine  and  reafon  with  juilnefs 
and  caution — and,  from  innumerable 
fa£ls,    which    necelfarily    have   many 
points  of  difference  among  themfelves, 
to   draw   general  conclufions.     Such 
conclufions,  when  moll  judiy  drawn, 
they   think  they  have  refuted,  when 
they  difcover  a   fnigle   example  that 
fecms  not  to  coincide  with  ihem.    In 
reafonings  of  this  kind  there  are  few 
perfons  who  fufficiently  conhder,  that, 
however  accurately    we  may  invefti- 
gate   caufes   and    efK-fts,    our  limued 
knowledge  will  always  leave   particu- 
lar examples  that  will  feem  to  be  ex- 
ceptions from  any  general   principle. 
To  apply  thefe  remarks.     A  few  ex- 
amples, perhaps,   may   occur,  among 
favages,  of  regular  and  agreeable  fea- 
tures, or  of  {lr<mg   and   mufcular  bo- 
dies ;  as  in  civilized  fociety,  we  meet 
with  fome  rare   infiances  of  aOonilh- 
ing  beauty.     If,  by  chance,  a  perlon 
of  narrow   obfervation,    and    incom- 
prehenfive   mind,  have  feen   two   or 
three  examples  of  this  kind,  he  will 
be  ready,  on  this  flender  foundation, 
to   contradifl;   the   general    remark    I 
have  made,  concerning  the  coarfe  and 
uncouth  features  of  favages,  and  their 
want  of  thofe  fine  and  mufcular  pro- 
portions, if  I    may    call   them  fo,  in 
the  human  body,  that  indicate  ilrength, 
combined  with  fwifmefs.     Yet,   it   is 
certain,  (hat  {he  general  countenance 
cf  favage  life,  is  much  more  uncouth 


and  of  lodging — the  plenty,  and 
heahhful  quality  of  food — a  country 
drained,  cultivated,  and  freed  from 
noxious  effluvia — improved  ideas  of 
beauty — the  conilant  fludy  of  ele- 
gance, and  the  infinite  arts  for  at- 
taining it,  even  in  perfonal  figure  and 
appearance,  give  cultivated  an  im- 
menfe  advantage  over  favage  fociety, 

NOTE. 

and  coarfe,  more  unmeaning  and 
wild,  as  will  atierwards  be  fecn,  whea 
I  come  to  point  out  the  caufes  of  if, 
than  the  cou.ntenance  of  polilhed  fo- 
ciety :  and  the  perion  is  more  {len- 
der, and  rather  iuted  for  the  chace, 
than  robuH,  and  capable  of  force  and 
labour.  An  American  Indian,  in 
particular,  is  commonly  fwift ;  he  is 
rarely  very  flrong.  And  it  has  been 
remarked,  in  the  many  expeditions 
which  the  people  of  thefe  liates  have 
undertaken  againil  the  favages,  that, 
in  dole  quarters,  the  flrength  of  an 
Anglo-American  is  ulually  fuperior 
to  that  of  an  Indian  of  the  fame  fize. 
The  mufcles,  likewife,  on  which 
the  fine  proportions  of  perfon  fo  much 
depend,  are  generally  fmaller  and 
more  lax,  than  they  are  in  improved 
fociety,  that  is  not  corrupted  by  luxu- 
ry, or  debilitated  by  fedentary  occu- 
pations. Their  limbs,  therefore,  though 
llrait,  are  lefs  beautifully  turned.  A 
deception  often  palfes  on  the  fenfes, 
in  judging  of  the  beauty  of  favages — 
and  defcription  is  often  more  exagge- 
rated than  the  fenfes  are  deceived. 
We  do  not  expetf  beauty  in  favage 
life.  When,  therefore,  we  happen 
to  perceive  it,  the  contraft,  with  the 
ufual  condition  of  that  Hate,  impofes 
on  the  mind.  And  the  exalted  re- 
prefenlations  of  favage  beauty,  which 
we  Ibmetimes  read,  are  true  only  by 
comparifon  with  favages.  There  is 
a  difference,  in  this  refpetl,  between 
man,  and  many  of  the  inferior  ani- 
mals, which  were  intended  to  run 
wild  in  the  foreft.  They  are  always 
the  moft  beautiful,  when  they  enjoy 
their  native  liberty,  and  range.  They 
decay  and  droop,  when  attempted  to 
be  donieRicated,  or  confined.  But 
man,  being  defigned  for  fociety  and 
civilization,  attains,  in  thai  ffate,  th^ 
greateft  perfetiion  of  his  form,  as 
well  of  his  whole  nature. 


iS6 


Reply  to  an  enquiry  into  the 


[September, 


ia  its  aflcmpts  to  counteraft  the  influ- 
ence of  climate,  and  to  beautify  the 
human  fi.)rn). 

a.  I  cotrie  now  to  obferve,  what 
is  of  much  more  importance  on  this 
part  of  the  fiibjetl,  that  ail  the  fea- 
tures of  the  human  coiintenance  are 
modified,  and  its  entire  cxpreiTion 
rad)cally  formed,  by  the  flaie  of  fo- 
e  ety. 

Efery  objeO,  that  imprefTes  the 
fcni'es,  and  every  emotion,  that  riles 
in  the  mind,  aileCts  the  features  of 
the  face,  the  index  of  our  feelings, 
and  contributes  to  form  the  infinitely 
vnrious  countenance  of  man.  Pauci- 
ty of  ideas  creates  a  vacant  and  un- 
meaning afpeft.  Agrceabia  and  cul- 
tivated fcenes  compofc  the  features, 
and  render  them  regular  and  gay. 
Wild,  and  deformeid,  and  folltary 
forcds,  tend  to  imprefs  on  the  counte- 
nance, an  linage  of  their  own  rude- 
refs.  Great  varieties  are  created  by 
diet  and  modes  of  living.  The  deli- 
cacies of  refined  life  give  a  foft  and 
elegant  form  to  the  features.  Hard 
fare,  and  conftant  expofure  to  the  in- 
juries of  the  weather,  render  them 
coarfe  and  uncouth.  The  infinite  at- 
tentions of  polilTied  fociety,  give  va- 
riety and  exprefiion  to  the  face.  The 
want  of  interelting  emotions,  leaving 
its  mulcles  lax  and  unexerted,  they 
are  fuflfered  to  diftend  themfelves  to 
a  larger  and  grofTer  fize,  and  acquire 
a  loft  unvarying  fwell,  that  is  not  dif- 
tinftly  marked  by  any  idea.  A  gene- 
ral flandard  of  beauty  has  its  efted  in 
fi>rming  the  human  countenance  and 
figure.  Every  palfion,  and  mode  of 
thinking,  has  its  peculiar  exprefiion— 
And  all  the  preceding  charafters  have 
again  many  variations,  according  to 
their  degrees  of  ftrength,  according 
to  their  combinations  wiih  other  prin- 
ciples, and  according  to  the  peculia- 
rities of  conllitution  or  of  climate, 
that  form  the  ground,  on  which  the 
ditterent  imprefhons  are  received.  As 
the  degrees  of  civilization — as  the 
ideas,  palhons,  and  objetts  of  fociety 
in  different  countrie<;,  and  under  dif- 
ferent forms  of  government,  are  in- 
finitely various,  they  open  a  bound- 
lefs  field  for  variety  in  the  human 
countenance.  It  is  impofhble  to  enu- 
merate them.  They  are  not  the  fame 
in  anv  two  ages  of  the  world.  It 
would   be  uniieccnary    to  eiiumeraLe 


them,  as  my  objecl  is  not  become  a 
phyfiognomift,  but  to  evince  the  pof- 
fibility  of  fo  many  differences  exliling 
in  one  fpecies  ;  and  to  fuggeil  a  pro- 
per mode  of  reafoning,  on  new  varie- 
ties as  they  may  occur  to  our  ob- 
fervation. 

For  this  purpofe,  I  (hall,  in  the 
firfl  place,  endeavour,  by  feveral 
fa.'^s  and  illuflrations  to  evince,  that 
the  Hate  of  fociety  has  a  great  efleft 
in  varying  the  fig'^re  and  complexion 
of  mankind. 

I  fliall  then  fliew,  in  what  manner, 
fome  of  the  mod  difttngmlliing  fea- 
tures of  the  favage,  and  particularly 
of  the  American  favage,  with  whom 
we  are  beft  acquainted,  naturally  re- 
fult  from  the  rude  condition  in  which 
they  exifl.       (To  be  continued.) 

Reply  to  an  ejfay,  entitled,  "  An 
enquiry  into  the  uiiliiy  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  language  s."-^P.  in. 

OUR  author,  in  the  next  fection, 
prefeuts  us  with  a  more  ferious 
charge  agaiiiH  the  Greek  and  Latin 
clatlics.  He  roundly  affirms,  that 
they,  at  lealf  fome  of  them,  '"  are  un- 
favourable to  morals  and  religion." 
That  there  are  obfcene  paffages  in  La- 
tin writers,  will  not  be  denied  ;  and 
it  15  to  be  regretted,  that  our  author's 
reading  appears  to  have  been  confined 
to  feniimeius  of  this  defcription.  But 
he  fhould  remember,  that  particular 
inflances  do  not  juHify  general  con- 
cliifions.  In  fatl,  the  improper  parts 
of  the  claffics  are  fo  very  few,  that 
nothing  but  abfolute  poverty  of  argu- 
ment, can  afford  the  leaft  palliation 
for  io  fhamelefs  a  calumny.  In  what 
refpecl  are  the  works  of  Xenophon, 
DemoHhenes,  Homer,  Longmus,  C. 
Nepos,  Caefar,  Salliilf,  Cicero,  Vir- 
gil, Livy,  Tacitus,  Qiiintilian,  &c. 
unfavourable  to  morality  ?  and  as  to 
religion,  that  man  mull  be  but  an  ig- 
norant advocate  of  it,  who  does  not 
know  that  many  of  its  llrongeR  exter- 
nal proofs,  arc  derived  from  the  daf- 
fies themfelves.  What  a  fhallow  pre- 
tence IS  it  to  fay,  that  from  ihele  pro- 
ceed "  an  early  acquaintance  with  vice, 
and  a  diminifhed  refped  for  the  per- 
fections of  the  true  God."  Before 
fuch  an  infiniiHtion  can  help  the  gen- 
tleman out  of  his  difficulties,  it  will  be 
incumbent  on  him  to  prove,  thai  clai- 


J7S9'] 


utility  of  the  Crrck  and  Latin  languages. 


1S7 


fical  fcholars  are  more  vicious  than 
others  ia  fimilar  circumflancss.  I'he 
clergy  are  in  general  acquainted  v/ith 
the  clafTics,  and  it  would  be  neceflary 
for  our  hero  to  fummon  all  his  courage, 
in  pronouncing  them  abandoned  pro- 
Jligates.  Yet,  this  is  the  precile  con- 
cluhon,  which  we  mud  diaw  from  his 
premifes.  In  what  inliance  did  the 
Chriftian  God  luHer  by  acomparifon 
with  the  Pa^.ui  divinities ;  or,  in  what 
claflical  fcholar  has  our  author's  pene- 
tration difcovered  a  propenfiiy  to  ido- 
latry? But  we  are  told,  that  the  daf- 
fies, which  are  free  from  the  imputa- 
tion of  infecting  morality,  "  con. am 
little  elfe  but  the  hifiories  of  murders, 
perpetrated  by  kings,  and  related  in 
fuch  a  manner  as  to  excite  pleafure 
and  admiration."  The  gentleman's 
memory  is  defeftive — let  him  look 
over  the  authors  mentioned  above, 
and  fee  if  there  are  not  feveral,  whofe 
works  contain  no  more  of  the  hiftories 
of  murders  of  any  kind,  than  his  own 
eifay.  Is  he  yet  to  be  informed,  that 
to  the  hiftoryof  antiquiiv,  chriltianity 
is  indebted  for  fomc  of  her  moU  no- 
ble defences  ?  If  fo,  Newton's  dif- 
lertation  on  the  prophecies  will  fet 
bim  right  in  that  particular. 

But  what  hiftory  will  he  find,  that 
is  not  a  continued  proof  of  human  de- 
pravity ?  Certainly,  modern  as  well 
as  ancient  relations  have  but  one  ob- 
jert,  the  recording  of  fafts  for  the  ad- 
vanta;^e  of  future  ages.  I  leave  it  to 
every  impartial  mind  to  determine, 
how  conlilient  that  man  is  with  hun- 
felf,  who,  in  one  breath,  declaims 
agamil  luftory,  and  recites  a  long 
llring  of  evils  which  proceed  from 
the  Itudy  of  it,  and,  in  the  next,  re- 
commends it  as  a  part  of  liberal  edu- 
cation. Is  it  polhble,  that  a  perfon 
can  ferioufly  condemn  the  clafhcs,  as 
having  an  immoral  tendency,  and  at 
the  fame  time  pronounce  a  panegyric 
on  the  writings  of  dr.  Swift?  One 
would  be  tempted  to  think,  that  the 
author's  real  motive  for  decrying  the 
clalTics,  was  not  lo  much  a  concern 
for  the  interelbof  morality,  as  an  im- 
placable fpitc  at  Grecian  and  Roman 
literature.  So  that  viewing  the  mat- 
ter in  any  pofTible  light,  this  part  of 
his  argument  appears  to  be  nothing 
more  than  the  miferable  fubterfuge  of 
fcaffled  fophiflry.  Again,  "  the  fludy 
©f  the  Latin  and   G&eek  languages 


is  improper  in  the  prefcnt  fiate  of  fo- 
ciety  and  government  in  the  uimcd 
Hates.  While  Greek  and  Latin  are 
the  only  avejiues  to  Icience,  educaiKux 
Will  always  be  confined  to  a  few 
peo|)le."  But  why  confined  to  a  few  ? 
Has  our  author  fhewn  a  hngle  reafon 
to  julufy  his  alferiion  ?  Is  the  expenfe 
too  great  ?  and  will  the  wealthy  alone 
enjoy  the  privilege  of  iniiruftion  ? 
Look  at  our  colleges !  Are  not  the 
moll  ot  thofe  who  attend  ihera,  per- 
fons  in  the  middle  fphcre  of  life  ?  Or 
do  the  rich  prove  the  befl  fcholars  ? 
This  experience  denies.  At  the  low- 
ell  computation,  there  are  upwards  of 
five  hundred  fludenis  in  the  colleges 
of  Newhaven,  Cambridge,  New 
York,  Princeton,  Philadelphia,  and 
Carlifle.  This  does  iiot  leem  10  fa- 
vour the  idea,  that  knowledge  is  accef- 
fible  lo  few. 

Our  author  propofes  to  make  feme 
fucceeding  pohtions  the  fubjetts  of 
future  conlideration  ;  I  (hall  therefore 
pafs  them  over,  and  cfter  a  few  cur- 
lory  obfervations  on  his  fancied  refu- 
tation of  t!ie  argumenis  advanced  id 
fupport  of  the  propriety  of  Undying 
Latin  and  Greek,  lliefe  obferva- 
tions lliall  be  very  brief,  as. a  laboured 
confutation  of  dogmatic,  unfupported 
affertions,  would  be  an  unneceffary 
wafle  of  time,  and  an  unpardonaLle 
trefpafs  upon  psit.ence. 

Ihefirll  argument, upon  which  the 
gentleman  fiftens  his  talons,  is,  "that 
a  knowledge  of  the  Latin  or  Greek 
grammar  has  been  faid  to  be  neceffary 
for  our  becomingacquainted  w.th  Liv^- 
liih  grammar."  If,  by  this  is  meant, 
that  the  Englifli  grammar  fliould  be 
regulated  by  the  Latin  or  Greek,  he 
is  perfectly  right  in  rejefting  the  opi- 
nion ;  though  he  need  not  claim  the 
merit  of  cxplodmg  tins  error  :  it  ne- 
ver was  advanced  but  by  fome  Utopi- 
an projectors,  and  the  fober  advocates 
of  clalhcal  learning,  never  thought 
their  caufe  fo  dclperate  as  to  require 
fuch  puny  a;d.  However,  he  might 
have  aiTigned  fome  better  reafon  for 
h;s  own  judgment,  than  that  ''  he  has 
known  many  bachelors  and  mafters  of 
arts  who  were  iticorrecl  Englifli  fcho- 
lars :"  unlefshe  can  Ihew  that  corrupt 
pronunciation,  or  falfe  Englifh  gram- 
mar, is  the  refult  of  clalfical  educa- 
tion, it  is  needlefs  to  point  out  the 
incorreclnefsof  maOerscf  arts — "  The; 


188 


Reply  to  an  enquiry  into  the  utility  of  the  Greek,  &c.     [September, 


Greek,"  he  proceeds  "  is  fuppofed  to 
be  the  moii  perfect  language  both  in 
its  conlliuciion  and  harmony,  that 
has  ever  been  fpoken  by  mortals  ; 
jiow  this  language  was  not  learned 
through  the  medium  of  any  other'' — 
the  pre-eminence  of  the  Greeks  ''arole 
entirely  fiom  their  being  too  wife  to 
wafle  the  imp.onant  years  of  education 
in  learning  to  call  fubllances  by  iwo  or 
three  ddicient  names,  inllead  ot  ilu- 
dying  iheir  qualities  and  ufes."  Do 
not  laugh,  gentle  reader,  when  you 
find  this  fame  author,  who  now  writes 
with  great  zeal  againll  the  abfurd 
pratiice  of  "'  learning  to  call  tubllan- 
ces  by  two  or  three  ddferent  names," 
gravely  advifmg  the  fludy  of  French 
and  German.  Will  the  nam.e  of  a 
thing  in  either  of"  thefe  languages,  in- 
fpire  a  better  knowledge  of  its  quali- 
ties and  ufes,  than  the  name  of  it  in 
Latin  or  Greek  ?  but  obferve  the  lo- 
gic of  the  hrit  part  of  this  paragraph  ; 
It  is  to  this  effect : 

The  Greek  is  fuppofed  to  be  the 
mod  perfect  language  that  has  ever 
been  (poken  by  mortals. 

But  there  is  widefcope  for  improve- 
ment in  the  Englifli  tongue. 

Ergo,  we  ihould  never  open  a 
Greek  book. 

Similar  to  this  is  the  gentleman's  rea- 
foning,  when  he  attempts  to  prove,  that 
we  fliould  not  iUidy  the  Greek  and 
X,atin,  to  become  acquainted  with  the 
tafte  and  eloquence  of  authors,  who 
wrote  in  thele  languages. 

We  are  told,  that  ''  Shakefpcare 
owes  his  fame,  as  a  fuhlimeand  origi- 
nal poet,  to  his  having  never  read  a 
Latin  or  Greek  author  ;  "  and  that 
*'  to  this  pallion  for  ancient  writings, 
we  muft  afcribe  the  great  want  of  ori- 
ginality,  that  marks  too  many  of  the  po- 
ems of  modern  times- V/hy  the  reading 
of  Englilh,  Fiench,  or  German  books, 
ihould  bemore  favo'urableto  original- 
ity, than  the  reading  of  thofe,  which 
are  written  in  Greek  or  Latin,  it 
lies  upon  our  author  to  explain  ;  per- 
haps he  will  do  it  in  his  future  elTays. 
I'he  gentleman  aflerts,  that  "  the 
ftudy  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  lan- 
guages has  been  one  of  the  greatell 
obftructions  that  has  ever  been  thrown 
in  the  way  of  the  propagation  of  uk- 
ful  knowledge."  How  fo  ?  Why, 
"  by  rendering  our  language  unintel- 
ligible   to    the  greatell  part  of    the 


people."  Admitting  this  to  be  true, 
will  the  evil  be  remedied  by  omitting 
the  fludy  of  thefe  languages  ?  or  will 
all  the  uninteliigible  words,  which 
have  been  imported  from  thefe  lan- 
guages into  our  own,  be  entirely  done 
away  with  the  languages  themfelves? 
Would  it  greatly  decorate  an  Enghflr- 
man'soran  American's  ftile,  to  fuitl 
a  iwarm  of  French  or  German  words 
into  h'.s  compofition  ?  Yet  this  mufl 
be  the  cafe,  if  thefe  languages  are  ge- 
nerally iludied. 

The  gentleman  is  deeply  concerned, 
that,  on  this  account,  the  poor  have 
"  not  the  gofpel  preached  to  them;" 
but,  if  he  w  ill  take  the  trouble  to  lt)ok 
into  the  world,  he  will  find  the  far 
greatell  proportion  of  pious  people, 
belonging  to  that  clafs. 

when  the  utility  of  Greek  and  La- 
tin is  urged  "'  as  necefTary  to  the  learned 
profefIion:.oFlaw,phy lie, and  divinity," 
the  gentleman  replies,  ''  the  moU  ufe- 
ful  books  in  each  of  thefe  profelhons, 
are  tranllated  into  Englifli  :"  but  he 
does  not  conhder  that  living  lan- 
guagesare  in  aUlate  of  perpetual  fluc- 
tuation— He-fays  that  "  cuftom  will 
always  govern  the  ufe  of  words." 
Ihis  IS  a  moll  powerful  argument  for 
the  fludy  of  Greek  and  Latin  :  be- 
caiile  cuflom  often  warps  words  from 
their  original  meaning,  and,  at  differ- 
ent periods,  afbgns  different  fignihca* 
tions  to  (he  fame  word.  If  then  the 
Latin  and  Greek  are  tranflated,  and 
the  originals  thrown  afide,  the  inten- 
lu^n  of  an  author  may,  in  fcveral 
important  points,  be  whoiy  lofl,  unlefs 
the  gentleman  can  give  us  fecunty,  that 
the  Englifh  words,  whirh  are  uled  to 
exprefs  an  author's  fenfe,  will  ever 
convey  the  precife  ideas  which  were 
afhxed  to  them,  at  the  time  .when  his 
book  was  tranflated- 

He  goes  on,  ''  IJee  no  ufe  at  pre- 
fent  for  a  knowledge  of  the  Latin  and 
Greek  languages,  for  a  lawyer,  a  phy- 
flcian,  or  a  divine, in  the  united  ffates, 
except  it  be  to  preferve  the  remem- 
brance of  a  few  technical  terms, 
•which  may  be  retained  without  it." 
In  this  inflance,  u  feems,  our  author's 
logic  depends  upon  ttie  acutenefs  of 
his  optics.  What  fine  reafoning  is  it  to 
fay,  *'  I  fee  no  ufe  for  fuch  a  branch  of 
fludy,  and  therefore  it  muff  be  fuper- 
fluous  and  pernicious.  Charity  her- 
ielf  cannot  fuppofe  a  perfon    to  be 


i-SyJ  Kfpiy  to  an  enquiry  into  the  utifity  of  the  Greek^   &c. 


189 


over-flocked  with  modefly,  when  he 
thnks  liH  bare  opimon  lufficient  to 
overfet'the  judgment  of  the  learned, 
wiio  liave  flounihed  through  a  i'eries 
of  ages,  and  whole  nac.nes  will  adorn 
tit?  annals  of  Iteratiire — -Nor  can  our 
thoughts  of  his  hiimiiity  be  more  fa- 
vourable, wlien,  with  an  imperious^ 
diCiaioiial  a\r.  he  condemns,  as  guilly 
oFfoily  and  abfurduy,  thofe  venera- 
ble peifonages  who  prehde  over  the 
intereils  of  learning  in  the  united 
lutes.  It  is  a  rule  111  good  compoii- 
tion,  to  give  ihe  reader's  mind  lome 
fcope  fur  exertion,  in  diicovering  im- 
pl'cd  inf^vences,  and  the  co^nnexion 
of  an  audior's  thoughts.  Had  the 
g^Muleman  remembered  this  direchon, 
he  would  probahly  have  fpared  h'nT- 
felf  th°  trouble  of  making  part  of  (his 
hill  remark,  and  me  the  trouble  of 
pointing  out  its  inconfiRency,  He  fays, 
'■  1  do  not  fcetheufe,"  &c.  From  the 
tenor  of  his  whole  erTay,  it  appears 
that  he  is  ignorant  of  his  fubjett  in 
more  vefpe^ts  :  than  one,  and  this,  I 
pieiiimc,  IS  anobfervation  not  out  of 
the  reach  of  common  capacities. 

To  corroborate  his  previous  alTer- 
tions,  he  informs  us,  that  "  two  of 
tbc  mod  eminent  and  (iiccefsful  law- 
yers in  the  united  Hates,  are  (Irarsgers 
to  the  L;rrin  language."  Without 
anv  apprehenhons  of  injuring  the 
ci;ife  of  Grecian  or  Roman  litera- 
ture, I  will  help  him  to  a  ftill  better 
ar'^iimenf,  viz.  that  a  ceriain  gentie- 
ni  in,  of  publiiliing  propenfity,  has 
learned  bojh  Latin  and  Greeky  and 
is  not  a  Vvhit  the  wifer. 

Relperting  the  difputes  among  cri- 
tics, about  ""the  meaning  of  words," 
&c.  ni  the  New  Teliaoient,  we  may 
:hence  draw  an  argument  for  the  pro- 
priety of  lliidv  ng  the  Greek.  If  we 
do  not,  It  will  he  impo!hble.to  form 
a  fettled  judgment  concerning  difput- 
ed  pa.Iagcs ;  and  of  coiitie  we  muft 
i'mphculy  rely  on  the  opin  urn  o  (others, 
Or  have  no  opinion  at  all — -a  fituation 
to. which  an  independent  rnind  would 
tiot  wi(h  to  be  reduced.  Here  our 
author  ftarts  a  mighty  difficulty — "  it 
follows,  that  a  knowledge  of  the 
l-inguages  and  dialetls,  in  which  the 
diHerent  parts  of  it  (the  Ne'v  Tella- 
meni)  were  originally  compofed,  is 
Equally  necelTary."  It  is  not  eafy  to 
tell  wint  he   means   by   the  diHereni 

VoL^VI.  No.  Ill, 


languages*  of  the  New  Teflament  ; 
and  as  for  thediaiefts,  h'S  coniequencc 
will  be  admitted,  wiihoin  icruple ; 
and  1  to  what  does  it  amount  ?  Kvi- 
dently  to  nothing  m.ore  than  this,  that 
divines  ouglvt  to  be  good  claliic?!  fcho- 
■lars.  His  conclulion,  however,  that 
this  knowledge  of  the  dialects,  &c.  iS 
indifpenf^bly  neceffary  to  the  conur:ori 
people,  can  no  more  be  allowed,  than 
that  the  common  people  are  bound  to 
Uudy  medicine,-  becaufe  they  are  all 
interelted  in  its  f.ircefs. 

After  foiTie  -farther  remarks,  our 
auihor  directs  our  atiention  to  twodii- 
tingiulhed  perf<inages  in  Anr-rira  ;  andf 
when  he  has  rneiuioned  lome  of  their 
fervices,  for  which  the  beneditlions 
of  the  prefent  and  future  generations 
will  be  Ihowered  upon  them — he  lelU 
us,  that  they  "  were  flrangers  to  the 
formalities  of  a  Latin  and  Greek  edu- 
cation." 

Gratitude  to  thofe  illuftrrous  patri- 
ots, to  whom,  I  fuppofe,  he  alhides,- 
and  veneration  for  their  exalted  vir- 
tues, are  written  in  indelible  charac- 
ters upon  the  heart  of  every  friend  to 
mankind.  Btit  our  author's  inference 
againfi,  the  utihiy  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin,  can  be  of  no  fervice,  unlefs 
he  will  fhew,  that  their  laurels  are  the 
fruit  of  their  never  having  Ihidied 
thefe  languages.  Equally  juft  would 
•be  the  fuppofition,  that  the  fludy  of 
phylic  is  altogether  ufelef-:,  becaufe 
the  Indians  are  capable  of  performing 
cures,  which  mav  be  far  out  of  the 
reach  of  a  regular  ph^fician's  flcilj. 
But  this  would  be,  10  many,  a  very 
unpalatable  dottrine.  To  obviate  any 
prejudice  which  might  arifc,  our  au- 
thor piopofes  a  plan  for  preferving 
the  knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin, 
'without  making  it  a  part  of  liberal 
-education.  He  wifhes  to  have  cer- 
tain perfons  appointed  for  the  exprefs 
purpole  of  tranflaiing  and  explainlncr 
Greek  and  Latin  books.  Sec.  With' 
what  an  elevated  'dea,  does  this  prp- 
jjett  prefent    us  ?    How     noble    the 

1^  O  T  E  . 

*  Some,  indeed,  fuppofe,  that  the 
gofpel  of  Matthew  was  originally 
written  in  Hebrew  ;  but  as  this  is  a' 
conteHed  point,  it  can  never  jullify 
an  expreflion,  fo  general,  as  "  all  the 
languaees,"  &c, 
Bb 


19« 


On  free  trade  andfciiance. 


[September, 


thoii,i?ht,  that  the  literati  of  America, 
(to  ufe  a  common  phraleoloi^y)  mnft 
pill  their  faith  upon  ihe  fleeves  of  a 
few|liirecl  pedagogues!  However con- 
ijenial  fucn  a  propofal  may  be  to  our 
author's  mind,  no  perfon  of  dignified 
ientiment  will  fubfcribe  the  humili- 
•tiniJ  terms. 

Whillt  the  gentleman  is  moiuvted 
upon  his  hobby-horfical  Pacolet,  he 
knows  not  where  to  Itop.  After  ba- 
iiifhing  Greek  and  Latin,  the  next 
Hep  of  improvement,  is  to  cafliier  all 
the  words  which  are  of  Greek  or  La- 
tin etymology — and  when  he  has  done 
this,  our  language  will  be  wonderfully 
li;T!plihed,  and  our  difctionaries  re- 
tluced  to  the  fize  of  common  gram- 
mars— Is  noi  ihis  excellent  reafoning  ? 
What  ufe  have  we  for  fuch  words  as 
fcllivity,  hilarity,  &c.  It  is  a  fuf- 
ticicnt  anfwer,  to  fay,  the  very  fame 
that  we  have  for  any  other  words  in 
the  language. 

It  is  fomewhat  odd,  that  our  au- 
thor ha^  deigned  to  employ  a  word  of 
Greek  or  Latin  derivation;  but 
1  am  loo  hally  ;  had  he  atied  upon 
his  own  principles,  the  world  would 
never  have  feen  his  produHion.  There 
h  no  danger  of  traiirgrelhng  the  bounds 
of  truth,  in  faying,  that^  with  all  his 
ingenu  ty,  he  would  not  be  able  to 
write  half  a  page,  which  did  not  con- 
tain f  ime  word  of  Latin  or  Greek 
derivation, 

Li  pointing  out  the  advantages,  that 
will  naturally  refult  from  the  difufe  of 
the  Latin  and  Greek — our  author  has 
d'ne  nothing  more  than  alFcrt,  which 
be  caihi  denionftraiion  :  and,  in  this 
manner,  it  is  eafy  to  prove,  that  he 
was  in  a  dream,  or,  in  a  delirium, 
when  he  wrote  his  treatife. 

To  conclude — The  piece,  upon 
)yhich  I  have  fo  freely  animadverted, 
appears  to  be  theettuhon  of  momen- 
tary frenzy  ;  and  the  bell  apology 
wh  ch  can  be  made  for  the  author, 
if,  that  he  has  written  without  re- 
fh'xion,  or  facrificcd  hi*  judgtitent  to 
tapncc. 

GLOTTOPHILUS. 

Ntw  y'oik,  July   18,    I78y. 

Aji  'Jfoy  on  free  trade  and  finance 
par titularty flowing ,  wlmt fuppltei 
of  public  revenue  ntfl\  be  dtauin 
J roin  menkaiidi-Me^  witlmut   injur- 


ing our    trade,  or    burdening  our 
people. — P.  136. 

Bur  perhaps  the  advantage  of  thi» 
kind  of  taxation  will  appear  in 
a  more  linking  liijht.  by  conlidcring 
its  practical  and  general  cfietls,  on  a 
nation  which  adopts  it  :  in  which 
view  of  the  matter,  1  think  it  will  be 
very  manifelt, 

L  1  hat  any  man  of  bufinefs,  whe- 
ther he  be  merchant,  farmer  ortradcf- 
man,^may  liveeader  and  better,  i.  e.  be 
happier  through  the  year,  andricherat 
theend  of  ityin  acountry  where  this  tax 
is  paid,  than  he  could  i.ve  in  the  fame 
country,  if  the  tax  was  noi  paid  •,  for 
as  the  tax  is  laid  on  ufelefs  confump- 
tions,  it  would,  of  courfe,  diminiAi 
thoie  confumptions.  and,  of  courfe, 
fave  the  firlt  colt  of  the  part  dimin,- 
ilhed,  and  all  the  additional  e.xpenfe,^ 
which  the  ufe  of  that  part  would  re- 
quire. If  a  man  lives  in  a  country, 
abounding  in  kixury,  he  muH  go  in 
fome  degree  into  it,  or  appear  fingular 
and  mean  ;  and  that  pan,  which  he 
would  be  in  a  manner  compelled  to 
adopt  would  probably  colt  him  more 
than  his  tax  ;  but  'tis  here  to  be  con- 
fidered,  that  the  firll  coft  of  an  artiv 
cle  of  luxury,  is  not  nearly  all  the  coll 
of  it.  One  article  often  makes  ano- 
ther neced'ary,  and  that  a  thii-d.  and 
fo  on  ahnoU  ad  infinitum.  If  you  buy 
a  hlk  cloak,  there  mull  alfo  be  trim- 
mings: and  thar  will  not  do,  without 
a  hat  or  bonnet  :  and  thefe  require  a 
fuitable  accommodation  in  every  other 
part  of  the  drels,  in  order  to  keep  up 
any  fort  of  decency  and  uniformity  of 
appearance  :  and  there  alfo  mult  be 
fpent  a  great  deal  of  time  to  put  ihefe 
fine  things  on,  and  to  wear  them,  to 
{hew  them-,  to  receive  and  pay  vifits 
in  them,  &c.  And  when  this  kind  of 
luxury  prevails  in  a  country,  beyond 
the  degree  which  its  wealth  can  bear, 
the  confequence  is  pride,  poverty, 
debt,  duns,  lav^fuits,  &c.  &c.  The 
farmer  finds  the  proceeds  of  the  year 
vanilhed  into  trifles ;  the  merchant 
and  tradefman  may  fell  their  goods  in- 
deed, but  can't  get  payment  for  them. 
Every  family  finds  its  cxpenfe  greatly 
increafcd,  and  the  time  of  the  fami- 
ly much  confumed  in  attending  to 
that  very  expenfe.  Many  families 
foon  become  embarrafied,  and  put  to 
very  mortifying  (Tufts,  10  keep  up  that 
appearance,  which  fitch  a  corruj^t  tafte 


iT^g.] 


Cn  free  trade  and  Jiname* 


191 


almoR  compels  them  to  fupport.  But 
were  thefe  families,  with  the  lame  in- 
rome,  to  live  m  a  country  of  more 
economy,  and  lefs  luxury,  they  would 
eafily  pay  the  taxes  on  the  luxuries 
they  did  ufe — keep  on  a  good  footing 
with  their  neighbours — appear  with 
as  much  diftinCtion — live  happy  and 
unembarralTed  through  the  year,  and 
have  money  in  their  pockets  at  the 
end  of  it.  In  fuch  a  country,  pay- 
ments would  be  punchjal,  and  induf- 
try  fteady  ;  and,  of  couife,  all  bufi- 
nefs,  both  of  merchandize,  hufbandry^ 
and  mechanic  arts,  mi.jjht  be  carried 
on  with  eaie  and  fuccels.  Thefe  are 
no  high  colourings,  but  an  appeal  to 
plain  faHs,  and  to  the  fenfe  of  every 
prudent  man  on  thefe  fafts  ;  and  1 
here  with  confidence  afk  every  wife 
man,  if  he  would  not  choofe  to  live 
in  a  country,  where  articles  of  hurt- 
ful luxury  and  ufelefs  confumption, 
were,  by  taxes  or  any  other  caiife, 
raifed  fo  high  in  their  price,  as  to 
prevent  the  excelEve  ufe  of  them,  ra- 
ther than  in  a  country,  where  fuch 
articles  were  of  eafy  acquirement, 
and  tlie  ufe  of  them  fo  exceffive  a- 
mong  the  inhabitants,  as  to  confume 
their  wealth,  dcHroy  their  induftry, 
and  corrupt  the  morals  and  heahh  of 
die  people  ? 

II.  I  think,  it  Is  very  plain,  that  ar- 
licles  of  hurtful  and  ufelefs  confump- 
tion are  making  fuch  rapid  progrefs  a- 
mong  us,  and  growing  into  fuch  ex- 
ceffive ufe,  as  to  throw  the  economy, 
induftry,  fimplicity,  and  even  health 
of  our  people  into  danger,  and  of 
confequence,  raifing  the  price  of  fuch 
articles  fo  high,  as  will  be  neceflary 
to  produce  a  proper  check  to  the  ex- 
eeflive  ufe  of  them,  will  require  a 
tax  fo  great,  as,  when  added  to  a 
fmall  and  very  niodeiate  impoft  on 
articles  of  general  and  necelfary  con- 
fumption, will  bring  money  enough 
into  the  public  treafury,  for  all  the 
purpofes  of  the  public  fervice.  We 
will  fuppofe,  then,  that  all  this  is 
done,  and  when  this  is  done,  we  will 
flop  a  moment,  and  look  round  us, 
and  view  the  advantages  refulting 
from  ibis  mealure,  over  and  above 
the  capital  one  of  checking  and  re- 
ftraining  ili^t  excelfive  luxury,  which 
threatens,  if  not  an  ablolute  delliuc- 
tion,  yet  at  Icall  a  tarniihment  of  eve- 
ry principle,   out  of  which  our  prof- 


perify,  wealth,  and  happinefs  muft 
neceffarily  and  forever  fluw.  I  fay, 
we'll  flop  a  mmuie  and  view  the  ad- 
vantageous eliecis  of  this  mealure. 
The  firft  grand  effed,  which  prelcnts 
itfelf  (o  my  view,  is,  that  our  army 
would  be  paid,*  chat  our  brethren, 
our  fellow  citizens,  who,  by  their 
valour,  their  patience,  their  perfever- 
an.ce  in  the  held,  have  fecured  fo  us 
our  extenfive  country,  and  all  its 
bleffings,  would  be  enabled  to  return 
to  their  friends  and  connexions,  not 
only  crowned  with  the  laurels  of  the 
field,  but  rewarded  by  the  juflice  and 
gratitude  of  their  country,  and  bs 
therebv  enabled  to  fupport  their  dig- 
nity of  character,  or  at  leaft  be  put  on 
a  footing  wiih  their  fellow  citizens 
(whom  they  have  faved)  in  the  pro- 
curement of  the  means  of  living. 

The  next  advantage  of  ihis  mca- 
fure,  which  occurs  to  me,  is,  ihe 
eafement  and  exoneration  of  the  la- 
bourers of  the  community,  the  huf- 
bandmanand  iradefman,  out  of  whofe 
labour  all  our  wealth  and  lupplies  are 
derived.  By  them  we  are  fed,  by 
them  we  are  clothed  :  by  the  various 
modifications  of  their  labour,  our  fla- 
ples  are  produced,  our  commerce  re- 
ceives its  principle,  and  our  utmoft 
abundance  is  fupplied  :  we  are  there- 
fore bound,  by  every  principle  of  juf- 
tice,  gratitude,  and  good  policy ,  to  give 
them  encouragement  and  uninterrupt- 
ed fecurity  in  their  peaceful  occupa- 
tions, and  not,  by  an  unnatural  and 
ill-fated  arrangement  of  our  finances, 
compel  theni  to  leave  their  labours, 
which  are  the  grand  object  of  their 
attention  and  our  fupplies,  to  go  ii) 
queft  of  money  to  fatisfy  a  collector  of 
taxes. 

But  juftice  and  gra'itiide  operate 
onlv  on  minds,  which  thefe  virtues 
can  reach.  There  may  be  fome  few 
among  us,  of  no  little  weight,  who 
are  content,  if  they  can  obtain  the  fer- 
vices,  to  jet  the  fervant  fhifi  for  him- 
felf,  and  who,  when  they  are  fiire  of 
the  benefit,  remember  no  longer  the 
benefactor  :  and  a<,  in  this  great  ar- 
gument of  univerfal  concern,   1   wilk 

NOTE. 

*  This  was  written  in  Mrifch,  1 783, 
about  the  tune,  when  the  consinen- 
tal  army  was  difniilfed,  but  not 
paid. 


»9« 


On  free  trade  and  finance. 


[September, 


il^find  the  way  to  every  man's  fenfe, 
and  uildiefs  myfe.lf,  not  only  to  thole 
V^ho   have   virtue,  but  even   to  thofe 
Vviho  have  none,  1  will  ihercfore  men- 
tion another   advantage  of  this  mea- 
fure,  which  I  think,  will  (virtue  or  no 
virtue)    reach  the  feelings    of   every 
man,  who  retains   the   lead   ienfe  of 
intereii,  viz,  that  in  this   way  all  our 
public  creditors  would  be  paid  and  la- 
tisfied,  e:thi'r  by  a  total  difcharge  of 
their  principal,  or  an  undoubted  well- 
funded  feciinty  of  it,  with  a  fure  and 
punctual    pavtnent   of   their    interell, 
which  wouid  be  the  belt  of  the  two  ; 
becaule  a  total   difcharge  of  the  prin- 
cipal at  once,  if  fufficient  money  could 
be  i>btamed,  would  make  fuch  a  fud- 
den,  fo  vaH  an  addition  to  our  circu- 
lating   ca(h,  as   would   depreciate    it, 
and  reduce  the  value  of  the  debt  paid, 
much  behnv  its  worth  at   the  time  of 
conrratl,  and  introduce   a   fjuttuation 
of  our  markets,  and  other   fatal  evils 
of  a  depreciated  currency,  which  have 
been    known  by   experience,  and  fe- 
verely   enough   felt,    to    make    them 
dreaded  ;  it  would  therefore  be  much 
better  for   the   creditor  to  receive  a 
certain    welt- funded   fecurity    of   his 
debt,  than    full   payment  :  for  in  that 
ca!e,    if  he  needed    the  cadi  for  his 
debt,  be  might    fell    his    fecurity,  at 
little   or   no   difcount,    which  is    the 
condant   prattice   of   the  public  cre- 
ditors in  England,  where  every  kind 
of  public  fccuriiy  has  its  rate    of  ex- 
change, fettled   every  day,  and  may 
be   negociated  in  a  very  Ihort  time. 
Suppofingthis  fhould  be  the  cafe,  flop 
and  lee   what  an  amazing  effort  this 
would  have  on  every  kind  of  bufinefs 
in   the    country.     The  public   bank- 
ruptcies have  been  fo  amazingly  great, 
that  vaft  numbers  of  our  people  have 
been  reduced  by  theit)  to  the  condition 
of  men,  who  have   fold  their  efferts 
to  broken  merchants,  that  cannot  pay 
them;  their   bufinefs  i?   Icflencd,  or, 
perhaps,  reduced  to  notb'ng,  for  want 
of  their  Hock,  fo  dciained  from  them. 
Suppoling,  then,  that  their  Hock  was 
rcllored  to   iliem  all,  they  v>;ould    in- 
flanily  all  pifh  into  bufinefs.  and  the 
proceeds  of  their  bufinefs  would  flow 
through  ihc  rountry.  in  every  direc- 
tion of  inflnilry,  ana  every  fpecies  of 
fupplv  :   in  fine,    the    whole   country 
would  be  alive  ;  aiul  as  it    is   obvious 
tc  every  one,  that  it  v^   much   better 


living  in  a  country  of  brifk  bufinefs, 
than  one  of  llagnated  bufinefs,  every 
individual    would   reap   benehis  from 
this  general  animation  of  indulhy,  be- 
yond account,  more  than    enough  to 
compenlate  the  tax  which  he  has  paid 
lo  produce  it.     All  thefe  advantages, 
hitherto  enumerated,  woiild   put   the 
labour  and   induifry  of  our  people  of 
all  occupations  on    fuch    a  footing  of 
profit,  and   fecurity,    as  w©uld    foon 
give  a  new  face   to  the  country,  and 
open  fuch  extenfive  profpctts  of  plen- 
ty, peace,  and   eilablifhment,    throw 
into  action  io  many  lources  of  wealth, 
give  fuch  liability  to  public  credit,  and 
make  the  burdens  of  goveniineut   fo 
eafy   and  almolt  imperceptible  to  the 
people,  as   would  make  our  country, 
not  only  a  moil  advantageous  place  to 
live  in,  but  even  make  it  abound  with 
the-  richeft    enjoymenis  and  heartfelt 
delights.     Thefe  are  objects  of  great 
magnitude    and    delirablenefs  ;    they 
animate  and  dilate  the  heart   of  every 
American.     What  can   do  the  heart 
more  good,  than  to  fee  our  country  % 
fcene   of  juftice,    plenty,  and   happi- 
nefs  ?  are  thofe    rich  bleffings  within 
our  reach  ?  can    we   believe  ihcy  are 
fo  abfolutely  within  our  power,  that 
they  require  no   more  than  very  prac- 
ticable efforts  to  bring  iis  into  the  lull 
polTellion  of  them  ?    Thele  blcllings 
are  doubtlefs  attainable,  if  we  willgo 
to  the   price   of  them  :  and   that  you 
ir.ay  judge  whether  they  are  worth  the 
purchafe,  whether  they  are  too   dear 
or  not  ;   I  will  give  you  the  price  cur- 
rent of  them  all,  the  price,  which,  if 
honellly  paid,  will  certainly  purchafe 
them. 

In  order  to  have  them,  then,  we 
niufl  pay  about  a  dollar  and  half  a 
gallon,  for  rum,  brandy,  and  other  dif- 
tillcd  fpirits;  a  dollar  a  gallon,  above 
the  ordinary  price,  for  wines  ;  adollar 
and  a  half  for  bohea  tea,  and  about 
that  fum,  above  the  ordinary  pnce, 
for  hyfon  tea  ;  a  double  price  on  filki 
of  all  forts,  laces  of  all  forts,  and  thin 
linens  and  cottons  (»f  all  forts,  fuch  as 
muflins,  lawns,  aind  cambrick*,  and 
.  al{i^  on  jewelry  of  all  forts,  &c. ; 
about  a  dollar  and  third  a  yard,  above 
the  ordinary  price,  for  fuperfinr  cloths 
of  all  forts,  &c.  &c.  a  ti,>ird  of  a  dol- 
lar a  bulliel,  on  fait,  (for  .1  don't 
mean  to  lay  (jnite  all  the  tax  on  the 
rich,  and  wiiolly  excufe>  tHe   poor,) 


'7%0       Character  ncvi gtneris  plantcs — Azakia:  a  Canadian Jlory.        tgj 


about  a   dollar  a  hundred,  for  Tugar, 
one  teiuh  of  a  dollar  a  pound,  on  cot- 
fee,  the  lame  on  cocoa,  above  the  or- 
dinary price,  &c.   &c.  with  an  addi- 
tion of  five  per  cent,  on  all  ariicks  of 
imporialion    not   enumerated,  except 
cotton,  dying  woods,  and  other   raw 
materials  for  our  o\yn  maniifariures ; 
for,    whilU  importations   are   dilcou- 
raged,  our  own  raanuiattures  will  na- 
turally be  Increaled,  and  ought  to  be 
encouraged,  or  at  lead  be  difburdeiied. 
On  this  ilate   of  the   matter,     1    beg 
leave  to-obferve,  that  the  war   itfeU., 
for  feveri  years  "pad,  has  laid  a  tax  on 
us,    nearly    equal   to   the   hi^helt   of 
ihefe,  and,  on  iome  articles  of  necef- 
fary  conlu'.nption,  from  two  hundred 
to  a   thoufand  per  cent,  higher,  inch 
as  fait,  pepper,  alfpice,  alluin,  pow- 
der, lead,   &c.  &c.  and  yet  1   never 
heard  any  body  complani  of  being  ruin- 
ed by  the  war,  becaufe  rum  was  twelve 
fliillings  per  gallon,  tea  twelve   (hil- 
lings  per  pound,  niantuas  three  dol- 
lars a   yard,    pepper   ten   Ihilhngs    a 
{lound,  or  fupeiHne  cloths  eight  dol- 
ars  a  yard,   &c.     Nor  does  it  appear 
to  me,  that    the   country   has  paid   a 
{hilling  more  for  rum,  lilks,  luperfine 
cloths,   &c.  for  the  laft  feven   years, 
than  was  paid  for  the  fame  articles  the 
feven  preced  ng  year:*,  i.  e,  she  whole 
tax  was  paid  by    leflening  the    con- 
fumption   of  thcfe  articles.     Nor  do 
I    think,  that   the   health,   habits,   or 
happinefs  of  the  country,  have  fullered 
in   the   leall,  on   the   whole,  from  iis 
being  obliged  to  ufe  lels  of  thefe  arti- 
cles than   was  before   ufual ;    but  be 
this  as  if  may,   'tis  very  certain,  that 
the  country  has  fuffered  but  little  from 
the  mcreafed   price  of  thefe  articles, 
which   1    propofe   to   tax,    except  at 
fome    particular   times,    when    thofe 
prices  were  railed  much  higher  than 
the  point  to  which  I  propoie  to  raile 
them,  i.  e.  at   particular   times,  rum 
ha<  been  as  high   is  three   dollars    a 
gallon,  tea  three  dollars  a  pound,  fu- 
gars,   and   cofiee,    three  (hillings  and 
fix-pence  a  pound,  mantuas  four  dol- 
lars a  yard,   &c  :   but  'tis  oblervable, 
that    the   principal    increafed    prices, 
■which  have  really  hurt  and  diilrefied 
the   country,    during  the    war,    have 
been  of  oiher  articles,  which   I    pro- 
pofe to  tax  very  lightly,  or  not  at  all ; 
inch  as  f.ilt,  which   has   at  time;  been 
(k.  dollars  a  buihel,  and  perhaps  three 


or  four  dollars  on  an  average,  coarfe 
cloihs  and  coarfe  linens,  ofnabr«g3» 
cuilery,  and  crockery-wares.  Sir.. 
which  have  often  nfen  to  five  or  fijc 
prices,  and  Hood  for  years  together  at  * 
three  or  four :  and  yet  the  burden  o£ 
thefe  cxcelTive  prices,  ofevennecef- 
fary  articles  of  unavoidable  confump- 
tion,  has  not  been  fo  great,  if  you  ex- 
cept the  article  of  fait,  as  to  be  fo 
much  as  mcfitioned  very  often  among 
the  ruinous  ettchs  and  diflreffes  of  the 
war.  (To  be  cOHttnued.) 

diaraCler  vovi  generis  plantce,  qvam 
■nuper  inter  Jadus'  cum  indigenis 
ccrnponendum,  tn  Silva  Americana 
dflexit  Samuel  Latham  Milchill^ 
M.  D. 
R  E  N  S  S  A  L  .^.  Pv  1  A. 

PERIANTHiUM  follolis  oflo 
conftans,  quorum  tria  externa  in- 
tera  ;  reliqua  corollje  proxima ;  co- 
lorata,  concava;  rotundo-acuminata, 
perfiilentia. 

Corolla,  Monopelala,  ventricofa, 
bilabiata,  ringens.  Tubus  brevifh- 
nius.  Limbus  dchifcens.  Labiurn 
fuperiusbifidum  ;  inferius  tripartiium, 
utrinque  barbatum,  in  medio  elcva- 
tum. 

Ne6lartum.  In  fupcriore  tubi  parte, 
fupra  piftillum,  fitum,  circa  originem 
piti)fiim,  fubulatum. 

Stamina.  Filainenta  quatuor,  in- 
curva,  pilofa,  corollas  tubo  inferta, 
approximata ;  quorum  duo  fuperiora 
breviora.  Antheras  triquatras,  gib- 
bofce,  externc  glabrae,  intus  tomento- 
fae,  connatas,  magn^e. 

Pijlillvm.  Germen  conicnm,  fupe- 
rum.  Stylus  cylindraceus,  filiformis, 
apice  incurvatus.  Stigma  fimplex, 
obtufum. 

Pericarpium.  Capfula  crafTa,  g\b- 
ba,  teretiulcula,  bilocularis,  bivalvis, 

Semina.   Plurima,  parva. 

Koc  genus  ad  Didynam.  Angio- 
fperm.cl.  Liunasi  pertmet. 

Fort  Schuyler,  Sept.  1788. 

Azakia:  a  Canadian ^ory. 

li  E  ancient  inhabitants  of  Ca- 
nada were,  ftri^ly  fpeaking,  all 
favages.  Nothing  proves  this  better 
than  the  delliny  of  fome  Frenchman, 
who  firft  arrived  in  this  prtrt  of  the 
world.     They  were  eaten  by  the^fio- 


»94 


jtzakia  :  a  Canadian  f.ory. 


[September, 


pie  whom  tViey  pretended  to  humanize 
and  poiilh. 

New  attempts  were  more  fucc^fs- 
ful.  The  favapes  were  driven  into 
«he  inner  pans  of  the  continent  ;  trea- 
ties of  peace,  always  ill  obferved, 
■were  concluded  with  them  ;  hut  the 
f'rench  fouwd  means  to  create  in  them 
wants,  which  made  their  yoke  nccef- 
fary  to  them.  Their  brandy  and  to- 
bacco eafily  effeiled  what  their  arms 
Eni^ht  have  operated  with  greater  ditfi- 
cuity.  Confidence  foon  became  mu- 
tual, and  the  foreds  of  Cana'la  were 
frequented  with  as  much  freedom  by 
the  new  inmates,  as  by  the  natives. 

Thefe  forefls  were  often  alfo  re- 
forted  to  by  the  married  and  unmar- 
ried favage  women,  whom  the  meet- 
ing of  a  Frenchman  put  into  no  ter- 
rors. All  thefe  women,  for  the  mod 
part,  are  handfome,  and  certainly 
their  beauty  owes  nothing  to  the  em- 
bellilhments  of  art :  much  lefs  has  it 
any  iniTuence  on  their  condutl.  Their 
charatler  is  naturally  mild,  and  flexi- 
ble, their  humour  gay;  they  laugh  in 
the  molt  agreeable  and  winning  man- 
ner. They  have  a  ftrong  propenfity 
to  love  ;  a  propenfity,  which  a  maiden, 
in  this  country,  may  yield  to,  and  al- 
ways indulges  without  fcruple,  and 
vithout  fearing  the  leafl;  reproach.  It 
is  not  fo  with  a  married  woman  ;  (lie 
mufl  be  entirely  devoted  to  him  (he 
has  married  ;  and,  what  is  not  lefs 
worthy  of  notice,  fhe  puntlually  ful- 
fils this  duty. 

An  heroine  of  this  clafs,  and  who 
was  born  among  the  Hurons,  one  day 
happened  to  wander  in  a  foreft  that 
lay  contiguous  to  the  grounds  they  in- 
habited. She  was  furprifed  by  a  French 
foldier,  who  did  not  trouble  himfelf 
to  enquire,  whether  fhe  was  a  wife  or 
a  maiden.  Befides,  he  found  him- 
felf litttle  difpofed  to  refpeft  the  right 
of  a  Huron  hufband.  The  fhrieks  of 
the  young  favage,  in  defending  her- 
felf,  brought  to  the  fame  place,  the 
baron  of  St.  Caftins,  an  officer  in  the 
troops  of  Canada.  He  had  no  diffi- 
culty to  oblige  the  foldier  to  depart  ; 
but  the  perfon,  he  had  fo  opportunely 
faved,  had  fo  many  engaging  charm;, 
that  the  fojdier  appeared  excufable  to 
him.  Being  hiinlielf  tempted  to  fue 
for  the  reward  of  the  good  office  he 
had  jud  rendered,  he  piradcd  his 
paufe  in  a  more  gentle  and  inhnuaun^ 


manner,  than  the  foldier,  hut  did  not 
fucceed  better.  "  The  friend  that  is 
before  my  eyes,  hinders  my  feeing 
thee,"  faidthe  Huron  woman  to  him. 
This  IS  the  favage  phrafe,  for  exprelf- 
ing  that  a  woman  has  a  huPoand,  and 
that  file  cannot  be  wanting  in  fidelity 
to  him.  This  phrafe  is  not  a  vain 
form  ;  it  contains  a  peremptory  re- 
fiifal  ;  it  is  common  to  ail  the  women 
oF  thofe  barbarous  nations ;  and  its 
force,  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Eu- 
ropeans, and  their  example,  were  ne- 
ver able  to  diminiffi. 

St.  Cad  ins,  to  whom  the  language 
and  cuftoms  of  the  Hurons  were  fa- 
miliar, faw  immediately  that  he  mull 
drop  all  pretenftons  ;  and  this  perfua- 
fion  recalled  all  his  generofity.  Fie 
therefore  made  no  other  advances, 
than  to  accompany  the  beautiful  favage^ 
whom  chance  alone  had  directed  into 
the  wood,  and  who  was  afraid  of  new 
rencontres.  As  they  paffed  on,  he 
received  all  poffible  marks  of  grati- 
tude, except  that  which  he  at  firlt  re- 
quefted. 

Some  time  after,  St.  Callins  being 
infulted  by  a  brother  officer,  killed 
him  in  a  duel.  This  officer  was  ne- 
phew to  the  general  governor  of  the 
C(dony,  and  the  governor  was  as  ab- 
fohite  as  vindiflive.  St.  Cadins  had 
no  other  refource  than  to  betake  him- 
felf to  flight.  It  was  prefumed,  that 
he  had  retired  among  the  Engliffi  of 
New-York  j  which,  indeed,  was  ve- 
ry probable;  but,  peifuaded  that  hs 
ihould  find  an  equally  fafe  afylum 
among  the  Flurons,  he  gave  them  the 
preference. 

The  defire  of  again  feeing  Azakia, 
which  was  the  name  of  the  favage  he  , 
had  refcued,  contributed  greatly  to  de- 
termine him  in  that  choice.  She  knew 
immediately  her  deliverer.  Nothing 
could  equal  her  joy,  at  this  unexpect- 
ed vifit,  and  die  declared  it  as  inge- 
nuoufly,  as  before,  flie  had  refifted  his 
attacks,  The  favage,  whofe  wife 
ffie  was,  and  whofe  name  was  Ouabi, 
gave  St  Cad  ins  the  lame  reception, 
who  acquainted  him  of  the  motive  of 
his  flight,  "May  the  Great  Spirit 
be  pvaifed,  for  having  brought  thee 
among  us,"  replied  theFIuron  !  "  This 
body."  added  he,  laying  his  hand  on 
his  bofom,  "  will  ferve  thee  as  a  ffiel- 
ter  for  defence  ;  and  this  head-break- 
ing iutchet  will  put  to  flight,  or  llnke 


K^9'l 


Azakia  :  a  Canadian  Jiory. 


ISS 


dead  thy  enemies.  My  hut  fliaU  be 
thine  :  thou  fhali  always  fee  the  bright 
liar  of  the  day  appear  and  leave  us, 
without  any  thing  being  wanting  to 
thee,  or  any  thing  being  able  to  hurt 
thee." 

St.  Caflins  declared  to  him,  that  he 
abfolately  dtfired  to  live  as  they  did, 
that  is,  to  bear  a  part  in  their  labours 
and  their  wars ;  to  abide  by  their  cuf- 
toms ;  in  (hort,  to  become  a  Huron  ; 
a  refoliition,  which  redoubled  Ouabi's 
joy.  This  favage  held  the  ftrll  rank 
among  his  i>eople — he  was  their  grand 
chief — a  dignity  which  his  courage 
and  fervices  had  merited  for  him. 
There  were  other  chiefs  under  him, 
and  he  oHered  one  of  the  places  to 
St.  Caftins,  who  accepted  of  the 
rank  only  of  a  private  warrior. 

The  Hurons  were  ihen  at  war  with 
the  Iroquois,  and  wereitucnt  on  form- 
ing fome  enterprife  againft  them.  St. 
Caftins  would  fain  make  one  in  the 
expedition,  and  fought  as  a  true  Hu- 
ron :  but  was  dangerouliy  wounded. 
He  was  brought  back  with  great  diffi- 
culty to  Onabi's  houfe,  on  a  kind  of 
litter.  At  this  fight,  Azakia  ap- 
peared overwhelmed  with  grief;  but, 
inftead  of  vain  lamentation,  fl>e  ex- 
erted all  pofhble  care  and  alhdaity  to 
be  of  fervice  to  him.  Though  fhe  had 
feveral  {laves  at  command,  (he  de- 
pended only  on  herfelf,  for  what  might 
contribute  to  ihe  relief  of  her  gueit. 
Her  afiivity  equalled  her  folicitude. 
One  would  have  faid,  that  it  was  a 
lover  watching  over  the  precious  life 
cf  her  beloved.  Few  could  help 
drawing  the  inoft  flattering  conie- 
quences,  on  fuch  an  occafion  ;  and 
this  was  what  St.  Caftins  did.  His 
defires  and  his  hopes  revived  with  his 
■firengih.  Oneonly  point  difconcerted 
his  views,  which  was  the  fervices  and 
attentions  of  Ouabi.  Could  he  de- 
ceive him,  without  adding  ingratitude 
in  perfidy  ?  "  Eut,"^faid  St.  CalUns, 
arguing  the  cafe  with  himfelf,  "  the 
good-natured  Ouabi  is  but  a  favage, 
and  hecannot  be  fo  fcrupulous  herein, 
as  many  of  our  good  folks  in  Europe." 
This  reafoii,  which  was  no  reafon  in 
fat},  appeared  very  folid  to  the  amo- 
rous Frenchman,  He  renewed  his 
lender  advance^,  and  was  furprifed  to 
meet  with  new  rsifufals.  "  Stop  !  Ce- 
lano,"  which  was  the  favage  name  that 
wasgiveato  St. Caftins  j.^ftopj"  faid 


Azakia  to  him  ;  the  (hivers  of  the  rod, 
whiicnl  have  broken  wiih  Ouabi,  have 
not  yet  been  reduced  to  aihes.  A  part 
reiT>ains  ihll  in  his  power,  and  anotrjef 
in  mine.  As  long  as  they  lalt,  I  am  his, 
and  cannot  be  thine,"  Thefe  words, 
Ipoken  in  a  peremptory  manner,  quite 
difconcened  St.  Caftins.  He  dared 
not  infilt  upon  the  matter  farther,  and 
fell  into  a  melancholy  reverie.  Aza- 
kia was  deeply  alleged  by  it.  "  What 
can  I  do  ?"  faid  (he  to  him  :  '*  I 
cannot  become  thy  companion,  but 
by  ceafing  to  be  the  companion  of 
Ounbi  ;  and  I  cannot  quit  Ouabi, 
without  cauung  in  him  the  fame  for- 
row  thou  feeleft  in  thyfelf.  Anlwer 
me,  has  be  defcrved  it?" — '"No!" 
cried  out  Celario,  "no  !  he  delervesto 
be  entirely  preferred  before  me ;  bat 
I  muft  abandon'his  dwelling.  It  is 
only  by  ceafing  to  fee  Azakia,  that  I 
can  ceafe  to  be  ungrateful  to  Ouabii" 
Thefe  words  ch'lled  with  paleuefs 
the  young  favage's  face :  her  tears 
ftowed  almoft  at  the  fame  inftant,  and 
ihe  did  not  endeavour  to  conceal  them^ 
•*  Ah!  ungrateful  Celario!"  cried 
file,  with  fobs,  and  preh'ing  his  hands 
between  her  own  ;  "  is  it  true,  un- 
grateful Celario !  that  thou  haft  a 
a  mind  to  quit  thofe,  to  whom  thou 
art  more  dear  than  the  light  of  the 
bright  liar  of  the  day?  What  have 
we  done  to  thee,  that  thou  IhouldlJ 
leave  us  ?  Is  any  thing  wanting  to 
thee  ?  Doft  thou  not  fee  me  continu- 
ally by  thy  fide,  as  the  flave  that 
wants  but  the  beck  ta  obey?  Why- 
wilt  thou  h:n'e  Azakia  die  of  grief? 
Thou  canft  not  leave  her,  without 
taking  with  thee  her  foul  :  it  is  thine^ 
as  her  body  is  Ouabi's."  The  en- 
trance of  Ouabi  ftopped  the  anfwer  of 
St,  Caftins.  Azakia  ftill  continued 
weeping,  without  retraining  herfelf, 
without  even  hiding  for  a  momenr. 
fhe  caufe.  "  Friend,"  faid  (he  to  the 
Huron,  "  thou  ftill  feelt  Celario  ; 
thou  feeft  him,  and  thou  m-ayeft  Ipeak 
to  and  hear  him;  but  he  will  fooa 
difapp.^^r  from  before  thine  eyes  :  he 
is  going  to  feek  after  other  friends." 
"  Other  friends,"  cried  the  favage, 
nlmoft  as  much  alarmed  as  Azakia 
herfelf:  and  what,  dear  Celario,  what 
induces  thee  to  tear  thyfelf  from  our 
arms  ?  Haft  thou  received  here  any 
injury,  ^tiy  damage  ?  Anfwer  me  ' 
tb^'u  knowcft  tny  authority  in  tb 


t^S 


Azakia  :  a  Canadian  Jlory, 


[September, 


parts.  I  f wear  to  thee,  by  the  great 
Spirit,  that  thou  {halt  be  fatisftcd,  and 
revena;ecl." 

I'his  queRion  greatly  embArraflTed 
St.  Call  ins.  lie  had  no  realonable 
fiibjefl;  for  complaint ;  and  the  true 
motive  of  his  refolution  (night  to  be 
abfoliitely  iiukiiown  to  Oaabi.  There 
was  a  neceihty  of  pretending  fome 
trivial  and  common  reafons,  which 
the  good  Otiab-  lound  very  ndicidous. 
*'  Let  us  IpcH!-^  of  oiher  thing,"  add- 
ed lie ;  "  lo-morrow  I  fet  uui  on  an 
ex;)edaion  agamil  the  Iroquois;  and 
this  evening  I  give  to  our  warnorithe 
cuHoin-iry  fealt.  Partake  of  ihs  a- 
mufe  nent,  dear  Celano."  "  I  am 
equally  willing  to  partake  of  your 
dangers  and  labours,"  faid  St.  Caf- 
tins,  interrupting  him;  "I  fhall  ac- 
company you  in  ihls  new  expedition." 
*■  I'hy  ilrength  would  betray  thv  cou- 
rage/'' replied  the  Huron  chief;  "  it 
js  no  greait  mactcr  to  know  how  to 
fuce  death  ;  thou  (hoiildit  be  able  to 
deal  death  among  the  enemy  ;  thou 
fhouldft  be  able  to  purfue  the  enemy, 
if  they  are  put  to  flighi;  and  thou 
{houldft  be  able  to  fiy  thyfelf,  if  ihey 
be  an  over  march.  Such  were  a'  all 
times  our  v/arlike  maxinT;.  Ihmk 
now,  therefore,  only  of  getting  thy- 
frelf  cured,  and  taking  care  of  this  ha- 
bitation during  my  ahfence,  which  I 
confide  to  thee."  It  was  in  vain  for 
St.  Cillms  to  mike  a  reply.  The 
warriors  foon  afTembie,  and  the  feaft 
begins.  It  is  (carce  over,  when  the 
troops  march  oH,  and  St.  Callins  re- 
mains more  rhan  ever  expofed  to  ihe 
charms  of  Azakia. 

It  is  certaii,  that  this  young  favage 
loved  her  gueft,  and  loved  hint  with 
a  love  purely  ideal,  without  doubting 
th»t  it  was  f'lch  a  love.  She  even 
took  a  rei'iiluiion,  which  others,  who 
loved  as  Ihe  did,  certainly  would  have 
not  have  taken,  which  was  to  procure 
for  St.  Callins  the  opporumity  of  ob- 
taining frfnn  another  what  hcrfe'l  had 
obftinately  refiiffd  him.  The  charms 
of  the  rival  {lie  gave  herlelf,  were 
^vell  calculated  to  attract  his  regards. 
Siie  was  hut  eiglueen  years  old,  was 
very  handlome,  and  which  was  not 
Ids  necelFary,  was  ftill  a  virgin.  It 
Ins  been  before  obferved,  that  a  mai- 
den enjoys  full  liberty  among  the 
ad  (North  American  Indians.  Si.  Cal- 
lufe  in 'IS,  encouiaged  by  Azakia,  had  di- 


vers conferences  with  Zifma,  which 
was  the  name  of  this  young  Huron 
lady,  and  m  a  few  days  he  could  read 
in  her  eye-  that  (lie  would  be  lefs  fe- 
vere  than  hi  fnend.  '.i  is  not  known 
whether  he  pruHied  of  the  dilcovcry  i 
at  leall  it  did  not  make  hun  forget 
Azakia,  whii,  on  her  fide,  liecmed 
to  have  no  inclination  to  be  forgottctii 
St.  Cailns  f-lr  himlelf,  notwimlland- 
ing  all  his  inierioi  llruggles,  more  atr- 
tracted  towards  lier.  An  accident^ 
which  every  where  eUe  niiglit  ba.Te 
contributed  to  unite  thern,  had  like  to 
have  feparated  them  forever,- 

They  were  nfonned,  by  {ome  nm- 
awavs,  who  had  made  more  fpeed  than 
others,  that  Oiabi  had  fallen  into  ?^n 
ambulcade  of  th-  Iroquois  ;  that  he 
had  Iclt  lome  of  his  party  ;  and  that 
he  himfelf  was  left  on  the  field  of 
battle.  This  news  filled  St.  CaftiiM 
.with  true  forrow.  His  gcneroiity 
made  him  fet  afide  all  views  of  in- 
terell.  He  forgot,  that,  in  lofing  a 
friend,  he  found  himfelf  rid  .of  a 
rival.  Befidcs,  the  death  of  this  ri- 
;val  might  alfo  occafi«n  that  of  Aza- 
kia. Her  life,  from  that  moment, 
-depended  on  the  caprice  of  a  dream.- 
Such. was  the  force  of  a  fuperlhtious 
ctillom,  facred  from  time  immemorial 
among  thefe  people.  If  in  the  fpacc 
of  foriv  davs,  a  widow,  who  has  lofl 
her  hulband,  fees  and  fpeaks  to  him 
twice  fuccelffively  in  a  dream,  (he  in- 
fers from  thence,  that  he  wants  her  in 
the  region  ot  iouls,  and  nothing  Cati 
difpenfe  with  her  putting  herftlf  to 
death, 

Azakia  had  refotved  to  obey  this 
cullom,  if  the  double  dream  took 
place.  She  fincerejy  regretted  Oua- 
bi  ;  and  though  St  Caiiins  gave  hqr 
caufe  for  other  forrow<:,  if  (he  was  to 
die,  the  prevalency  of  the  cullom  had 
the  afcendant  over  inclination.  It  is 
not  eafy  to  exprcls  the  inquietudes, 
the  terrors  that  tormented  the  lover 
of  this  beautiful  and  credulous  Huroiij 
Every  night  he  fancied  her  a  prey  to 
thofe  nnilfervifirtns ;  and,  every  morn- 
ing, he.  accollcd  her  with  fear  and 
trembling.  At  letvi'ih,  he  found  her 
preparing  a  mortal  draught  :  it  w;is 
the  juice  of  a  root  of  the  citron  tree; 
a  poifon,  which,  in  that  country,  ne- 
ver fails  of  fiiccefs.  "  Thou  feelJ, 
dear  Celario,"  fa-d  Azakia  to  him, 
"  tliou  Ceeft  the  preparation  for -the 


1789-1 


Azakia  :  a  Canadian  Jior^, 


long  journey  which  Ouabi  has  order- 
ed uie  to  iiKike."  "  Oh  heavens!" 
laid  St.  CalHns,  interrupting  her, 
"how  can  you  believe  in  a  foohfli 
dream,  a  frivolous  and  deceitful  delu- 
fion  ?"  *'  Itop,  Celario,"  replied  the 
Huron  ;  "  thou  deceived  thyielf. 
Ouabi  appeared  to  me  lall  night ;  he 
took  nie  by  the  hand,  and  ordered  me 
to  follow  him.  The  weight  of  my  body 
oppofed  this  order.  Ouabi  withdrew 
with  a  mournful  countenance.  I  call- 
ed him  backj  and  the  only  anfwer  he 
gave  me,  was  to  Oretch  out  his  arms 
to  me,  and  he  afterwards  difappeared. 
He  will  return  without  doubi,  dear 
Celario  ;  I  muft  obey  him,  and,  after 
bewailing  thy  hard  lot,  1  will  fwal- 
low  this  draught,  which  will  lull  my 
body  into  the  deep  of  death  ;  and 
then  I  will  go,  and  rejoin  Ouabi,  in 
the  abode  of  fouls.'* 

This  difcourfe  quite  difmayed  St. 
Caftins.  He  fpoke  againlt  it  every 
thing  that  reafon,  grief,  and  love 
could  fuggell  to  him  molt  convincing  ; 
nothing  fcemed  to  be  fo  to  the  young 
favage.  She  wept,  but  perfevered  in 
herdefign.  All  that  the  difconfolate 
Celario  could  obtain  from  her,  was  a 
|)romife,  that,  though  Ouabi  fliould 
appear  to  her  a  fecond  time  in  a  dream, 
ilie  would  wait,  before  Ihe  put  herfelf 
to  death,  to  be  allured  of  his  ;  of 
•which  St.  Cadins  was  refolved  to 
know  the  truth,  a>  foon  as  polhble. 

The  favages  neither  exchange  nor 
ranfum  their  prifoners ;  contenting 
ihemfeives  to  refcue  ihem  out  of  the 
enemy's  hands,  whenever  they  can. 
Sometimes  the  coiufueror  deilines  his 
captives  to  (lavery  ;  and  he  oftener 
puis  them  to  deaih.  Such  are  parti- 
cularly the  maxims  of  the  Iroijuois. 
There  was,  therefore,  reafon  to  pre- 
fumc,  that  Oifabi  had  died  of  his 
wounds,  or  was  burnt  by  ihat  barba- 
rous nation.  Azakia  believed  it  to  be 
fo,  more  than  any  other:  but  St. 
Cad  us  would  have  her  at  Icall  doubt 
oi  if.  On  his  fide,  he  re-aninrates 
the  courage  of  the  Hurons,  and  pro- 
pofes  a  new  enterprife  again(t  the 
enemy.  It  is  appnned  of — they  de- 
liberate upon  ele''tmg  a  chief,  and  all 
voices  unite  ir;  favour  of  St  CdRins, 
who  had  already  given  proofs  of  his 
valour  and  condutt.  He  departs 
■With  his  troop,  but  not   till  after   he 

Voi.YI.'No.IIL 


IC7 

had  again  Azakia's  word,  that,  not- 
wiihftanding  all  the  dreams  fhe  mirht 
yet  have,  fhe  would  defer,  at  leall  nil 
his  return,  the  doleful  journey  ILe 
had  defigned. 

This  expedition  of  the  Huron  w;'r- 
riors  was  attended  with  ail  imaginal'.'e 
fuccefs.  The  Iroquois  believed  th.;mi 
to  be  too  much  'weakened  or  dil- 
couraged,  to  think  of  underlakin^ 
any  thing,  and  were  themielves  on 
their  march  to  come  and  attack  them  ; 
but  they  were  no  way  cautious  how 
they  proceeded.  It  was  not  fo  wuh  St. 
Callins's  band  of  warriors.  He  had 
difpatched  fome  of  his  people  to  re- 
connoitre. They  difcovered  the  ene- 
my without  being  feen  by  them,  and 
returned  to  give  advice  thereof  to' 
their  chief.  The  ground  was  found 
very  fit  for  lying  in  aml)ufcade  ;  and 
the  Hurons  availed  themfelves  fo  well 
of  it,  that  the  Iroquois  faw  themfelves 
hemmed  in,  when  they  believed  they 
had  no  rifque  to  fun.  They  were 
charged  with  a  fury  that  left  them  no 
time  to  know  where  they  were.  iVIoll 
of  them  were  killed  on  the  fpor  ;  and 
the  remainder  maimed,  or  grievoufiy 
wounded.  The  Hurons  march  oil" 
direttly  to  the  next  village,-  and  fur- 
prife  the  Iroquois  alFembled  ihcre; 
They  were  going  to  enjoy  the  fpetla- 
cle  of  feeing  a  Huron  burnt  ;  and  al- 
ready the  Huron  was  beginning  to  ling 
his  death  fong.  This,  no  lavage, 
whom  the  enemy  is  ready  to  put 
£0  death,  ever  fails  to  do.  Loud 
cries,  and  a  Ihower  of  mufket  balls, 
foon  difperfed  the  multitude.  Both 
the  fugitives,  and  thofe  that  faced 
about  to  refill,  were  killed.  All  ihe 
favage  ferocity  was  fully  difplavcd. 
In  vain  St.  Calhns  endeavoured  to 
flop  the  carnage.  With  d.lHculty  he 
faved  a  fmall  number  of  wtjuien  and 
children.  He  was  apprehenfive,  par- 
ticularly, that  in  the  midlt  of  this  hor- 
rid tumult,  Ouabi  himielf  was  maf- 
lacrcd,  luppohng  he  was  fliU  living,-, 
and  was  in  that  habitation.  Full  of 
this  notion,  he  ran  inceirmtly  iioin 
one  place  to  another.  He  perceived" 
on  a  fpot,  where  the  balile  iliU  con- 
tinued, a  prifoner  tied  to  a  Hake,  and 
having  all  about  hiin  ihe  apparatus  of 
death  ;  that  is,  conibullibles  for  burn- 
ing him  by  a  flow  fire.  The  chief  of 
the  Hurons  Hies  to  this  wretched  cap- 


19^ 


Hints  for  yoring  married  toomcn. 


[Seplember 


t've,  breaks  his  bonds^<.nows  hi'm— 
and  embraces  him  witli  tratifports  of 
joy. — -It  was  Ouabi. 

This  biave  favage  had  preferred  the 
lei's  of  his  life  to  that  of  his  liber- 
ty. He  was  fcarcely  cured  of  his 
wounds,  when  life  was  otiered  him, 
oriconditionof  remaining  a  (lave  ;  but 
he  had  chofen  death,  determined  to 
procure  it,  if  refufed  to  him.  The 
Iroquois  were  a  pet)ple  that  would 
jpaie  him  chat  trouble  ;  and,  one  mo- 
ment later,  his  companions  could  not 
have  faved  him. 

After  having  difper  fed  or  made  (laves 
of  the  remains  of  ihe  Iroquois  in  that 
quarter.  theHuron  army  marched  home. 
St.  CaRins  wanted  to  give  up  the  com- 
mand of  it  to  Ouabi,  which  he  re- 
fufed. On  the  way,  he  informed  him 
of  Azakia's  purpofe  todie,  perfuaded 
that  he  was  not  alive,  and  that  he  had 
required  her  to  follow  him  ;  he  ac- 
quainted him  alio  of  the  poifon  flie 
had  prepared  on  that  account,  and  of 
the  delay  he  had  obtained  from  her 
-with  great  difficulty.  He  fpoke  with 
a  tenderncfs  and  emotion  that  deeply 
affefted  the  good  Ouabi,  who  called 
to  mind,  fome  things,  he  had  not  nmch 
intended  to^  at  the  time  they  happen- 
ed :  but  he  then  let  him  know  nothing 
of  what  he  intended— They  arrive: 
Azakia,  who  had  another  dream, 
fancied  this  return  as  the  fignal  of  her 
fate.  But,  how  great  was  her  fur- 
prife,  to  fee,  among  the  number  of 
the  living,  the  huftand  (lie  was  going 
to  meet  in  the  abode  of  fnirits! 

At  fiTil,  Ihe  remained  motionlefs 
and  mute  ;  but  her  joy  foon  exprelled 
itfelf  by  lively  carelfes  and  long  dif- 
courfes.  Ouabi  received  the  one,  and 
interrupted  ihc  others.  Afterwards, 
addrefhng  hinvfelf  to  St,  Callins: 
"  Celario,"  faid  he,  "  ihou  halt 
faved  my  life,  and,  what  is  llill  dear- 
er to  me,  thou  haft  twice  preferved 
to  me  Azakia  :  (lie  therefore  bek)ngs 
more  to  thee  ihan  to  mc.  I  belong  to 
thee  myfelf :  fee  whether  flic  be  enough 
to  acquit  us  both,  I  yield  her  to  thee 
through  gratitude,  but  would  not  have 
yielded  her,  to  deliver  myfelf  from 
the  fire  kindled  by  the  Iroquois." 

What  this  difcourfe  made  St.  Caf- 
tins  feel,  is  bard  to  be  exprelf-'d  ;  not 
that  it  feemed  fo  ridiculous  and  llrange 
to  him.  as  it  might  to  many  Europeans: 
he  knew   that  divorces  were  very  fra- 


quent  among  the    favages.     They  fe« 
parate,  as  eaiily   as    they  come  toge- 
ther.     But,    perfuaded   that   Azakia 
could  not  be  yielded  up  to  h.m  without 
a  fupernatural  eBort — he  believed  him- 
felf  obliged  to  evince   equ;il  generoli- 
ty.     He  refufed  what  he  delired  mod, 
and  retufed  invain-^Ouabi's  perfeve- 
rance  in  his   relolution  was  not  to  be 
conquered.     As  to   the  faithful  Aza- 
k'a,  who  had  been  feen  to  reiifl  all  St, 
Caiiins's  attacks,  and  to  refute  furviv- 
ing  the  hufband,  whom   (he  believed 
to  be  dead,  it    might  perhaps    be  ex- 
petted  that   flie  would  long   hold   out 
againll  the  feparation  lier  hufband  had 
propofed.  To  this  (he  ma^le  not  the 
lealt    objeftion.     She    had    hitherto 
complied   only    with   her  duty;    and 
thought  (lie  was   free  to  liften  to  her 
inclination,    fince   Ouabi   required   it 
of  her.     The  pieces  of  the    rod   of 
union  were   brought  forth,  put  toge- 
ther, and  burnt.     Ouabi  and  Azakia 
embraced  each  other,  for  the  laft  time, 
and,  frorrr  that   moment,   the   young 
and  beautiful    Huron    was   reinflated 
in    all   the   rights  of  a  maiden.     It  is 
alfo   faid,  that,  by  the   help  of  foine 
milfionaries,  St.  Caflins  put  her  in  i 
condition  of  becoming   his   wife,  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  prefcribed  to  chrif- 
tians.     Ouabi,  on  his  (ide,  broke  the 
rod  with  the  young  Zifna  ;  and  thefe 
two    marriages,    fo    different    in   the 
form,  were  equally  happv.   Each  huf- 
band, well  allured  that  there  were  no 
competitor^,    forgot    that    there   had 
been  any  predecelfors. 

Hints  for  youvg  married  women, 

IT  has  often  been  thought,  that  the 
firll  year  after  marriage  is  the  hap"- 
pieft  of  a  woman's  life.  ^Ve  mult 
iird  fuppofc  that  the  marries  from  mo- 
tives of  affection,  or,  what  the  world 
calls  love;  and,  even  in  this  cafe,  ihe 
rule  admits  of  many  exceptions,  and 
(lie  encounters  many  difhculties.  She 
has  her  hufband 's  temper  to  (ludy,  his 
family  to  plea(e,  houlhnld  cares  to 
attend,  and,  what  is  worfe  than  all, 
(he  mull  ceafo  tocommand,  and  learn 
to  obey.  She  mull  learn  to  fubmit, 
without  repining,  where  (be  has  been 
ufed  to  have  even  her  locjks  fhidied.' 
Would  the  tender  lover  treat  his 
adored  miftrefs  like  a  rational  being, 
railier    than   a  goddcfs,    a    woithu'j 


■J 


Hints  for  young  marriid  women. 


'9S 


tafit  would  be  rendered  much  eafier, 
and  her  life  nmch  happier.  Would 
the  ilaiterer  pay  his  devoirs  to  her  un- 
derftanding,  raiher  than  her  perfon, 
he  would  foon  find  his  account  m  it. 
Would  he  conluh  her  on  his  aHairs, 
converfe  with  her  freely  upon  all  (ub- 
jefts,  and  make  her  his  companion 
and  friend,  ir.llcad  of  flatterinj;  her 
beauty,  admiring  her  drefs,  and  ex- 
alting her  beyond  what  human  nature 
merits,  for  what  can  at  bed  be  only 
called  fjfliionable  accomplifhmenis, 
he  would  find  himfelf  lefs  difappoint- 
cd,  and  fhe  would  rattle  the  marriage 
chains  with  lefs  impatience  and  dilfi- 
culty.  Now,  can  a  fenlibleman  expett 
'that  the  poor  vain  trifler,  to  whom  he 
pays  fo  much  court,  fliould  make  an 
intelligent,  agreeable  companion,  an 
adjduous  and  careful  wife,  a  fond  and 
anxious  mother  ? 

When  a  man  pays  court  only  to  a 
woman's  vamiy,  h«  can  expect  no- 
thing but  a  faOaionable  wife,  who  may 
fliine  25  a  fine  lady,  but  never  in  the 
Ibfter  mtercourfe  of  domelhc  endear- 
ments. How  often  is  it  owing  to 
thefe  lords  of  the  creation,  that  the 
poor  women  become,  in  realuv,  what 
their  ridiculous  partiality  made  them 
fuppofe  themfelves  ?  A  pretty  method 
this  is  of  improving  the  temper,  in- 
forming the  mind,  engaging  the  affec- 
tions, and  exciting  our  eileem,  for 
thofe  objecLs  that  we  entruft  with  our 
future  happinefs. 

I  will  now  give  my  fair  friends  a 
few  hints  with  regard  to  their  condutl 
n  the  mod  refpetlable  of  all  charac- 
ters, a  wife,  a  mother,  and  a  friend. 
But  firil  let  me  afTert,  and  1  do  it  with 
confidence,  that  nothing  can  be  more 
falfe,  than  the  idea  that  "  a  reformed 
rake  makes  the  bell  hu(band  !"  this  is 
a  common  opinion,  but  it  is  not  mine  ; 
at  lead,  there  arc  too  many  chances 
againil  it. 

A  libertine,  by  the  time  he  can 
bear  to  think  of  matrimony,  has  luile 
left  to  boad,  but  a  flijttered  conditu- 
tion,  empty  pocket,  trad.'fmen's  bills, 
bad  hab  ts,  and  a  lafte  for  drefs,  and 
vices  of  every  denomination.  The 
poor  wife's  fortune  wii!  lupply  the 
rake  with  thefe  faOilonable  follies  a 
little  longer.  When  money,  the  lad 
rcfource,  fails,  he  becomes  peevdh, 
four,  anddirconiente<!  ;  angry  that  (he 
tan   indulije  him  no  longer,  and   un- 


grateful and  regardlefs  of  her  pad  fa- 
vours. Difeafe,  with  all  her  mifera- 
ble  attendants,  next  deps  in  !  ill  is 
he  prepared,  cither  in  body  or  mind, 
to  c<'pe  wiih  pain,  licknefs,  poverty. 


and   wretchednefs 


'Ih 


e   poor   wire 


has  Ipent  her  all  in  fupporiing  his  ex- 
travagancies. She  may  now  pine  for 
want,  with  a  hclplefs  infant  crying 
for  bread  ;  diunned  and  deipifed  by 
her  friends,  and  negle£ted  by  her  ac- 
quaintance. 

Ihis,  my  beloved  fair,  is  too  ofen 
the  cafe  with  many  of  our  lex.  1  he 
tadv  of  reforninig  a  rake,  is  much  a- 
bove  our  capacity.  1  vvilh  our  in- 
clinations, in  this  indance,  were  as 
liiniied  as  our  abilities  :  hut.  alar  !  we 
vainly  imagine  we  Ihill  be  rewarded 
for  »)urrelolution,  in  making  fuch  tri- 
al, by  the  fuccefs  that  wiii  attend  our 
undertaking. 

If  a  young  woman  marries  an  ami- 
able and  virtuous  voung  man,  die  has 
nothing  to  fear 5  flic  may  even  glory 
in  giving  up  her  own  wiflies  to  his  ? 
never  marry  a  man  whofe  underdand- 
ing  will  not  excite  your  edeern,  and 
whofe  virtues  will  not  engage  your 
adeftions.  If  a  woman  once  thinks 
herfelf  fiipcrior  to  her  hufband,  all 
authority  ceafes,  and  (he  cannot  be 
brought  to  obey,  where  &e  thinks  fi;e 
is  fo  well  entitled  to  coaimand. 

Sweet iiefs  and  genticnefs  are  all  a 
woman's  eloquence  ;  and  fometim.es 
they  are  too  powerful  to  be  refilled, 
efpecuUy  when  accompanied  with 
youth  and  beauty.  1  hey  are  then 
eniiceijients  to  virtue,  preventatives 
from  vice,  and  aHeftion's  fecuriiy. 

Never  let  your  brow  be  clouded 
with  refentment  !  never  triumph  in 
jevenge!  who  is  it  that  yon  afflift? 
tli£  man  upon  earth  that  iliould  be 
deared  to  you  !  unon  whom  all  your 
future  hopes  of  nappinefs  muil  de- 
pend. Poor  the  copcpicd,  when  our 
deared  friend  mud  luder;  and  unge- 
nerous mud  be  the  heart,  that  can  re- 
joice in  fuch  avifilory  ! 

Let  your  tears  pcrfuade  ;  thefe 
fpeak  the  mod  irreiilliblt-  language, 
with  which  you  can  adail  the  heart  of 
a  man.  But  even  thefe  fweet  foun- 
tains of  feniibility  mud  not  flow  Wv; 
often,  led  they  degenerate  into  weak  ■ 
ncfs,  and  we  iofc  our  hudiand's  elU-en* 
and  adcrtiori,  by  the  very  meihod-i 
ivhich  were  given  us  to  enfure  ihcm. 


ratal  confequences  of  forced  miptials. 


[September, 


Study  every  little  attention  in  your 
j^njon,  manner,  and  clrels,  that  you 
iind  pleale.  Never  be  negligent  in 
your  appearance,  bcranfe  you  expetl 
no  body  but  your  hulband.  He  is  the 
pf  rfon  whom  you  Ihould  chiefly  en- 
deavour to  oblige.  Always  make 
horr.c  agreeable  to  him  :  receive  him 
M-ith  cafe,  good  humour,  and  chear- 
fulnefs  ;  but  be  cautious  how  you  en- 
quire too  minutely  into  hi&  engage- 
meiMs  abroad.  Betray  neither  lufpi- 
cion  nor  jealoufy.  Appear  always 
gay  and  happy  in  his  prelence.  Be 
particularly  attentive  to  his  favourite 
iriends,  even  if  they  intrude  upon 
you.  A  welcome  reception  will,  at 
?\\  times,  counterbalance  indifferent 
fare.  Treat  his  relations  with  refpefl 
and  affection  :  afk  their  advice  in  your 
houfliold  affairs,  and  always  follow  it, 
when  you  can  conliftently  with  pro- 
priety. 

Treat  your  huftand  with  the  moft 
nnreferved  confidence,  in  every  thing 
that  regards  yourfelf  ;  but  never  be- 
tray your  friends'  letters  or  fecrets  to 
him.  This,  he  cannot,  and,  indeed, 
onj:^ht  not  to  expeft.  If  you  do  not 
life  him  to  it,  n;  will  never  defire  it. 
Be  careful  never  to  intrude  upon  his 
'Indies  or  his  pleafures :  be  always 
.clad  to  fee  him,  but  do  riot  be  laughed 
at,  as  a  fond,  foolifli  wife.  Confine 
vour  endearments  to  your  own  fire- 
fide.  Do  not  let  the  young  envy 
yon,  nor  the  old  abufe  you,  for  a 
wea!;nefs,  which,  upon  reflexion,  you 
mull  condemn. 

Thcfe  hints  will,  I  hope,  be  of 
fomefervice  to  my  fair  country-wo- 
tnen.  They  will,  perhaps,  have  more 
^eiuht,  when  they  know  that  the  au- 
thor ot  them  has  been  married  about  a 
vear,  and  has  often,  with  luccefs,  prac- 
tifedthofe  rules  herielf,  which  fiie  now 
recommends  to  others. 

ARRIA. 


fnial    confequences    of  forced    nup' 

tials. 
The  wretch  vho  is  fentenc'd  to  die, 

May  ejcape  and  leave  jufice  behind ; 
From  his  country,  perhaps,  he  may  fly. 

But  ok! — Can  kr  fly  from  his  mind  ? 

I  Am  the  moH  mi'.erablcofmen;  and, 
noiwiihilandmg  it  might  be  more 
p^u;dr!U  to  conceal  the  caufe  of  my 
aJHiction,   I  find  an  inclination  to  dif- 


cloCe  it  in  this  public  manner,  too 
llrongly  to  be  refilled.  I  am  a  young 
fellow  of  five  and  twenty,  neither  de- 
formed in  my  pcrfon,  nor,  I  hope, 
unhappy  in  my  temper  ;  my  fortune  is 
eafy,  my  education  liberal,  and  1 
fuppofe  I  am  as  well  calculated  to  pafs 
in  a  croud,  as  the  generality  of  my 
acquaintance. 

About  twelve  months  ago,  I  fell 
pallionately  in  love  with  a  young  la- 
dy, whofe  beauty,  and  merit,  entitled 
her  to  a  rank  much  more  exalted  than 
what  I  could  raife  her  to,  though 
(lie  was  much  my  inferior  in  point  of 
fortune.  She  was  at  that  time  courted 
by  a  young  gentleman  in  the  law  ;  and 
matters  had  aftually  gone  fo  far,  that 
a  day  was  appointed  for  the  folemniza- 
tion  of  the  nuptials.  All  this  I  was 
very  well  informed  of;  yet  impetu- 
oufly  hurried  by  the  violence  of  my 
paflion,  I  difclofed  it  to  the  father. 
He  was  a  man  of  the  world  ; — my 
circumflances  were  much  belter  than 
his  intended  fon-in-law's ;  and  he 
-paid  lefs  attention  to  the  happinefs, 
than  he  fliewed  for  the  advancement, 
of  his  daughter.  Why  fhould  I  take 
up  your  time,  reader  ?  Maria's  match 
with  her  former  lover  was  immediate- 
ly broken  off,  and  the  unhappy  young 
lady,  who  never  prelumed  to  difobey 
her  father's  commands,  was  torn  from 
the  man  of  her  heart,  and  married  to 
one  flie  could  never  love. 

I  was  in  hopes  that  a  little  time, 
and  a  tender  behaviour  on  my  fide, 
as  a  man  never  loved  more  fondly 
than  myfclf,  would  have  utterly  eraf- 
ed  mr.  Bridgegrove  from  the  bofotn 
of  my  wife,  and  placed  me  in  his 
ftead.  But,  had  I  not  been  be- 
fotted  with  my  love,  I  might  have 
ealily  known,  that  a  laudable  impref- 
fion  upon  ihe  mind  of  a  fenfible  wo- 
man, IS  never  to  be  eradicated  : — no, 
it  is  impofTible.  When  a  young  raw 
girl,  indeed,  entertains  fome'liing  like 
a  regard  for  a  man.  without  knowing 
the  reafon  of  her  efleem,  it  is  nothing 
but  a  llruggle  of  defire,  or,  more  pro- 
perly fpeaking,  the  wheyinefs  of  in- 
clination, which,  in  alit;!ctime,  Ihe 
laughs  at  herfelf,  and.  as  fhe  grows 
in  underflandmg,eafily  fkirnsoff.  But, 
where  a  woman  of  f'enfe  has  placed 
her  affetlions  on  a  man  of  merit,  the 
paflion  is  never  to  be  crafed  ;  (he  more 
iiie  ponders  on  his  worth,  the  morp 


?.] 


Malt  cctjt/eiry,  co7itemptib  e 


«oi 


reafon  {he  has  to  love  him;  and  flie 
can  never  ceafe  to  think  of  his  per- 
fections, till  fhe  is  wholly  diveRcd  of 
thought. 

Unhappily  for  me,  this  was  the 
cafe.  Mr.  Bridgegrove  poffefred  the 
whole  heart  of  Maria,  and,  in  reality, 
deferved  it  :  he  is,  perhaps,  the  molt 
amiable   of  men,    and,  poor   fellow, 

■  loves  her  to  diRraftion.  I  have  been 
now  married  ten  months,  and  have, 
I  (latier  niyielf,  expreffed  every  att 
of  tendernefs,  proper  for  the  lover  or 
the  hufbatid,  but  to  no  purpofe.  My 
wife  behaves  with  the  utmoft.  com- 
plaiiance,  is  uncommonly  lolicitous 
to.  pleafe,  but  this  conduft  is   the  ef- 

.fett  of  her  good  fenfe,  and  not  the 
confequence  of  her  love.  The  little 
endearing  iiuercourfes  between  hul- 
band  and  wife,  are  fuHered,  not  en- 
joyed ;  if  1  complain  of  her  coldncfs, 
ftie  affumes  an  air  more  gay,  and  af- 
f'efts  to  be  pleafed,  though  1  fee  the 
ilarting  tear,  juft  buriiing  from  her 
eye,  and  know  the  grief  that  rankles 
at  her  heart.  Nav,  the  more  I  carcfs 
her,  the  more  miferable  Ihe  is  made  ; 
and  I  fee  her  generoufly  lamenting 
that  fhe  cannot  pincc  her  heart  upon 
the  man  that  poneihs  her  hand,  and 
is  not  utterly  unworthy  of  her  elleeni. 

0  !  reader,  he  mull  have  no  delicacy, 
no  feeling,  that  can  bear  a  circum- 
flance  like  this,  unmoved.     How  am 

1  frequently  torn  to  madnefs  wiih  re- 
flexion, even  when  I  have  her  fal'len- 
ed  to  my  bofom,  to  think  her  whole 
foul  is  at  that  very  moment  running 
on  another  man.  In  her  fleep,  fhe 
frequently  throws  one  of  her  fine 
arms  round  my  neck,  and  pronounces 
the  name  of  Bridgegrove  in  a  man- 
ner that  dillra^ts  me.  Our  little  boy 
(for  file  IS  lately  brought  to  bed)  in- 
llead  of  a  bleffing,  is  another  fource 
ot  anxiety  (o  us  both.  1  over-heard 
her  ycfterday  morning,  weeping  over 
the  child,  and  crying,  "  my  fweet 
hoy,  poor  Bridgegrove  fhould  have 
been  your  father."  Can  any  fitiiation 
he  fo  afiliciing  as  mine  ? — I  have  made 
the  moit  amiable  of  women  forever 
wretched,  and  torn  a  worthy  young  fel- 
low, from  the  miflrefs  of  his  heart,  I 
have  brought  all  my  forrows  on  my- 
fclf,  with  the  diflrefsfnl  confideratiou 
of  having  no  right  to  complain.  I 
defcrve  to  be  miferable.  The  man 
who  would  meanly  hope  to  be  happy 


in  marriage,  by  facrificing  tne  incli- 
nation of  the  woman  he  loves,  and 
ungeneroufly  lofes  every  regard  to  her 
wilhes,  while  he  endeavours  to  grati- 
fy his  own,  has  no  pretenfion  to  feli- 
city. Had  1  never  obtained  the  pof- 
feliion  of  Maria,  I  ftiould  not  have 
been  half  fo  wretched  as  I  am  now; 
time,  and  another  objett,  would,  per- 
haps, have  enabled  me  to  bear  her 
lols  :  but  now,  mailer  of  her  perfon, 
to  find  another  in  pollefhon  of  her 
heart,  and  to  know  that  there  is  one 
whom  flie  holds  confiderably  dearer 
than  mylelf,  are  confiderations  abfo- 
lutcly  infupportable.  I  cannot  dwell 
any  longer  on  the  fubjett;  I  fliall 
therefore  conclude  with  an  advice  to 
my  own  fex,  never  to  marry  a  woman 
whofe  heart  they  know  is  engaged, 
nor  to  take  a  pitiful  advantage  of  a 
father's  authority,  in  oppolition  to 
her  inclination.  If  Ihe  be  a  good 
woman,  fhe  can  never  forget  her  firll 
choice  ;  and  if  fiie  be  bad,  will  itievi- 
tubly  bring  fliame  and  fcandal  on  the 
fecond. 

Male  coquetry^  contemptible. 

THOUGH  every  body  mult  al- 
low the  charatter  of  a  coquette 
to  be  truly  delpicable  even  amont^ 
women,  yet  when  we  find  it  in  the 
other  lex,  there  is  fomeihmg  in  it  fo 
unmanly,  that  we  feel,  a  deteflation 
equal  to  our  contempt  ;  and  look  up- 
on the  objecf  to  be  as  much  an  enemy 
as  he  is  a  difgrace  to  fociety.  To 
prove  my  aflertion,  however,  give 
me  leave  to  relate  a  circumftance, 
which  lately  happened  in  my  own  fa- 
mily ;  and  which,  if  properly  attended 
to,  may  be  of  real  ufe  to  many  o 
your  fair  readers. 

I  have  been  above  five  years  married 
to  a  mod  deferving  woman,  who, 
as  fhe  lludies  every  thing  to  promote 
my  happineff,  obliges  me  to  (liew  a 
grateful  fenfibiluy  for  the  ellablifh- 
mcnt  of  hers :  and  even  warms  mc 
with  a  continual  W)ih  of  anticipating 
the  moft  diUant  of  her  inclinations. 
About  fix  months  ago,  I  took  her 
younger  iiflcr  home,  as  1  knew  it 
would  give  her  fatisfaBion  ;  intend- 
ing to  fupply  the  lofsof  a  fa:  her  late- 
ly dereafed,  and  to  omit  no  opportu- 
n'ry  of  advancing  her  fortune. 

My  attention  could  not  have  been 


got 


Maie  coquetry,  eontemptibk. 


[■September, 


flacec^  on  a  more  deferving  objeft ; 
larri(H  pofTefTes  every  beamy  of  per- 
fon,  and  every  virtue  of  iniiid,  that 
can  render  her  either  beloved,  or  re- 
fpetled  ;  and  is,  in  one  word,  as  ac- 
■  comphihed  a  young  woman  as  any  in 
the  country,  and  her  fortune  is  by  no 
means  iiiconliderable. 

Among  the  number  of  people  who 
vifued  at  our  houfe,  the  (on  of  a  ve- 
ry eminent  citizen  frequently  obliged 
us  with  his  company;  a  circumflance 
ihat  pleafed  me  not  a  little,  as  he  was 
far  from  a  difagreeable  man  ;  his  per- 
fon  was  remarkably  genteel,  and  his 
face  poirefled  a  more  than  ordinary 
degree  of  fenhbility  ;  he  converfed 
with  much  eafc,  was  perfetlly  ac- 
quainted with  men  and  things  ;  and, 
Avhat  rendered  him  a  ttiU  greater  fa- 
vourite, he  fung  with  great  laile  ;  and 
played  with  a  confiderable  fiiare  of 
judgment,  on  a  variety  of  inilru- 
nients. 

This  gentleman  had  not  long  com- 
menced an  intimacy  in  my  family,  be- 
fore he  fliewed  a  very  vifiblc  attach- 
ment for  Harriot,  hung  upon  every 
thing  fhe  faid,  and  approved  of  every 
thing  fhe  did  ;  but,  at  the  fame  time, 
feeincd  rather  more  ambitious  to  de- 
fcrve  her  efleem,  than  to  folicit  it. 
This  1  naturally  attributed  to  his  nio- 
delly,  and  it  Hill  more  confirmed  me 
in  the  opinion  which  I  entertained  of 
hisaffettion  ;  had  he  treated  her  with 
the  cuftomary  round  of  common  place 
gallantry,  I  Jhould  never  have  believ- 
ed  him  ferious ;  but  when  I  faw  him 
alTume  a  continual  appearance  of  the 
moll  fettled  veneration  and  efleem; 
•when  I  faw  him  unremittingly  flu- 
dious  to  catch  the  fmallefl  opportunity 
of  obliging,  I  was  falisfied  there  was 
no  afFeclaiion  in  the  cafe,  and  con- 
vinced that  every  look  was  the  fpon- 
taneous  eHufion  of  his  heart. 

The  amiable  Harriot,  unacquaint- 
ed with  art,  fufpefled  none  ;  and  be- 
ing of  a  temper  the  mofl  generous  her- 
iielf,  naturally  entertained  a  favoura- 
ble Opinion  of  every  body  elfe  ;  mr. 
Selby,  in  particular,  poflefTed  the 
highefl  place  in  her  regard  ;  the  win- 
ning foftnefs  of  his  manners,  the  un- 
common delicacy  of  his  fentiments, 
and  his  profound  refpcft  for  her,  to 
fay  nothing  of  his  perfon^l  attraction';, 
all  iiiiued  to  make  an  imprellion  on 
lier  bofom,  and  to  infpire  her  with  the 


tendercft  emotions  of  what  (lie  thought 
a  reciprocal  love.  She  made  her  lif- 
ter her  confidant  upon  this  occahon, 
about  a  week  ago,  and  Maria  very 
properly  told  the  matter  immediately 
to  me.  Finding  Harriot's  repoib 
was  ferioufly  concerned,  1  determm- 
ed  to  give  mr.  Selby  a  fair  opportu- 
nity of  declaring  himfelf  the  next 
evening,  that  there  might  be  no  poih- 
bility  of  a  mi  flake  in  the  cafe,  and  that 
my  poor  girl  might  be  certain  fhe  had 
a  heart  in  exchange  for  her  own.  With 
this  view  I  engaged  him  on  a  tctc  a 
iete  party,  and  while  he  was  lament- 
ing, that  my  wife  and  fnler  were  not 
with  us  to  participate  in  the  amufc- 
ment,  I  faid  gaily,  "  Egad,  Tom,  I 
have  a  (Irange  notion,  that  Harriot 
has  done  your  hufinefs ;  you  are  eter- 
nally talking  of  her,  when  fhe's  ab- 
fent,  and  as  eternally  ianguilhmg  at 
her,  when  (lie's  by  :  how  is  ail  this? 
come,  own,  have  1  been  right  in  my 
guefs  ?  and  treat  me  with  the  confi- 
dence of  a  friend." 

Ihls  queltion  quite  difconcerted 
him;  he  blufhed,  Hammered,  and, 
with  a  good  deal  of  prefTing,  at  lalt 
drawled  out,  "  that  mifi  Harriot,  to 
be  fare,  was  a  moft  deferving  young 
lady  ;  and  that,  were  he  inclined  to 
alter  his  condition,  there  was  not  a 
woman  in  the  world  he  would  be  fo 
proud  of  having  for  a  wife.  But, 
tho'  he  was  extremely  fcnfible  of  her 
merit,  he  had  never  confidered  her  ia 
any  light  but  that  of  a  friend,  and 
was,  to  the  laft  degree,  concerned,  if 
any  little  afTiduities,  the  natural  re- 
fult  of  his  efleem,  had  once  been 
mifinterpreted,  and  placed  to  a  dif- 
ferent account." 

Ihe  whole  affair  was  now  out,  the 
man's  charafler  was  immediately  be- 
fore me  ;  and  tho'  I  could  have  fa- 
crificed  him  on  the  fpot,  for  the 
meannefs  and  barbarity  of  his  con- 
duft,  yet  I  bridled  my  refcntment, 
and  would  not  indulge  him  with  a 
triumph  over  Harriot,  by  letting  him 
fee  I  confidered  his  late  declaration  as 
a  matter  of  any  confequence  ;  1  there- 
fore afTumed  a  gaiety,  which  was 
quite  a  flrangcr  to  mv  heart,  and  re- 
plied, "'  I  am  excelhvely  glad,  Tom, 
to  hear  vou  talk  in  th's  manner  :  faith, 
I  was  afraid  all  had  been  over  w,ith 
you  ;  and  my  friondfhip  for  you  was 
the  only  reafon  of  my  enquiry  ;  as  I 


^7^9-^  CAafaSicr  of  a  zocll  bred  man. — American  Anecdote. 


{hrewdly  fufpecl  the  young  baggage 
has  already  made  adifpof,il  of  her  ia-- 
clinations." 

Afier  pafFing  a  joylefs  evening,  we 
parted,  quite  fick  of  one  another's 
company;  and  pretty  confidently  de- 
termined to  have  no  intercourfe  for 
the  future. 

I  went  to  Maria,  and  told  her  how 
things  had  turned  out,  and  defired  her 
to  break  them  with  all  the  delicacy 
fhe  was  milirels  of,  to  her  unfortu- 
nate fifter  ;  (he  did  fo  ;  but  the  fliock 
is  likely  to  prove  fatal.  Harriot  has 
ever  fince  kept  her  bed,  and,  for  the 
three  lall  days,  has  been  quite  deliri- 
ous :  {he  raves  continually  on  the  vil- 
lain, who  has  murdered  her  peace  of 
mind,  and  my  ever-engaging  Maria 
fits  rivetted  to  the  bed-!ide,  as  conti- 
nually drenched  in  tears.  In  fpite  of 
all  my  endeavours  to  keep  the  matter 
private,  the  tattling  of  nurfes  and  fer- 
rants  has  made  it  but  too  public,  and 
denied  us  even  the  happinefs  of  being 
fecretly  miferable.  The  moment  I 
heard  it  talked  of,  I  called  upon  mr. 
Selby  and  demanded  fatisfaf^ion  :  but 
could  I  expetl  a  man  to  be  brave, 
who  was  capable  of  afting  fuch  a  part 
as  his,  to  a  woman  of  honelly  and 
virtue  ?  No,  fir,  he  called  his  fer- 
vants  about  me  in  his  ov/n  houfe,  and 
after  my  departure,  went  and  fwore 
the  peace  before  a  magillrate.  This 
is  the  only  method  which  I  have  now 
left  to  punilh  him,  and  the  only  one 
alio  of  exhorting  parents  and  guar- 
dians to  require  an  mflant  explanation 
from  any  man,  who  feems  remarkably 
afliduous  about  a  yo*ing  lady,  and  yet 
declines  to  make  a  pofitive  declaration 
of  his  fentiments. 

-<>-<^<®><^  ••■(>■.• 

CharaClcr  of  a  well-  bred  man.     By  a 
lady. 

SOME  have  fuppofed  the  fine  gen- 
tleman and  the  well  bred  man  to 
be  fynonymous  charaBers  ;  but  I  will 
make  it  appear  that  nothing  can  be 
more  widely  different  ;  the  former 
kaves  nature  entirely,  the  latter  im- 
proves upon  her.  He  is  neither  a 
flave  nor  an  enemy  to  pleafure  ;  but 
approves  or  rejefts,  as  hi<;  reafon  fliall 
direfl.  He  is  above  Hooping  to  Hat- 
ter a  knave,  though  poireffed  of  a 
title  ;  nor  ever  over- looks  merit, 
though  he  Iliould  fir-id  it  in. a  cottas^. 


sag. 

His  behaviour  is  affable  and  refpe£t- 
ful,  yet  not  cringing  or  formal  ;  and 
his  manners  ealy  and  unaffected.  He 
milFes  no  opportunity  wherein  he  can 
oblige  his  friends,  yet  does  it  in  fo 
delicate  a  manner,  that  he  feems  ra- 
ther to  have  received  than  conferred  a 
favour.  He  does  not  profefs  a  pallior* 
he  never  felt,  to  impofe  upon  the  cre- 
dulity ot  a  lilly  woman  ;  nor  will  he 
injnre  another's  reputation,  to  picale 
her  vanity.  He  cannot  love  where 
he  does  notefleem,  nor  ever  fuffers  his 
paffion  to  overcome  his  reafon.  In 
his  friendfliip  he  is  Heady  and  fincere, 
and  lives  lefs  for  himfelf  than  for  his 
friend, 

•••<>•••  <s><s><^  ••<>•« 

American  Anecdote. 

DURING  the  war  before  laff,  a 
company  of  Indian  lavages  de- 
feated an  Englifli  detachment.  The 
conquered  could  not  efcapefo  fwiftly 
as  the  conquerors  purfued.  Thev 
were  taken,  and  treated  with  luch 
barbarity,  as  is  hardly  to  be  equalled 
even  in  ihefe  favage  countries. 

A  young  Englifh  officer  being  pur- 
fued by  two  lavages,  who  approached 
him  with  uplifted  hatchets,  and  feeing 
that  death  was  inevitable,  determineti 
to  fell  his  life  dearly.  At  this  inllant 
an  old  favage,  armed  with  a  bow, 
was  preparing  to  pierce  his  heart  with 
an  arrow  ;  but  fcarcely  had  he  aifumed 
that  pollure,  when  he  fiiddenly  let  fait 
his  bow,  and  threw  himfelf  between 
the  young  officer  and  his  barbarian 
combatants,  who  inffantly  retired 
with  refpeth 

The  old  Indian  took  the  Englifli- 
man  by  the  hand,  difpelled  ail  his 
fears  by  his  carelfes,  and  conducted 
hiin  to  his  cabin,  where  he  always 
treated  him  with  that  tendernefs, 
which  cannot  be  aff"e£led.  He  was 
lels  his  mailer  than  his  companion  ; 
taught  him  the  Indian  language,  and 
made  the  rude  ads  of  that  country  fa- 
miliar to  him.  They  lived  content- 
edly together,  and  one  thing  onlydif- 
turbed  the  young  Engliffiman's  tran- 
quility :  the  old  man  would  fome- 
iimcs  fix  his  eyes  on  him,  and,  while 
he  furveyed  him  attentively,  tears  fell 
in  torrents  from  his  eyes. 

On  the  return  of  fpring,  however, 
they  recommenced  hollilitics,  and 
every  one   appeared  in  arms,      Th'" 


*04 


Indian  antedate. 


^September, 


eld  man,  who  had  yet  firength  fuffi- 
cient  lo  iupport  ihe  toil'?  of  war,  let 
oif  with  the  reil,  accompanied  by  his 
prifoner.  The  Indian  having  march- 
ed above  two  hundred  leagues  throu^^h 
forefts,  at  lalt  arrived  on  the  borders 
of  a  plain,  where  they  dilcovered  the 
Enj>hfli  camp. 

'ihe  old  favage,  obferving  the 
young  man's  countenance,  Ihewcd 
him  the  Engtifh  camp.  '"  There  are 
thy  brethren  (laid  he  to  him)  waiting 
to  hght  us.  Be  attentive.  I  liave 
faved  thy  life.  I  have  taught  thee  to 
make  a  canoe,  a  bow,  and  arrows  ; 
to  furprile  an  enemy  in  the  foreil,  to 
manage  the  liatchet,  and  to  carry  off 
a  fcalp.  What  waft  thou,  when 
I  firlt  conducted  thee  into  my  cabin  ? 
Thy  hands  were  like  thofeof  a  child  ; 
they  ferved  neiilier  to  fupport  nor  de- 
fend thee  :  thy  foul  was  buried  in  the 
obfcurity  of  night  ;  you  knew  no- 
thing; but  from  me  you  have  learned 
every  thing.  Wilt  thou  be  fo  un- 
grateful, with  a  view  to  reconcile 
yourfelf  to  your  brethren  j  as  to  lift  up 
che  hatchet  again fl  us  ?" 

The  young  EnghOiman  protefled, 
that  he  would  rather  a  thoufand  times 
lofe  his  own  life,  than  (lied  the  blood 
of  one  of  his  Indian  friends. 

The  old  favage  covered  his  face 
with  his  hands,  and  bowed  his  head. 
After  having  been  fomc  time  in  that 
poHurCj  he  looked  on  the  young  Eng- 
IiOiman,  and  faid  to  him,  in  a  tone 
mixed  with  tendernefs  and  grief,  "  haft 
thou  a  father  ?" — He  was  living  (laid 
the  young  man)  when  I  (jMitted  my 
country."  Oh!  how  unfortunate  is 
he  !"  cried  the  old  man  ;  and  after  a 
moment's  filence.  he  added,  "'  know- 
eft  thou  that  I  have  been  a  father  i'  I 
am  no  more  fiich  !  I  faw  my  fon  fall 
in  battle  ;  he  fought  by  my  hde  ;  my 
fon  fell  covered  with  wounds,  and 
died  like  a  man  f  but  I  revenged  his 
death,  yes,   I  revenged  it." 

He  pronounced  thefe  words  in 
great  agitation  ;  his  whole  body  trem- 
bled, and  fighs  and  groans,  which 
vJith  difhculty  found  iheir  way,  aU 
molt  fiilfocaied  him ;  his  eyes  loft 
their  ui'ual  ferenity,  and  his  frghs  could 
not  find  a  paflTage  from  his  h':^art.  Jiy 
dcj^rces,  he  became  more  lercne,  and 
tinning  towards  the  eaft,  where  the 
fun  was  rifing,  he  faid  lo  the  young 
man  ;  *'  fecft  thou  tha^t  gilded  heaven, 


which  fpreads  abroad  its  refplendent 
light  ?  Does  it  allord  thee  any  plea- 
fure  tobeholdit?"  "  Yes,"  faid  the 
Englilhman,  ''  the  fight  adds  new  vi- 
gour to  my  heart."  Ah,  thou  happy 
man  ;  but  to  me  it  affords  no  plea- 
fure!"  replied  the  favage,  fheddint 
a  flood  of  tears.  A  moment  after- 
wards, he  fhewed  the  young  man  a 
fhrtib  ill  bloom  ;  "  feelt  thou  that 
beautiful  ffower  ?  (faid  he)  haft  thou 
pleafiire  in  beholding  it?"  Yes,  1 
have,"  replied  the  young  man.  '"  To 
me  it  no  longer  affords  any,"  anfwer- 
ed  the  favage  liailily,,  and  then  con- 
cluded with  thefe  words:  "  Be  gone,, 
haften  to  thy  own  country,  that  thy 
father  may  have  pleaiiiie  in  beholding 
the  ridng  fun,  and  the  flowers  of  the 
fpring." 

Indian  antedate. 

COL.  Jofeph  Dudley,  governor 
of  New  England,  was  building  a 
houfe  on  his  plantation,  and  as  he  was 
looking  upon  his  workmen,  he  took 
notice  of  a  lufty  Indian,  who,  though 
the  weather  was  feverely  cold,  was 
a  naked,  as  well  as  an  idle  fpettator^ 
"  Harkye,  you  Indian,  (faid  the  go- 
vernor,) why  don't  you  work,  as  thefe 
men  do,  and  get  cloaths  to  cover 
yo',1  ?" — "  And  why  you  no  work,  ga- 
vcrnor?"  replied  the  Indian.  "  J 
work,"  returned  the  governor,  clap- 
ping his  fore  finger  upon  his  forehead, 
'•  with  my  head,  and  therefore  need 
not  work  wiih  my  hands."  ''  IVell," 
replied  the  Indian,  ''  and  if  I  would 
work,  what  have  you  for  me  to  do?" 
"  go  kill  me  a  calf,"  faid  the  jjovcr- 
nor,  ■'  and  I  Vv-ill  give  you  a  fliilling." 
The  fellow  did  fo  ;  the  governor  afk- 
ed  vvhy  he  did  not  fkin  and  drefs  it  i^ 
'•  Calf  dead,  governor,"  faid  the  In- 
dian, give  me  my  fliilling  \  give  me 
another,  and  I  will  fkin  and  drefs 
him."  This  was  complied  with,  and 
away  went  the  Indian  to  a  tavern 
with  his  iwofhillings.  He  foon  drank 
one  in  rum,  and  then  returned  to  the 
governor,  "  Your  filling  bad,  the 
man  no  take  it."  '1  he  governor  be- 
lieved him,  and  gave  him  another; 
but  returning  in  (he  fame  manner  wiih 
(he  fccond,  the  governor  dilccrncd 
that  he  was  a  rogue;  however,  he 
exchanged  that,  too,  referving  his 
rclemmcnt  for  anoih-er  opportunity. 


1 7^9.1 


Anecdote  of  dr.  Franklin. — The  bow. 


B05 


\vhich  he  thought  he   fliould  find  no 
ijreat  difficulty  in  procuring. 

To  acctimphlh  this,  the  governor 
wrote  a  letter  to  the  Ixeeper  of  bride- 
well, at  Boilon,  to  take  the  bearer 
and  give  him  a  found  whipping.  This 
le  ter  he  kept  in  his  pocket,  and  in  a 
few  days,  the  Indian  came  again  to 
liare  at  the  workmen  ;  the  governor 
look  no  notice  of  him  for  fome  time, 
■  but  at  laft  pulling  the  letter  out  of  his 
pocket,  fa;id,  "  if  you  will  carry  this 
to  Bofton,  I  Will  give  you  half  a 
crown."  The  Indian  clofed  with  his 
propofal,  and  fet  out  upon  his  jour- 
ney. Ke  had  not  gone  far,  before 
Jie  met  another  Indian,  belonging  to 
the  governor,  to  whom  he  gave  the 
letter,  and  told  him  that  his  mafler 
had  fcnt  i  him  to  meet  him,  and 
to  bid  him  return  with  that  letter  to 
Uofton,  as  loon  as  he  poiTibly  could. 
The  poor  Indian  carried  it  with 
great  diligence,  and  received  a  found 
whipping  for  his  pains ;  at  the  news 
«f  which,  the  governor  was  not  a  lit- 
tle ailoni(hed  on  his  return.  The  o- 
ther  Indian  come  no  more:  but,  at 
the  dillance  of  fome  months,  at  a 
meeting  with  fome  of  his  nation,  the 
governor  faw  this  fellow  there  amongft 
ihe  reft,  and  afked  him,  how  he  durft 
ferve  him  fuch  a  (rick  ?  the  Indian 
looking  him  full  in  the  face,  and 
clapping  his  forefinger  upon  his  fore- 
head, "  head  work  !  governor,"  faid 
he,  "  head  work  !" 

Dr.   Rarnaby  relates    the  following 
anecdote  of  dr.  Franklin. 

IN  his  travels  through  New  Eng- 
land, he  had  obferved,  that  when 
he  went  into  an  inn,  every  individual 
of  the  family  fud  a  queftion  or  two  to 
prnpofe  to  him,  relative  to  his  hiifo- 
ry;  and  that,  till  each  was  fatisfied, 
and  they  had  conferred  and  compared 
together  their  information,  there  was 
no  pofTibdity  of  procuring  any  refrefh- 
mcnt. — Therefore  the  moment  he 
went  into  any  of  tbefe  places,  he  en- 
qi-ured  for  the  mailer,  the  millrefs,  the 
tons,  the  daughters,  the  men-fervanfc, 
and  the  maid-lervants ;  and  having 
affL-mbled  them  all  together,  he  began 
I  '"n  this  manner.  "  Good  people,  I  atn 
BenJAmin  Franklin  of  Philadelphia  ; 
hv  trade  a  printer  ;  and  a  bachelor;  I 
nave  fome  relations  at  Bolion,  to 
V«i..  VI,  N««».  IIL 


whom  I  arh  going  to  make  a  vifit  : 
my  ftay  will  be  fliort,  and  I  fhall  then 
return  and  follow  my  bufinefs,  as  a 
prudent  man  ought  to  do.  This  is  all 
1  know  of  inyfelf,,  and  all  I  can  pof- 
fibly  inform  you  of;  1  beg,  therefore, 
that  you  will  have  pity  upon  me  and 
my  horfe,  and  give  us  both  fome  re- 
freftiment." 

•••«>•••  <^<^  <^  ••<>.. 
The  bow. 

AN  African  prince,  fubdiied  irj 
battle,  capitulated  f(jr  his  bow 
and  quiver  ; — a  bauble  bought  his  life; 
A  Britifh  merchant  feiit  him  to 
South  Carolina,  where  he  was  fold  a? 
a  Have.  A  placid  countenance,  and 
fubmiihve  manners,  marked  his  rehg- 
nation;  and  preferved  him,  in  all  fitu- 
ations,  the  pofTeflion  of  his  arms — » 
the  only  companions  he  had  lef — the 
fole  objefts  of  his  affections.  His 
ftatelmefs  and  ftrength  recommended 
him  to  colonel  Motte,  a  humane  maf- 
ter,  in  whofe  fervice  he  died,  in  fled- 
faff  faith  of  a  certain  rcfurrettion  in' 
his  native  ffate. 

The  bow  and  ouiver  were  preferv- 
ed as  relicks  of  a  fauhfal  Have,  in  (he 
colonel's  family,  who  gratefully  re- 
member the  fcrvices,  the  fortitude,' 
and  the  fidelity  of  the  trufty,  the 
gentle  lambo; 

In  the  campaign  of  1781,  the  wi- 
dow of  colonel  Motte  (who  died  a 
patriot)  was  baniflied  from  her  houfe, 
on  the  river  Congaree,  then  fortified 
by  a  Britifh  garrifon  ;  the  garrifon 
was   belieoed    by  a  final  I   detachment 


from  the  American  army,  whofe  ap- 
proaches were  foon  with  n  bow-fhot. 
The  widow,-  who  liVed  in  a  cottage, 
in  fight  of  the  fort,  was  informed  that 
the  prefervation  of  her  houfe  was  the 
only  impediment  to  its  immediate  re-, 
duftion — and  flie  was  informed  of 
the  expedient  propofed. — Here,  faid 
fhe,  (preienting  the  African  bow  and 
quiver)  are  the  materials— lamfco  ne- 
ver ufedthefe  arrows,  and  1  fear  they 
are  poifoned  ;  ufe  therti  not,  there- 
fore, eVen  againlf  your  enemies— but 
take  the  bow,  any  arrow  will  waft  a 
match.  Spare  not  the  houfe,  fo  you 
expel  the  foe.  The  blazing  roof  pro- 
duced fubmifijon — the  Britons  drop- 
ped their  arms — the  Americans  enter- 
ed the  houfe.  and  both  joined  to  ex- 
tinguifh  the  flames.  , 

The  misfortunes  of  a  priiice,   and 
Dd 


2o6    Letter  to  the  Phil,  agricult.fociety, — Property  of  the  elder-tree,    [Sept, 


the  heroifm  of  a  lady,  are  not  uncom- 
n;on — the  novelty  Is  the  bow — a  Item 
vi  genuine  bamboo — which,  deHined 
for  the  defence  of  liberty  in  Africa, 
fervcd  the  fame  caiife  in  America — 
was  prefcrved  by  an  ofRcer,  of  the  pa- 
triot army — prefented  to  mr.  Pesle — 
and  is  now  depofited  in  his  Mufeum. 

Letter  to  the  Philadelphia  county  fo- 
cietyjor  the  promotion  of  agricul- 
ture and  domcjtic  rnanufadures, 

GENTLEMEN, 

kURfarmersin  Pennfylvaniahave 
_'  hitherto  been  lOo  much  in  the 
practice  of  depending  on  the  annual 
decay  of  weed'.,  ariling  in  a  conrfe  of 

'years  from  their  worn-out  field';,  for 
the  principal  fource  of  nouriihmeiit  to 
thc:r,  crop!^.  It  is  time  a  diiierent 
■(ilan  fliould  be  adopted,  ifweexpetl 
to  derive  that  advantage  from  our 
farm^,  which  they  Avill  afford,  by  a 
proper  cultivation.  This  muft  be  ef- 
fetied  by  giving  the  ground,  a  full 
dreffing  of  twenty  large  cart-loads  of 
good  liable  manure  to  the  acre,  every 
fcven  or  eight  years ;  and  adapting  a 
rotation  of  produi'tive  crops  during 
that  period.  In  this  fyllem,  clover  is 
abfoiutely  necelfary,  as  forming  the 
b.lfis  of  the  whole,  and  without  which, 
no  valuable  plan  of  agriculture  can  be 
purfued.  Clover,  well  put  in,  and 
having  a  top  dreffing  of  Plaifler  of  Pa- 
ris, fix  bnfhels  to  the  acre,  w;ll  af- 
foid,  the  firit  year,  three  tons  of  good 
hay  to  the  acre  ;  the  fecond  year,  it  may 
be  cut  once,  and  afterwards  paltured  to 
the  middle  of  Ottober  ;  the  third  year, 
it  will  afford  excellent  pafture  to  your 
hog',  fheep,  and  milch   cows,  during 

.  the  fummer.  In  the  month  of  Sep- 
tember, it  may  he  ploughed,  and  im->- 
mediately  fowed  with  winter  barley  ; 
and  afterwards  with  wheat,  or  other 
grain,  as  befl  fuits  the  inclination,  or 
the  intereft  of  (he  farmer.  A  planta- 
tion, properly  divided  into  fields,  for 
fuch  a  'oiation  of  crops,  would  annu- 
ally afford  a  fufficiency  of  hay,  paf- 
ture, and  a  variety  of  the  mod  ufcful 
and  profitable  crop^,  without  leaving 
a  fingle  acre  of  ground  unprodutlive. 
Confidering  clover  as  neceffary  to 
the  bcft  plan  of  conducting  a  farm,  it 
is  the  duty  of  every  real  friend  to  this 
neceffary  fcience,  to  promote  the  cul- 
tiva-tiOB  of  It.     A  great  obftacle   to 


the  propagation  of  this  valuable  plant, 
arifes  from  the  extravagant  price  of 
the  feed,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of 
cleanfing  it.  Could  this  difficuUy 
be  obviated,  clover  feed  might  be 
fold  at  one- half  the  price  nbw  de- 
manded for  it. 

1  beg  leave  to  communicate  to  the 
fociety  fome  information  I  lately  re- 
ceived from  mr.  Henry  Wynkoop, 
on  this  fubjeB.  Mr.  Wynkoop  fays, 
that,  in  the  Hate  of  New  York,  where 
they  have  been  long  in  the  cuUom  of 
raifing  clover  feed  for  fale,  after  the 
hay  is  ihrefhed,  the  heads  of  the  clo- 
ver are  put  into  a  hogfhead,  to  which 
is  added  a  fufficient  quantity  of  water 
to  moiflen  the  whole,  in  order  to  in- 
duce a  fermentation.  The  farmer 
fhould  carefully  auend  to  this  critical 
operation,  and  fuffer  the  fermentation 
to  proceed  only  as  far  as  to  aftetl  the 
capfules,  or  chaff,  without  injuiing 
the  feed.  After  this  operation,  the 
clover-heads  are  fpread  on  a  barn 
floor  to  dry,  when  a  flight  threfliing 
will  eafily  extricate  the  feed.  The 
Germans,  in  Lancaller  county,  pro- 
cure the  feed  of  timothy,  by  firff  fub- 
mitting  it  to  a  flight  degree  of  fermen- 
tation. The  hay,  intended  for  feed, 
\  is  bound  in.  fmall  flieaves,  and  then 
put  up  into  a  flack,  having  the  heads 
damv)ed  with  a  little  water,  fufficicnt 
to  produce  a  flight  degree  of  fermenta- 
tion, without  injuring  the  feed. 

The  above  plan  appears  to  me  rea- 
fonable.  I  ihall  therefore  make  a  tria^ 
of  if,  and  Ihall  communicate  the  re- 
fiilt  of  the  experiment  to  the  fociety* 
Other  members  doing  the  fame,  a 
comparifon  of  our  obfervations  maj 
tend  to  throw  fome  light  on  the  liib- 
jeft,  and  the  publication  of  them,  fup' 
ported  by  the  opinion  of  the  fociety 
may  be  attended  wiih  fome  advantagt 
to  our  fellow  citizens. 
I  am,   &c. 

George   Locak. 

Stenton,  September  5,   1789. 
M»"<S><S><S>-»" 
Valuable  properties  of  the  elder  tree 

THE  elder  tree  poffeffes  the  foi 
lowing  valuable  properties;  t 
Saving  turnips  from  the  fly.  8 
Preferving  wlicat  from  the  yellows 
3.  Preferving  fruit  trees  from  th' 
blight.  4.  Preferving  cabbage  plant 
from  caterpillars.    The   fa6t  hasieei 


,  789.]     To  the  manvfaaurcrs  of  pot-aji. ^Thoughts  on  the  rot  {nf;eep. 


afcertained  by  his  Britifh  majeHy's 
privy  council,  in  their  inquiries  rela- 
tive to  the  Heflian  fly.  The  dwarf 
elder  has  the  moil  jjotent  effluvia  j  and 
it  requires  no  other  trouble,  than  to 
flrew  the  leaves  over  the  ground,  or  to 
lirike  fruit  trees  with  the  twigs." 

••■(>•■  -^  <s>  <^  •■*>•' 

To    the   manufdElurf-s    of  pot    and 

pearl-ajli, 

THE  price  of  pot  and  pearl-afli, 
for  feveral  years  pad,  has  been 
much  reduced,  and  does  not  afford 
the  manufachirers  a  due  compenfation 
for  their  trouble,  belides  their  being 
deprived  of  one  half  the  profit,  that 
mij-jbt  be  made  on  ihofe  afhes  that  are 
exported,  called  the  fecond  and  third 
qualities.  It  is  attended  with  a  ditad- 
vaniageous  confequence  to  export  any 
of  them,  or  to  lei  the  EugUUi  import 
any  except  of  the  firft  quality,  as 
they  have  got  into  a  method  of  refin- 
ing falts  and  bad  pot-a(h  in  Englarid, 
of  late,  which  has  reduced  the  price 
of  our  firft  kind  of  aflies  at  leafl  five 
pounds  llerlmg  per  ton,  befides  the 
duty  they  demand  of  us.  It  is  well 
known  to  be  thegreatefl  branch  of  ma- 
nufacture in  the  five  northern  ftatet  : 
and  as  the  duty  and  freight  are  the  fame 
on  the  fecond  and  third,  as  on  the 
firft  quality,  and  we  have  works  pre- 
pared for  the  purpofe,  and  are  ready 
to  pay  the  calh  for  the  fecond  and 
third  qualities,  it  behoves  us  in  fea- 
fon,  to  prevent  foreigners  from  re- 
ceiving three  quarters  of  the  profits 
of  our  mofl  material  cafli  article. 
Newport,   Augvjl  i^,   1789. 

Thoughts  on  the  rot  in  Jlieep.  From 
the  letters  of  the  Bath  agriculture 
society 

THE  caufe  of  the  rot  in  (heep, 
fays  mr.  Bofwell,  in  his  late 
tifefuland  ingenious  publication,  is  un- 
known.— Mr.  Arthur  Young,  in  reca- 
pitulating all  the  information  he  could 
get,  in  his  Eaflern  Tour,  obferves,  that 
the  "  accounts  are  fo  amazingly  con- 
tradictory, that  nothing  can  begaiher- 
ed  from  them  ;"  but  conclude?,  ''  that 
every  one  knows  that  moiiiure  is  the 
caufe." 

In  differing  from  an  aathor  of  Mr. 
Young's  acknowledged  merit,  fup- 
ported  by  theg-'iicral  opinion  of  man- 
kind, 1  am  led  10   examine  my  own 


fentiments  with  caution  and  diftruft  ; 
but,  unlefs  it  is  only  meant,  that  moif- 
ture  is  generally  the  remote  caufe,  it 
will  be  difficult  to  account  for  the  rot 
being  taken  on  fallows  in  afingleday, 
and  in  water  meadows  fometimes  ni 
half  an  hoar,  when  in  grounds  of  a 
different  fort,  although  exceflively  wet 
and  llibby,  fheep  will  remain  for  ma- 
ny weeks  together,  uninjured. 

Another  opinion,  which  has  many 
adherents,  is,  that  the  rot  is  owing  to 
the  quick  growth  of  graft,  or  herbs, 
that  grow  in  wet  places. 

Without  prenr.fing,  that  all -boun- 
teous Providence  has  given  to  every 
animal  its  peculiar  tafte,  by  which  it 
diftinguiihes  the  food  proper  for  its 
prefervation  and  fupport,  (if  not  vi- 
tiated by  fortuitous  circumftances)  it 
fcerns  very  difficult  to  dilcover  on 
philofophical  principles,  why  the  quick 
growth  of  gral's  Ihould  render  it  nox- 
jous  ; — or  why  any  herb  fhould  at  one 
feafon  produce  fatal  effetts,  by  the  ad- 
miflion  of  pure  water  only  into  its  com- 
ponent parts,  v.hichj  at  other  times, 
is  perfeftly  innocent,  although  brought 
to  its  utmoU  ftrength  and  maturity, 
by  the  genuine  influence  of  the  fun. 
So  far  from  agreeing  with  thofe  who 
attribute  the  rot  to  quick-growmg 
grafs,  which  ttiey  call  flafhy,  infipid, 
and  deflitute  of  faks,  to  methe  quick- 
nefs  of  growth  is  a  proof  of  its 
being  endued  with  the  moft  active 
principles  of  vegetation,  and  is  one 
of  the  criterions  of  its  fuperior  excel- 
lence. Beiides,  the  confiant  prafticc 
of  mofl  farv-ners.  who,  with  the  great- 
eft  fecurity,  feed  their  meadows  in  the 
■  fpring,  when  the  grafs  flioois  quick, 
and  is  full  of  juices,  militates  direCtly 
againll  th's  opinion. 

Let  us  now  confider,  whether  ano- 
ther caufe  may  not  be  affigned  more 
reconcilcable  with  the  various  accounts 
we  receive  of  this  diforder.  If  our 
arguments,  however  fpecious,  aic 
contradictory  to  known  fa^ts,  inftead 
of  conduHiiig  us  in  the  plain  paths  of 
truth,  they  leave  us  in  the  mazes  of 
error  and  uncertainly. 

Each  fpecies  of  vegetables  and  ani- 
mals has  its  pec'iliar  foil,  fituation, 
and  food,  affigned  to  it.  Taught  by 
unerring  Inftmd,  '•  the  foarrow  find- 
cih  hera  houfe,  the  fwallow  a  neft, 
and  the  dork  in  the  heavens  knowctb 
her  appointed  tlm^."    The  whole  fea- 


gp8 


Thoughts  on  the  rot  injiietpt 


fScptcmber, 


fhered  tribe,  indeed,  difplay  a  won- 
derful fagacity  and  vjriety  in  the 
choice  and  (Irufture  of  their  habita- 
tions. Nor  can  it  be  doubted,  that 
the  minuielt  reptile  has  Us  fixed  laws, 
appointed  by  Him,  whofe  "  tender 
mercies  are  over  all  his  works." 

The  numerous  inhabitants  of  the 
air,  earth,  and  waters,  are  flrongly 
influenced  by  the  feafons,  and  by  the 
ftate  of  the  atmolphere  ;  and  the  fame 
paiifes,  perhaps,  that  rapidly  call  my- 
riads of  one  fpecies  into  being,  may 
frequently  prove  the  delhuflion  of  a- 
noiher.  Is  it  then  improbable,  that 
fome  infect  finds  us  food,  and  lays  its 
(Eggs,  on  the  tender  fucculent  grafs, 
found  on  particular  foils,  (efpecially 
wet  ones)  which  it  mofl  delights  in  ? 
— or,  that  this  infett  fliould,  after  a 
redundancy  of  moiOure,  by  an  in- 
Itinftive  inipulfe,  quit  its  dark  and 
dreary  habiiaiion,  and  its  fecundity  be 
greatly  increafed  by  fuch  feafons,  in 
conjunrtion  with  the  prolific  \varmth 
of  the  fun  ? 

The  fltfhfly  lays  her  eggs  upon  her 
food,  which  alfo  ferves  to  fupporther 
future  uft^pnng  ;  and  the  common 
earthworm  propagates  ils  fpecies  above 
ground,  when  the  weather  is  mild  and 
moift,  or  the  earth  dewy. 

The  eggs,  depofited  on  the  tender 
germ,  are  conveyed  with  the  food  into 
the  llomach  and  inteftines  of  the  ani- 
nials,  whence  they  are  received  into 
the  laftcal  velfels,  carried  oH  in  the 
chyle,  and  pafs  into  the  blood  ;  nor 
do  ihey  meet  with  any  obiTruftion.  un- 
til they  arrive  at  the  capillary  veflels 
of  the  liver. — Here,  as  the  blood  fil- 
trates through  the  extreme  branches, 
anfvvering  to  thofe  of  the  Vena  Porta 
in  the  human  body,  the  fecerning 
veffels  are  too  minute,  to  admit  the 
impregnated  ova,  which,  adhering  io 
the  membrane,  produce  thofe  aniinal- 
cula  that  feed  upon  the  liver,  and 
dtflroy  the  fliecp.  1  hey  much  re- 
femble  the  flat  fifii  called  plaice,  are 
fonietimes  as  large  as  a  filvcr  two- 
pence, and  are  found  both  m  the  liver 
and  in  ihe  pip'',  (anfwering  to  that  of 
the  vena  cav.i)  which  conveys  the 
blood  from  the  liver  to  the  htarf. 

If  ihe  form  of  ihis  ;inimal  is  unlike 
anv  thing  we  meet  wiih  among  the  in- 
feft  trib",  we  fliould  coniidcr,  that  it 
j:pay  be  fo  fmall  n  iisnati.nil  flaic,  as  to 
efcape  our  obf(2rvaiicii.^ — Or,    qaight 


not  its  form  have  changed  with  its 
fituation  ? — "  The  caterpillar  under- 
goes feveral  changes  before  it  pro- 
duces a  butterfly." 

The  various  accounts,  which  every 
diligent  enquirer  mufl  have  met  with, 
(as  well  as  the  indefatigable  mr.  Young) 
feem  very  confiftent  with  the  theory 
of  this  diforder. 

If  dry  limed  land,  in  Derbyfhire, 
will  rot,  in  common  vvith  water-mea- 
dows, and  flagnant  marflies — if  fome 
fpringy  lands  rot,  when  others  are 
perfertly  fafe — is  it  owing  to  the  cir- 
cuijillance  of  water,  or  that  of  pro- 
ducing the  proper  food  or  neft  of  the 
infett  ?  Thofe  who  find  their  after- 
grafs  rot  till  the  autumnal  watering, 
and  fafe  afterwards,  might  probably 
be  of  opinion,  that  the  embryo  laid 
there  in  the  fummer,  is  then  waflied 
away  or  dellroyed. 

With  regard  to  thofe  lands,  that 
are  accounted  never  fafe,  if  there  is 
not  fomething  peculiar  in  the  foil  or 
fituation,  which  allures  or  forces  the 
infecl  to  quit  its  abode  at  unufual  fea- 
fons, it  may  be  well  vyorlh  enquiring, 
whether  froni  the  coarfenefs  of  their 
nature  or  for  want  of  being  fiifficiently 
fed,  there  is  not  fome  grafs  in  thefe 
lands  always  left  of  a  fufficient  length 
to  fecure  the  eggs  of  the  infeft  above 
the  reach  of  the  water. 

Such  who  aflert  that  flowing  water 
alone  is  the  caufe  of  the  rot,  can  have 
but  little  acquaintance  with  ihe  Somer- 
fcifliire  clays,  and  are  diametrically 
oppofitc  to  thofe  who  find  their  word 
land  for  rotting  cured  by  watering. 
Yet,  may  not  the  water  which  pro- 
produces  this  effefl,  be  impregnated 
with  particles  defiriictiye  to  the  infeft, 
or  to  the  tender  germ  which  ferves  for 
its  food  or  neft  ? 

Tor  kilving  another  difficulty,  that 
"  no  ewe  ever  rots  while  flie  has  3 
1-imb  by  her  fide,"  the  gentlemen  of 
the  faculty  can  beft  infonp  us,  whe- 
ther it  IS  not  probable  that  the  impreg- 
naied  ovum  palTes  into  the  milk,  and 
never  arrives  at  the  liver.  The  fame 
learned  genilemen  may  think  the  fol- 
lowing qneflion  alfo  not  unworthy 
their  confideration  : 

Whv  is  the  rot  fatal  to  flieep,  hares, 
and  rabbits,  (and  fometimes  10  calves) 
when  cattle  of  greater  bulk,  which 
probably  tahe  the  fame  food,  eftape 
uninjured  ?       • 


*7^9'1     ^'^  ^'-^  ^o.nufaBure  of  fugar/Tom  the  American  mapU-lrte,       E05 


Is  the  digcRive  matter,  in  the  flo- 
ipach  of  theie.  different  from  that  of 
the  other.,  and  fuch  as  will  turn  the 
ova  into  a  ftate  of  corruption  ;  or, 
rather,  are  not  the  fecretory  duHs  in 
ihe  hver,  large  enough  to  let  ihem 
,pais  thruugh,  and  be  carrieH  off  in  the 
jifiia!  current  of  the  blood  ? 

It  feems  to  be  an  acknowledged 
fatt,  that  fait- marfhes  never  rot.  Salt 
js  pern  cious  yo  moH  infefis.  They 
;icver  infc/t  gardens  where  fea-weedis 
Jaid.  Common  fait  and  water  is  a 
poweifiil  cxi)ellent  of  worms,  bred  in 
the  human  body. 

I  could  wifli  the  intelligent  farmer 
would  confider  thefe  truths  with  ai- 
lerilion,  and  not  neglett  a  remedy 
which  IS  cheap  and  always  at  hand. 

Liile,  in  his  book  of  huibandry, 
informs  iis  of  a  farmer,  who  cured 
his  whole  flock  of  the  rot,  by  giving 
each  flieep  a  handful  of  Spanilh  fait, 
for  five  or  fix  mornings  fuccelfively. 
The  hint  was  probably  taken  from  the 
Spaniards,  who  frequently  give  their 
flieep  fait  to  keep  them  healthy. 

On  fome  farms,  perhaps,  the  iit- 
jnoft  caution  cannot  always  prevent 
the  diforder.  In  wet  ^nd  warm  fea- 
fons,  the  prudent  farmer  will  remove 
his  flieep  from  the  lands  liable  to  rot. 
Thofe  who  have  it  not  in  their  power 
to  do  this,  I  would  advife  to  give  each 
{heep  a  fpoonful  of  common  fait, 
with  the  fame  quantity  of  flour,  in  a 
quarter  of  a  pint  of  water,  once  or 
twice  a  week.  When  the  rot  is  re- 
cently taken,  the  fame  remedy,  given 
four  or  five  mornings  fuccefi^ively, 
will,  in  all  probability,  effeft  a  cure. 
The  addition  of  the  flour  and  water 
Will,  in  the  opinion  of  the  writer  of 
this,  not  only  abate  the  pungency  of 
the  fait,  but  difpofe  it  to  mix  with 
the  chyle  in  a  more  friendly  and  ef- 
ficacious manner. 

Were  it  in  my  power  to  communi- 
cate to  the  fociety  the  refult  of  aftual 
experiment,  it  would  doubilefs  be 
more  fatisfa6lory.  They  will,  how- 
ever, I  am  perfuaded,  accept  of  thefe 
hints,  at  leaft  as  an  earnefl  of  my  de- 
fire  to  be  ferviceable.  Should  they 
only  tend  to  awaken  the  attention  of 
theinduftrious  hufljandman,  or  to  ex- 
cite the  curiofity  of  fome  other  en- 
quirer, who  has  more  leifure  and 
|!reater  abilities,  I  fliall  have  the  fa- 
Msfiifclion  of  thinking,  that  my  fpecu- 


lations,  however  irrjperfeO,    are  not 
entirely  ufelefs. 

BEiijAMiN  Price. 

American   naplejngar  and  melajfes. 

An  ejlimate  of  tlic  capacity  ofthefu' 
gar  maple  lands  of  New  York,  or 
Pennfylvania.  tcfupply  the  dema?t4 
of  the  united  jiaus,  for  fugar  and 
melajfes. 

The  demand. 

BY  authe-.tic  documents,  obtained 
from  the  culioin-houfe  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, it  appears  that  the  medium 
importation  of  brown  fugar,  for  each 
year,  from  1785,10  1789,  is  lbs. 

5,692,848 
— Loaf  fugar,  on  a  me- 
dium, 4>4^P 
— Melaffes  543, qoo  gal- 
lons, which,  atiolbs,  per 
gallon,  is  ,5,4,':>9,ooolbs. 
half  of  which  weight  in 
fugar  may  be  conlidered 
as  equal  to  54.'>,goo  gal- 
lons of  melalfes,                     2.719.5CP 

Total  importation  in- 
to Philadelphia,  per  an- 
num, 8,4i6,Sc8 

Suppofiiig  the  whole  imporiaiion 
of  the  union,  to  be  five  times  that  of 
Philadelphia,  the  demand  for  the  uni- 
ted Hates,  will  then  be  42,084,143 
pounds  weight. 

The  capacity  of  fiipply, 

Mr.  William  Cooper  (of  Cooper'? 
town,  on  the  Otfego  Lake)  upon  ex- 
perience and  enquiry,  gives  informa- 
tion, that  there  are  ufuallymade  from 
a  tree,  five  pounds  of  fugar,  and  thac 
there  are  fifty  trees  on  an  acre,  at  a 
medium.  But  fuppofe  only  four 
pounds  to  a  tree,  and  twenty  trees  \r> 
an  acre,  then  105,2/0  acres  will  yield 
8,416,828  pounds  weight.  And  fup- 
pofing,  as  above  Rated,  the  whole  de- 
mand of  the  union  42,084,140  lbs.  or 
five  times  the  importation  into  Phila- 
delphia, then  ,526.000  acres  will  fup- 
ply  the  united  ftates.  It  need  not  he 
obferved,  that  there  are  three  times 
526,000  acies  of  futrar-maple  lands  ;n 
each  of  the  flates  of  New  York  an'l 
Pennfylvania,  which  are  particularly 
mentioned,  from  their  being  known 
to  the  ellimator. 

The  fugar  maple  tree  is  found,  how- 


«ie         Method  of  making  fiigar  in  the  Wrjl  India  IJlands, — 0c.         [Scpf, 


ever,    in   great   abundance,   in    many 
oiher  parts  of  the  united  itates. 

It  will  be  frankly  admitted,  that  the 
refult  of  the  above  cfHmate,  has  a 
wild  and  vifionary  appearance ;  but 
as  it  is  made  upon  a  moderate  fiate- 
jnent  of  fath,  very  carefully  afccr- 
tained,  and  as  the  whole  calculation 
is  freely  expofed  to  examination,  it 
^vi!l  not  be  unfafe  to  place  (onie  con- 
fidence in  it,  until  exaggeration  of 
fatt  or  error  fhall  be  pointed  out. 

Afrievd  of  vianuJaElurci. 
••<>•■  <^<^^^  ■•<►•• 
Method  of  makiv.g  fvgar  in  the  Weji- 
India  ijlands,jrcm  the  juice  of  the 
fugar  cane^    when   cared  in  hogs- 
heads, as  in  Antigua. 

AS  loon  as  a  fufficieiit  quantity  of 
juice  is  procured,  it  is  put  mfo 
the  kettle,  under  which  a  good  fire  is 
made,  and  no  fcum  is  taken  off,  un- 
til the  liquor  is  nearly  ready  to  boil  ; 
which  is  difcovered  by  the  fcum's 
cracking  or  parting.  Then  the  fcum 
is  taken  off,  and  a  perfon  is  kept  con- 
fiantly  (kimming  it,  as  the  fcum  riles, 
until  it  becomes  fugar.  This  is  dif- 
covered by  It's  granulating,  or  the 
^ain  appearing  upon  the  fkimmer  or 
ladle  :  it  is  then  immediately  taken 
out  of  the  kettle,  and  put  into  a 
cooler,  where  it  remains,  until  it  is 
blood  warm.  Then  it  is  put  into  calks, 
with  fmall  holes  at  the  bottom,  in 
crder  that  the  melaffes  may  drain  out. 
After  remaining  in  the  calks  two  or 
three  weeks,  it  is  fit  for  ufe,  and  is 
fent  to  market. 

A'^.  B.  A  fmall  quantity  of  unflack- 
ed  lime  is  put  into  the  kettle,  when 
the  juice  is  warm,  or  before  ;  fay  a- 
bout  three  table-fpoonfuls  to  one  hun- 
dred gallons.  Large  copper  (kimmers 
and  ladles  with  long  wooden  handles, 
are  made  iil'e  of;  a  good  fire  is  kept 
under  the  kettle,  from  the  time  of  the 
juice  being  put  in,  until  it  becomes 
lugar. 

Receipt  for    the   cure  of  the  f curvy, 
leprofy,  &c. 
To  the  Printer. 
Sir, 

IRcqneft  permifTion  to  prefent  the 
public  with  a  receipt  of  a  moll 
ialuabie  and  fovereign  r'-medy,  from 
r':c  vegniable  kingdom,  which,  by 
ample  aiid  exteufive  experience,    has 


hitherto  been  found  to  prove  extreme- 
ly powerful  and  elhcacious  in  entirely 
eradicating,  with  perfed  eafe  and 
fafety,  every  fpecies  of  fcurvy,  lepro- 
fy,  and  all  diforders  whatever,  wliich 
derive  their  origin  from  any  impuri- 
ties of  the  blood  and  juices,  'ihofe, 
afflitled  wiih  the  fcrophula,  vulgarly 
called  the  king's  evil,  though  in  gene- 
ral an  hereditary  difeafe,  by  duly  per- 
levering  m  the  regular  ufe  of  it,  will 
aduredly  find  fuch  amazing  benefit, 
as  happily  to  convince  them  of  its 
great  value  and  utiluy.  In  the  very 
word  Oagcs  of  the  true  rheumatifm, 
jts  eilefls  are  remarkably  luccefsful ; 
and  I  know  not  any  thing  in  the 
whole  materia  medica.  that  bids  fairer 
to  prove  of  innniie  iervice  alfo  in  the 
gout.  The  medicine,  which  I  now 
lay  before  the  public,  is  an  agreeable 
vegetable  fyrup,  very  eafily  made, 
exceedingly  pleafant  to  take,  and  at 
the  fame  time  fo  mild  and  fafe  in  us 
operation,  as  not  in  the  lead  to  en- 
danger or  dilhirb  the  economy  of  the 
human  frame  (which  is  fo  often  the 
cafe  with  many  medicines,  that  the 
remedy  fometimes  proves  worfe  than 
the  difeafe)  attended  likewife  with  the 
fatisfaftion  of  knowing,  together  with 
the  liberty  of  freely  examining  and 
invedigating,  upon  the  true  principles 
of  botany,  every  ingredient  of  which  it 
is  compofed.  Even  with  the  veronica 
alone  (male  fpeedwell)  th»  great 
Boerhaave,  in  his  hillory  of  plants, 
declares,  that  he  has  cured  above  a 
hundred  difeafes ;  and  many  of  the 
inhabitants  of  France  can  alfo  tellify 
the  very  powerful  and  happy  effefts  of 
that  fingle  plant  in  removing  a  great 
variety  of  diforders. 

I  have   only   to  obferve,  that  the 
prefent  feafon  of  the  year  is  the  moft 
proper  time  to  enter  upon  a  courfe  of 
the  above-mentioned  fyrup. 

July  12 

Recipe. 

'i  dKe  of  the  leaves  of  male  fpeed- 
well, four  ounces;  bark  of  elder, 
two  ounces;  winter's  bark,  three 
ounces  ;  angelica  root,  diced  thin, 
half  a  pound  ;  comfrey  root,  fennel 
root,  of  each  (lliced)  four  ounces. 

Boil  thefe  ingredients  together  in 
two  gallons  of  foft  water,  over  a  (low 
fire,  till  one  half  is  conbimed  ;  thrfn 
Urain  ofi  the  decoftion  into  a  cle^n 
earthen  pan,  ai;d  let  it  Hand  all  night 


17«9-1 


Reficxions  on  the  gout. 


2t: 


to  fettle ;  in  the  morning,  carefully 
pour  off  the  clear  liquor,  from  the 
lediment,  and  diffolve  thereuj  three 
pounds  of  treble  refined  fugar,  and 
two  pounds  of  virgin  honey,  which 
arc  to  be  gently  fimmered  into  a  thin 
fyrup. 

The  dofe  is  a  large  tea  cup  full, 
night  and  morning,  or  rather  in  fome 
cafes,  morning,  noon,  and  night ;  ad- 
ding to  each  dofe,  at  the  time  of  taking 
it,  a  fmall  tea-fpoonful  of  the  late 
celebrated  dr.  Huxham's  effence  of 
antimony,  which  greatly  heightens 
and  improves  the  virtue  of  the  me- 
dicine. 

Rtjlexions  on  the  gout — By  James  S. 
Gilliam^  M.D.    of  Peterjlurg,  Vir- 
ginia. 

TH  E  caufes  of  the  flow  and  fluRu- 
ating  progrefsof  our  knowledge 
of  the  gout,  are  fufficiently  manifelt, 
Thepathology  of  difeafes,  by  which 
the  aid  of  the  phyfician  has,  in  every 
age,  been  in  a  great  meafure  regulat- 

.ed,  is  only  to  be  deduced  from  an  am- 
ple collettion  of  fatls.  Hence,  dif- 
coveries   in   medicine,     have  feldom 

.been  the  offspring  of  fuperficial  ob- 
fervation  ;  at  leaft  the  labour  and  ge- 
nius of  feveral  fucceffive  ages  are  re- 
quired to  determine  the  extent  of  their 
utility  and  application. 

From  the  records  of  phyficians, 
we  are  not  enabled  to  decide,  at  what 
period  the  gout  originated,  or  became 
an  objeft  of  inveftigation  :  but  the 
fimple  manner  [of  life,  in  pratticewuh 
the  early  inhabitantsofthe  world,  mull, 
for  a  confiderable  time,  have  inter- 
rupted its  occurrence.  The  mofl  per- 
manent caufe<i,  however,  of  its  not 
being  contemplated  as  a  new  appear- 
ance of  difeaf*,  feems  to  be  the  pro- 
pinquity of  its  fymptoms  to  the  rheu- 
matifm.  Mankind,  bialfed  by  an  idea, 
that,  amidft  the  uncertainty  of  human 

■  reafoning,  experience  is  the  bell  guide, 
have  feldom  allowed  a  fufficiently  a\n- 

•  pie  range  to  th»ir  reflexion  and  judg- 
ment, in  difcriminating  new  genera 
©f  difeafe. 

The  knowledge  of  the  gout  was  ex- 
tremely limited  in  ancient  Greece  and 
Rome  :  and  for  many  centuries  fub- 
fequent  to  the  fall  of  the  latter,  the 
culture  of  medicine  languilhed,  with 
the  general  wreck  of  literature  m  Eu- 


rope. Traditional  knowledge  bein^ 
confidered  as  the  ultimate  extent  or 
human  inveftigation,  no  eftorts  to- 
wards difcovery  were  to  be  expeft- 
ed.  Nor  was  the  revival  of  learo- 
ing  immediately  produtlive  of  bene- 
ficial elllects  with  regard  to  medicine. 
The  philofophy  of  Ariilotle,  fubtlety 
interwoven  in  the  healing  art, com  inued 
ftill  to  corrupt  the  pra8ice  of  medicine. 
It  was  not,  till  near  the  clofeof  thefe- 
ventecnth  century,  that  a  perfect.  h:f- 
tory  of  the  gout  appeared.  But  the 
learned  author  feems  to  have  neglect- 
ed an  expofition  of  the  caufe  of  that 
complaint — perhaps,  from  the  difn- 
culty  of  diftinguifhing  caufe  from  ef- 
fect, as  the  fyrnptoms  of  the  gout  are 
various,  and  many  of  them  have  a 
relation  to  other  difeafes.  The  pre- 
eminence of  fmall  beer  to  wine,  which 
he  wilhes  to  ellablifh,  I  apprehend, 
will  not  be  generally  admitted. 

It  is  at  prelent  a  prevalent  opinion, 
that  there  are  different  llaies  of'the 
gout,  each  requiring  a  diverfiiy  of 
treatment :  but,  as  all  of  them  arife 
from  the  fame  caufe,  and  frequently 
fncceed  each  other,  in  a  fiiorc  fpace 
of  time,  in  tfie  fame  patient — the  ha- 
bit of  body,  and  feat  affefted,  modi- 
fying the  effeft — we  prefume,  that  ac- 
curacy of  difcrimination  is  in  this  in- 
flance  by  no  means  attainable,  or  ne- 
ceffary.  Nofologills,  who  have  at- 
tempted it,  vary  exiremcly  :  and  their 
labours  do  not  obvioufl/  lead  to  prac- 
tical utility. 

Whether  the  gout  be  an  hereditary 
difeafe  or  not,  is  a  query,  perhaps 
not  reducible  to  a  fatisfaclory  refclu- 
tion.  It  has  been  obferved  more  ge- 
nerally to  prevail  in  certain  families 
than  in  others,  nearly  under  the  fame 
circumftances  :  and  perhaps  a  peculi- 
arity or  imbecillity  of  temperament  is 
tranfmitted  from  parent  to  offspring, 
which  the  operation  of  future  excit- 
ing caufes  may,  at  an  earlier  period  of 
life  than  ufual,  awaken  into  the  gout. 
This  difeafe, however,  fo  frequently  oc- 
curs, without  our  being  able  to  trace  it 
to  any  hereditary  ptedifpofition,  that 
the  influence  of  this  caufe  is  in  molt 
cafes  extremely  equivocal.  The  flate 
of  the  fyllem,  on  which  the  gout  de- 
pends, IS  probably  a  general  debility, 
efpecially  affefting  the  extremities,  oa 
account  of  the  languor  of  the  circu- 
lation in  thofe  parts.     For,  althoui;bi 


tli         Rejolves  refpccllng  the  education  of  poor  femaic  children.         [Sept, 


ive  do  not  believe  that  a  gout  ever 
arifesfroma  vitiation  ot  the  fluids,  ot 
any  dttect  primarily  exifting  in  them — 
it  IS  evident,  that  the  ntorbid  (late  of 
the  moving;  powers  of  ihefylleni,  may 
be  conliderably  iiicrcafed,  by  a  defi- 
cjcncy  of  the  circulation.  Hence, 
the  utility  of  covering  the  part  alFed- 
td,  with  flannel^  is  abundantly  obvi- 
ous. Cay  em  le  pepper  and  gum  giiaiacurii 
in  talfia,  may  alio  as  general  Ihmuli, 
aHord  temjiorary  relief;  but  the  inex- 
perienced should  be  cautious  inreceiv- 
nig  the  opinions  of  the  panegyriils  of 
ihofe  remedies,  as  they  do  not  reflect, 
that  ftimu'ants  are  various  in  theirope- 
ration.  Wme,  ardent  fpirits,  aether, 
opium,  gum  guaiacum,  Cayenne  pep- 
|)er,  alkaline  falls,  and  btillers,  are 
temporary  and  dilfufive  in  their  ef- 
fects ;  and  are  chieily  to  be  employed, 
where  the  lymptoms  are  very  violent. 
No  durable  relief  can  be  expefted 
from  them.  They  are  generally  fud- 
den  in  their  operation,  and  Ihoiild  be 
conhdered  as  preparative  to  the  em- 
playmcmof  the  bark,  exercife,  jellies, 
or  rich  toups  without  vegetables, 
'i'hefe  are  durable  llimulants,  and 
fliould,  as  far  as  our  experience  in- 
iorms,  be  ufed  in  all  appearances  of 
the  gout. 

I  fuppofe  the  gout  of  the  Romach 
and  bowels  to  depend  on  the  fame 
caufe  with  the  oiher  forms  of  that  com- 
plaint ;  but,  on  account  of  the  tender 
ihucture  and  particular  connexion  of 
jhefe  organs,  with  the  reft  of  the  fyf- 
tcm,  1  would  recommend  the  reme- 
dies to  be  more  fully  and  diligently 
adininiftered,  than  in  any  other  in- 
liances.  In'aliettions  of  the  Homach, 
I  have  known  it  inrpoffible  to  admi- 
nifter  the  bark,  without  the  previous 
application  of  a  blifter,  which  i  have 
never  known  to  fail,  in  producing  the 
moft  falutary  cHcfts  in  fuch  cafeS. 
When  the  bowels  are  afFetled,-  it  will 
Be  heft  to  unite  a  little  cinnamon  with 
the  bark.  To  prevent  a  return  of  the 
gout,  I  always  recommend  the  ufe  of 
ihe  bark  to  be  continued,  during  the 
intervals  of  relief. 

Sulphur  has  lately  been  recommend- 
ed as  a  remedy  for  the  gout  ;  but  its 
j,Kiod  elieHs  can  only  extend  to  the 
prelervation  of  a  lax  habit  of  body, 
where  there  is  rcafon  toapprehend  in- 
jury from  conllipation.  In  anv  other 
"lew,- it  will   raiher  debilitate  the  pa- 


tient, than  abate  the  progrefs  of  the 
difcafe. 

Where  patients  coitiptain  of  con- 
fiderable  thirll,  the:  ufe  of  the  vitriolic 
acid  I  have  found  extremely  bcnefi'- 
ciaf  :  ?nd,  if  a  dillielfing  icidity  pre- 
vail, alkaline  fatts  ma'y  be  occafion- 
ally  taken  with  advantage. 

From  our  view  of  the  fuhjefl,  it 
will  readily  be  inferred,  that  breeding, 
purgatives,  or  emetics,  cannot  be  em- 
ployed with  fafery  in  the  gout ;  and 
that  the  efficacy  of  the  Peruvian  bark, 
blillers,  e::ercife,  and  jellies,  is  fu'- 
periar  to  the  Portland  powder;  a  re- 
medy, I  conce'  ve^  to  have  been  de- 
iervedly  in  high  eftimation.  I  can* 
not  imagine,  with  fome  phyhcians, 
that  ihe  fubduBion  of  a  difeafe  from' 
the  conllinition,  can  endanger  its  ex- 
ifience.  If  apoplexy  or  affhma  have 
accompanied  the  removal  of  fhe  gout, 
they  have  notdirettly  originated  from 
obefity   induced    by 


The 


that  caufe. 

the  return  of  appetite  and  digeflion,- 
in  a  lyftem  long  enfeebled  by  a  vio- 
lent difeafe,  may  predifpofe  to  apd- 
plexy.  And  it  would  be  prudent  f 
regulate  fuch  predifpofition  by  exef* 
cife  and  diet.  But  as  the  a{)h-ma  is 
generally  allowed  to  be  a  difeafe  not 
connected  wiih  any  particular  tem- 
perament of  the  whole  body,  but  a' 
particular  conftitution  of  the  lungs,  it 
furely  cannot  arile  from  the  reihoval 
of  the  gout. 

Peter/burg,  May  21,  1789. 

Refolvcs  rcfpe&ing  the  education  c/ 
poor  JcmaU  children. 

THE  Maffachufetts  charitable  fo- 
cicty,  having  conhdered,  at  a 
late  meeting  of  their  members,  the 
expediency  of  calling  the  public  atten- 
tion to  the  want  of  female  education 
among  the  poorer  clafs  of  inhabitants 
in  this  metropolis  ;  and  having  them- 
felves  founded  a  Ichool  for  the  inff  ruc- 
tion of  the  poor  female  children,  di 
fuch  of  their  own  members  as  may  be 
reduced  to  adverhty,  have  thought 
proper  to  publifh  their  intentions  oif 
the  fubjecf,  hoping  that  the  benevolent 
will  encourage  and  enlarge  the  defign. 
The  faid  lociety  would  have  been 
gratified,  could  they  have  extended' 
fchool   fo  as    to 


the  benefifi  of  their 
have  comprehended 
children   in   general 


the   poor  female. 
;    but    they  find- 


1789.]        letter  from  general  Qrecne  to  the  Friends  at  New  Garden. 


that  this  cannot  be  done  confiftently 
•with  their  charter,  unlels  by  fome  al'- 
filtance  out  of  the  fociety.  It"  fuch 
a(ri(lance  (hall  be  given,  the  above- 
tnentioiied  iiutitution  may  be  increaf- 
ed  to  one  large  and  common  eflablifh- 
ment ;  where,  not  only  the  poor  fe- 
male children  of  i'aid  fociety,  but  aUo 
any  others  belonging  to  the  town  can 
be  inllructed. 

Correfponding  with  this  idea,  the 
following  articles,  as  adopted  by  the 
fociety,  are  publiflied  by  their  order  ; 
lit.  That  noihmg  has  a  more  cer- 
tain tendeiicv  to  promote  the  happi- 
.nefs  and  ufefulnefs  of  individuals,  than 
an  early  arid  well  projected  method  of 
education,  as  they  are  thereby  enabled 
to  acquire  an  eafy  apd  reputable  fub- 
fiftence,  and,  confequently  rendered 
valuable  members  of  the  community 
to  which  they  belong. 

ed.  That,  for  want  of  the  proper 
means  of  education  and  employment, 
the  children  of  the  reduced,  and  of  the 
indigent  m  general,  are  frequently  in 
a  manner  lolt  to  fociety  ;  or,  what  is 
•worfe,  become  a  prey  to  vice,  to  mi- 
fery,  and  mfamy. 

3d.  That,  under  a  republican  form 
of  government,  efpecially,  the  con- 
fequences  of  ignorance  are  in  a  great 
meafure  fubverfive  of  the  principle* 
on  which  tuch  government  is  found- 
ed ;  for  It  is  a  maxim,  drawn  from  na- 
liire  andexperience,  that  the  only 
means  of  inducing  the  people  to  make  a 
proper  ufe  of  their  liberty,  is  to  en- 
lighten, inllruft,  and  employ  them. 

4th.  And,  %vhereas  the  extenfive 
influence  of  females,  on  the  manners 
and  habits  of  fociety,  as  tiniverfally 
experienced  and  acknowledged,  mult 
render  their  education  a  proper  object 
of  the  moR  ferious  attention  ;  and  yet 
very  fmall  advantages  are  enjoyed, 
efpecially  by  the  indigent,  for  inftruc- 
tion  in  the  branches  of  knowledge, 
peculiarly  iifefnl  to  the  fex  :  there- 
lore,  an  inrtitiition,  for  conferring  up- 
on the  female  children  of  reduced 
members  of  tins  fociety,  the  advanta- 
ges of  a  judicious  fyllem  of  female 
education,  may  prevent  the  dittreffes 
which  they  might  otljerwife  be  called 
upon  to  relieve,  and  operate  as  one 
of  the  mod  effetlual  exercifes  of  cha- 
nty and  benevolence,  within  the  pow- 
p-r  of  this  fociety  ;  and  that  a  imall 
ium,  expended  for  this  valuable  pur- 
Voi,.  VI.  Xo.  HI, 


2*3 

pofe,  by  producing  etFefls  important 
and  permanent,  would  be  more  bent- 
ncial,  than  a  much  larger  fum  granted 
in  the  ufual  way,  as  a  tem.porary  re- 
lief of  prefent  dillieO. 

5th.  That,  from  thefe  confidera- 
tions,  and  upon  thefe  principles,  it  is 
hereby  rcfolved,  that  a  fum  be  af- 
figned  for  employing  a  proper  perfoii 
or  perfons,  to  fiiperintend  the  inltruc- 
tion  of  fuch  fem>ile  children,  or  or- 
phans of  reduced  members  of  this  fo- 
ciety, a'  fhall  choole  to  avail  thefa- 
fe Ives  of  fu^h  provifion,  and  for  o- 
therwife  fupnoning  aa  mititutlon  to 
be  founded  for  the  above  purpofe. 
-  6;h.  That,  until  fuch  inllitutign 
fliall  be  completed,  the  faid  fum,  with 
the  interefl  thereof,  fhall  be  confider- 
ed  as  an  accumulating  fund,  appropri- 
ated for  this  purpofe  alone,  and,  if 
judged  expedient  hereafter,  the  foci- 
ety (hall  augment  the  appropriation. 

7th.  That,  fo  foon  as  a  fufficient 
fund  fliall  be  cOabliOred,  proper  mea- 
fures  (hall  be  taken  for  procuring  one  or 
more  perfons  to  fupcnntend  a  fchool 
in  the  town  of  Boitouj  under  fiicli 
regulations  and  direftions  as  fhall 
hereafter  be  appointed. 

8:h.  That,  ihouid  any  additional 
grant,  bequellj  or  devifc%  be  hereafter 
made,  by  membcrSj  or  others,  to 
the  focietv  ;  for  the  exprefs  purpofe 
of  extending  the  advantage  of  fucli 
inflitution,  to  the  female  children  of 
the  poor  at  large,  or  in  certain  pro- 
portions, as  the  funds  fiiall  admit; 
fuch  grants,  &c.  fhall  be  ufedand  em- 
ployed for  that  purpofe  alone,  fo  as 
to  form  a  fchool  for  female  education 
in  general,  according  to  rules  and  re- 
gulations hereafter  to  be  made  :  and, 
for  this  purpofe,  the  fociety  will 
cheerfully  concur  vi?ith  any  man,  or 
body  of  men,  for  completing  an  inlli- 
tut  on,  of  this  kind,  on  the  mofl  broad 
and  liberal  balls. 

By  order  of  the  fociety^ 

Thomas  Da\v es,  pre/ident* 
Bojlon,  December  23,   1786. 


Copy  of  a  letter  written  by  major-ge- 
neral Greene,  after  the  adion  at 
Gilford  court- koufe,  to  the  fociety 
of  Friends  at  New  Garden,  zvitll 
the Jociety's  anfwer. 


2  1^  Anjwer  to  general  Greene's  letter,  [September, 

Friends  and  countrymen,  iher  have  liLerty  nor  property,   conlfl 

I   Atidreis  niylelf  to  your  humanity,  the  enemy  fucceed  in  iheir  meafures. 

for    the    relief  of    the    iutferuig  How  have  thev  deceived  you  in  their 

■wounded  at  G'lford  court- htJufe.    As  proclamations?  and    \\o\n   have    they 

a  people,   I   am   perfuaded,  you  dii-  violated  their  faith  with  your  friends 

claim  any  connexion   with   mealiires  in  South  Carolina  i* 
calculated  to  promote  military  opera-         They  arc  now  Ueemg  before  us,  and 

tions  ;  bur,  I  know  of  no  order  of  men  mult  foon   be   expelled  from  our  bor- 
inore    remarkable  for  the  exercife  of    ders,  if  the  people  will  contmue  to  aid 

humanity  and  kind  benevolence  ;  and,  the  operations  of  the  army. 


perhaps,  no  indance  ever  had  a  higher 
claim  upon  you,  than  the  unfortunate 
wc'iiiKted,  now  in  your  neighbourhood. 
1  was  born  and  educated,  in  the 
profcilions  and  principles  of  your  fo- 
lieiy;  and    am   perfectly    acquainted 


Having  giveji  you  this  information, 
I  have  only  to  remark,  that  i  (hall 
be  exceedingly  obliged  to  you,  to  con- 
tribute all  in  your  power  to  relieve 
the  unfortunate  wounded  at  Gilford, 
and  dr.  Wallace  is   diretkd  to  point 


with   your   religious   fentiments,  and  out  the  things   moil    wanted,  and  to 

general  good  conduct,  as  citizens.     I  receive  and  apply  donations,  and  from 

am  a!fo  feuftbie,  from  the  prejudices  the  liberality  of  your  order,  upon  the 

of  many  belonging  to  other  religious  occafion,   I   fhall    be  able  to  judge  of 

ibi  ieties,  and  the  mifcondufl  of  a  few  your  feelings,  as  men,   and  principles, 

of  your  own,  that   you  are  generally  as  a  fociety 


corifidered  as  enemies  to  the  indepen- 
dence of  America  ;  I  entertain  other 
fentiments,  both  of  your  principles 
and  wifhe«. 

I  vefjie'-l  you  as  a  people,  and  fiiall 
always  be  ready  to  protect  you,  from 
every  violence  and  opprclfion,  which 
the   confulion   of  the  times  afford  but 


Given  at  head-quarters,  North  Ca- 
rolina, March  26.  1781,  and  the 
fifth  year  of  American  indepen- 
dence. 

To  major-general  Nathaniel  Greene. 
Friend  Greene, 


too  many  inlhuices  of.       •  WJ^  receued  thine,  being  dated 

Don't  be  deceived;  this  is  no  reli-  VV     March    26,    1781:    agiecable 

giuus  difpute  ;  the  contell  is  for  poli-  to  thy  requeft  we  Ihall  do  all  that  hes 

lual  liberty;  without   which,    cannot  in  our  power;  although  this  may  in- 

be   enjoyed  the  free  exercife  of  your  form,  that  from  our  preleiit  fituatiOn, 

religion.     The  Bntifh    are   flattering  we   are   ill   able  to  alhll,  as  much  as 

you  with  conqueit,  and  exciting  your  we  would  be  glad  to  ;  as   the   Ameri- 

apprehenhons  refpecting   religious   li-  cans  have  iaiii  much  upon  us,  and  of 

berty.     'i'hey   deceive  "you   in   both  ;  late   the  Britiih  have  plundered  and 

they  can  neither  conquer  this  country,  entirely   broke  up   niany   ainongfl  s«. 


nor  will  you  be  molelted  in  the  exer 
cife  of  your  religious  fentiments.  It 
is  irue,  they,  may  fpread  defolalion 
iiid  diilrefs  over   many  parts  of  the 


which  renders  it  hard  ;  and  there  is  at 
our  meetmg-hdufe,  in  New  Garden, 
upwards  of  one  hundred  now  living, 
that  have  no  means  of  provifion,  ex- 


country;  but,   when    the   inhabitants     ccpt  what    hofpitality  the  neighbour 


ex;rr  ih<'ir  force,  the  enemy  muft 
flee  before  them.  There  is  but  one 
way  to  put  a  fpeedy  ilfue  to  the  exire- 
muies  of  war,  which  is  for  the  people 
tor  be  united.  It  is  the  interefl  of  the 
enemy  to  create  divifums  among  you, 
and,  while  they  prevail,  your  diilrefs 
will  continue.  Look  at  the  horrid 
murders  which  rage  among  the  whigs 
and  tories.  Have  the  enemy  any 
friends  to  filler  or  feel  for  ?  1  hey 
Ijrfve  not  ;  neither  do  they  care  how 
great  your  calamities  are,  if  it  but  con 


hood  affords  them,  which  we  look 
upon  as  a  hardfh.p  upon  u^,  if  not  an 
impolition  ;  but,  notwithlfanding  all 
this,  we  are  determined,  by  the  affif- 
tance  of  Providence,  while  we  have 
any  amoiigfl  us,  that  the  diflreffed,, 
both  at  the  court-houfe  and  here,, 
fhall  have  part  with  us ;  as  we  havei 
as  yet  made  no  diflinttion  as  to  partyi 
and  their  caufe,  as  we  have  now  none 
to  commit  our  caufe  to,  but  God 
alone,  but  hold  it  the  duty  of  truel 
chnflians  at  all  times  to  alhll  the  dif- 


iributes  to  the  gratification   of  their     trelfcd. 

{;r;de  and  ambitioii.    You  would  nei-     Guilfurdco.  A'.  C.  2idmo.  ■^oth.  1781. 


.■•1789.] 


Law  cafe 


£>3 


Law  cafe.    In  the  court  of  errors  and 
appeals  of  the  (late  of  Delaware. 

Bcvjamin  Robin/on  and  William  Ro- 
Sirifon,  appellants,  agnivji  the  lej- 
fee  of  John  Adams,   refpondcnt. 

AN  aftinn  of  trefpafs  of  ejeflrnent 
was  brought  by  the  refpondeiil 
againft  the  appellants  in  the  coinmon 
jilear,  of  Siiilex,  for  a  tratl  of  land 
fituated  in  that  county.  The  action 
was  removed  into  the  fupreme  court, 
by  certiorari  \  and,  upon  the  trial, 
there  the  jury  found  a  ipecial  verditt. 

The  verdict  llaies,  "  that  Thomas 
Bagwell  was  fciz'.d  in  his  demefne  as 
of  fee  of  a  niuiety  of  a  tiatt  of  land 
called  I.ong-Neck,  of  which  the  land 
in  qii°(lion  is  part,  and  by  his  will, 
dated  the  fifteenth  day  of  April,  1690, 
devifcd  the  fame  in  manner  follow- 
ing :  "  I  Thomas  Bagwell,  &c.  for 
my  wordly  ellate  that  the  Lord  hath 
endowed  me  with,  do  ffive  and  be- 
queath as  followeth  :  liein,  I  make 
my  dear  wife  the  executrix — hem^  I 
give  to  my  two  fons,  namely,  Willi- 
am and  Francis,  all  my  land  at  the 
Ilorekiln,  in  Suilex  county,  &c.  to 
be  equally  divided  between  them,  and 
their  heirs  for  ever — hem,  this  plan- 
tation where  I  now  live,  &c.  1  give 
to  my  fon  John,  to  him,  his  heirs 
forever  ;  that  is.  from  a  w^ite  oak  by 
the  creek  (ide.  &c.  to  the  head  line — 
Item,  I  give  to  my  fon  Thomas,  the 
reit  of  my  land  here,  to  be  equally 
divided,  and  he  to  have  flnare  in  the 
orchard  ;  and  likewifc  my  part  of  the 
cedar  ifland,  I  give  to  Thomas  and 
John,  to  be  equally  divided  between 
them,  to  them  and  their  heirs  for 
ever ;  only  mv  two  daughters,  name- 
ly, Ann  Bagwell  and  Valiance  Bag- 
.well,  to  have  an  equal  {hare  of  the 
faid  ifland,  fo  long  as  they  keep  them- 
felves  unmarried,  and  no  longer — 
hem,  I  give  to  my  fon  Thomas,  two 
hundred  acres  of  land  adjoining  Wil- 
liam Burton's  branch,  to  him  and  his 
heirs  forever — Item,  I  give  to  my  Ion 
John  one  negro  woman — hem,  I  give 
to  my  daughters  Ann  and  Valiance, 
two  hundred  twenty  and  five  acres  of 
.land  adjoining  John  Abbot,  Thomas 
Mills,  and  Francis  W^harton.  to  them 
and  their  heirs  for  ever.  If  any  one 
of  my  aforefa'd  children  fliould  die, 
before  they  come  to  lawful  age,  their 
lands  to  go  to  the   furvivors ;  that  is, 


if  Thomas  fliould  die  before  he  comes 
to  lawful  age,  I  give  his  fhare  of  lard 
where  William  now  lives,  to  my 
daughter  Elizabeth  Ijiilney,  to  her, 
and  the  lawful  begotten  heirs  of  her 
body,  forever  :  provicl,;d  1  homas  have 
heirs  before  he  comes  to.  lawful  age, 
then  to  him,  and  Ins  hf  rs  forever  ; 
and  likewife,  if  William  fhould  d'e 
without  h^irs,  to  go  to  Franc's  ;  ard 
if  Ann  fliould  die  without  heirs,  to  go 
10  Valiance;  and  if  John  fliould  die 
before  he  comes  tv)  lawful  age,  wiih- 
out  heirs,  then  his  fiiare  of  lard  here, 
where  1  now  live.  I  give  to  my  daugh- 
ter (^omfort  Lcatherberrv,  to  her, 
and  her  lawful  begotten  heirs  of  her 
body  for  ever,  hem,  I  give  to  every 
one  of  my  grand  children  a  calf,  tii> 
them  at^d  their  heirs  for  ever  ;  to  my 
daughters  Ann  and  Valiance.  a  fea- 
ther bed  a  piece,  to  ihem,  and  their 
heirs  for  ever;  to  my  four  fons,  Tho- 
mas, William,  Francis,  and  John,  a 
gun  a  piece,  to  them,  and  their  heirs 
for  ever :  to  my  fon  Thoma?,  my 
piftols  and  holiitrs  for  ever.  8ic.  And 
all  the  refl  of  mv  perional  eHate  I  give 
to  my  wife,  and  my  fix  af(^refaid  chil- 
dren, to  be  equally  divided  among 
them,  to  them,  an<1  their  heirs  for 
ever  ;  to  wit,  Thoina<^,  Wiliiam,  Fran- 
cis, Johnj  Ann,  and  Valiance.  I 
fet  my  boys  at  age  at  eighieen.  and 
my  girls  at  fixtecn  ;  and  their  eflate 
to  be  divided  prefently  after  my  de- 
ceafe,  by  my  friends  Wiliiam  C;:rti?, 
William  Burton,  and  WilliainPai  kcr, 
which  I  leave  overfeers  ovtr  my  chil- 
dren, &c."  1  hat  the  teflaior  di<''d 
feized  as  aforefaid — that  his  will' was 
duly  proved  the  fixteenih  cf  Septem- 
ber, i6qo — that  he  left  ifTue,  all  bis 
fons  and  daughiers  beforcmentiontd — 
that  after  his  death,  William,  his 
eldefl  foil,  entered  into  the  premifc^, 
in  the  declaration  of  the  plainiift  men- 
tioned, and  bemg  thereof  feizcd,  died 
intellate,  leaving  ilbieWiHiam,  his  on- 
ly fon  by  one  venter,  and  Agnes,  his 
only  daughier,  by  another  venn  r  ; 
that  the  faid  William  and  Agnc^, 
after  their  father's  death,  entered  in- 
to the  premiies,  of  which  he  d:ed 
feized,  and  made  partition,  as  by  ibe 
records  of  the  orphan's  court  appcar- 
eth,  and  the  lands  in  the  declaration 
mentioned,  were  allotted  10  the  fa'd 
William,  the  fon,  who  died  intell.ir-. 
feized  thereof,  leaving  iwod.Utgbi(i 


Law  caje. 


[September, 


Patience  and  El'^alieth,  and  a  widow, 
Ann — that  the  faid  Ann,  as  tenant  in 
dower,  and  ihe  faid  Patience,  and 
p],lizabeth,  as  Mhiis  of  the  fa  d  Willi- 
am, entered,  and  were  feized,  &c. — 
that  the  faid  Patience  and  Elizabeth 
<lu'd  without  ilfuc — that  theirmother, 
Ann,  married  Benjamin  Burton,  and 
died,  leaving  iffue  by  him,  two  daii.s^h- 
ters,  Ann,  and  Comfort,  who  enter- 
ed, and  were  feized,  &c. — that  the 
faid  Ann  married  Thomas  Robinfon, 
and  died,  leaving  iffiie,  the  appellants 
—  that  Comfort  died  without  i(fue — 
that  A,3;ne5,  the  daughter  of  William 
Bagwell,  tKe  fnR,  married  John  A- 
dams,  by  whom  (he  had  ifTue  fcveral 
children,  of  whom  John  Adams,  the 
leflTor  of  the  plaintiff,  is  the  eidcU  fon 
and  heir  at  law — that  he  entered  and 
demifed,  &;c.  npon  whom  the  defen- 
dants entered,  &c.  But.  whether  up- 
.  on  the  whole  matter,  8cc.  the  jurors 
idoubr,  and  pray  the  opinion  of  the 
court,  &c.  And  if,  &c.  they  find  for 
the  plaintiff,  and  affefs  dan'.ages,  to 
five  {iiilij'^gs  and  fix-penCe  for  cofls, 
Viefides  the  collvs  expended  :  but  if, 
&r;  they  find  for  the  defendanis. 

Upon  this  verdif},  the  iupreme 
court  in  Apnl,  1787,  gave  judgment 
for  the  plaint  il,  from  which  judgment 
the  def=-i:dan's  appealed.  An  habere 
facias  pojfcjjwnevi  was  awarded  to  if- 
-  fue,  for  delivering  poffedicm  to  the 
plaintiff,  upon  fecurity  tendered,  &c. 

It  IS  ftattd  by  the  counfe!  on  both 
fides,  that  the  only  queflion  in  this 
caufe  IS,  wlicther  William  Bagwell, 
the  fvm  of  Thomas  Bagv.'cll.  took  un- 
der his  fathci's  will,  an  efiate  in  fee 
fimple,  or  an  ellaie  in  fee  tall.  If  he 
took  an  eflate  in  fee  fimple,  then  by 
uur  intedate  afts,  that  ellate  is  vefted 
in  the  appellants.  If  he  took  an  ef- 
tale  in  fee  tail,  the  land  in  queflion 
defcended  to  the  lefTor  of  the  plaintiff, 
now  refpondent,  the  heir  in  tail. 

It  is    time    that    this    controverfy 

ffiould  be  finally  decided,   or  large  as 

the  contefled  property  is,  it  may  prove 

ruinous  to  all  perfons  concerned.  We 

3ie   informed   that   feveral  luits  have 

been  brought  for  this  eftale — verdifls 

given   againfi  one  another— and  coii- 

fr.Kli/"lory    opinions   of  ve*y   eminent 

nvyers  in  feveral  parts  of  America, 

.; M  ;ied.        The     prcfent    aHion    has 

'  n:;;v.:ed  above  fifteen  year?. 

It  is  contended  by  the  counfel  for 


the  appellants,  that  William  BagWel!, 
the  devifee,  look  an  eftate  in  fee  fim- 
ple, lubjeti  to  an  executory  devife,  to 
Francis  Bagwell,  contingent  on  Wil- 
liam's dying  under  age,  and  wilhoul 
iffue. 

Their  argument  opened  with  an 
obfervation,  that  "  eiiates  in  fee  fail- 
are  no  favourites  of  the  law,  and  par-"^ 
ticularly  ought  not  to  he  fo  under  re-' 
publican  forms  of  government,  fo  that 
if  there  be  any  doubt  in  this  cafe,  the 
determination  fhould  incline  rather' 
towards  the  appellants,  than  the  re-- 
Ipondent." 

Eflates  in  fee  tail  are  not  liable  to 
divifion  by  will,  or  upon  intedacy,  as' 
cftates  in  fee  fimple  are  ;  and  thefe 
diflributions  are  very  beneficial.  *  It 
IS  much  to  be  wiflied,  that  every  citi- 
zen could  poffefs  a  fieehold,  though 
fome  of  them  might  happen  to  be 
fmall.  Such  a  difpofition  of  proper- 
ty cheriffies  domeRic  happmefs,  en- 
dears a  country  to  its  inhabitants,  and 
promotes  the  general  welfare.  But, 
whatever  influence  fuch  reflexions 
might  have  upon  us,  on  other  occa- 
fions,  they  can  have  little,  if  any,  on 
the  prefent,  for  reafons  that  will 
hereafter  appear. 

"  The  intention  of  teflators,"  fay 
the  counfel  for  the  appellants,  "  ought 

NOTE. 

*  It  is  greatly  to  be  defired,  that 
the  perfons  appointed  by  our  courts, 
for  viewing  and  dividing  lands  among 
the  children  of  inteOates,  would  not 
lufier  themfelves  fo  eafily  to  be  pre- 
vailed upon  to  report,  that  the  lands 
will  not  bear  a  divifion.  Thus,  very 
often  an  eflate  is  adjudged,  as  incapa- 
ble of  divifion,  to  one  of  the  chil- 
dren, that  might  well  be  divided  into 
five  or  fix,  if  not  more,  farms,  as 
iarge  as  many  in  the  eaflern  flates,  up- 
on which  the  induflrlous  and  prudent 
owners  iiv,e  very  happily.  By  the 
ufual  way  of  proceeding  among  us, 
one  of  the  children  is  involved  in  a 
heavy  debt,  that  frequently  proves 
ruinous  to  him  ;  or,  if  the  debt  of  va- 
luation is  paid  to  the  other  children, 
it  is  in  a  number  of  fuch  trilling  fiims, 
and  at  fuch  diftances  of  time,  one 
from  another,  that  they  are  of  very 
little  ufe  to  thofe  who  receive  iliem, 
This  matter  deferves  very  it  rious  con- 
fideratif^n. 


h] 


Laxi)  cafe. 


to  prevail  in  the  conflruf^ion  of  wills 
—that  thel'e  are  preliimed  to  be  made 
in  extreme  weaknefs,  and  without 
good  advice — that  therefore  great  in- 
dulgence has  been  (hewn  to  impro- 
prieties of  exprellion — and  judges 
have  frequently  added,  fubtrafcted, 
changed  and  tranlpofed  words — that 
according  to  this  rule,  thefe  words  in 
the  will — "  andlikewife,  if  William 
fliould  die  without  heirs,  to  go  to 
Francis,"  fliould  be  read  thus — 
"  and  likewife  if  William  (hould  die 
before  he  comes  to  laxvful  age  without 
heirs  of  his  body,  his  eflate  to  go  to 
Francis" — that  this  alteration  is  a- 
greeable  to  the  meaning  of  the  tefta- 
tor,  becaufe,  after  having  juit  before 
mentioned  his  children,  and  William 
amongll  them,  lie  fays — ''  if  any  one 
of  my  fl/"orf/az'<a?  children  fhould  die 
before  they  come  to  lazvful  age,  their 
lands  to  go  to  the  furvivors" — and 
then  immediately  proceeds,  binding 
this  part  and  the  following  into  one 
fentence,  by  thele  ftrongly  conneftmg 
explanatory  words — "  that  is,  if  Tho- 
mas fhould  die  before  he  comes  to 
I  lawful  age,  I  give  his  fliare  of  land 
where  William  now  lives,  to  my 
slaughter  Elizabeth  Tilney,  to  her 
and  the  lawful  begotten  heirs  of  her 
body  forever  ;  provided  Thomas  have 
heirs  before  he  comes  to  lawful  age, 
then  to  him  and  his  heirs  forever  ; 
and  likewife,  if  William  Bagwell 
fliould  d  e  without  heirs,  to  go  to 
Francis,"  &c. — that  this  conflruttion 
is  conhflent  wth  the  dcGgn  of  the 
teftator,    exprclTed   in   the    foregoing 

fiart  cf  his  will,  where  he  gives  Wil- 
iara  an  eflate  in  fee  fimple — that  this 
€Hate,  being  given  to  the  teiiator's 
immediate  heir  at  law.  ought  not  to 
.be  diminilhed  by  the  following  words, 
unlefs  they  neceffiriiy  refjuire  it  fo  to 
be — that  they  do  not  thus  require  it  to 
be  diminiflied — that  all  the  different 
parts  of  the  will  are  reconcileable^- 
ihat  there  was  a  fee  fimple  given  to 
William,  with  an  executory  devife 
over  to  Francis,  upon  the  contingen- 
cy of  William's  dying  before  he  came 
to  lawful  age,  and  without  heirs  of 
■his  body — that  the  conf.ngenry  never 
happened  ;  but  William  died  feized 
of  the  fee  fimple." 

Many  auihorities  have  been  read, 
and  ably  applied  in  fupport  of  thefe 
principles. 


By  the  coimfel  for  the  refpondent 
it  is  urged,  that  the  conllruthon  con- 
tended for,  on  the  other  hde,  is  arbi- 
trary and  inadmiflible — that  there  is 
plainly  an  eflate  in  fee  tail  given  to 
William  Bagwell,  becaufe,  it  is  im- 
poflible,  as  was  conceded  by  thecoiin- 
fel  for  the  appellants,  that  he  could 
die  "  without  heirs,"  as  long  as  his 
brother  Francis,  to  whom  the  limita- 
tion over  is  made,  was  living  :  and 
therefore,  thatlimitation deinonflratcs, 
that  by  the  words  "  without  heirs," 
was  meant  '*  without  heirs  of  his  bo- 
dy"— that  there  is  no  nccclhty  for 
overthrowing  the  fee  tail  thus  evi- 
dently limited — that  the  words  "  if 
any  one  of  my  aforclaid  children 
fliould  die  before  they  come  to  lawful 
age,"  &c.  were  proper,  ifonlyfome 
of  them  were  under  age — that  there 
is  reafon  to  believe,  from  the  fatts 
flatcd,  of  William's  being  the  cidcfl 
fon,  and  of  his  living  by  himlelf  ; 
and  more  efpecially  from  the  words 
made  ufe  of  in  the  limitation  over 
upon  his  death,  in  which  there  is  no 
mention  of  his  "  dying  before  lawful 
age,"  that  he  was  of  age  at  the  mak- 
ing of  the  will — that  this  conflruttion 
is  confirmed  by  the  limitations  over 
upon  the  deaths  of  Thomas  and  John, 
which  are  exprefsly  made  to  depend 
not  only  upon  their  '*  dying  with(Mit 
heirs,"  as  with  refpeft  to  William, 
but  alfo  upon  their  "  dying  before 
they  come  to  lawful  age" — that  thefe 
words  are  omitted  again  in  the  limi- 
tation over  upon  the  death  of  Ann, 
and  in  all  probability  for  the  fame 
reafon — that  the  tellator  has.  in  this 
manner,  repeatedly  varied  his  lan- 
guage in  conformity  to  his  own  views 
— that  thele  views,  thus  declared, 
ought  not  to  be  controuled  by  impli- 
cations, and  difappointed  by  addi- 
tions, fubtraftions,  changes,  or  trani- 
pohtions,  fuppofed  to  be  more  agree- 
able to  his  mind — that  this  would  be 
to  make  wills,  not  to  interpret  ihem. 
— that  the  conflruftion,  in  favour  of 
the  refpondent,  is  more  eafy  and  na- 
tural than  that  in  favour  of  the  ap- 
pellants, and  is  much  recommended, 
by  not  offering  fuch  violence  to  the 
exprelhons  of  the  teftator." 

i  he  counfel  for  the  refpondent 
have  infifled  on  this  conflruftion  with 
a  great  force  of  argument,  drawn  froir, 
reafon  and   authorities.      We  have. 


ttl8      CovimuntcationSy&c.  to  the  Philadelphia,  philofophkalfociety.     [Sept. 


therefore,  thought  fit  to  employ  a 
conficierable  time  in  our  deliberations 
upon  th's  caufe. 

\Tq  be  continued. '\ 

An  account  of  comviunications  and 
donations^  made  to  the  American 
philofopkicaljocicty^  at  Philadel- 
phia.^ Jtnce  the  publication  of  their 
fccond  volume  of  Iranfailions. 

June  16,     A      Letter   from   tnelTrs. 

1786.  jCjL  Chjiftopher  j\in.  and 
Charles  Maiihall,  With  ipccimeiis 
of  fal  glauberii,  and  lal  auiinoniac, 
made  at  their  elaboratory  in  Pliiladel- 
{^hia. 

Thefp.  falls  are  equal  in  quality,  if 
nQt  iiiperior,  to  any  imporiea,  and  are 
fold  ai  a  lower  rate. 

Aug.  18.  A  Icrter  from  mr.  Charles 
W.  locale,  v/ith  a  drawing  and  de- 
fcription  of  a  fan-chair,  invented,  and 
made  for  him,  by  mr.  Cram,  an  in- 
genious mechanic  of  '  Philadelphia. 
Prefented  by  dr.  Benjamin  Rulh. 

A  letter,  with  a  dravving  and  def- 
Cripnon  of  a  tide-mill,  on  fomewhat 
of  a  new  conHruttion,  by  mr.  Robert 
Leflie,  now  of  Philadelphia.  Pre- 
lented  by  Francis  Hopkinlon,  elq. 

Nov.  3,  A  letter  from  a  foc;ety, 
lately  iniiituted  at  Cape  Francois,  un- 
der the  name  of  Da  cercle  Philadel- 
phes ;  with  fundry  publications  by  the 
lame  fociety.  Prelented  by  dr.  Jien- 
jamin  Rulh. 

A  model  and  defcription  of  a  ma- 
chine for  clearing  welts,  &c.  of  per- 
nicious damps  or  fixed  air  ;  by  rar. 
Zbenezer  Robinfon  of  Philadelphia  ; 
v;ith  a  fatisfaftory  account  of  us  Ihc- 
cefs.    Prefented  by  dr.  S.  Duffield. 

Nov.  tj.  A.  letter  from  mr.  John 
Jones,  of  Suffex  county  (Delaware) 
accompanying  the  model  of  a  bridge, 
on  an  improved  plan.  Prefented  by 
David  Rittenhoufe,  efq. 

Dec.  1.  Part  of  an  exceedingly 
large  tooth,  of  fome  unknown  fpecies 
of  animal.  It  was  lately  found  at 
Tioga,  on  the  banks  of  the  Siifque- 
hannah,  and  is  entirely  difterent  from 
the  large  teeth  frequently  found  on 
the  Ohio.  Prefented  by  David  Rit- 
lenlionfe,  ef), 

D'c.  15.  An  anonymou'^  paper  on 
the  fiitijoct  of  Hove-roonis  av.A  grei-n- 
h>>i!lei  :    parriculai  ly    rctoniniendii^g 


the  ufe  of  a  bafon  of  water,  on  the 
heated  ftovc,  in  order  to  mollify  the 
air  in  the  flove-room,  and  render  it 
more  falubrions.  Prefented  by  Sa- 
mnel  Vanghan,  efq. 

Jan.  ig,  1787,  An  elegant  copy  of 
the  medical  comrnentaries  in  ten  vo- 
lumes, publilhed  by  dr.  Andrew 
Duncan,  of  Edinburgh,  and  fent  over 
by  him,  as  a  donation  to  the  fociety. 
Prefented  by  the  rev.  dr.  Ewing.     , 

Feb.  16.  A  letter  from  David  Rit- 
tenhoufe, efq.  containing  a  numbef 
of  new  and  curious  obfervauons,  on 
the  generation  ot  clouds.  Diretted  to, 
and  prefented  by  Francis  Hopkin* 
fon,  efq. 

A  paper  from  mr.  John  Church, 
man,  of  Nottingham  (Maryland)  con+ 
taining  a  new  thacry  of  the  variation 
of  the  magnetic  needle,  founded  on 
the  hypotheds  of  two  bodies  (befidei 
the  moon)  revolving  round  the  earthy 
in  fmall  circles  parallel  to  the  equator  ; 
one  near  the  niMth  p'de,  and  the  o^ 
ther  near  the  fouth  pole  ;  and  that  the 
needle,  being  wholly  governed  by  the 
attraflion  of  thefe  magnetic  fatellites, 
will,  in  whatever  part  of  the  world, 
always  reft  in  the  plane  of  a  circle, 
palling  through  them  and  the  given 
place. 

April  6.  A  letter  from  mr.  Da- 
neufville,  giving  an  account  of  a 
glafs  houfe,  for  the  mantifatlory  of 
white-glafs,  erei-'led  by  him  near  Al- 
bany, with  a  fpecimen  of  the  glafs, 
Prefented  by  mr.  John  Vaughan. 

May  iS.  An  elegant  copy  of  a 
treat ife,  entitled,  '*  A  defence  of  the 
conllimiions  of  the  government  of  the 
united  Hates."  Written  by  his  excel- 
lency John  Adam',  and  by  him  pre- 
fented to  the  fociety,  through  the 
hands  of  the  prefident,  dr.  Franklin. 

A  letter  from  the  rev,  Thomas 
Barne«,  and  dr.  Thomas  Henry,  fe- 
cretaries  of  the  Manchcfter  fociety, 
with  two  volumes  of  their  tranf- 
aftion?,  _    ' 

Two  letters  from  mr.  John  Whit^- 
hur't,  of  London,  with  the  fecond 
edition  of  his  "  enquiry  into  the  ori- 
ginal Hate  and  formation  of  the 
earth." 

A  volume  of  trafl"!,  mathemafiral 
and  phdofophiral,  hy  mr.  Charles 
Fliiiton,  of  London. 

A  letter  from  mr.  Herfchel,  of 
Bath,  with  a  ca'alogue  of  one  thou- 


lygf).]     Donations^  Gc.  madt  to  the  Fhiladelphia philofophicalfodety.    2x9 


fand  nebulae,  or  clufters  of  fixed  liars 
— all  preleiited  by  dr.  Franklin. 

A  letter  from  Francis  Hopkinfon, 
efq.  diretied  to  dr.  Franklin,  with  a 
Hrawing  and  defcnption  of  a  chrono- 
meter, or  tune-piece,  on  a  very  lim- 
ple  conihuthon. 

A  paper,  containing  a  drawing  and 
defcnpuon  of  a  naulilus,  or  ferry- 
boat, in  which  It  is  propoied,  that 
one  man  (hall  work  a  number  ot  oars 
or  paddles,  by  the  allillance  of  the 
lever  ;  by  mr.  Eneas  Lamont,  of  Bal- 
timore. 

June  15.  A  letter  from  the  rev. 
Temple  Henry  Croker,  of  the  ifland 
of  St.  Chnllophtr ;  containing  a 
number  of  expciimenis  and  obferva- 
tions  on  maguetilm,  particularly  the 
•dipping  needle,  tending  to  prove,  that 
the  magnetic  inlluence  acts  in  a  hori- 
zontal direction  ;  and  therefore  can- 
not be  owing  (accoiding  to  dr.  Hal- 
ley's  hypothclis)  to  a  central  load- 
ftone.     Prefented  by  dr.  Franklin. 

July  13.  A  letter  from  Henry 
Laureu>,  efq.  of  South  Carolina  ; 
with  a  donation  to  the  fociety  of  fifty 
pounds  Iterlmg,  towards  the  comple- 
tion of  their  hall.  Prefented  by  Sa- 
muel Yaughan,  clq, 

A  donation  of  ten  guineas,  for  the 
fame  purpofe,  from  mr.  William 
Vaughan,  of  London  ;  prefented  b/ 
his  brother,  mr.  John  Vaughan. 

Sept.  18.  A  Iciierfrom  mr.  Patrick 
WiUon,  profeffor  of  aftronooiy  in  the 
college  of  Glafgow,  containnpg  a  ge- 
neral delcription  of  mr.  Heiichel's 
forty  feet  telefcope,  lately  mounted, 
with  an  account  of  twofatellitcs,  which 
he  has  thereby  difcovered,  revolving 
round  the  georg.um  lidus.  Cominu- 
nicated  to,  and  prefented  by  dr. 
Franklin. 

A  letter  from  L.  S.  of  New  Jer- 
fcy,  giving  an  account  of  a  chimney, 
built  fome  years  ago,  and  plaillered 
on  the  infide  with  mortar,  in  which  a 
quantity  of  lalt  had  been  mixed.  This 
chimney,  he  oblerves,  though  never 
fwept,  was  not  in  the  leaft  danger  of 
taking  fire  ;  as  the  moifiure  attracted 
by  the  plailler,  during  the  night,  ef- 
pecially  in  a  damp  ftate  of  the  atmo- 
ipcre,  occafioned  the  foot  to  Icale 
off  and  fall  down.  Prefented  by  dr. 
Franklin. 

Sept.  21.  A  dilfertation,  contain- 
ing a  number   of   ingenious  experi- 


ments and  obfervations  on  evaporati- 
on in  cold  air  ;  by  dr.  Cafper  Willar, 
of  Philadelj)hia.  Communicaied  to, 
and  prelenied  by  dr.  Franklin. 

Defcnption  of  a  fpring-block,  de- 
figned  to  allift  veflels  in  failing  ;  by  a 
candidate  for  Magellan's  prize  medal. 
The  motto-" Vires  acquintcedcndo.'' 
A  paper,  "  entitled,  the  dilcovery 
of  the  means  of  finding  the  longi- 
tude :"  by  another  candidaie  for  the 
prize  medal.  1  he  motto — "  Meafure 
a  thing  without  an  end." 

061.  5.  A  paper,  in  French,  giving 
a  particular  account  of  a  remarkable 
diilcmper,  which  raged  among  cattle 
in  thelouthern  parts  of  Montargis,  du- 
ring the  year  J 784. By  M.Gallillier. 

A  paper  from  Timothy  Matlack, 
efq.  and  dr.  Wiftar,  of  Philadelphia  ; 
giving  an  account  and  delcription  of 
part  of  a  thigh-bone,  of  fome  un- 
known fpecifs  of  animal,  of  enor- 
mous fize  ;  lately  found  near  Wood- 
biiry-creek,  in  Glouceller  county. 
New  Jerfey.  By  a  companfon  of 
meafurcs,  it  appears,  that  the  animal, 
to  which  this  bone  belonged,  muii 
have  exceeded  in  lize  the  largell  of 
thofe  v.hofe  bones  have  been  found 
on  the  Ohio,  of  which  vjc  have  any 
account,  in  the  proportion  of  about 
ten  to  fcven  ;  and  mull  have  been 
nearly  double  the  ordinary  hze  of  the 
elephant. 

A  letter  from  mr.  Robert  Patter- 
fon,  of  Philadelphia;  coniaming  an 
explanation,  on  the  principles  of  hy- 
droltatics,  of  that  curious  phenome- 
non firit  obferved  by  dr.  Franklin, 
viz.  that  when  a  glafs  tumbler,  about 
two  thirds  filled  with  equal  parts  of 
water  and  oil,  is  moved  gently,  back- 
wards and  forwards ;  or  made  to 
f'.ving  at  the  end  of  a  chord,  like  the 
pendulum  of  a  clock,  the  furface  of 
the  water,  in  conraft  with  the  oil 
floating  upon  it,  will  be  thrown  into 
a  violent,  wave-like  .commotion  ; 
while  the  upper  furface  of  the  oil  will 
remain  comparatively  placid  and  even. 
The  doflor,  in  relating  this  experi- 
ment, which  he  do^s  not  himfelf  ex- 
plain, obferves,  "  thai  having  (hewn 
it  to  a  number  of  ingenious  perfoii':, 
thofe  who  are  but  flightly  acquainted 
with  the  principles  of  hydroflatics, 
&c.  are  apt  to  fancy  immediately, 
that  they  nnderfland  it,  and  readily 
attempt  to  expkin  it ;  but  that  their 


Mmorial  and  petition  of  the  public  creditors  to  Congrrfs.  [Sept, 


explanations  have  been  different,  and 
to  him  not  very  intelligible.  That 
others,  more  deeply  Ikilled  in  thole 
principles,  feem  to  wonder  at  it,  and 
pronuie  to  confider  it."  PrefeiUed 
by  dr.  Rulli  (To be  continued.) 
..<>-,^^<^^^ ...... 

To  his  excellency  the  prefident,  and 
the  honumable  ihefeiiate  and  houfe 
of  reprefeniatives  of  the  united 
flates. 

The  memorial  and  petition  of  the 
public  creditors  wlio  are  citizens 
of  tfie  commonwealtk  of  Pennjyl- 
vania,  by  their  committee,  duly 
authorijcd  and  injtruiied, 
Moll  refpeflfully  Ihew, 

THAT  your  memoriahfts,  influ- 
enced by  a  faithful  and  uniform 
actachnient  to  the  happinefs  and  glo- 
ry of  their  country,  behold,  with  pe- 
culiar latisfachon,  the  eilablifhment 
of  a  government  which  is  exprefsly 
conftituted  to  promote  and  perpetuate 
union,  order,  and  juftice,  the  great 
fources  of  national  profperity.  And, 
when  they  conddcr  the  characiers  that 
are  appointed  to  organize  and  adminif- 
ter  this  iyllem,  they  embrace  the  moit 
flattering  hope,  that,  in  its  execution, 
will  be  found  an  ample  performance 
of  the  aulpicious  promifes,  which 
are  contained  in  its  principles.  From 
this  anticipjiion,  indeed,  your  niemo- 
rialifts,  whofc  fervices  and  futtenngs 
in  the  public  caufe,  cannot  require  a 
particular  attellation,  have  derived 
ihat  confolation,  which  the  inibecit- 
lity  of  the  former  union,  and  the  po- 
litical viciffitudes  of  their  own  imme- 
diate {late,  would  not  permit  them  to 
indulge. 

In  the  hour  of  extreme  necefTity, 
when  complicated  want  enfeebled, 
and  impending  ruin  agitated,  their 
country,  your  memorialifts  avow  an 
honourable  pride,  in  the  remembrance 
of  the  exertions  by  which  they  then 
ellentially  contributed  to  her  protec- 
tion and  fafety.  At  the  fame  time 
that  they  partook  of  the  toils  and 
dangers  of  active  life,  and  fullered  in 
the  rumous  depreciation  of  the  paper 
cjriency,  at  leal!  in  common  with 
rlieirfellow-c;tizens ;  the  wealth  which 
liad  been  tranfmittcd  to  them  by  their 
"antellors,  or  accumulated  by  their  in- 
Miiilrv — the  fund  which  prudence  had 
^loai'led  to  adminiller  Cf>mfort  to  old 


age — and  the  fupply  which  humanity 
had  provided  for  the  helpleis   infant, 
or  the  loliiary  widow,  they  advanced 
with    a  liberal   and    patriotic  hand  t» 
relieve   the  exigencies  of  the  union. 
The  public  faith  was  pledged,  by  eve- 
ry loleinnity  of  alfurance — the  honour 
of  the  Hates  was  bound,  by  every  tic 
of  gratitude,  to    compenfaie   fo   me- 
morable a  lacnfice  of  private  intereft 
and    perfonal  immunity.      Yet   your 
memorialifts,  calling  your  attention  to 
a  melancholy  retrolpetl,  might  remind 
you  of  the  ineffettiial,  though   virtu« 
ous,  efforts  of  the  late  congrefs  to  dif- 
charge    the    national    engagements- 
might  deicnbe  the  apparent  difregard 
of  the  Hates,  for  their  confederated 
lovercigiuy,     though     recently     pur- 
chaied  through  a  long  and  bloody  con- 
llid;  and,  in  the  language  of  calami- 
ty  and  complaint,  might  deplore  the 
difappointinent,      the     poverty,     the 
wretchcdnefs,  and  the  anguifh  which 
affli8ed  the   hrll   and    firmeil  patriots 
of  (he  union  ;  excluding  them  from  a 
participation  in  the  triumphs  of  inde- 
pendence, and  embittering   their  love 
of  liberty,  with  a  painful  fenfe  of  the 
injuries  which  they  fuftained.     Such 
reflexions,    however,     your    memo- 
rialifls  cheerf'illy  dilmifs,  in  the  con- 
templation  of  that   compatl,  which, 
providing  for  the  dignity  and  honour 
of  the  union,  has   made  the  payment 
of  the  public  debt  a  fundamental  prin- 
ciple of  the  government,  and,  having 
impofed  the  obligation,  has  alfo  cre- 
ated an  adequate  power  todifcharge  it. 
But  your  niemorialifls  now  humbly 
confefs,    that    they   have   waited,    in 
anxious  fufpenfe,  for  fome  evidence 
of  the  difpofition  of  congrefs,  upon 
this  intereiling  fubjefl.     They  admit 
the  general  importance  of  the  arrange- 
ments which  have  occupied  the  atten- 
tion  of    the  federal    legiflatiire ;  and 
they  particularly  rejoice  in  the  foun- 
dations that  have  been   laid,  for  the 
produtlion  of   an   efficient    revenue. 
Thele,  however,  are  but  preliminary 
Heps  to  the  artainment  of  the  princi- 
pal  object  (^f  the   new  Iyllem  ;  and, 
fhould  congrefs  adjourn,  without  any 
more  decilive   atf,  for  the  rrnoraiion 
of  pjiblic   credit,  the  mere  inflitiition 
of  offices,  or  the    regulation   of  im- 
pofls.  will  hardly  proteft    the  Ameri- 
can charattcr  from  the  dcrifion  of  its 
enemies,  or  the  reproa-ches  of  thofc,- 


1789.]  Memorial  and  (ntition  of  the  public  creditor's  to  congr-cfs.         22i 


who  have  hiiherto  thought  that  the 
want  of  power  was  us  only  imper- 
feHion. 

Your  memoriitlills,  with  the  ut- 
molt  deference,  beg  leave  to  reprefent, 
tliat  public  credit  is  the  vital  Ipark  of 
jiiodtrn  policy  ;  for  the  hiftory  of  the 
world  demonrtrates,  that,  whatever 
may  be  the  extent  of  territory,  the  de- 
gree of  population,  or  the  fertility  of 
loil,  unlefs  the  faith  of  national  en- 
gagemerrts  IS  placed  upon  a  bafis  invio- 
Jable  and  immutable,  the  advantages 
of  nature  will  be  loft  in  the  uncer- 
tainty of  their  enjoyment  ;  and  go- 
vernment will  afford  no  encourage- 
ment to  niduflry,  or  proteftion  to 
virtue  ;  but,  while  it  oppredes  with 
its  power,  mud  corrupt  by  its  exam- 
ple. The  domeftic  experience  of 
America  renders  it  unnecelFary,  in- 
deed, to  explore  the  annals  of  ancient 
or  cotemporary  nationSj  in  order  to 
colletl  this  falutary  lelTon  ;  and  there 
is  only  wantmg,  an  exercife  of  that 
wifdom,  which  it  inculcates,  to  con- 
Vert  her  calamity  into  a  blelhng,  and 
make  the  remembrance  of  what  has 
been  loft,  the  inftrument  of  fecuring 
what  may  yet  be  acquired.  The  de- 
cay of  public  creditj  engendering  li- 
centioufnefs  and  anarchy,  has  once 
threatened  the  perveriion  of  all  that 
was  noble  in  her  exertions,  and  the 
wafte  of  all  that  was  valuable  in  her 
fuccefs.  To  avert  a  fimilar  danger, 
the  moll  urtequnocal  demonftration 
of  an  intention  to  reftore  the  faith 
and  purity  of  her  name,  is  naturally 
expeHed,  from  the  guardians  of  the 
public  intereft  and  honour.  And 
your  memorialifts  now  fervently  pray 
them  to  confider,  that  procraftination, 
in  a  bufinefs  of  fo  delicate  a  nature, 
may  be  as  fatal,  as  a  defect  of  power, 
or  a  want  of  difpofition  to  be  juft. 

In  the  refources  of  the  union,  your 
memorialifts  difcover  an  ample  fund, 
and  in  the  condufl:  of  their  fellow- 
citizens,  they  perceive  a  fair  and  ho- 
nourable defire  to  difcharge  the  en- 
gagements which  were  incurred  in 
the  common  caufe.  The  only  tafk, 
therefore,  that  feems  to  be  impofed 
upon  the  prefent  government,  is  to 
adopt  that  mode,  which  (hall  be  bell: 
calculated  to  promote  the  public  wel- 
fare, at  the  fame  time  that  itdoes  juf- 
tice  to  the  individuals  who  are  inter- 
pit(^d.       Immediately    'o    pay   off  the 

Vol.  VI.  No,  III, 


public  debt,  principal  and  interefi, 
if  not  imprathcable,  would  be  greatly 
inconvenient,  and  is  certainly  unnccef- 
fary  ;  for  the  example  of  thoie  na- 
tions, who  enjoy  the  higheft  commer- 
cial reputation,  has  evinced,  that  at 
permanent  appropriation  for  the  punc- 
tual payment  of  the  intereft,  will  en- 
able the  public  creditor  to  enjoy,  by 
the  facility  of  a  transfer,  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  principal,  without  in- 
juring the  credit  of  the  counti73  or 
iirainmg  her  refources. 

Your   memorialifts,  in  addition   to 
thefe  obfervations,  beg  leave  refpert- 
fully  to  I'uggeft,  that  it   has   been  the 
deliberate  opinion  of  fomeof  the  moft. 
enlightened  ftatefmen,  that  a  certain 
amount  of  funded  debt  (and  finely  the 
debt  of  the  united  ftates  would  not  be 
deemed  too   great)  is  a  national  bene- 
fit.    The   creation  of  a   new   fpecies 
of  money  by  this  means,  naturally  in- 
creafes  the  circulation  of  calh,  and 
extenfively  promotes   every    kind   of 
ufeful   undertaking  and  enterprize,  in 
agriculture,  commerce,    and   mecha- 
nics.    On  this  ground,  alone,  there- 
fore, the  advantages  of  a  funding  fyl- 
tem  would  be   fufficient  to  juitify  us 
ellablifiiment  ;  but  there  are  other  ar- 
guments, arifing  from  the  political  li- 
tuation  of  America,  which    ought   to' 
render   it    particularly    an    objctT:   of 
favour  and   attention.       It  has    been 
well  maintained,  that,  after  the  revo- 
lution in   England,  a  funding  lyllerrt 
was    there    encouraged,    as    the    belt 
means  of  attaching  the  great  and  pow- 
erful body  of  ftockholders  10    the  go- 
vernment.    The   policy,  which  pre- 
vailed    in    that    cafe,     is     inlinitciy 
more  forcible,  when   applied    tc  the 
cafe  of  the  united  ftates — for,  the  cre- 
dit of  the  union  being   perfetlly  efta- 
blifticd,  every   citizen,  who  v/as   not 
originally,  will  be  deurous  of  bee  om- 
ing,  a  proprietor  in  the  public  fu  nds,* 
Thofe  individuals,  who  may  huh  erm 
have  been  inimical   to  the   principles 
of  the    revolution,  or   avcrie    10  ithe 
adoption  of  the  fubfifting  conftitut  on, 
vrill  be  irreliftibly    invited   to  partake 
of  the   benefits,  and   confequcntly  to' 
promote  the    profperity  of  the  confe- 
deration— each  ftate  will   find    an  in- 
tereft in   the   welfare  and  punclualitv'' 
of  the    reft — the   federal  goverrtment 
will  be  zealoufty  fnp)jorted,  as   a   ge- 
neral guarantee;  and,  in  ftiortya  del>t- 


»t1 


Addrefs  to  the  prejide?it  of  the  united Jlate-s. 


[September, 


originating  in  the  patriotifm  that  at- 
chieved  the  independence,  may  thus 
be  converted  into  a  cement,  iliat  fhall 
ftrengthen  and  perpetuate  the  union 
of  America. 

Your  memoriallfls  conceive,  that  it 
would  be  luperfliious  to  profeciite  a  de- 
tail of  the  immediate  or  collaiera!  bene- 
fits, which  a  funding  fyftem  wotiic!  pro- 
duce, whether  by  Hiniulating  domeftic 
induftry,  or  attracting  foreiJii  capitals 
to  the  aid  of  the  hufDandmen,  mer- 
»:hants,  and  artifls  of  America.  It  is 
enough,  in  this  refpett,  to  urge,  that 
jullice,  humanity,  and  policy,  require 
the  earlieft  confideration  of  the  claim, 
which  is  now  refpetlfully  iubinitied. 
Nor  can  it  be  incumbent  on  your  me- 
morialifts  to  obviate  the  fug'^eflions 
of  that  pernicious  policy,  which  aims 
at  once  to  plunder  thtm  of  their  only 
hope,  awd  to  undermine  the  founda- 
tions of  an  infant  government,  even 
before  the  flrutlure  is  complete.  Let 
it  not  be  recorded  in  the  hiliory  of 
the  revolution,  that,  while  the  mo- 
narchy of  Britain  generoufly  cherifh- 
ed  and  indemnified  every  friend  to 
prerogative  and  ufurpation,  a  trium- 
phant republic  fuffered  the  prompt  and 
zealous  fupporters  of  the  flaiidard  of 
hberty,  to  languifli  in  a  fad  and  ne- 
ceflitous  obfcurity,  to  lament  over 
thofe  vouchers  of  property  and  fer- 
vices,  that  tend  at  once,  to  remind 
them  of  the  equality  which  they  for- 
merly maintained  among  their  fellow- 
citizens — to  mark  their  prefent  low- 
line^fs  and  penury — and  to  fligmatize 
the  wanton  ingratitudeof  theirrountry. 

When,  indeed,  it  is  conhdered, 
that  many  of  the  members  of  your 
honourable  body  have  alfo  been  afieft- 
ed  by  the  deftruftive  operations  and 
expedients  of  the  late  war — and  that 
all  are  in  the  aftual  enjoyment  of  that 
fovereignty,  which  has  been  princi- 
pally purchafed  by  the  perfonal  exer- 
tions and  voluntary  aids  of  luch  as  are 
denominated  public  creditors--it  would 
be  unjull  to  the  feeling,  integrity,  and 
gratitude  of  thofe,  whom  they  now 
addrefs,  were  your  memoriahfts  for  a 
moment  to  admit  a  fuppofition,  that  a 
folemn  appeal,  thus  brought  before 
you,  in  the  name  of  fo  numerous  a 
clafs  of  meritorious  citizens,  could 
be  neglefled  or  forgotten. 

By  the  glorious  remembrance  there- 
fore, of  the  paft-^by  the  rich  profpeti 


of  the  future— by  the  obligationt, 
which  the  rcprcfentatives  of  the  pub- 
lic owe  lo  the  furvivmg  orphans  and 
widows  of  thoff,  who  have  bravely 
fought  the  battles  of  the  union,  or 
nobly  fupplicd  its  wants,  in  the  times' 
of  peril  and  diftrefs — and  by  the  re- 
gard which  is  due  to  the  peace  and 
happinefs  of  poflenty — your  petition- 
ers implore  your  immediate  aid  and, 
inlerpohiion,  rejoicing  that  their  hum- 
ble folicitaiion  for  jullice  and  huma- 
nity, neccffanly  includes  a  prayer  for 
the  revival  of  public  credit,  and  the 
advancement  of  the  national  honour. 
Mathcu)  Clarkfori,  Jofepli  Ball, 
Charles  Pttit,  Samuel  Milrs, 

Thomas  L.  Moore,      Peter  ^ihojf, 
Chr.  Mar/hall, jun.  John  Chaloner, 
Rohert  Smith,  Thomas  M^Kean, 

James  Milligan,       John  Nixon, 
Jon.  D.  Sergeant,     IValter  Stewart, 
Richard  Fuller  ton,   B.  M'Clenachan, 
Philadelphia,  Augvjl -il,  i/Sg. 


To  the  PRESIDENT  of  the 
jinited  Jlates. 

The  addrejs  of  the  minijlers  and  el' 
ders  oj  the  German  reformed  con- 
gregations in  the  united  Jlates,  at 
their  general  meeting,  held  at  Phi' 
ladclphia.  on  the  i  ^tk  day  of  June ^  ■ 

WHILST  the  infinite  good- 
nefs  of  almighty  God,  in  his 
gracious  Providence  over  the  people 
of  the  united  Hates  of  AiT>erica,  calls, 
for  our  hnccrelf  and  moft  cordial.gra- 
titiide  to  Plim  that  ruleth  fupremely, 
and  ordereth  all  things  in  heaven  and 
on  earth,  iti  unerring  wifdom  and 
righteoufnefs  ;  the  happy,  the  peace- 
able eAablifhment  of  the  new  govern- 
ment,over  which  you  fodefervcdlypre- 
fide,  cannot  fail,  but  infpire  our  fouls 
with  new  and  the  moft  lively  emo- 
tions of  adoration,  praife,  and  thankf- 
giving  unto  his  holy  name. 

As  it  is  our  moft  firm  purpofe  t» 
fupport  in  our  perfons,  a  government 
foifnded  in  juflice  and  equity,  fo  it 
fliall  be  our  conflant  duly  to  imprefs 
the  minds  of  the  people,  entrufted  to 
our  care. with  a  due  fenfe  of  the  ne- 
cf-lfity  of  uniting  reverence  to  furh  a 
fiovernmi^nt,  and  obedience  to  il.' 
laws,  with  the  duties  and  exercifes  of 
religion.  Thus  we  hope,  by  the 
bL'ifing  of  God,  to  be  in  fonie  mea- 


^V 


t7^9.] 


Account  of  the  penitentiary- koufe  at  Wymondkam» 


223 


fure  inRnimental  in  alleviafing  the 
burden  of  that  weii^hty  and  iinportant 
charge,  to  which  you  have  been  call- 
ed by  the  unanimous  voice  of  your 
fellow- citizens,  and  which  your  love 
to  your  country  has  conllrained  you  to 
take  upon  you. 

Deeply  polIefTed  of  a  fenfe  of  the 
goodnefs  of  God,  in  the  appoint- 
ment of  your  perfon  10  the  highell 
flation  in  the  national  government, 
we  fliall  continue,  in  our  public  wor- 
fliip,  and  all  our  devotions  before  the 
throne  of  f,race,  to  pray,  that  it  may 
pleafe  God  to  blefs  you  in  your  per- 
fon, your  family,  and  your  govern- 
ment, with  all  temporal  and  fph-uual 
blelFings,  in  Chrift  Jefus. 

Signed  by  order  of  the  meeting, 
W.  HENDEL,  p.  t.  pricfe^, 
F.  DELLIKER,  p.  t.  fcnba- 

A  N  S  ^V  E  R  . 

Gentlemen, 

I  AM  happy  in  conjcurring  with 
you  in  the  fentiments  of  gratitude 
and  piety  towards  almighty  God, 
which  are  expreflcd  with  luch  fer»en- 
cy  of  devotion  in  your  addrcfs  :  and 
in  believing  that  I  (hall  always  find  in 
you,  and  the  German  reformed  con- 
gregations in  the  united  Oates,  a  con- 
datt  coriefpondeiit  to  luch  worihy 
and  pious  exprefTions. 

At  the  fame,  time  I  retifrn  you  my 
thanks  for  the  manifcftation  of  your 
firm  purpofe,  to  fupport  in  your  per- 
f«ns,  a  governmeni  founded  in  jiillice 
and  equuy  ;  and,  for  the  promilc,  that 
it  will  be  your  conflant  lludy  to  im- 
prefs  the  mmds  of  the  people,  en- 
truftcd  to  your  care,  with  a  due  fei\fe 
of  the  nece!hiy  of  uniting  reverence 
to  fuch  a  government,  and  obedience 
to  its  laws,  with  the  duties  ajid  exer- 
eifes  of  religion.  Be  allured,  gen- 
tlemen, it  is,  by  fuch  conduft,  very 
much  in  the  power  of  the  virtuous 
members  of  the  community,  to  alle- 
viate the  burden  of  the  important  of- 
fice which  I  have  accepted,  and  to 
give  me  occafion  to  rejoice  in  this 
world,  for  having  followed  therein 
the  diflates  of  my  confcience. 

Be  pleafed  alfo  to  accept  my  ac- 
knowledgments for  the  intereft  you  fo 
kindly  take  in  the  profpenty  of  my 
perfon,  family,  and  adminiftration. 
May  your  devotions  before  the  throne 


of  grace  be  prevalent  in  calling  down 
the  blelhngs  of  heaven  upon  your- 
felves  and  your  country. 

George  Washington, 


Mr.  Carey, 
THE  following  interefling  letters 
from  Sir  Charles  Beevor,  deferve  to 
be  preferved  as  Handing  moniunents 
oi:  the  connexion  between  humanity 
and  public  happinefs.  They  prove 
the  following  particulars,  relative  to 
the  new  fyftein  of  punifhments : 

1.  I  hat  labour  is  one  of  the  firft 
and  beil  means  of  reforming  crimi- 
nals. 

2.  That  this  labotiris  moft  effeflual, 
when  it  is  alliited  hy  folitude.  The 
f.>l!owing  lines  ot  Shakefpeare,  may 
be  applied  to  every  man,  who  is  made 
theprUoner  of  his  own  reflections. 

*'  ConJideration\\k&  an  angel  came, 
"  And  whipt    th'  offending  Adam 
'■  out  of  him." 

3.  Ihele  letters  prove  that  the  new 
fyliem  of  punifliments  has  a  greater 
etfett  in  deterring  from  crimes,  than 
the  old   mode  of  public  punifhments. 

4.  They  prove,   further,   that   the 
■  houfes,   appropriated  for  the  purpofe 

of  reforming  criminals,  yield  a  profit 
to  the  (late. 

And,  laRly,  they  demonnrate,  that 
the  reformation,  produced  in  the  cri- 
minals by  means  of  labour  and  foli- 
tude,  was  fincere  and  durable,  except 
in  one  indance. 

By  giving  thefe  letters  a  place  in 
your  ufeful  Mufeum,  you  will  oblige 
many  of  your  Readers. 

May  28,   1789. 

An  account  oj"  the  origin,  progre/s, 
and  regulations,  with  a  de/cription 
of  the  nezi.dy-ejlablijlied  Bridewell, 
or  P  cnitcntiary-  Houfe  ^iWymond- 
ham,  in  Norfolk.  By  Sir  Thomas 
Beevor,  iart.  addrejfed  to  theje- 
cretary  of  the  BathyirzV/)'. 

Sir, 

ONE  avocation  in  which  I  have 
lately  been  engaged,  I  will  re- 
late to  you.  Having  read  mr.  How- 
ard's book,  defcribing  the  ffate  and 
condition  of  our  prifons,  it  naturally 
led  my  thoughts  to  that  fubjecL  The 
idea,  that  as  many  prifoners  died 
yearly  in  England  by  the  jail- dijierrt' 


824  Account  of  the  penitentiary- houfe  at  Wymondkam.         [September, 

per,  as  by  all  the  executions  put  to- 
gether; and  the  accounts  of  the  diiro- 
luietiels  and  profligacy,  which,  by 
the  intermixture  of  them,  were  learnt 
and  pratbled  in  thofe  places  of  con- 
finement, determined  me  to  attempt, 
at  lead,  a  reformation  of  thofe  crying 
evils,  in  this  toiinty. 

Happily  my  wiflies  met  the  ideas  of 
the  othcrgentlemen  atting  in  thccom- 
miiiion  of  the  peace  here  ;  and  to 
their  great  honour,  by  their  unani- 
mous concurrence  and  alfiftance,  I 
have  been  able  to  get  eretted  a  new 
Bridewell  and  Penuentiary-houfe  at 
Wymondham,  built  upon  fuch  a  plan, 
as  enables  the  governor  to  keep  the 
iexesand  degrees  of  offenders  entirely 
feparate  from  each  oiher,  and  under 
inch  regulations  and  difcipline,  as 
promife,  with  God's  blelfing,  to  work 
a  thorough  reformation  m  their  man- 
ners, whereby  they  may,  and  many 
probably  will,,  again  become  iifeful 
members  of  fociety.  The  houfe  is 
ronflrucfed  agreeably  to  the  direftions 
of  the  late  aft  of  parliament,  and  fo 
contrived,  that  there  are  feparate  cells 
for  each  prifoner,  airy,  neat,  and 
healthy ;  in  which  they  fieep,  and, 
when  neceflary,  work  the  whole  day 
aione.  This  folitudcis  found  to  affett 
the  moft  unfeeling  and  hardened  a- 
mong  th-^m,  beyond  fetters  or  ilnpcs  ; 
and  is  that  pare  of  their  punifhrnent, 
from  which  reformation  is  chiefly  ex- 
pcfled.  Their  cells  are  ail  arched,  fa 
that  no  fire  can  reach  beyond  the  cell 
in  which  it  begins.  The  rules  and 
orders  for  the  government  of  the 
houfe,  were,  at  the  dcfire  of  the 
jullices  at  their  quarter  fclfions,  drawn 
up  from,  and  according  to,  the  di- 
rc6Hons  of  the  faid  atl,  by  myfelf, 
and  have  met  with  their  approbation. 

Lord  Loughborough,  who  came 
this  circuit  at  our  lad  alhzes,  exprellcd 
himfelf  fo  well  pleafed  with  the  plan 
and  regulations,  that  he  told  me  he 
would  fend  thiiher  every  convitf  fen- 
tenced  to  confinement,  and  accord- 
ingly fent  fix  from  the  aflizes.  As 
this  attention  to  the  lives  and  morals 
of  thofe  unhappy  members  of  iociety 
flioiild  be  extended,  I  will,  by  the  fird 
opportuniiy,  if  you  defire  it,  fcr.d  you 
a  copy  of  the  rules  and  orders  of  the 
houif,  togeiher  with  the  returns  con- 
it:^r.tly  made  by  the  governor  to  each 
ffiiarier  feffions,  by  which  you  will  fee 


efFefted,  what  mr.  Lloward  defpaired 
of,  VIZ.  "  that  the  prifoners' earnings 
in  the  houfe  have  uniformly  exceed- 
ed the  fum  expended  for  their  main- 
tenance." I  wifh  and  hope  this  ex-, 
ample  may  excite  a  like  attention  in 
other  counties. 

I  am,   &c. 

Thomas  Bee vor. 
Hethel-Hall,   Norfolk, 
Dec.  21,    1784. 

LETTER     I  I. 

Hetkel,  Jan.  20,    t/iS^, 
S  I  R, 

I  Herewith  tranfmit  you  a  copy  of 
the  rules,  orders,  and  regulations, 
to  be  obferved  and  enforced  at  the 
houfe  of  corredion  at  Wymondhain  ; 
and  which  are  alfo  now  extended  to 
the  other  houfes  of  correftion  in  this 
county.  If  they  appear  fevere,  let  it  be 
underftood,  they  are  the  fevcrities  of 
the  legiOature,  not  of  the  compiler. 
The  fird  leven  rules  are  inferred  ver- 
batim from  the  fchedule,  to  the  aft  of 
the  22d  of  his  prefent  majelly.  The 
red  are  either  included  in  the  body  of 
the  fame  aft,  or  required  by  the  aft 
of  the  19th,  called,  The  Penitentiary 
Aft.  hut  I  will  make  no  apology 
for  them  ;  nor  can  I,  with  any  pro- 
priety, deem  them  too  hardi,  fince 
they  have  met  with  the  entire  appro- 
bation of  the  gentlemen  of  this  coun- 
ty, as  well  as  that  of  the  judges  of 
the  allizc,  who  have  perufed  them. 

Prifons,  furely,  fiiould  be  places  of 
real  puniflimeni,  and  even  carry  ter- 
ror in  their  name.  I  am  certain  they 
ought  not  to  afford  either  indulgencies 
or  amuicmcnts,  to  the  perfons  con- 
figned  to  them,  However,  I  mud 
obferve,  that  perfons  commttcd  for 
fmall  oilcnces,  or  on  light  fufpicion, 
are  under  lefs  redrainf.  They  are  al- 
lowed to  work  in  fome  fort  of  fociery, 
two,  three,  or  four  together  ;  and  if 
the  houfe  be  full,  they  fometimes 
lodge  two  in  a  cell,  and  are  never 
fettered.  All  the  prifoners,  when 
fick,  are  attended  by  a  fiirgeon  or 
apothecary,  with  as  much  alfiduity 
and  tendernefs,  as  the  greated  huma- 
nity can  recpjire. 

I  have  fent  you,  likewife,  a  table 
of  the  prifoners'  fai'e  or  diet  in  the 
houfe  ;  by  which  you  will  fee  thar, 
although  not  pampered,  ibey  arc 
wholfomcly   fed.     Experieoce  judi- 


;89.] 


Account  of  the  ptnitcntiary-hoiifc  at  Wymoniham. 


fics  me  in  faying  this ;  for  except  fuch 
as  were  difealcd,  when  iKey  entered 
the  houfe,  1  have  not  known  one 
prifoner  who  has  been  ficii  in  it  for 
thefe  twelve  months  pall.  Included 
is  alio  the  form  of  a  return  made  by 
\\yz  keeper  of  the  houfe,  to  every 
quarter  lelfions  of  the  peace,  whereby 
the  Hate  ot  the  pnlon  is  conllantly 
known  to  the  jalhces,  and  alt  abufes 
obviated,  or  fpeedily  ren:iedied. 
I  am,  &c. 

Thomas  B  e  e  v  o  r  . 

Rules,  orders,  and  regulations,  to  he 
vlijcrved  and  enforced  at  the  kovfcs 
oj  correction,  in  the  county  o_f  A'or- 
folk. 

I.  That  the  fcveral  perfons,  com- 
mitted to  the  houfes  of  correction,  to 
be  kept  to  hard  labour,  fliall  be  em- 
ployed (unlcfs  prevented  by  ill  healih) 
every  day  (except  Sundays,  Chrifl- 
mas-day,  and  good-Friday)  for  fo  ma- 
ny hours  as  the  day-light  in  the  differ- 
ent feafons  of  the  year  will  admit,  not 
exceeding  twelve  hours  ;  being  allow- 
ed to  reft  half  an  hour  at  breakfafi,  an 
hour  at  dinner,  and  half  an  hour  at 
fupper;  and  that  the  intervals  (hall 
be  noticed  by  the  ringing  of  a  bell. 

II.  That  the  governor  of  each 
houfe  of  corretlion  fliall  adapt  the  va- 
rious employment  directed  by  thejuf- 
ticc";,  at  their  quarter  felhons,  to  each 
perfon,  in  fuch  manner,  as  fiiall  be 
beft  fuiied  to  his  or  her  (Irengih  and 
ability,  regard  being  had  to  age  and 
fex. 

III.  That  the  males  and  females 
fliall  be  employed,  and  fliall  eat,  and 
be  lodged,  in  feparatc  apartments, 
and  fliail  have  no  intercourfe  or  com- 
municatiJ^n  with  each  oihcr. 

IV.  That  every  perfon,  fo  com- 
mitted, fliall  be  fiiflained  with  bread, 
and  any  coarfe  but  wholfome  food, 
and  water  :  but  perfons  under  the  care 
of  the  phvlician,  fcrgeon,  or  apothe- 
cary, fliaii  have  fuch  food  and  liquors, 
as  he  Ihall  diretl. 

V.  That  the  governor,  and  fuch 
other  perfons,  (if  any)  employed  by 
the  juilices  to  aillft  the  governor,  fliall 
be  very  watchful  and  attentive,  in 
feeing  that  the  perfons  fo  committed, 
are  conflantly  employed  during  the 
hours  of  work ;  and  if  any  perfon 
uiall  be  found  remifs  or  negligent,  in 
performing   what   is   required    to    be 


225 

done  by  fuch  perfon,  to  the  beft  of 
his  or  her  power  and  ability,  or  fliall 
wilfully  wailc,  fpoil,  or  damage  the 
goods  committed  to  his  or  her  care, 
the  governor  fliall  punifli  everv  fuch 
perfDn,  in  the  manner  hereafter  di- 
rected. 

VI.  That  if  any  perfon,  fo  com- 
mitted, fliall  refufe  to  obey  the  orders 
given  by  the  governor,  or  fliall  bs 
guilty  ot  profane  curfing  or  fwearinc, 
or  of  any  indecent  behaviour  or  ex- 
preflson,  or  of  any  aflault,  quarrel,  or 
abiihve  words,  to  or  with  any  other 
perfon,  lie  or  fiie  fliall  be  punilhed 
fir  the  fame,  in  the  manner  hereafter 
direftcd. 

VII.  That  the  governor  fliall  have 
power  to  punifli  the  feveral  otft^nders, 
tor  the  offences  herein  before  defcrib- 
ed,  by  clofer  confinement,  and  fliail 
enter  in  a  book  (to  be  kept  by  him  for 
the  infpeftion  of  the  juflices,  at  the 
quarter  fefhons,  and  the  vifuingjuf- 
tice  or  jiiltices)  the  name  of  every 
perfon  who  (hall  be  fo  puniflied,  ex- 
prefling  the  offence,  and  the  durati- 
on of  the  putrfliment  inflicled. 

VIII.  That  the  governor  fliall 
prevent  all  communication  between 
the  perfons  committed  upon  charges 
ot  felony,  or  convicted  of  theft  or 
larceny,  and  the  other  prifoners. 

IX.  That  the  governor  flial!  em- 
ploy in  fome  work  or  labour  (which  is 
not  fevere)  all  fuch  prifoners  as  are 
kept  and  maintained  by  tlie  county, 
though  by  the  warrant  of  commit- 
ment, fuch  prifoner  was  mn  ordered 
to  be  kept  to  hard  labour ;  and  he 
fliall  keep  a  feparate  account  of  the 
work  done  by  prifoners  of  this  de- 
icription,  and  fliall  pay  half  of  the  net 
]iroHts  to  them,  on  their  difcharge, 
and  not  before. 

X.  That  the  governor,  nor  any 
one  under  him,  ihail  fell  anv  thing 
ufed  in  thehoule,  nor  have  any  benefit 
or  advantage  whatfoever,  directly  or 
indireftly,  from  the  fale  of  any  thing, 
under  the  penalty  of  ten  pounds,  and 
difmiffion  from  his  empinyment ;  nei- 
ther fliall  he  fiitfer  any  wine,  ale, 
fpiritous,  or  other  liquors,  to  be 
brought  into  the  houfe,  unlefs  for  a 
medical  purpofe,  by  a  written  order 
trom  the  furgeon  or  apothecary,  ufu- 
ally  attending  there. 

XI.  T.  hat  clean  flraw  to  lodge  up- 
on, fhall  be  allowed  to  each  prifoner 


««6 


Letter  from  an  Indian  chief  to  hii  friend.  (3c. 


[September, 


weekly  or  oftener  If  neceffary ;  and 
thar  the  prifoners  fliall  be  obliged  to 
^wcev'  out  and  clean  their  rooms  eve- 
ry day,  and  the  dirt  and  diiit  be  con- 
veyed out  of  the  prifon  daily. 

XII.  That  no  perfon,  without 
permiirion  of  a  vifiting  jultice,  Ihall 
go  into  the  lodging-rooms,  or  fee 
or  converfe  with  any  pnloner  com- 
mitted upon  a  charge  of  felony,  or 
convicted  of  a  theft  or  larceny  ;  and 
all  the  prifoners  fhall,  every  night  in 
the  year,  be  locked  up,  and  all  lights 
extinguiihed,  at  or  before  the  hour  of 
nine  ;  and  fiiall,  during  red,  be  kept 
entirely  feparate,  if  rooms  fufficient 
can  be  found  for  that  purpofe,  and, 
during  their  labour,  as  much  feparate 
as  their  ennployment  will  admit  of. 

XIII.  That  the  governor  may  put 
handcuffs  or  fetters  upon  any  prifoner 
•who  IS  refraflory,  or  fiieA's  a  difpofi- 
tion  to  break  out  of  prifon  ;  but  he 
{hall  give  notice  thereof  to  one  of 
ihe  vifiliiig  jiillices,  within  forty-eight 
hours  after  the  prifoner  (hall  be  lo 
fettered,  and  (liall  not  continue  fuch 
fettering  longer  than  fix  days,  without 
an  order  in  writing,  from  one  of  the 
vifiting  juftices, 

XIV.  That  every  prifoner  be  o- 
bliged  to  walh  his  face  and  hands 
once,  at  leatt,  every  day,  before  his 
bread  be  given  to  him. 

XV.  That  each  prifoner  be  allow- 
ed a  cl(»an  ihirt  once  in  a  week. 

XVI.  That  the  three  prohibitory 
claufesof  the  24th,  George  II.  chap, 
^o,  be  painted  on  a  board,  and  hung 
up  in  fom5  confpicuoiis  part  of  the 
prifon,  together  with  a  printed  copy 
of  thefe  rules,  orders,  and  regula- 
tions. 

(To  he  continued.) 

•••«-<^<^  ^e>  •■■<>•■• 

Letter   from    an    Indian  chief  to   his 
Jriftidin  the  Jlate  of  New  York. 
Dear  fir, 

YOUR  letter  came  fafe  to  hand. 
To  give  you  entire  fatisfaflion, 
1  muft,  I  perceive,  enter  into  the  dif- 
^uifion  of  a  fubjeft,  on  which  1  have 
often  thought.  My  thoughts  were  my 
own,  and  being  fo  different  from  the 
ideas  eniertaincd  among  your  people, 
I  Ihonld  have  certainly  carried  them 
with  me  to  the  grave,  had  I  not  re- 
crivrd  yo'ir  obbging  favour.  You 
•^ik  nv\  then,  whciher,  in  my  opinion, 


civilization  is  favourable  to  human 
happmels  ?  Inanfwcr  to  the  quelhon, 
it  may  be  obferved,  that  there  are  de- 
grees of  civilization  from  Carnbals  to 
the  mod  police  European  nations ;  the 
qiieltion  is  not,  whether  a  degree  of 
refinement  is  not  conducive  to  hap- 
p  nefs,  but,  whether  you,  or  the  na- 
tives of  this  land,  have  obtained  the 
happy  medium  ?  On  this  fubjett,  we 
are  at  prefent,  I  prefume,  of  very 
different  opinions  ;  you  will,  however, 
allow  me  m  lome  refpetls  to  have  had 
the  advantage  of  you  in  forming  my 
judgment.  I  was,  fir,  born  of  Indian 
parents,  and  lived,  while  a  child,  a- 
mong  thofe  you  are  pleafed  to  call  fa- 
vages  ;  I  was  afterwards  fent  to  live 
among  the  white  people,  and  educated 
at  one  of  your  Ichools  ;  fince  which 
per.od,  I  have  been  honoured,  much 
beyond  ray  delerts,  by  an  acquaintance 
with  a  number  of  principal  characters 
both  in  Europe  and  America.  After 
all  this  experience,  and  after  every 
exertion  todiveli  myfelf  of  prejudice,  I 
am  obliged  to  give  my  opinion  infavoiir 
of  my  own  people.  1  will  now,  as  well 
as  I  am  able,  collect  together  and  let 
before  you,  fome  of  the  reafons  that 
have  influenced  my  fentiments  on  the 
fubjeft  before  us. 

In  the  governments  you  call  civili- 
zed, the  happinefsof  the  people  is  con- 
fiantly  facriHced  to  the  fplendor  of 
empire  ;  hence  your  code  of  civil  and 
criminal  laws  have  had  their  origin  ; 
and  hence  your  dungeons  and  prilons, 
I  will  not  enlan>e  on  an  idea  fo  fin- 
gular  in  civilized  life,  and  perhaps  dil- 
agrecable  to  you  ;  and  will  only  ob- 
ferve,  that  among  us,  wc  have  no  law 
but  that  written  on  the  heart  of  every 
rationalcreaiure  by  the  immediate  fin- 
ger of  the  oreat  Spirit  of  the  univerfe 
himfelf.  We  have  no  prifons — we 
have  no  pompous  parade  of  courts ; 
and  yet  judges  are  as  highly  efteemed 
among  us,  as  they  are  among  you, 
and  their  decifions  as  highly  revered  ; 
property,  to  fay  the  leafl,  is  as  well 
guarded,  and  crimes  are  as  impartial- 
ly punifhed.  We  have  among  us  no 
fplendid  villains,  above  the  controiil 
of  that  law,  which  influences  our  de- 
cifions; in  a  word,  we  Inve  no  rob- 
bery under  the  colour  of  law — daring 
wickednels  here  is  never  fuffered  to 
triumph  over  hclplefs  innocence — the 
eflaies  of  widows  and  Ofphans  are  ne- 


J  789.] 


ImpraElkability  of  a  north  tuejlernpajfaget  &c. 


227 


yer  devoured  by  enterprilui^  (harpers. 
!  Our  fathems,  ;ind  our  warriors,  eat 
their  own  bread,  and  nut  the  bread 
of  wreichednefs.  No  perlon,  among 
us,  dehres  any  other  rc.vard  for  per- 
forming a  brave  and  worthy  action, 
than  the  conlcioufnefs  of  ferving  his 
nation.  Our  wife  men  are  called  fa- 
thers— they  are  truly  deferving  the 
charafter;  they  are  always  acceiTible 
— I  will  not  fay  to  the  meaneft  of  our 
people — for  we  have  none  mean,  but 
fuch  as  render  ihemfelves  fo  by  their 
vices. 

Civilization  creates  a  thoufand  ima- 
ginary wants,  that  continually  diflrefs 
the  human  mind.  1  remember  to 
have  read,  wh;le  at  one  of  your 
fchools,  the  faying  of  a  philofopher 
to  this  purport,  "  (he  real  wants  of 
human  nature  are  very  few  ;"  on  this 
maxim  our  people  prachfe,  without 
ever  having  learned  to  read.  We  do 
not  hunger  and  thirfl  after  thofe  fa- 
pcrfluitics  of  life,  that  are  the  ruin  of 
thoufands  of  families  among  you.  Our 
ornamenis,  m  general,  are  (impie,  and 
eahly  obiamed.  Envy  and  covetouf- 
nefs,  thofe  worms  that  deftroy  the 
fair  flower  of  human  happinefs,  are 
unknown  in  this  climate. 

The  palaces  and  prifons  among  you, 
form  a  moll  dreadful  contraft.  Go 
to  the  former  places,  and  you  Will 
fee,  perhaps,  a  deformed  piece  of 
earth  fwelled  with  pride,  and  affum- 
ing  airs,  that  become  none  but  the 
Spirit  above.  Go  to  one  of  your  pri- 
fons — here  defcription  utterly  fails ! — 
certainly  the  fight  of  an  Indian  tor- 
ture, is  not  half  fo  painful  to  a  well 
informed  mind.  Kill  them,  if  you 
pleafc — kill  them,  too,  by  torture  ; 
but  let  the  torture  laft  no  longer  than 
a  day.  Let  it  be,  too,  of  fuch  a  na- 
ture, as  has  no  tendency  to  unman  the 
human  mind.  Give  them  an  oppor- 
tunity, by  their  fortitude  in  death,  of 
entitling  themfelves  to  the  fympathy 
of  the  human  race,  inftead  of  exciting 
in  them  the  morufying  reflexion  of 
being  enveloped  in  the  gulph  of  eter- 
nal infamy.  Thofe  you  call  favages, 
relent — the  mofl  furious  of  our  tor- 
mentors exhaufts  his  rage  in  a  few 
hours,  and  difpatches  the  unhappy 
victim  with  a  fudden  ftroke. 

But  for  what  are  many  of  your 
prifoners  confined  ?  For  debt !  Afto- 
oifliing  \  and  will  you  ever  again  call 


the  Indian  nations  cruel? — Liberty, 
to  a  rational  creature,  as  much  exceeds 
property,  as  the  light  of  the  fun  does 
that  of  the  moft  twinkling  liar:  but 
you  put  them  on  a  level,  (■>  the  ever- 
lafting  dkigrace  of  civilization.  Let 
me  a(k,  is  there  any  crime  in  being  in 
debt  ?  While  I  lived  among  ihe  white 
people,  I  knew  many  of  the  rnoft 
amiable  charafters  contrail  debts,  and 
I  dare  fay  with  the  bell  intentions. 
Both  parties  at  the  time  of  the  con- 
trart,  expefted  to  find  their  advan- 
tage. The  debtor,  I  fuppofc,  by  a 
train  of  unavoidable  misfortunes,  fails. 
Here  is  no  critne,  nor  even  a  fault  ; 
and  yet  your  lav;s  put  it  in  the  power 
of  that  creditor,  to  throw  the  debtor 
into  jail,  and  confine  him  there  for 
life  :  a  punifliment  infinitely  worfe 
than  death  to  a  brave  man.  And  I 
ferioufly  declare,  that  I  had  rather 
die  by  the  mofl  fevere  tortures  ever 
inflifted  by  any  favage  nation  on  the 
continent,  than  languifh  in  one  of 
your  prifons  for  a  fingle  year.  Great 
Maker  (>f  the  world  !  and  do  you  call 
yourfelves  chriftians  ?  I  have  read 
your  bible  formerly,  and  fiiould  have 
thought  it  divine,  if  the  praflice  of  the 
moll  zealous  profelTorhad  correfpond- 
ed  with  his  profelfions.  Does  then 
the  religion  of  him  whom  you  cajl 
your  Saviour,  iniiiire  ih;s  conduct, 
and  lead  to  this  practice?  Surely  110. 
It  was  a  fentence  that  once  ftruck  my 
mind  with  fome  f«)rce,  that  '  a  brnifed 
reed  he  never  broke.'  Ceafe  then, 
while  thefe  praflices  coniuiue  among 
you,  to  call  yourfelves  chnllians,  left 
you  pubiifli  to  the  world  your  hypo- 
crify.  Ceafe  to  call  other  nations  fa- 
vage, while  you  are  tenfold  more  the 
children  of  cruelty,  than  they." 

On  the  imprnBicahiiity  of  a  pajfage 
into  the  Pacific  ocean,  round  the 
north  zofji  part  of  America. 

BESIDES  thofe  voyages,  which 
fatisfy  us  that  we  rauft  not  look 
for  a  palTage  on  this  fide  the  latitude 
of  67  degrees  north,  we  are  indebted 
to  the  Hudfon's  Bay  company  for  a 
journey  by  land,  which  throws  much 
additional  light  on  this  matter,  by  af- 
fording what  may  be  called  demonftra- 
tion,  how  much  farther  north,  at 
leafl  in  fome  parts  of  their  voyage, 
Ihips  mufi  go,  before   they  can  pafs 


228 


ImpraBicaliility  of  a  ncrlh  xoejlcrn  pajfage,  &c.         [September^ 


from  one .  fide  of  America  to  the 
other. 

Ihe  nonhcrn  InHiaiT;,  who  come 
down  lo  the  fornp:in\  's  factories  to 
trade,  had  brought  ro  the  knowledge 
of  our  peojjl'',  a  river,  which,  on  ac- 
count of  much  copper  being  found 
near  it,  had  obtained  the  name  of  the 
Copper-mme  River.  The  company 
directed  nir,  Hearne,  a  youn.q;  .«entie- 
jnan  in  their  fcrvice,  to  proceed  over 
land,  (Wider  the  convoy  of  tho{e  In- 
dians, for  that  Dvcr,  winch  he  had  or- 
ders to  furvey,  ifpo(hl)le,  quite  down 
to  il<<  exit  into  the  fca  ;  to  make  ob- 
fervaiions  for  fixing  the  latitudes  and 
longitr.des ;  and  to  hrini;  home  maps 
and  drawiiiti^jboih  of  u.  and  the  coun- 
tries through  which  he  (uould  pafs. 

Accordingly,  mr.  Uearne  fet  out 
from  Prince  of  Wales's  Fort,  on 
Churchill  River,  in  lat.  58.  47^,.  N. 
'  longitude,  94.  7.  W.  on  the  7ih  of 
December,  1770;  and  all  his  pro- 
ceedings arc  regularly  recorded  in  a 
well-wntien  journal,  the  publication 
of  which  would  be  a  very  acceptable 
prefent  to  the  world,  if  he  could  be 
prevailed  on  to  give  it  ;  as  it  draws  a 
plain,  artlefs  pifture  of  the  favage 
modes  of  life,  the  fcanty  means  of 
fubfiilenre,  and  indeed  the  fingular 
wretf  hednrG,  in  every  rctpefJ,  of  the 
various  tiibe^,  who,  without  fixed  ha- 
bitations, pafs  their  miferable  lives  in 
roving  over  the  dreary  deferts  and 
frozen  lakes  of  the  immenle  traft  of 
continent  through  which  mr.  Hearne 
palfed,  and  which  he  may  be  faid  to 
have  added  to  the  geography  of  the 
globe*. 

N  O  T  F,  , 

*  As  a  proof  of  the  inconceivable 
wretchednefs  and  mifery  to  which  the 
people  are  fubjett,  we  fliall  give  the 
two  following  extraBs  from  mr. 
Hearne's  journal  •'  one  of  which  is 
mferted  in  Cook's  laft  voyage. 

''  We  arrived  at  the  Copper  mine 
River,  on  the  )3thof  July,  and,  as  I 
found  afterwards,  about  forty  miles 
from  its  exit  into  the  fea.  On  our 
arrival  at  the  river,  the  Indians  dif- 
patched  three  men  before,  as  fpies, 
to  fee  if  any  Elquimaux  Indians  were 
about  the  river:  and  on  the  1,5th  of 
ihe  fame  month,  as  I  was  continuing 
my  furvey  towards  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  I  met  the  fpies,  who  informed 


In  the  month  of  June  1771,  being 
then  at  a  place,  called  by  the  natives, 
Congc-catha  Toha-  choga,  he  found  his 
latitude,  by  two  obiervations,  to  be 
68.  47.  N.  and  his  longitude  by 
account,  24.  1.  W,  of  Church. 11 
River.  They  left  this  place  on  the 
2d,  and  travelling  flill  to  the  wellward 
of  north,  on  the  13th  they  reached 
Copper-mine  River,  and  mr.  Hearne 
WHS  greatly  furprifed  to  find  it  differ  fo 
elleiitially  from  the  defcriptions  which 
had  been  given  of  it  by  the  natives, 
at  the  Fort.  For,  inflead  of  being 
navigable  by  fliips,  as  they  reported, 
it  was  fcarcely  navigable,  in  that  part, 
by  an  Indian  canoe,  having  three  falts 
in  fight  at  one  time,  and  being  chok- 
ed up  with  falls  and  llony  ndges,  which 
reached  aimoff  quite  acrofs  it. 

Flere  mr.  Hearne  began  his  fur- 
vey of  the  river,  and  continued  it 
quite  to  its  mouth,  near  which  it  was 
that  the  Indians  committed  the  horri- 
ble maffacre  recorded  in  the  note.  He 
found  the  river  all  the  way,  even  to 
its  exit  into  the  fea,  encumbered  with 
flioals  and  falls,  and  emptying  itfelf 
into  it  over  a  dry  flat  of  the  fliore,  the 
tide  being  then  out,  which  feemed, 
by  the  edges  of  the  ice,  to  rife  about 
twelve  or  fourteen  feet.  This  rife, 
on  account  of  the  falls  will  carry  it 
but  a  very  fmall  way  into  the  river's 
mouth,  fo  that  the  water  in  it  had  not 
the  lealf  brackifh  taile.  Mr.  Hearne 
is  neverthelefs  fure  of  the  place,  it  em- 
ptied itfelf  into,  being  the  fea,  or  a 
branch  of  It,  by  the  quantity  of  whale- 
bone and  (eallkins,  which  the  Eftiui- 
maux  had  at  their   tents,  and  alfo  by 

NOTE. 

m^  tliere  were  five  tents  of  EfquimaiiJi: 
on  the  welt  fide  of  the  river;  and  by 
their  accounts  of  the  diflance,  I  judg- 
ed they  were  about  twelve  miles  oft. 
On  receiving  this  news,  no  attention 
was  paid  to  my  furvey,  but  their  whole 
thought  was  engaged  on  planning  the 
befl  method  of  flealing  on  them  the 
errfuing  night,  and  killing  them  while 
adeep.  The  better  fo  complete  their 
delign,  it  was  neceffary  to  crofs  the 
river,  and,  by  the  account  of  the 
fpies,  no  place  was  fo  proper  for  the 
purpofe,  as  where  we  were,  it  being 
fine  and  finooth,  and  at  fome  dillance 
from  any  cataratf.  Accordingly,  af- 
ter they  had  put  their  guns,  targets- 


ifh^ 


ImpraMicahility  of  a  ntrtk  tvefiernpajfag!,  &e. 


S39 


the  number  of  fcals  which  he  faw  up- 
on the  ice.  The  fea,  at  the  river's 
mouth,  was  full  of  iflands  and  flioals, 
as  far  as  he  could  fee  by  the  affiliance 
of  a  packet  telelcope  ;  and  the  ice 
was  not  yet  (July  17th)  broken  up, 
but  thawed  away  only  for  about  three 
«|iiarters  of  a  mite  from  the  ftiore,  and 
for  a  liitie  way  round  the  iflands  and 
ftioals,  which  lay  oti  the  river's 
mouth.  But  he  had  the  moft  exten- 
five  view   of  the  fea,  when   he   was 

kf  o  T  E. 

fpears,  &c.  in  order,  we  were  fer- 
ried over  the  river,  the  doing  of  which, 
4as  we  had  only  three  canoes)  took  up 
a  confiderable  time.  It  muft  be  ob- 
ferved,  that  before  we  fet  out  on  the 
iveft  fide,  all  the  men  painted  their  tar- 
pets,  feme  with  the  image  of  the 
iun,  others  with  the  moon,  others 
With  diilerent  kmdsof  birds  and  beads 
of  prey,  and  fome  had  the  images  of 
■fairies,  and  other  imaginary  beings 
on  them,  which,  according  to  their 
filly  imaginations,  are  the  inhabitants 
of  the  diflerentelements,  as  the  earth, 
fea,  air,  &c.  By  a  ftritl  enquiry  in- 
to the  reafon  of  this  fuperllition,  I 
found  that  each  man  had  the  image  of 
that  being  on  his  target,  which  he  re- 
lied moft  on  for  fuccefs,  in  the  in- 
tended battle  with  the  Efquimaux ; 
and  fome  v;ere  contented  with  a  lingle 
reprefentation,  whilft  others,  doubt- 
ful, 1  fuppofe,  of  the  power  of  any 
fingle  being,  would  have  their  targets 
tovered  to  the  very  margin,  with  hie- 
roglyphics, quite  unintelligible. 

"  This  piece  of  fuperftition  being 
completed,  we  began  to  advance  to- 
wards the  tents  of  the  Efquimaux,  al- 
ways walking  in  low  grounds,  and  be- 
ing very  careful  how  we  eroded  any 
hills,  for  fear  of  being  feen  by  the 
inhabitants.  The  number  of  my 
gang  being  fo  far  fuperior  to  the 
five  tents  of  Efquimaux,  and  the  war- 
like maner  in  which  they  were  equip- 
ped, m  proportion  to  what  might  be 
expected  of  the  poor  Efquimaux,  reh- 
dered  a  total  maffacre  inevitable,  un- 
iefs  kind  Providence  Ihould  work  a 
miracle  for  their  prefervation.  The 
land  was  fo  htualed,  that  we  walked 
wnder  cover  of  the  hills  till  we  came 
within  two  hundred  yards  of  their 
tents,  where  the  Indians  that  were 
"^ith  me  lav  fome   time    in  ambuQi, 

V«t.  Vl,  N©.  Ill, 


about  eight  miles  up  the  river,  fmm 
which  ftation,  the  extreme  parts  of 
it  bore  N.  W.  by  W.  and  N.  E. 

By  the  tine  m.r,  Hearne  hadfinifh- 
ed  his  furvey  of  the  river,  which  was 
shout  one  o'clock  in  the  morning 
of  the  eighteenth,  there  came  on  a 
very  thick  fog  and  drizzling,  and  as 
as  he  had  found  the  river  and  fea  in 
every  refpsfl  unlikely  to  be  of  any 
utility,  he  thought  it  unnecedary  to 
wait  for  fair  Weather,  to  determin* 

NOTE. 

watching  the  motions  of  the  Efqui- 
maux ;  for  we    were  in  full   fight  of 
their  tents.     The  Indians  advifed  ma 
to  flay  there  till  the  fight   was  over, 
With  whichT  could  by  no  means  com- 
ply, for  I  thought,  when  the   Efqui- 
maux were  furprifcd,  they  would  fly 
every    Way   for    rcfugej    and,  if  they 
found    me   alone,    not    knowing    me 
from  an    enemy,  they  would  lay  vio- 
lent hands    on   me,  when  there  were 
none  to  aHifl.     I  therefore  determin- 
ed to  accompany  them,  affuriiig  them 
at  the  fame  time    that   I  would  have 
no    hand    in    the    murder,     unlets    I 
found  it  neceflary  for  my  own  fafety. 
Thev  feemed  highly  pleafed  at  my  pro- 
pofal,  and  diretUy  fixed  a  fpear  and 
bayonet  for   me,  but  I  had  no  target. 
By  the  time  this  was  all  fettled,  it  was 
near   one    o'clock     in  the   morning, 
when,    finding    all     the    Efquimaux 
afleep  in  their  tents,  they  ran  on  thcra 
without  being   difcovered,  until  they 
cam-   clofe  to  their  very  doors — they 
then  began  the  cruel  maflacre,  whila 
I  flood  lienter  in  the  rear,  and,  in  a 
few  feconds,  a   fcene  truly  fnocking 
prefented  itfelf  to  my  view.     For  as 
the   poor   unhappy   viftims  were  fur- 
prized  in  the  midfl  of  their  fi'eep,  they 
had  neither  power  nor  time  to  niaka 
any  refiflance,  but  men,  women,  and 
children,  riii out  of  their  tents,  quite 
naked.     But,  alas !  where  could  they 
fly  for  fiielier  ?  They,  every  foul,  fell 
a  facrifice  to  Indian  barbarity  f  in  all, 
near  thirty.     The  fhneks  and  groans' 
of  the  poor  expiring  fouls  were  horri- 
ble, and   this   was  much  increafed  by 
the    fight    of    one    poor    girl    (about 
eighteen  years  old)  whom   they  killed 
fo  near  to  me,  that  when  the  firft  fpear 
was  ftruck  into  her,  fhe  fell  down  and 
twifted  about  my  feet  and  legs,  and  it 
was  with  much  difficiihy  I  difenga^ai 
Q  3- 


«3» 


ImpraHicability  of  a  north  wtjltrn  pafage^  (3c.        [September, 


the  latitude  more  exaftly  by  obferva- 
tlon  :  but  by  the  extraordinary  care  he 
took  in  ubferving  the  courfes  and  dif- 
tanceSj  as  he  walked  from  Conge- 
catha-wha-chaga,  where  he  had  two 
very  good  obfervations,  he  thinks 
the  latitude  may  be  depended  on,  with- 
in 2om.  at  the  utmoft.  It  appears 
from  the  map,  which  mr.  Hearne 
coiiftrucled,  of  this  fingular  journey, 
that  the  mouth  of  the  Copper-mine 

NOTE. 

myfelf  from  her  dying  grafp.  As 
the  Indians  purfued  her,  I  folicited 
for  her  life,  but  fo  far  was  it  from  be- 
ing granted,  that  I  was  not  fully  af- 
fured  of  m/  own  being  in  entire  fafe- 
ty  for  offering  to  fpeak  in  her  behalf, 
when  I  begged  her  life,  the  two  fel- 
lows that  followed  her,  made  no  re- 
ply, till  they  had  both  their  fpears 
through  her,  fixed  into  the  ground  : 
,  they  then  both  looked  me  ftcrnly  in 
the  face,  arid  began  to  upbraid  me,  by 
allying  me  if  I  wanted  an  Efquimaux 
wife  ?  at  the  fime  time  paying  no  re- 
gard to  the  flirieks  of  the  poor  girl, 
who  was  twining  round  the  fpears  like 
an  eel.  Indeed  I  was  obliged  at  laft 
to  defire  that  they  would  be  more  ex- 
peditious in  difpatching  her  out  of  her 
mifery,  left  otherwife  I  fhould  be 
obliged,  out  of  pity,  to  afllll  in  per- 
forming that  friendly  office. 

The  brutifh  manner  in  which  they 
ufed  the  bodies  which  they  had  deprived 
of  life,  is  too  (hocking,  and  would  be 
too  indecent  to  defcribe,  and  the  ter- 
ror of  mind  I  was  in,  from  fuch  a  fi- 
tuation,  is  fo  much  eafier  to  be  con- 
ceived than  defcribed,  that  I  fliall  not 
attempt  it.  When  they  had  com- 
pleted this  mod  inhuman  murder,  we 
obferved  feven  more  tents  on  the  op- 
pofite  fide  of  the  river— It  muft  here 
be  obferved,  that  when  the  fpicswere 
on  the  look  out,  they  could  not  fee 
the  feven  tents  juft  under  them,  on 
account  of  the  bank  hanging  too  much 
over ;  and  only  faw  the  five  tents  that 
were  on  the  other  fide  of  the  river, 
which  iH  that  part  is  not  above  eighty 
yards  acrofs.  The  inhabitants  of  tnefe 
other  tents  were  foon  in  great  tonfu- 
fion,  but  d  d  not  offer  to  make  their 
efcape.  The  Indians  fired  many  (hot 
at  them  acrofs  the  r  ver,  but  the  poor 
Efquimaux  were  fo  unacquainted  with 
the  nature  of  jjuns,  that  when  the  bul- 


River  lies  in  latitude,  72  N.  and  Ion* 
gitude,   119  W.  of  Greenwich. 

Mr.  Hearne's  journey  back  from 
the  Copper-mine  River  to  Churchill, 
lafted  till  June  30,  1772,  fo  that  he 
was  abfent  almoit  a  year  and  feven 
months.  The  unparallelled  hardfhipj 
he  fuffered,  and  the  effential  fervice 
he  performed,  have  met  with  a  fuit- 
able  reward  from  his  mafters.  He  hat 
been  feveral  years  governor  of  Prince 

NOTE, 

lets  ftruck  the  rocks  they  ran  in  great 
bodies  to  fee  what  was  lent  them,  and 
feemed  curious  in  examining  the 
pieces  of  lead  which  they  found  flatted 
on  the  rocks,  till  at  laft  one  man  wa» 
(hot  through  the  leg,  after  which  they 
embarked  in  their  canoes,  with  their 
wives  and  children,  and  paddled  to  a 
(hoal  in  the  river. 

"  When  my  Indians  had  made  all 
their  obfervations  on  the  bodies,  as 
beforementioned,  and  had  plundered 
their  tents  of  all  their  copper  work, 
(which  they  and  the  Copper  Indians 
ufed  inftead  of  iron)  they  aftembled 
at  the  top  of  a  high  hill,  ftanding  in  a 
circle,  with  their  fpears  crett  in  the 
air,  and  gave  fliouts  of  viftory,  call- 
ing Tima!  Timal  by  way  of  derifion 
to  the  furviving  Efquimaux  who  were 
ftanding  on  the  (hoal.  We  then  went 
up  the  river  about  half  a  mile,  to  the 
place  where  our  canoes  and  baggage 
M'ere,  with  an  intent  to  crofs  over,, 
and  plunder  the  other  feven  tents.  It 
taking  up  a  confiderable  time  to  get 
all  acrofs  the  river,  as  we  had  only 
three  canoes,  and  being  entirely  under 
cover  of  the  rock,  the  poor  Efqui- 
maux, whom  we  left  on  the  (hoal, 
thought  we  were  gone  about  our  own 
bufinefs,  and  had  returned  to  their, 
own  tents  again  ;  and  the  land  was 
fo  fituatcd  on  the  eaft  fide,  that  the 
Indians  went  under  cover  of  the  hills, 
until  thev  were  within  one  hundred 
yards  of  their  tents,  where  they  fawr 
the  Elquimaux  bufy  in  tying  up  their 
bundles.  They  rati  on  them  again 
with  great  fury,  but  having  their  ca- 
noes ready,  they  all  embarked,  and 
reached  the  (hoals  beforementioned, 
except  one  poor  old  man,  who,  being 
too  attentive  in  tying  up  his  things, 
had  not  time  to  reach  his  canoe,  and 
fo  fell  a  facrifice  to  Indian  fury.  Af- 
ter the   Indians  had  plundered  tbefC' 


1780'3  Impralltcal>ility  of  a  north  weftern  paffage^  &e.  jji 


of  Wales  Fort,  where  he  was  taken 
prifoner  by  the  French,  in  1782,  and 
laft  fummer  returned  to  his  ftation. 

The  confequences  refuhing  from 
this  cxtenfive  difcovery,  are  obvious. 
We  now  fee  that  the  continent  of 
North  America  {i retches  from  Hud- 
fon's  Bay  io  far  to  the  north-weft,  that 
rar.  Hearne  travelled  near  one  thou- 
land  three  hundred  miles  before  he  ar- 
rived at  the  fca,  and  that  the  whole  of 

NOTE. 

tents  of  what  they  thought  worth  their 
notice,  they  threw  their  tent-poles 
into  the  river,  broke  their  Hone  ket- 
tles, and  did  all  they  could  to  diftrefs 
the  poor  furvivors.  We  found  an 
aged  woman,  at  a  fmall  dillance,  up 
the  river,  fnaring  of  falmon,  whom 
they  butchered  in  the  fame  manner, 
every  man  having  a  thruft  at  her  with 
his  fpear." 
The  other  extraft  is  as  follows : 
"  Thir  day,  January  11th,  1772, 
as  the  Indians  were  hunting,  fome  of 
them  faW  a  ftrange  fnow-fhoe  track, 
which  they  followed,  ind,  at  a  con- 
fiderable  diflancc,  came  to  a  little 
hut,  where  they  found  a  young  wo- 
man futing  alone.  They  brought 
her  to  the  tents  :  and,  on  examining 
her.  they  found  fhe  was  one  of  the 
weftern  dog  ribbed  Indians,  and  had 
been  taken  prifoner  by  the  Aratha- 
pefcow  Indians  in  the  fummer  of  1770, 
and  when  the  Indians,  who  took  her 
prifoner,  were  near  this  place  in  1771, 
file  eloped  from  them,  with  an  intent 
to  return  to  her  own  country.  But  it 
being  fo  far  off,  and  when  fhe  was 
taken  prifoner  having  come  all  the 
way  in  canoes,  with  the  windingiof 
rivers  and  lakes,  (he  had  forgot  the 
way,  and  had  been  in  this  little  hut 
ever  fince  the  beginning  of  fall.  By 
her  account  of  the  moons  paft  ftnce 
her  elopement,  it  appears  to  have 
been  the  middle  of  laft  July,  when 
fhe  left  the  Arathapefcow  Indians, 
and  file  had  not  feen  a  human  face 
fince.  She  had  fuported  herfelf  by 
fnaring  rabbits,  partridges,  and  fquir- 
rels,  and  was  now  in  good  health, 
and  I  think,  as  fine  a  woman  of  a  real 
Indian,  as  I  have  feen  in  any  part  of 
North  America.  She  had  nothing  to 
make  fnares  of  but  the  fmews  of  the 
rabbits  legs  and  feet,  which  fiie  twift- 
ed  together  for  that  purpofe,  and  of 


his  track,  to  the  northward  of  61  deg. 
north  latitude,  lay  near  fix  hundred 
miles  due  welt  of  the  weftern  coall  of 
Hudfori's  Bay,  at  the  fame  time  that 
his  Indian  guides  were  well  aware  of 
a  vaft  traft  of  land  flretching  farther 
in  the  fame  d.re£tion.  How  futile 
now  appear  the  arguments  of  thofe, 
who,  about  forty  years  ago,  ftickled 
fo  much  for  a  north- weft  paffage  thro* 
Hudfon's  Bay  ? 

NOTE. 

the  rabbits  flcins  had  made  a  neat  and 
warm  winter's  clothing,  The  ftt^ck 
of  materials  fiie  took  with  her,  v>'hen 
fhe  eloped,  confiftcd  of  about  five 
inches  of  an  iron  hoop  for  a  knife  ;  a 
ftone  fteel,  and  other  hard  flones  for 
flints,  together  with  other  fire  tackle, 
as  tinder,  &c.  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  of  the  (hank  of  the  fiioeing  of  an 
arrow,  of  iron,  of  which  fiie  made 
an  awl.  She  had  not  been  long  at 
the  tents,  before  half  a  fcorc  of  men 
wreftled  to  fee  who  flioiild  have  her 
for  a  wife.  She  fays,  that  when  the 
Arathapefcow  Indians  took  her  pri- 
foner, they  ftole  upon  the  tents  in  the 
night,  when  all  the  inhabitants  were 
afieep,  and  murdered  every  foul  ex- 
cept herfelf  and  three  other  young 
women.  Her  father,  mother,  and 
huft)and,  were  in  the  fame  tent  with 
her,  and  they  were  all  killed.  Her 
child,  of  about  five  months  old,  flie 
took  with  her,  wrapt  in  a  bundle  of 
her  own  clothing,  undifcovered,  in 
the  night.  But  when  fiie  arrived  at 
the  place  where  the  Arathapefcows 
had  left  their  wives,  which  was  not 
far  off",  it  being  then  day-break,  thefe 
Indian  women  began  immediately  to 
examine  her  bundle,  and  having  there 
found  the  child,  took  it  from  her,  and 
killed  it  immediately.  The  relation 
of  this  fiiocking  fcene  only  ferved  the 
favages  of  my  gang  for  laughter.  Her 
country  is  fo  far  to  the  weftward,  that 
file  fays  fiie  never  faw  any  iron  or 
other  metal  till  fiie  was  taken  prifontr, 
thofe  of  her  tribe,  making  their 
hatchets  and  chifTels  of  deer's  hori>f;, 
and  knives  of  ftone  and  bone  ;  their 
arrows  are  fiiod  with  a  kind  of  fiate, 
bone,  and  deer's  horns,  and  their  in- 
ftruments  to  make  their  wood  work, 
are  nothing  but  beavers'  teeth.  They 
have  frequently  heard  of  the  ufcfil 
materials  that  the  nations,  to  the  ea;i 


«J52  Letter  refpeBing  the  yortifications  in  the  weJierH  «$untry,      [Sept, 


Correfpondevce  between  Noah  Webjler^ 
efq.  and  the  rev,  Ezra  Sti/es, 
D.  D.  prcfidcnt  of  Yale  college^ 
reft)iB,ing  the  fortifications  in  the 
zvejlern  country. — P%   14J, 

LETTER    111, 

From  Noah  Webfer,  efq.  to  the  rev. 
Ezra  Stiles,  D.  D. 
Reverend  fir^ 

IN  my  letter  of  the  i,5tii  iilt.  I  gave 
a  particular  account  of  the  travels 
of  Ferfiinand  de  Soto  into  Florida, 
with  the  couric  of  his  marches,  and 
his  winter  quarters.  From  the  fatis 
there  ilaled,  it  appears  probable  that 
he  threw  up  many  of  the  breafl-works 
or  forts,  which  are  ftill  to  be  traced  in 
the  Carolinas  and  Georgia,  on  the 
Ohio  and  MillilTippi.  Nor  have  I  a 
doubt  that  thofe  old  forts,  difcovered 
by  mr.  Carver,  may  be  afcribed  to 
the  fame  expedition  :  as  it  is  evident, 
Ferdinand  was  north  of  the  MilFoori, 
and  remained  forty  days  at  Pacaha, 
which  was  probably  on  the  Miffillippi, 
or  the  river  Sc.  Pierre.  Still  it  re- 
mains queftionable,  whether  all  the 
forts  difcovered  in  thele  wcftern  regi- 
ons can  be  rationally  afcribed  to  Fer- 
dinand. To  this  opinion,  the  extent 
of  the  works  at  IMulkingum  is  a  for- 
cible objection.  I  rely  on  captain 
Heart's  defcription  of  thefe  works, 
publiflied  in  the  Columbian  magazine 
for  May  1787;  for  it  is  taken  from 
aftnal  meufuration.  By  this  defcrip- 
tion, it  appears  that  there  are  two 
foris  nearly  in  the  fame  form,  at  a  dif- 
tance  from  each  other,  but  the  area 
of  one  is  much  larger  than  than  the 
other.  The  largefl  is  called,  for  dif- 
tint'lion's  fake,  tbetown,  which  is  fur- 
rounded  with  a  line  of  walls  of  earth 
from  fix  to  ten  feet  high,  and  from 
twenty  to  forty  feet  thick  ;  and  this 
line  of  walls  is  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  fqnare.  From  an  opening  on  the 
wed  fuie,  there  is  a  covered  way  one 
hundred  and  twenty  feet  wide,   and 

NOTE. 

•f  them  are  fupplied  with  by  the 
Enghfh,  but,  inliead  of  drawing 
nearer,  to  be  in  the  way  of  trading  for 
iron  work,  &c.  are  obliged  to  re- 
move farther  back,  to  avoid  the  Ara- 
thapefcow  Indians,  as  ihey  isake  fur- 
priting  flaunhter  among  them  every 
yea}",  both  winter  and  fuinuiei'o 


leading  one  hundred  and  twenty  yards 

to  the  low  grounds.  This  way  it 
guarded  on  each  hdc  with  wall>,  raif- 
ed  nearly  to  a  plane  with  the  walls  of 
the  town,  and  confequently  thirty 
feet  high  at  their  termination  in  the 
low  grounds.  At  the  north  well  cor- 
ner of  the  town,  there  is  an  oblonf 
mount,  feventy-four  by  forty-four 
yards  fquare,  and  fix  feet  high.  Near 
the  fouth  wall  is  another  mount,  fifty 
by  forty  yards,  befides  others  of  lcf« 
confideration  in  ether  quarters  of  th« 
fort.  The  other  fort  is  about  half  th« 
fize  of  the  foregoing,  with  openings  in 
the  center  of  the  oppolitc  walls,  and  at 
the  angles,  fome  of  which  are  guard- 
ed by  circular  mounts,  ten  feet  high. 

At  a  fmall  diftance  fron^  the  latter 
fort,  is  a  pyramid,  or  circular  mount, 
a  little  oval,  fifty  feet  high,  three 
hundred  and  ninety  in  circumference, 
furrouuded  with  a  ditch,  five  feet 
deep  and  fifteen  feet  wide  ;  a  parapet 
outward,  feven  hundred  and  fiity-ninc 
feet  in  circumference,  with  an  open- 
ing in  the  parapet,  towards  the  fort. 
Between  the  town  and  fortificatio* 
are  feveral  large  caves,  mounts, 
graves,   &c. 

Thefe  are  the  outlines  of  mr. 
Heart'r  defcription.  Now  the  quef- 
tion  arifes,  could  thefe  extenfive 
works  be  raifed  by  Ferdinand's  army, 
which  confifted  of  little  more  than 
twelve  hundred  men  ;  and  that  in  the 
ihort  fpace  of  four  months  ?  if  Fer- 
dinand was  at  Mufkingum  at  all,  it 
was  the  fecond  winter  after  his  land- 
ing;  and  he  was  in  quarters  but  little 
more  than  four  months,  viz,  from  the 
18,  of  December  to  the  55,  of  April; 
or  could  fuch  fortifications  be  necef- 
fary  to  fecure  his  troops  and  horfes  ? 
if  not,  we  know  of  no  motive  which 
could  induce  him  to  bellow  fo  much 
labour  on  his  camp,  Thefe  confider- 
ations  make  it  very  problematical, 
whether  thefe  works  are  to  be  afcrib- 
to  the  Spaniards. 

To  alTift  in  refolving  this  queftion, 
it  muft  be  mentioned,  that  Ferdinand 
had  frequently  feveral  hundred  Indi- 
ans in  his  fervice.  The  Callique  of 
Ocuta  furniOicd  him  with  four  hundred 
of  his  fubjeds.  Great  numbers  were 
furnifhed  by  other  Calliques,  who 
were  upon  good  terms  with  Ferdi- 
nand, as  he  marched  though  their  dif- 
tricts ;  and  others,  who  felt  fonie  re- 


j^Jg.]     Letter  refpeSling  the  fortijlcationi  in  the  wejlern  country. 


«SI 


luftance  in  carrying  the  baggage  for 
the  Spaniards,  were  compelled  to  do 
it.  Befides  thefe  attendants,  Ferdi- 
nand, whenever  he  was  oppofed  by 
arms,  defeated  ihc  Indians,  and  took 
«  number  of  priloners,  whom  he  re- 
tained as  (laves.  What  number  he 
had  in  his  fervice  at  Chicaca,  the 
fuppofcd  Mufkingum,  is  not  mention- 
ed ;  but,  on  his  arrival,  it  is  exprefs- 
ly  laid,  he  fent  for  the  Cailique  in  a 
friendly  manner,  who  came,  and  made 
him  prefents  of  mantles  and  (kins. 
From  thefe  fafts  and  circumllances,  it 
appears  that  Ferdinand  was  in  a  coun- 
try well  peopled  by  Indians,  which 
made  it  neceflary  for  him  to  fecurs  his 
troops  from  a  fudden  attack  m  their 
quarters,  and  he  doubtlefs  availed 
himlelf  of  their  friendlliip  on  his  firil 
arrival,  to  procure  their  alFiftance  in 
fortifying  his  camp.  He  might  ha\'e 
five  hundred  or  a  thoufand  Indians  to 
employ  with  his  own  troops  in  con- 
ftruttmg  thefe  works. 

The  divifion  of  his  camp  into  two 
forts,  may  be  eafily  accounted  for,  by 
confulenng  he  had  fevetal  hundred 
horfes,  and  a  vaft  number  of  fwine, 
to  fecure  from  the  Indians,  who  foon 
had  a  tafte  of  Twine's  flefh,  and  began 
to  Ileal  the  pigs.  One  fort  was  proba- 
bly refervcd  for  thefe.  Yet  even 
thefe  circumllances  will  hardly  obvi- 
ate the  objection.  It  is  almofl  incre- 
dible that  fo  fmall  a  number  of  men 
fhould  erert  fuch  vail  fortifications,  or 
that  lo  much  art  and  dehgn  fiiould  be 
neceflary  in  guarding  a  temporary 
camp.  Tbat  the  natives  of  this  coun- 
try did  fometives  throw  up  bread 
works  of  earth,  is  a  facl,  Mr.  Smith, 
in  his  hiftory  of  New  Jeifey,  page 
136,  obferves,  "  that  different  na- 
tions, were  frequently  at  war  with 
each  other,  of  which  hufbandmen 
fometimes  find  remaining  marks  in 
their  fields.  A  little  below  the  falls 
cf  Delaware,  on  the  Jerfey  fide,  and 
at  Point-no-point  in  Pennlylvania, 
and  feveral  oiher  places,  were  banks, 
that  were  formerly  thrown  up  for  in- 
trenchments  againft  incurfions  of  the 
neighbounngliidlans.  who,  in  canoes, 
ufed  lometimes  to  go  in  warlike  bo- 
dies, from  one  province  to  another." 
Such  reniiins  are  difcovered  in  every 
part  of  America;  but  in  none  of 
them  do  we  find  fuch  traces  of  im- 
meflfe  labour,  and  proficienicy  la  the 


art  of  fortification,  as  in  the  works 

of  Mufkingum.  Ferdinand  frequent- 
ly found  tribes  of  Indians,  fortified 
againft  his  approaches  ;  but  he  de- 
fcribes  their  works  as  mere  lines  of 
palifadoes ;  never  once  meniioning  a 
wall  of  earth  or  Hone,  or  an  intrench- 
ment.  It  is  certain,  however,  that 
Ferdinand  always,  when  it  was  prac- 
ticable, chole  for  his  camp  an  Indian 
fettlement :  for  his  troops  depended 
for  fubfillence  on  their  (lores  of  maize 
and  beans.  He  might  find  fuch  a  fet- 
tlement  on  the  banks  of  the  Mufltin- 
gum,  furrounded  with  fome  kmd  of 
rude  wall,  which  he  might  improve 
into  a  regular  fortification.  That  he 
was  in  a  populous  country,  is  certain  ; 
and  why  might  not  the  nafves  fortify 
on  the  Mulkingum,  as  well  as  on  the 
Delaware  ? 

But  how  (hall  we  account  for  the 
mounts,  caves,  graves,  &c.  and  for 
the  contents,  which  evince  the  exif- 
tence  of  the  cultom  of  burning  the 
dead,  or  their  bones  ?  can  thefe  be 
afcnbed  to  the  Spaniards  ?  I  prefume, 
fir,  you  will  be  of  opinion  they  can- 
not. Mr.  Fleart  fays  thefe  graves 
are  finall  mounts  of  earth,  from  fomc 
of  which  human  bones  have  been  tak- 
en ;  in  one  were  found  bones  in  the 
natural  pofition  of  a  man,  buried  near- 
ly eaft  and  wed,  and  a  quantity  of 
ifingUfs  on  his  breall  ;  in  the  other 
graves,  the  bones  were  irregular,  lomc 
calcined  by  fire,  others  burnt  only  to 
a  certain  degree,  fo  as  to  render 
them  more  durable  ;  in  others  the 
iT)ouldered  bones  retain  iheir  fliapc, 
without  any  fubftance ;  oihcrs  are  . 
partly  rotten,  and  partly  the  remains 
of  decayed  bones ;  in  moft  of  the 
graves  were  found  ftones,  evidently 
burnt,  pieces  of  charcoal,  Indian  ar- 
rows, and  pieces  of  earthen  ware, 
which  appeared  to  be  a  compofitiopi 
of  (hells  and  cement. 

That  thefe  mounts  and  graves  are 
the  works  of  the  native  Indian^,  i"? 
very  evident ;  for  fuch  fm.ill  mounts 
are  fcattered  over  every  part  of  North 
America.  "  It  was  culfomary  wuh 
the  Indians  of  the  V/eft  Jerley,"  fay<! 
mr.  Smith,  paije  137,  "  when  they 
buried  the  dead,  to  put  family  uien- 
fils,  bows  and  arrows,  and  fometinirs 
wampum  into  the  grave,  as  tokens  of 
their  alleclion.  When  a  perfon  of 
aote  died  far  from   the  ^jlute  of  hi# 


«.'?4 


Liquor  that  will  penetrate  into  marble,  [September, 


©wn  refidrnce,  they  would  carry  his 
^>nes  to  be  buried  there.  They  wafh- 
cd  and  perfumed  the  dead,  painted 
the  face,  and  followed  fingly  ;  left 
the  dead  in  a  fitting  poilure  ;  and  co- 
vered the  grave  pyramidically.  They 
were  very  curious  in  preferving  and 
repairing  the  graves  of  their  dead,  and 
penfively  vifitcd  them." 

It  is  faid  by  the  Englifii,  who  are 
beft  acquainted  with  the  manners  of 
the  natives,  that  they  had  a  cujtom  of 
colletting,  at  certain  ftated  periods, 
all  the  bones  of  their  deceafed  friends, 
and  burying  them  in  fome  common 
grave.  Over  thefe  cemetaries,  or  ge- 
neral repofitories  of  the  dead,  were 
erefted  thofe  vaU  heaps  of  earth,  or 
mounts,  fimilar  to  thofe  which  are 
called  in  England  barrows,  and  which 
are  difcovered  in  every  part  of  the 
united  Hates. 

The  Indians  feem  to  have  had  two 
methods  of  burying  the  dead  ;  one 
was,  to  depofit  one  body  (or,  at  moft, 
but  a  fmall  number  of  bodies)  in 
a  place,  and  cover  it  with  flones, 
thrown  together  in  a  carelefs  manner. 
The  pile,  thus  formed,  would  natu- 
lally  be  nearly  circular ;  but  thofe 
piles,  that  are  difcovered,  are  fome- 
thing  oval.  About  feven  miles  from 
Hartford,  on  the  public  road  to  Far- 
mington,  there  is  one  of  thofe  Car- 
nedds,  or  heaps  of  flones.  I  often 
palled  by  it,  in  the  early  part  of  my 
youth,  but  never  meafured  its  circum- 
ference, or  examined  its  contents. 
My  prefent  opinion  is,  that  its  cir- 
cumference is  about  twenty-five  feet. 
The  inhabitants,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, report,  as  a  tradition  received 
from  the  natives,  that  an  Indian  was 
buried  there,  and  that  it  is  the  cuf- 
tcm,  for  every  Indian  that  pafies  by, 
to  caft  a  Hone  upon  the  heap.  This 
euflom  I  have  never  feen  praBifed  ; 
but  have  no  doubt  of  its  exigence; 
as  it  Is  confirmed  by  the  general  lef- 
timony  of  the  firft  Americah  fetiiers*. 

New  York,  January  20,  1788. 
(To  b&  continued.) 

NOTE. 

*  Theexiflence  of  a  ciiftom  of  pay- 
ing relpeft  to  thefe  Indian  heaps,  as 
they  are  called,  is  proved  by  a  ludi- 
(Crous  practice,  that  prevails  among 
the  AthjIj)- Amentaris  in  ih*^  vicmity, 
©f  iiiakiiig  (iranger^  pull  off  their  hats, 


Method  of  preparing  a  liquor^  that 
will  penetrate  into  marble  \  Jo  that 
a  piBure,  drawn  on  its  Jurface^ 
will  appear  aljo  in  its  inmoji  parts, 

TA  K  E  of  aqua-fortis  and  aqua- 
regia,  two  ounces  of  each  ;  of 
fal-ammoniac  one  ounce  ;  of  the  beft 
fpirit  of  wine,  two  drachms ;  as  much 
gold  as  may  be  had  for  four  (hilling* 
and  fix-pence;  of  pure  filver,  two 
drachms.  Thefe  materials  being  pro- 
vided, let  the  filver,  when  calcined, 
be  put  into  a  vial;  and  having  pour- 
ed upon  it  the  two  ounces  of 
aqua-fortis,  let  it  evaporate,  and  you 
will  have  a  water  yielding  firft  a  blue, 
and  afterwards  a  black  colour  :  like- 
wife,  put  the  gold,  when  calcined, 
into  a  vial,  and  having  poured  the 
aqua  regia  on  it,  fet  it  by  to  evapo- 
rate ;  then  pour  the  fpirit  of  wine  up- 
on the  fal-ammoniac,  leaving  it  alfo 
to  evaporate  ;  and  you  will  have  a 
gold-coloured  water,  which  will  afford 
divers  colours.  And  after  this  man- 
ner you  may  extratt  many  tinftures  of 
colours  out  ofoiher  metals :  this  done^ 
you  may,  by  means  of  thefe  two  wa- 
ters, paint  what  picture  you  pleafe 
upon  white  marble,  of  the  fofter  kind, 
renewing  the  figure  every  day  for  fome 
time,  with  fome  frefh  fuperadded  li- 
quor ;  and  you  will  find  that  the  pic- 
ture has  penetrated  the  whole  folidity 
of  the  ftone,  fo  that  cutting  it  int» 
as  many  parts  as  you  will,  it  will  al- 
ways reprefent  to  you  the  fame  figure 
on  both  fides. 

NOTE. 

as  they  pafs  by  this  grave.  A  man 
paffing  by  with  one  who  is  a  flranfer 
to  the  euflom,  never  fails  to  prattife  a 
jeft  upon  him,  by  telling  him  that  a 
fpider,  a  caterpillar,  or  fome  other 
infeft,  IS  upon  his  hat ;  the  unfufpcft- 
ing  traveller  immediately  lakes  off  bis 
har,  to  brufh  away  the  offending  in- 
fect, and  finds,  by  a  roar  of  laughter, 
that  a  trick  is  put  upon  him.  I  have 
often  feen  this  trick  played  upon 
flrangers,  and  upon  the  neighbours 
who  happen  to  be  off  their  guard,  to 
the  great  amufement  of  the  country 
people.  The  jeft,  however,  is  a 
proof  that  the  aborigines  paid  a  refpeft 
to  thefe  rude  monuments,  and,  in  ri- 
dicule of  that  refpett,  probably,  ori- 
ginated the  vulgar  praftice  of  the 
Englifb,  which  exifls  to  this  day. 


1789]  Remarks  on  the  amendments  proppfcd  to  the  federal  ccnftitution,  234} 


Mr.  Bird,  aftone-cutterat  Oxford, 
prattifed  this  art  before  the  year  1660  ; 
feveral  pieces  of  marble  fo  itained  by 
him,  are  to  be  feen  in  Oxford  ;  feve- 
ral others  being  (hown  to  K.  Charles 
II.  foon  after  the  reftoration,  they 
were  broken  in  his  prefence,  avid 
found  to  correfpond  through  the 
whole  fubftancc. 

Remarks  on  the  amendments  to  the  fe- 
deral ccnftitution,  propofed  by  the 
conventions  of  Majfachiifetts,  New 
Hampjkire,  New  York,  Virginia, 
South  and  North  Carolina,  with 
the  minorities  of  Pennfylvania  and 
Maryland^  by  the  rev,  Nicholas 
Collin,  L.  L.  D. 

NUMBER    IX, 

THE  deep  filence  of  the  federal 
conditution  on  matters  of  reli- 
jion,  is  blamed  by  fome  religious  per- 
fons ;  yet  the  two  minorities  of  Penn- 
fylvania and  Maryland,  with  the  con- 
vention of  New  Hampfhire,  are  dif- 
fatisfied  becaufe  exprei's  ftipulations 
are  not  made  for  liberty  of  confci- 
ence ;  and  requeft  the  following  amend- 
ments. "  The  rights  of  confcience 
fliall  be  held  inviolable,  and  neither 
the  legidative,  executive,  nor  judicial 
powers  of  the  united  ftates,  (hall 
have  authority  to  alter,  abrogate,  or 
infringe  any  part  of  the  conftitutions 
of  the  feveral  ftates,  which  provide 
for  the  prefervation  of  liberty  in  mat- 
ters of  religion*."  "  That  no  per- 
fon,  (^nfcieiuiouny  fcrupulous  of 
bearing  arms  in  any  cafe,  {hall  be 
compelled  perfonally  to  ferve  as  a 
fbldier.  That  there  be  no  national 
religion  eflabliflied  by  law ;  but  that 
all  perfons  be  equally  entitled  to  pro- 
teftion  in  their  religious  libertyf." 
"  Congrefs  fliall  make  no  laws  touch- 
ing religion,  or  to  infringe  the  rights 
•f  confcience  J." 

It  would  be  very  unjuft  and  perni- 
•ious  to  eftablilh  any  religious  fyflem 
in  the  united  ftates;  but  it  is  needlefs 
to  guard  againft  fuch  a  vifionary  evil. 
Congrefs  cannot,  by  any  conftruftion, 
•laim  fuch  a   power;  nor  will  they 

NOTES. 

*  ifi.  prop,  of  the  min.  of  Pennf. 
+•  t  ith  and  12th  am,  by  the  min. 
•f  Mar. 
i  J  ith.  am,  by  the  conv.  of  N.  H. 


have  any  inclination  for  it.  But  if, 
by  a  very  wonderful  chance,  a  majo- 
rity of  congrefs  werefo  bigotted,  their 
projeft  would  not  have  the  leaft  pro- 
bability of  fuccefs,  while  the  feveral 
great  denominations  are  a  check  upon 
each  other,  and  while  found  philofo- 
phy  makes  a  rapid  progrefs  in  the  traia 
of  civilization.  Befides,  the  people 
of  America  will  hardly  fubmit  to  the 
payment  of  neceflary  taxes ;  is  it  then 
likely  they  would  pay  tithe  to  the 
clergy  ? 

Partiality  to  any  fcft,  or  ill  treat- 
ment of  any,  is  neither  in  the  leaft 
warranted  by  the  conftitution,  nor 
compatible  with  the  general  fpirit  of 
toleration  ;  an  equal  fecurity  of  civil 
and  religious  rights,  is  therefore  given 
to  all  denominations,  without  any  for- 
mal ftipulatioiis;  which,  indeed,  might 
fuggelt  an  idea,  that  fuch  an  equality 
was  doubtful.  If  the  conftitution 
muft  at  all  have  any  amendment  on 
this  fubjefl,  it  fhould  be  to  guarantee 
to  every  flate  in  the  union,  perfett  li- 
berty of  confcience ;  biecaufe  it  is 
much  more  probable  that  fuperftition, 
mingled  with  political  faftion,  might 
corrupt  a  Gngle  ftate,  than  that  bigo- 
try {hould  infeft  a  majority  of  the 
ftates  in  congrefs. 

At  the  fame  time,  rights  of  confci- 
ence ftiould  be  properly  underftood. 
Religion,  as  fuch,  is  a  tranfaftioa 
between  man  and  his  Maker,  and  is 
above  the  cognizance  of  any  human 
tribunal  ;  however  unreafonable,  or 
even  profane  it  may  appear,  God 
alone  is  the  judge.  But  when  any 
perfon  claims,  from  a  religious  prin- 
ciple, the  right  of  injuring  his  fellow- 
citizens,  or  the  community  at  large, 
he  muft  be  reftrained,  ai^l,  in  atro- 
cious cafes,  puniflied.  If  he  is  a 
fool,  or  a  madman,  he  muft  not  be  a 
tyrant.  It  is  impoflible  that  God 
could  order  him  to  be  unjuft,  becaufe 
he  commands  us  all  to  be  juft  and 
good.  Frantic  devotees  murdered 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  William  I. 
prince  of  Orange,  and  other  bene- 
faftors  of  mankind  :  fuperftition  has 
deftroyed  many  hundred  thoufands  of 
mankind,  and,  in  different  periods, 
laid  walle  the  four  quarters  of  the 
globe. 

A  wife  government  will,  therefore,_ 
keep  a  watchful  eye  on  any  form  of 
fuperftition.  which  is  baneful  to  m»« 


♦gS 


On  the  Jlate  of  American  manufaS.ures,  &c.        [Septembef^ 


rality,  and  fall  of  danger  to  fociety  ; 
if  not  checked  in  time,  it  may  foon 
fpread  like  a  plague,  dilirets  indivi- 
duals, and  even  embarrafs  the  govern- 
ment. Falfe  Religions  had  never  been 
t^ltahliflied  in  the  woild,  if  legiflators 
had  leen  their  fatal  tendency,  and  nipt 
them  in  the  bud.  Wc  happily  live 
in  a  civilized  aera:  but  the  human 
heart,  is  very  wandering,  and  the  fan- 
cy of  mortals  very  whimlical,  \\'heu- 
ever  a  religion,  morally  and  political- 
ly bad,  aitacks  the  united  ttates,  it 
fliouldj  as  a  general  evil,  be  redrain- 
ed  by  the  federal  government.  Sup- 
pofe,  that  fome  bold  and  artful  pro- 
phet, fliould  precend  to  have  a  com- 
milFion  from  heaven  to  eretl  an  earth- 
ly dominion,  and  infpire  a  multitude  of 
his  votaries  with  a  blind  intrepid  en- 
ihuliafm  ;  luch  a  gentleman  mull  not, 
from  his  tender  conlcience,  cut  our 
throats  and  plunder  our  property. 
Again,  if  great  numbers,  from  a  mif- 
taken  devotion,  (hould  renounce  ci- 
vil and  political  duties,  and,  merely 
by  compuHion,  contribute  to  the  fup- 
port  and  prelervaiion  of  the  fociety, 
half  a  million  of  fuch  chriftians  would 
be  a  very  heavy  clog  on  the  arms  of 
atlive  citizens.  The  moral  virtues 
are  more  necelFary  for  the  peace  of  this 
country,  than  any  other,  becaufe  the 
people  arc  extremely  free  ;  confe- 
«iuently,  rational  religion  is  of  the 
higheft  importance,  as  in  many  re- 
fpetls  the  iecurity  and  perfeftion  of 
virtue.  The  foundation  of  both 
(hould  be  laid  in  a  good  education. 
This  ought  to  be  a  great  objetl  in  the 
jrovernment  of  every  flate,  and  with 
the  federal  goverrrment,  in  the  terri- 
tory belonging  to  the  united  Rates,  for 
which*  it  is  to  make  all  needful  rules 
and  regulaiions.  Schools  ought  to  be 
formed  with  the  gradual  fettlement  of 
this  country,  and  provided  with  fen- 
fible  teachers,  who  liiall  inftruft  their 

fmpils  in  thofe  capital  principles  of  re- 
igion,  which  are  generally  received, 
fuch  as  the  being  andattributesof  God, 
his  rewards  and  judgments,  a  future 
flate,   &c. 

There  is  not  the  leaft  danger  of  the 
federal  government  compelling  per- 
fons  of  a  fcrupulous  confcicnce  to  bear 
aims,  as  the  united  ftstcs  would   be 

NOTE. 

*^  std.  par.  3d.  feft.  4th.  art,' 


poorly  defended  bv  fuch;  befides^ 
troops  can,  if  neceffary,  be  hired  for 
their  money. 

The  convention  of  South  Carolina 
would  amend  the  3d.  fech  of  the6ih; 
ariicle  by  inierting  (he  word  "  other" 
between  the  words  "  no"  and  "  reli- 
gious." This  fetiion,  after  requiring 
from  all  concerned,  an  oath  or  affir- 
mation to  fupport  the  conftitution", 
adds,  "but  no  religious  ted  (hall  ever 
be  required  as  a  qualificat.on  to  ar^y 
office  or  public  triilt  under  the  united 
ifates.  If  this  amendment  points  out 
a  mere  inaccuracy  of  flile,  it  is  fo  far 
proper — an  oath  or  affirmation  being 
a  religious  teit  ;  if  it  means  to  guard 
againfl:  religious  edablifhments,  it  if^ 
by  what  has  been  faid,  fuperfluous. 

Letter  re/peSiing  the  jl ate  of  Arneri' 
can  manufaBures,  &c.Jrom  agen~ 
tlcnian  in  Philadelphia^  to  his 
friend  at  Montego-Bay. 

Philadelphia,  May  8,    1789. 
Dear  Jir, 

Til  E  alteration  that  I  found  oir 
niv  arrival  here,  after  an  ab- 
fence  of  two  years,  exceeds  credibi- 
lity. I  will  endeavour  to  amufe  you 
with  fome  account  of  ihe  progrefsand 
prefent  flate  of  manufattures  in  thir 
country.  I  am,  no  doubt,  not  ac- 
quainted with  all  ;  but  I  (hall  giveyoi* 
thofe  that  have  made  the  greatcft 
noife. 

At  the  federal  procefTion  in  Phila- 
delphia, there  appeared  600  fhoema- 
kers,  belonging  to  that  city '''nd  its 
environs.  If  you  have  not  read  the 
account  of  that  procelTion,  you  mtift 
refer  to  Carey's  Mufeiimt.  By 
the  cuRom-houfe  books  of  Phila- 
delphia, they  exported  7000I.  worth 
of  tanned  leather,  the  manufafturc 
of  the  country,  to  Virginia.  This 
laft  vear,  mr.  Cabot,  of  Beverly,  inr 
MalTachufetts,  purchafed  and  export- 
ed to  the  fouihern  fiates,  70,000  pair 
of  women's  flioes,  from  that  place. 

The  manufafturing  fociety  publilh- 
ed  a  premium  for  the  bell  American' 
printed  book  :  feveral  were  prefented 
in  competition  for  thfe  premium, 
which  was  given  to  the  publifher  of  a- 
German  book  ;  and,   in  the  courfe  ot 

NOTE. 

+  See  vol.  4,  page  57. 


iy^D') 


On  the  Jlale  of  American  manitfaBures,  &Ci 


m 


inquiry,  it  was  found,  not  only  thatihe 
types,  paper,  and  leather  were  all 
made  in  America,  but  alio  the  mate- 
rials for  making  the  types,  and  ail 
the  inHrurnenis  ufed  in  the  pnntmg 
bufinefs :  this  far  exceeded  every  hope, 
even  as  to  ihe  manufadure  of  die  ma- 
terials, which  IS  exnemply  laborious 
and  difficult.  The  fame  focsety  have 
found  that  upwards  of  60  paper  iisiils 
cxift  in  PenniyI vania,  fo  as  almolt  to 
preclude  the  importation  of  paper. 

At  Albany,  they  have  eftablifned  a 
glals  manufattory,  and  at  Bofton  is 
eftablifhed  another*.  The  Albany 
glafs  is  as  cheap  as  that  from  Europe. 

In  New  York,  the  caflor-nut,  or 
palma-chniti,  grows  well  ;  and  one 
or  more  mills  are  eUabliflied,  for  the 
making  of  caftor  oil. 

In  the  courie  of  three  years,  the 
nail  manufactory  has  been  puflicd  with 
fo  much  lp;rit  and  fuccefs,  that  im- 
portation of  nails  no  longer  anfwers. 

Coarfe  linens  are  fo  univerfally 
tnaile  in  various  parts  of  New  Eng- 
land, as  to  underfed  thofe  of  the  lame 
quality  from  Europe,  which  can  no 
longer  be  fent  to  any  of  the  places 
north  of  Philadelphia  :  of  the  fouth- 
Ward  I  ktiow  nothing,  but  that  they 
raife  mwch  cotton  in  Virginia  and 
Maryland. 

Diick  !s  made  in  a  number  of  far- 
mers' families,  through  Connetlicut 
particularly,  and  other  parts  of  New- 
England.  It  is  expetted  that  they 
will  Ihorfly  make  fufficient  for  the 
confumption  of  the  country.  In 
Boflon,  a  company  have  built  a  houfe 
180  feet  long,  and  two  ftories  high, 
for  the  m.anufifture  of  this  article. 
More  hands  offer,  than  can  be  cm- 
ployed  in  this  manufaflory,  and  this 
withont  any  injury  to  other  objects, 
as  I  underRand  it  is  carried  on  in  the 
winter  only.  I  hear  that  a  man  in 
Connecticut  works  his  fpinning  and 
Winding  wheels  by  water,  and  is  now 
buildmg  a  weaving-mill,  to  beturned 
by  the  fame. 

NOTE. 

*  A  third,  not  inferior  to  any  on 
the  continent.  iseRablifned  in  Frede- 
ric county,  Maryl.ind,  and  molt  ex- 
tenfi'ely profecuted  by  john  Frederic 
Amelung,  ef<iuire,  a  very  worthy  and 
ingenious  German. 

Vol.  VI.  No,  III, 


The  cotton  manufactory  is  eftahl idl- 
ed at  Philadelphia  and  Bcveriy,  and 
will  be  at  Lancafier,  or  York;  in 
Pennfyivania.  The  Boilon  aflembly 
have  granted  500) .  to  the  one  at  Be- 
verly, as  a  gratuity  for  the  advance- 
ment it  has  made.  It  is  earned  on 
with  Arkwrighi's  machines.  ■ 

At  Kartford,  they  make  excellent 
fecond  cloths,  particularly  of  the  pep:- 
per  and  fait  colour.  The  French  mi- 
nifter,  mr.  jay,  baron  Steuben,  rar. 
Wadfv.'orth,  and  a  great  number  of 
the  principal  gentlemen  are  fetting  the 
falhion  of  wearing  them.  Baron  Sieii- 
ben  has  invented  a  button  out  of  the 
conch- fhell,  the  fame  that  wampum  is 
made  ot,  to  wear  with  them. 

They  breed  the  fi Ik- worm  in  Con- 
necticut. I'hefe  work  hlk  in  the 
fummer.  and  the  egg  is  kept  all  win- 
ter. They  have  for  manv  years  bred 
the  filk-worm,  and  made  (ilk  inCon,- 
neCticut,  and  now  in  fuch  quantify, 
that  fome  is  exported  to  the  neigh- 
bouring flates.  A  lady  of  mv  ac- 
quainrance  here  has  a  gown  and  petti- 
coat now  making  of  it  ;  and  her  hiif- 
band,  who  had  left  oH  wearing  liik 
llockings,  from  patriotic  iiionves,  is 
again  adopting  them. 

Ihe  quantiiy  oi  beer  and  porter 
made  here,  has  more  tiian  doubled 
within  a  year,  and  has  turned  many 
farmers  to  the'  cuhivanon  of  barley. 
The  brewers  are,  indeed,  at  prefeiit 
circumfcribed  m  their  man-ifatture, 
by  ihe  want  of  barley,  winch  has  oc- 
cafioned  an  importation  from  Great- 
Britain. 

Carding-machmes  are  madeas  cheap 
and  as  well  at  Philadelphia,  as  in  Eu- 
rope. 

The  importation  of  fleel  has  been 
confiderably  ieiicned  at  the  port  of 
Philadelphia,  wuhin  thcfe  two  years, 
by  the  making  of  it  in  the  country  ; 
it  is  faid  the  importation  is  leffencd 
one-founh. 

FiFty-thoufand  barrels  cf  faked 
beef  were  made  lad  year  m  Connec- 
ticut and  other  parts  of  New  Eng- 
land ;  fome  of  which  ihey  have  ex- 
ported to  the  Ea!t  and  W^efl  Indies  ; 
and  they  can  underfeil  the  Indi  la 
their  own  markers. 

One  Rumiey  has  invented  a  fleam- 
engine  that  can  be  wi"-ked  cheaper, 
and  with  greater  effect  than  Watt  and 
Bolton's ;  he  is  gone  to  Enyiand  to 
H  h 


»3* 


The  WorceJltT /peculator. 


{September, 


get  a  patent ;  he  has  had  one  in  many 
flares  here  alrcaJy. 

The  Virginia,  or  Patowmac  ca- 
nal, is  nearly  (iniflied  ;  boats  already 
gd  down  ihe  greater  part  of  the  na- 
vigation, and  carry  goods  at  one-fifih 
of  the  price  that  w?.p;gons  do. 

The  builders  of  the  Bollon  bridge 
are  gone  to  Europe,  and,  have 
built  one,  if  not  more,  on  the  fame 
plan,  in  Ireland  ;  the  wood  was  all 
carried  from  Maflachufetts  :  the  Bof- 
ton  bridge  llands,  and  gives  at  lead 
85,  perhaps  40,  per  cent,  iiitereft* 

My  budget  is  now  out,  not  for  want 
of  materials,  but  for  want  of  know- 
ing them  ;  but  1  can  add,  ihat iho 
manufrtftory  foclety  at  Philadelphia 
are  of  great  ferf  ice  in  calling  forth 
talents,  in  making  known  the  Hate  of 
manufattures  in  the  country,  and  en- 
couraging all.  There  is  a  Ipirit  of 
emulation,  of  induflry,  of  improve- 
ment, and  of  patriotifm,raifed  through- 
out the  Hates,  in  thi$  and  other  branch- 
es, of  the  neceffities  of  a  nation,  that 
bids  fair,  not  only  to  make  them  inde- 
pendentof  other  nations,  but,  in  many 
points,  even  in  manufactures,  their 
rivals.  In  no  period  have  they  made 
a  more  rapid  progrefs,  than  within 
this  year  or  two  ;  and  at  no  period, 
have  they  feeraed  to  be  fo  likely  to 
make  a  rapid  one  as  in  the  prefent. 
Every  nerve  and  (inew  feems  to  be  at 
its  utmofl  ilretch,  and  this  not  by 
the  interpofition  of  the  legiflature  ; 
but  by  the  patriotic  or  interefted  and 
enterprifing  fpiritof  individual";  ;  per- 
haps, even  by  the  want  of  an  eifethve 
government,  I  might  almoil  have  ad- 
ded :  for  it  might  have  meddled,  and, 
as  in  moil  fimllar  cafes,  might  have 
marred. 

ManufaQures  are  not  the  only  line 
in  which  they  have  exerted  themfelves 
with  fuccefs.  Agriculture  and  com- 
merce have  gone  on,  perhaps  with 
equal  rapidity,  if  I  was  fuflficiently 
informed  on  thofe  fubjetis.  Some 
faBs  I  do  know,  however,  that  make 
it  at  leaft  probable,  Vermont  has 
BOO. 000  inhabitants ;  Kentu.  ky^o.ooo  ; 
1 2,000  pafTcd  Fort- Pitt,  for  the  Ohio, 
lall  fummer.  Col.  Morgan  is  com- 
mencing a  feitUment  on  the  Spanifh 
territory,  oppofue  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  wh  <  h,  no  doubt,  will  be 
in  time,  united  to  this  part  of  Ame- 
rica.    The  lands  near  the  lakes,  are 


fettling  very  faft,  particularly  near 
Niagara.  Konnebeck,  and  all  the 
lands  between  that  and  N^ovaScotia,  are 
alfo  fcjiling  extremely  fall,  and  all 
this  without  anv  faruis  being  deferted 
on  the  fea-coaft.  The  cultivation  of 
hemp  IS  mirnducing  all  over  Mafla- 
chulerts,  and  on  the  low  lands  near 
Philadelphia  ;  barley,  m  Rhode-Ifland 
and  Jerlcy  ;  tobacco,  in  fuch  quanti- 
ty in  Kentucky,  as  to  raife  the  jcaloufy 
of  Virginia.  Virginia  can  raife  more 
wheat  than  any  Hate  m  the  union  ;  itt 
inhabitants  fay,  than  any  two,  &c. 
&c.  I  n  commerce,  excepting  the  faft 
already  inentioned,  of  the  exporiation 
of  beer,  1  can  only  give  you  one  fatl : 
from  Mafiachafetts  alone,  there  have 
ft^riy-foiir  fail  of  veflcls  gone  to  the 
Eali  Indies  ;  and  of  thefe,  fome  to 
Kamfcha;ka  :  but,  to  crown  the 
whole  of  this  highly  flattering  pifture 
to  every  lover  of  mankind,  it  appears, 
by  the  returns  lately  made  tocongrefs, 
that  notw:thftanding  the  ravages  made 
in  the  war,  in  population,  by  the  mi- 
litary operations  on  the  continent,  by 
the  flill  greater  lolTes  at  fea,  and  by 
the  ftill  greater  check  population  muft 
have  received  by  the  icparaiion  of  fo 
many  fathers  from  their  families,  and 
by  the  difcouragement  of  matrimony; 
I  fay,  notwlthlianding  all  thefe  cir- 
cumHanccs,  the  returns  to  congrefj 
prove,  that  the  population  is  as  great, 
now,  as  it  was  at  the  beginning  of 
the  war. 

I  am,  fir,  &c. 
P.  S.  I  muft  not  omit,  that  lead 
and  copper  mines  are  difcovered  near 
Philadelphia,  in  the  counties  adjoin- 
ing, and  thev  are  opening  the  lafl; 
that  the  Philadelphia  Philofophical 
Society,  are  about  to  publifh  another 
volume;  and  that  dr.  Franklin  has 
given  500I.  to  the  Library  Company,. 
The  Pennfylvania  tell  law  is  repealed, 
and  the  college  put  on  the  fame  foot- 
ing as  before  the  war. 

The  Worcejler  fpeculater,  No.  III. 

THERE  is  no  inftance,  in  which 
the  benevolence  of  the  Deity  i» 
more  apparent  in  the  natural  world, 
than  in  his  accommodating  the  tempe- 
rature and  fertility  of  every  climate 
to  the  or'ginal  neceffities  of  its  inha- 
bitants. That  this  peculiarly  diftin- 
guifhes  the  climates  of  the  America© 


J  789.] 


The  IVorceJler /peculator. 


«39 


fiates,  mufl  be  evident  lo  every  one, 
who  is  acquainted  with  their  htuation. 
By  the  fertility  and  fahibnous  quality 
of  the  air  and  foil — by  the  no  leis 
ufeful  than  beautiful  variegation  of 
hill  and  dale — it  feems  as  if  naiure 
defigned  that  this  luxuriant  fpot  fhould 
terminate  the  mod  unbounded  wiflies 
of  her  civilized  fons. 

Having  foil  and  climate  fuited  to 
the  various  produftions  of  prolific  na- 
ture, it  muU  be  iinpuied  to  that  rov- 
ing enterprifing  fpirit,  which  charac- 
terizes man,  that  the  inhabitants  of 
this  country  (lioiild  engage  in  exten- 
five  coaunerce.  Whenever  a  coun- 
try lias  grown  fo  populous,  or  the  foil 
fo  barren,  that  agriculiiire  cannot  fa- 
tisfy  her  needy  children,  then,  and 
then  only  fhould  commerce  be  en- 
couraged. The  reafuns  are  obvious — 
the  profperity  of  a  nation  depends 
upon  the  internal  peace  and  content- 
ment of  its  inhabitants.  A  free  in- 
tercourfe  with  foreign  nations  begets 
diflipation,  the  greateft  bane  of  a 
community  ;  it  introduces  a  different 
train  of  thought  among  the  com- 
monality. They  foon  look  with  con- 
tempt upon  thofe  employments,  which, 
heretofore  were  the  fources  of  fub- 
fillcnce  and  contentment.  They  now 
leave  their  patrimonial  and  houfhold 
gods,  the  fure  protef  tors  of  their  hap- 
pinefs ;  and,  not  for  a  moment,  in 
difliparion  and  extravagance,  depen- 
dent for  the  trappings  of  iheir  new 
Iphere,  they  alienate  ihcir  patrimony, 
and  become  the  ready  tools  of  ambi- 
tion and  faftion. 

Thefe  obfervations  very  naturally 
arlfe,  upon  a  view  of  the  prefent  fi- 
tuation  of  the  American  police ,  but 
more  particularly  of  the  Uate  of  ihis 
commonwealth*.  That  our  embar- 
raffments  are  principally  occafioned 
by  the  negleft  of  agriculture,  and  an 
application  to  an  ill-judged  commerce, 
is  a  truih,  which  may  eafily  be  de- 
monftrated.  For  many  years,  while 
commerce  was  prt^hiblted,  the  Ame- 
ricans made  great  proficiency  in  agri- 
culnirc  and  manufactures.  While 
jnduflry  walked  hand  in  hand  with 
public  virtue,  our  demands,  though 
many,  were  readily  anfwcrcd.  Peace 
found  our  finances  iov/,  and  our   ma- 

N  O  T  E, 

*  Maffachufetts.. 


nufaflures  imperfeS — a  tade  for  high 
life  and  extravagance  foon  univer- 
fally  prevailed.  The  populace  fond- 
ly imagined,  that  independence  would 
prove  a  Midas,  and  render  unnecef- 
fary  every  future  exeriion.  The  doc- 
trine, fo  flattering  to  indolence,  that 
commodities  could  be  purchafed  nuicli 
cheaper  than  they  could  be  manufac- 
tured, was  univerfally  believed,  "i'he 
farmer,  who  had  confidered  him- 
felf  as  the  moft  important  charader 
in  the  commonwealth,  now  looked 
upon  his  farm  as  an  unnecefTary  in- 
cumbrance. He  allowed  his  fons  to 
take,  as  they  imagined,  a  more  expe- 
ditious and  lels  laborious  nieihcd  of 
acquiring  relpetl  and  opulence.  His 
daughters,  who,  heretofore,  had  orr 
namented  themfclves  with  the  modeft 
workof  iheir  own  hands,  now  aban- 
don their  half-fpun  webs.  The  rich 
dairy  is  borne  away  to  purchafe  gew- 
gaws for  their  empty  heads.  The  in- 
come of  his  ellate,  wiih  which  he 
was  wont  to  pay  his  honeft  debts,  be- 
comes now  too  fcanty  to  difcharge 
his  proportion  of  ihe  public  tax,  At 
length  he  is  obliged  to  mortgage  his 
eilate,  and  becomes  a  noify  advocate 
for  paper  money,  and  a  levelling  att. 

A  landed  interell,  divided  through 
a  whole  community,  while  it  difcards 
luxury,  by  encouraging  induftry,  pre- 
ferves  that  equality  among  the  inhabi- 
tants, which  is  the  only  foundation 
of  a  lafting  republic.  Whatever, 
therefore,  fends  to  lelTen  an  equality 
of  landed  polieifions,  is  repugnant  to 
good  policy  in  a  free  government. 
That  unreftrifted  commerce  will  have 
this  effeti,  is  a  truth  too  obvious  to 
need  demonflration.  If  fimilar  caufes 
will  produce  fiiiiilareffefts, we  may  read 
our  deftiny  in  the  termination  of  the 
Spartan  republic.  For  more  than  500 
years,  while  commerce  was  reftritled, 
the  Spartans  fiouriflied,  and  were  re- 
nowned for  the  exercife  of  every  pub- 
lic and  private  virtue  :  but  when  this 
reftri6hon  was  taken  off,  in  the  days 
of  Lyfandcr,  luxury,  with  its  conco- 
mitant train  of  vices,  poured  in,  like 
a  torrent,  and  wholly  deluged  and  de- 
ftroyed  that  commonwealth. 

Should  another  Lycurgus  arife  to 
regulate  our  commerce,  and  encou- 
rage agriculture  and  mannfattures, 
we  may  yet  be  drawn  back  to  fomc 
point  of  excellence — but  fliould  wc 


94°  DireBicnsfor  tkf  improvement  cf  tke  rifing  generation.         [Sept, 


jrocccii   in  our   prcfent  miflaken  po- 
licy, our  dertiiirtioii  is  as  inevitable, 
as  ihe  decrees  of  Fieaven. 
September,   1787. 


DircBions    for   the   improvement    of 
the  rifing  generation. 

IF  you  are  a  deiceiidaiitof  ihe  mag- 
naict. — but  the  very  fuppohtun 
proves  you  ignorant  of  tiie  word  mag- 
nates— if  your  father  then  is  a  great 
man,  that  is,  has  a  coach,  and  three 
or  four  negro  drivers,  it  will  be  ne- 
cefFaty  for  you  to  attend  to  the  follow- 
ing d.rechons : 

As  you  are  to  inherit  a  large  patri- 
mony ;  or,  to  come  down  to  your  ca- 
pacity, as  you  are  to  have  a  plantation 
left  you — to  blame  your  parents  for 
not  fei'iding  you  to  fcliool,  to  learn  to 
riad  and  write,  would  be  ilie  height 
of  cruelty.  It  proves  you  were  not 
Gcrigned  for  the  drudgery  of  bulinef?  : 
bad  writmg  is  a  mark  of  genteel  cdu- 
canon,  I  might  have  faid  a  charac- 
tcrillic,  but  perhaps  you  would  have 
hurt  your  eyes  in  looking  for  it  in  a 
d:Cnonary. 

At  your  (irft  fetting  out  in  life,  pur- 
chale  a  laige  library — and  as  you  are 
never  to  Ipeiid  a  niomeiu's  time  m  it, 
no  matter  who  the  authors  are,  fo  they 
be  neatly  bound,  gih,  and  lettered. 

It  was  f,  ruierly  necefTary  for  a 
xowng  gentleman  to  be  acquainted 
wiih  the  combat  of  the  duel  ;  but  it 
■fccnis,  the  foft,  feminme,  and  fiiper- 
fine  m.anuers  of  our  modern  men  of 
honour,  were  to  mitiga.'e  the  rigour 
of  ihat  iron,  and  gotlj.-c  cuflom-"  Hrc- 
arrr-:,  and  edge-tools  are  incompatible 
wiili  modern  rehuemenf.  'Iheloul, 
funk  into  womaiiifh  foftnefs,  recoils 
ai  the  elevai'on  of  a  piliol  ;  aiid  (as 
Virgil  favs)  "  Itartlrs  back  at  diilruc- 
tion."  But.  notwithllanduig  the  du- 
el is  totally  abolilhed,  the  challenge 
has  guiiud  ground — lonie  direftions 
en  ihis  head  may  be  necclTary. 

As  you  are  riever  to  fight,  the  more 
infolent  the  challenge,  the  better: 
\f\  it  be  couched  in  the  Urong  laconic 
diction — "  thou  vdlain  !  meet  me  be- 
liind."  &C..&C.  &c.  *  Puley,  ver- 
fus  Johnfon,  as  recorded  in  the  Ma- 
ryland  Gazette,     may    be   extrutted 

NOTE. 

*  Two  journejmeii  barbers. 


verbatim.  Let  your  challenge  be  legi- 
ble. Many,  by  foohlhly  conne£ting 
the  idea  of  lighting,  with  a  challenge, 
have  inoft  egregioully  failed  in  this  ef- 
fentlal  point — their  phyfiognoniy  has 
been  ddlorted — a  tremor  has  pervaded 
the  fyflem — with  a  conatus  to  run  oil" 
through  the  thumb  and  fingers,  the 
nuit  ons  of  the  pen  become  zig-zag, 
and  the  champion,  for  awhile,  yields 
to  the  defultory  movements  of  a  St, 
Anthony's  dance. 

If  this  foolifh  timidity  fliould  get 
the  better  of  you  for  a  momeni — ral- 
ly, call  up  all  the  auxiliaries  of  cho- 
ler.  fpleen,  and  refentment ;  your 
challenge  will  then  be  rank,  '*  it  will 
fmell  to  heaven," 

Some  barbarous  Goth,  unacquaint- 
ed with  the  modern  improvements  of 
fatisfying  injured  honour,  at  receiv- 
ing or  giving  a  challenge,  may,  per- 
haps, infiit  on  going  to  the  field  of 
Mars — if  fo,  go  out  ;  it  cannot  be 
fuppofcd  your  feconds  will  be  barba- 
rian?, for,  in  general,  their  conduft 
and  regulations  have  been  favourable 
to  humanity.  This  ceremony  over, 
honour  and  reputation  are  no  longer 
in  the  lurch  ;  the  tumult  of  fear  fub- 
fideSj  every  emotion  is  of  the  generous 
kind,  you  will  embrace  the  antagoniil 
who  has  deflowered  your  filler,  and 
drown  rancor  in  the  {lowing  bumper. 

As  a  member  of  refined  fociety, 
you  will  mingle  in  female  company  ; 
didathc — but  you  know  nothing  of 
Greek — dry  rules  fall  very  Ihort  of 
life  ;  as  Chellerfield  fays,  lludy  the 
bell  living  models.  There  are  many 
exemplarsof  fine  young  fellows,  whom 
you  mull  imitate.  The  ancients  had 
a  foolilh  Hory,  that  Venus  carried  on 
an  amour  with  Mars,  the  warrior, 
and  was  once  detetkd  with  him  in  a 
dark  grove;  never  credit  fuch  idle 
tales.  Depend  upon  it,  the  nearer  a 
man  aflimilates  himfelfto  female  man- 
ners, capacity,  and  foftnels,  the  more 
acceptable  ;  on  no  other  principles  can 
we  account  for  the  eileminacy,  Icpi- 
dity,  and  languid  laffitude  of  our  mo- 
dern beaux. 

Let  your  drefs  be  firiLllv  Anglic  ; 
the  circumflances,  form  of  govern- 
ment, and  profperity  of  your  coun- 
try, require  the  llricteft  imitation.  It 
will  prove,  that  every  Ipark  of  pre- 
judice and  fah"e  patnotifm  was  buried 
wjldi  the  ciofiiig  of  your  wounds. 


1789.]      Reviewers'  opinion  of  dr.  Smith" s  cjfdy  on  conpicxion,  &c.         241 


Your  converfation  in  the  female 
circle  is  finiple,  and  coniifls  of  a  few 
tender  phrafes  eaiily  commuted  to 
memory.  The  follow mg  ingenious 
table  is  taken  from  the  memorandum 
book  of  a  celebrated  beau  of  the  pre- 
feiit  age — commit  it  to  memory. 
An  object  of  approbation  is 
fDeatific, 

I  captivating, 
tranfporting, 
n  )  divine, 

monftrous^  coelellial, 
angelic, 
feraphic, 
^cherubic. 
An  objeft  or  difapprobatlonis 

n  ^odious, 

moriitrous  <      1       ' 

t.n,?iy» 

Mondroiis,  being  a  good-natured 
kind  of  a  diiryllabh,  will  help  you 
out  on  every  occalion  ;  and  monllroiis 
pretty,  and  monltrous  ugly,  conform 
as  llnttly  to  logic,  as  grammar. 

As  you  are  a  man  of  property,  you 
mull  reprefent  it,  and  get  in  member 
of  alFembly.  To  difcharge  this  office 
with  dignuy,  at  particular  times  afib- 
ciate  with  lome  lawyer  or  dotlor,  no 
matter  which,  foyou  get  their /fc/;?7?V.v; 
and  be  careful  to  commit  to  memory 
the  following  energetic  phrafes.  Ener- 
get'C  pliraies  are  lirong  exprelhons, 
and  without  ideas,  have  a  hapy  ettetl 
on  your  audience. 

A  fifpeiifion  of  kepftcorjjus  ;  vul- 
garly, habeas  corpus. 

IVial  by  jury ;  the  palladium  of 
rights. 

Paroxifms  of  expiring  hberty. 

Fit  not  ic  phrenzy. 

The  urie<!uab!e  vibrations  of  a  mob. 

The  inaimodic  convulfions  of  ex- 
piring painotifm. 

We  give  up  art  of  our  rights,  to 
have  the  other  fecured. 

This  one  fentence  omitted  in  any 
political  piece  would  be  an  hiatus  val- 
de  dejlcndus. 

Amor  patricE. 

Dulce  ell  pro  patria  mori. 

The  new  conititution  is  defective — 
but  do  not  attempt  10  point  out  the  de- 
fects.—  Mingle,  interlard,  and  inter- 
fperfe  thefe  at  pri)per  intervals,  in 
your  piece,  and  if  they  do  not  give 
you  the  name  of  patriot,  there  will 
be  a  bathos  of  unmtelligibility  in  it, 
that  v.'ill  confound  the  mod  learned. 

Sin^uliiniy  on  any  fubjcct  is  a  mark 


of  profound  fenfe,  and  deep  penetra- 
tion :  I  would  then  recomuieudoppo- 
fuion  without  referve  ;  if  it  does  no- 
thing elfe,  it  will  make  you  a  dubious 
character,  and  confequently  oftenfible. 
By  the  aid  of  your  riches  1  have 
carried  you  to  the  houfe  of  alfenibjy  ; 
let  us  return  to  domedic  life.  Diver- 
fions  are  rational,  and  a  mark  of  eafy 
fortune.  It  would  be  well  then  to 
import  an  European  bitch,  there  is 
mufic  in  the  very  yell  of  an  imported 
puppy',  our  country- dv)gs  only  bark. 
You  miift  be  a  fportfman,  there  is  an 
hilarity  in  the  very  word  ;  the  idea  t>f 
ifs  being  European  will  amply  atone 
for  the  wane  iif  gime,  and  the  impe- 
n^trablenefs  of  our  forells.  Attend 
flrihly  to  thcle  diredions,  and  if  you 
do  not  make  a  briihant  figure  in  tiie 
prefent  age,  there  is  no  truth  in  reality, 

Revteioers^  opi'uion  of  dr.  Smith's 
efjay  on'  complexion  and  figure''  ; 
with  reviarhs   on  the  fame. 

To  the  1'  R  I  N  T  E  P.  of  the  AM  E  R  i  c  A  JJ 

K  U  3  E  U  M . 

Sir, 
YOU  wll  oblige  fome  of  your 
readers,  by  inferting  tlie  opinion  of 
the  critical  reviewers,  of  London,  on 
dr.  Smith's  elFay,  on  the  caiifts  cf 
the  variety  of  complexion  and  figure 
among  mauk.nil,  and  at  the  lame  nine 
giving  the  +  "o'lowing remark's  a  place 
in  your  Mufeum.  A.  B. 

Reviewers'  opinion. 

AT  d'lTerent  times,  we  have  ghn- 
ced  at  this  fub|ect,  and  have 
felt  great  cmbarrairment,  not  only 
from  us  real  difficulty,  but  from  the 
danger  of  improper  and  undeiervcd 
imputations.  Yet  we  fee  not.  that, 
with  a  liberal  and  candid  mind,  fbe 
danger  can  be  confiderable.  Th» 
Copernican  fyftem  has  advanced  in 
reputation,  and  is  at  lall  eilabb.flied, 
notwithilanding  the  oppofition  which 
the  Mofaic  hiftory  alfords :  and  the 
btil  divines  allow,  that  the  Scrip- 
tures were  certainly  not  dcfigned  to 
teach  us  a  fyftem  of  philolophy.     In 

NOTES. 

*  See  American  Mufeum,  p.  30, 
123,   181. 

+  The  remarks  are  at  the  end  of 
this  piece. 


Rcvicwer%*  opinion  of  dr.  Smith's  tjfay 


S4S. 

the  pdpnlation  of  the  world,  this  ar- 
guiuent  has  additional  force.  Mofes 
relites  the  hillory  of  one  family,  and 
K)f  one  race,  evidently  with  a  dcfign 
of  eftablilhing  the  genealogy  of  the 
Jews,  and,  eventually,  thatof  Chnft. 
The  language  there  ennployed,  '  of 
the  whole  world,'  is  the  fame  with 
lh.1t  ufed  in  other  pari<!  of  Scripture, 
where  a  limited  portion  is  only 
nieant;  and  the  whole  race  of  man- 
kind is  that  race  which  is  to  form  the 
peculiarly  favoured  nation  of  God. 
If,  indeed,  this  view  of  the  queftion 
vva-i  not  perfetily  clear,  the  allufions 
of  different  parts  of  Scripture  might 
be  adduced.  There  were  giants, 
fays  Mofes,  on  the  earth  in  thofe 
days;  and  another  rzce.  is  evidently 
alluded  to,  when  he  fpeaks  of  the 
fons  of  Gi>d  going  in  to  the  daughters 
of  men.  If  this  then  v;as  the  cafe 
previous  to  the  deluge,  and  only  hint- 
ed at  incidentally,  we  may  well  fup- 
pofe  that  it  may  be  the  cafe  in  a  fub- 
fequent  period,  though  not  particu- 
larly pointed  out;  and  if  wuh  fome 
authors,  we  fuppofe  the  deluge  par- 
tial, it  will  appear  more  decifive.  It 
is  enough  for  our  purpofe,  however, 
to  obferve,  that  in  examining  this 
«lueftion,  we  mean  not  wilfully  to 
oppofe  the  infpired  writers  ;  but  con- 
fidering  it  as  a  philofophical  one,  we 
Ihall  give  the  arguments  which  arife 
from  a  careful  view  of  the  different 
facts. 

After  this  apology,  we  may  venture 
to  fay  that  dr.  Smith's  effay,  in  which 
he  endeavours  to  fliow  that  the  human 
race  fpriing  from  one  pair,  is  extremely 
vague  and  inaccurate  ;  that  it  is  far  from 
proving  the  principle  which  he  wilhes 
to  eftablifli.  It  is,  in  other  refpetls, 
exceptionable;  for,  to  an  unrealbn- 
able  diifufenefs,  it  adds  no  little  con- 
fufion.  A  philofopher,  in  difcuf- 
fing  this  fubjeft,  would  have  exa- 
mined the  various  figures  and  com- 
plexions of  mankind.  He  would 
have  dillingnilhed  what  was  decidedly 
the  effeMs  of  climate  and  habit  ;  for 
murh  variety  is  owing  to  ihefe  caufes, 
from  what  is  more  permanent,  and 
conCeqiently  ought  to  be  the  fubjeft 
of  his  inveliigation.  Inflead  of  pur- 
r.;;ng  this  method,  he  takes  at  one 
view  all  the  varieties,  and  v/hen  he 
his  proved  fome  of  thefe  to  He  the 
ehetts  of  heat  or   cold,  or  differe«t 


[Sept» 


cufloms,  he  thinks  that  he  has,  with 
equal  certainty,  demonftrated  the  reft 
to  be  of  the  fame  kind.  So  loofe 
and  inclulive  is  his  reafoning,  that 
he  has  never  enquired  what  really 
coiiHiiutes  a  different  fpecies  :  in  bo- 
tany it  is  preferving  the  general  and 
ellential  characters  in  changes  of  fitu- 
aiion,  and  lofing,  in  time,  the  acci- 
dental differences,  which  climate  and 
culture  have  produced.  In  animals, 
where  the  diflindion  ought  to  have 
begnn,  it  has  b'en  negleBed.  If  the 
production  of  a  fertile  offspring  be  the 
criterion  of  the  famenefs  of  the  fpe- 
cies, men  are  undoubtedly  the  fame 
fpecies.  But  this  diftindion  is  found 
to  be  fallacious,  particularly  in  do- 
niedicated  animals ;  and,  if  carefully 
examined,  we  (hall  fee  that,  in  zoolo- 
gy, the  fpecies  are  not,  in  reality, 
aicerfained  with  accuracy.  We  muft 
then,  at  laft,  refer  to  the  botanical 
diftinftion. 

Another  caufe  of  inaccuracy,  in 
our  author,  is  a  very  ind("fiiiite  ufe  of 
terms.  We  have  '  dark,  fwarthy,  and 
black,'  ufed  with  little  difcnmination^ 
There  are  three  colours  which  didin- 
guifh  three  different  races  of  men  ; 
the  fairfanguine  European  ;  the  ffiin- 
ing  jetty  Negro,  and  the  duller  cop- 
per-coloured American.  To  thefe 
all  the  varieties  mufl  be  referred  ; 
and  if  an  author  can  prove  that  cli- 
mate will  bring  an  unmixed  race  of 
Americans  in  Europe  to  a  fair  com- 
plexion, or  in  Africa  to  the  jetty 
black,  he  will  have,  in  one  part,  ob- 
tained his  end.  He  muft  otherwife 
fail.  If,  indeed,  he  proves  fo  much, 
more  remains  behind.  The  face  of 
the  African  and  American  differ  as 
much  as  their  colour  ;  and  both  differ 
from  the  German  of  Tacitus,  whom 
we  chufe  as  our  ftandard  of  the  Euro- 
pean, becaufe  of  the  fimilarity  in  the 
refpeflive  flaies  of  civilization.  He 
will  not,  even  then,  have  finiffied 
his  work.  The  Huns,  the  Tartars, 
and  the  Greeks,  differ  ftill  more  from 
each  other,  What  climate  gives  the 
two  former  their  peculiarity  ?  What 
manners  produce  fuch  a  ftriking  dif- 
ference on  the  two  latter  ?  The  Tar- 
tars, whom  we  have  put  between,  by 
defign,  have  inhabited  climates  as 
cold  as  thofe  of  the  Huns,  and  a« 
warm  as  thofe  of  the  Greeks  ;  yet 
they  have  always  differed.     As  we 


,789.] 


en  complexion  and  figure. 


have  pointed  out  what  doBor  Smith 
Ihould  have  done,  let  us  now  fee 
what  he  has  done. 

In  the  beginning  he  neglefls  medical 
differences  ;  we  fuppofe  he  nneans  ana- 
tomical ones  J  for  he  is  very  diffiifeon 
the  fubjeft  of  the  bile,  which  is  for- 
tunately of  great  fervice  to  him,  be- 
caufe  it  is  yellow,  and  becaufe  it  may 
become  black.  If,  however,  he  had 
proceeded  to  anatomical  difterences, 
he  would  have  found  the  membrane 
immediately  under  the  fkarf  (kin,  black 
in  the  negro  ;  he  would  have  found  it 
tawny  when  he  was  juft  born,  and 
daily  grow  blacker  before  the  bile  had 
any  colour.  He  would  have  found 
it  in  the  American,  of  a  copper  co- 
lour ;  and,  in  the  European,  of  a  red- 
difh  white.  He  would  have  found 
an  original  difference  in  the  (hape  of 
the  Ikull  and  legs  ;  a  difference  in  the 
treatment  of  difeafes,  and  the  effefts 
of  medicines. 

He  alleges,  with  juftice,  that  the 
fkin  is  changed,  though  the  bile  be  not 
afteOed  ;  and  it  is  certainly  true,  that 
heat  of  climate  blackens  the  hair, 
without  atferting  the  conflitution  in 
general.  It  blackens  alfo  the  com- 
plexion ;  agreed  :  but  the  fwarihy 
Spaniard  is  as  diftant  in  colour  from 
the  Negro,  though  perhaps  of  Moorifli 
race,  as  the  Highlander;  for  a  dirty 
brown  is  extremely  diftant  from  a  jet- 
ty black.  Our  author's  whole  rea- 
foning  proves  no  more.  The  curly 
'hair  is  a  very  important  difference. 
If  our  author  had  examined  it,  he 
would  have  found  it  proceed  from  the 
tortuofity  of  the  pores  through  which 
it  proceeds.  He  has  ftruggled  with 
thisdifflculty  as  much  as  the  hair  feems 
to  do  for  its  growth.  The  Malays, 
in  hot  climates,  have  curly  hair;  and 
the  blacks,  in  temperate  ones,  lofe 
the  di{lin£lion.  This  is  true,  in  fome 
meafure ;  but  the  moft  curly  hair  of 
the  Malay  is  much  (trailer  than  the 
longeit  hair  of  the  Negro.  Our  rea- 
ders will  fmile  when  dr.  Smith,  after 
much  labour,  comes  to  tell  us,  that, 
in  confequence  of  a  continuation  for 
fome  ages  in  a  temperate  climate,  the 
Negro  has  aftually  had  a  queue  from 
five  to  fix  inches  long.  The  Malay, 
in  a  hotter  climate  than  this  third  race 
of  Negroes  m  America,  have,  in  no 
inflance.  where  it  is  allowed  to  grow, 
hair  10  fcort. 


243 

The  effcfis  of  heat  ar,d  cold,  on  the 
forms  of  the  bodies,  is  explamed  with 
ftill  lefs  fuccefs.  In  the  48th  degree 
of  latitude,  we  are  affiired,  that  the 
poftenty  of  Chinefe  families  have  be- 
come perfeft  Tartars.  We  know  that, 
in  the  Well  India  iflands,  the  fourth 
race  from  a  Negro  woman  is  alnioH  an 
European  ;  and  from  the  fame  caufe. 
Weak  mult  be  the  argument  that 
wants  fuch  fupport.  We  cannot  give 
a  better  fpecimen  of  our  author's  rca- 
fonmg  than  the  following. 

"  The  principal  peculiarities  that 
may  require  a  farther  illuitration  are 
the  fmallnefs  of  the  nofe,  and  depref- 
fion  of  the  middle  of  the  face  ;  the 
prominence  of  the  forehead,  and  the 
extreme  weaknefs  of  the  eyes, 

"  The  middle  of  the  face  is  thit 
part  which  is  moft  expofed  to  the 
cold,  and  confequently  fufters  moil 
from  its  power  of  contrattion.  It 
firft  meets  the  wind,  and  it  is  farthed 
removed  from  the  feat  of  warmth  in 
the  head.  But  a  circumRance  cf 
equal,  or,  perhaps,  of  greater  impor- 
tance on  this  lubjecl,  is  that  the  in- 
habitants of  frozen  climates  naturallv 
drawing  their  breath  more  through 
the  nofe  than  through  the  mouth, 
thereby  direft  tTie  greatcll  impulfe  or 
(he  air  on  that  feature,  and  the  parts 
adjacent.  Such  a  continual  Itreamof 
air  augments  the  cold,  and  by  increaf- 
ing  the  contraction  of  the  parts,  re- 
ft rains  the  freedom  of  their  growth. 

"  Hence,  likewife,  willanfe  anesfy 
folutron  of  the  next  peculiarity,  the 
prominence  of  the  forehead.  The 
Iiiperior  warmth  and  force  of  life  in 
the  brain  that  fills  the  upper  part  of 
the  head,  will  naturally  increafe  its 
fize,  and  make  it  overhang  the  con- 
tracted parts  below." 

Yet,  on  this  fubjefl,  his  foundation 
is  fecure,  for  he  is  only  explaining  the 
differences  of,  confcffedly,  the  fame 
race  in  different  climates.  It  is,  how- 
ever, impolhble  to  accumulate  mors 
falfe  phyfiology,  or  more  erroneous 
fatl';,  in  a  fimilar  fpace.  If  he  looks 
at  the  Laplanders  and  the  Efquimaux, 
the  defcription  will  be  fmind  not  to 
be  juft.  The  theory  then  mull  of 
courfe  be  erroneou-s. 

Another  caufe  of  apparent  change, 
and  a  very  important  owe,  if  we  look 
at  its  influence,  is  expreffion,  incoa- 
feijuence  of  the  {late  of  fociety. 


«44 


RevitV)crs*  opinion  of  dr.  Smith's  ejfoy 


[Sept, 


".Every  oKjefl  ihat  impicires  the 
fenfes,  ar.d  every  emotion  that  rifes 
in  t!ie  inmd,  aiierts  the  f(:HtLires  of 
the  fiice  the  index  of  our  feelings,  and 
contnbiiies  to  form  the  infinitely  va- 
rious connteiiance  of  man.  Faucity 
of  ideas  creates  a  vacant  and  unmean- 
ing aTpett.  Agreeable  and  ciiltivaied 
"icenes  compofe  the  feamres,  and  ren- 
der tlienr\  regular  and  gay.  Wild, 
and  deforiTied,  and  folitary  forcfls 
tend  to  imprcfs  on  tlie  countenance, 
an  image  of  their  own  rudenefs. 
Great  varieties  are  created  by  diet 
and  modes  of  living,  The  delicacies 
of  refined  life  give  a  foft  and  elegant 
form  to  the  features.  Hard  fare,  and 
condaiit  e.xpolure  to  the  injuries  of 
the  weather,  render  thein  coarfe  and 
uncouth.  The  infinite  attentions  of 
polfhed  fociety  give  variety  and  ex- 
preirion  to  the  face.  The  want  of 
interefting  emotions  leaving  its  mufcles 
lax  and  unexerted,  they  are  fulfered 
to  diliend  themfelves  to  a  larger  and 
gioirer  (ize.  and  acquire  a  foft  un- 
varying ftvell  that  is  not  diflinflly 
tnarked  bv  any  idea.  A  general 
iiandard  of  beauty  has  its  cltecl  in 
forming  ilie  human  countenance  and 
figure.  Every  pafTion  and  iiit)de  of 
thinking  has  its  peculiar  expreffion — 
And  all  the  preceding  chantfiers  have 
again  many  varia'ions  according  to 
their  degrees  of  Urength,  according 
to  their  combinations  with  other  prin- 
ciples, and  according  to  the  peculia- 
rities of  cor({itut:on  or  of  climate, 
that  form  the  ground  on  which  the 
diilerent  imprelTions  are  received." 

This  IS,  in  general,  extremely  jull  ; 
but  cxpicfrion  neither  flattens  the 
nofe,  raifes  the  forehead,  or  bends 
the  legs  ;  much  lefs  does  it  give  a  va- 
rieiy  to  the  more  internal  conforma- 
tions in  which  the  Negro  differs  from 
the  European.  The  native  Ameri- 
can approaches  nearer  to  us  than  the 
Negro  ;  yet  let  us  attend  to  dr.  Smith 
with  ail  the  imprefiions  of  a  pre- 
conceived hypoihefis  on  his  mind. 
He  IS  dcfcribing  an  Indian  youth  at 
the  cc^llege. 

"■'  There  is  an  obvious  difference 
between  him  and  his  fcUow-fludenls 
in  the  f^igenels  of  the  mouth,  and 
fhicl'-.nefs  rf  the  lips,  in  the  elevation 
of  the  cheek,  in  the  darknefs  of  ihe 
complexion,  and  the  contour  of  the 
face.     But  thtie  differences  are  fen- 


r^bly  diminiiliing.  They  feem  the 
fader  to  dimimfh  in  proportion  as 
he  lofcs  that  vacancy  of  eye,  and  that 
lugubrious  wildnefs  of  countenance 
peculiar  to  the  favagc  Hate,  and  ac- 
qiiires  the  agreeable  exprelhon  of  civil 
life.  The  exprelhon  of  the  eye,  and 
the  foftening  of  the  features  lo  civi- 
lized emotions  and  ideas,  feems  to 
have  removed  more  than  half  the 
difference  between  him  and  us.  His 
colour,  though  it  is  much  lighter 
than  the  complexion  of  the  native  fa- 
vage,  as  is  evident  from  the  ilain  of 
blufhing,  that,  on  a  near  infpeftion, 
is  initantly  difcernible,  flill  forms  the 
principal  diflinclion.  There  is  lefs 
difference  between  his  features  and 
thofe  of  his  fellow-fludents,  than  we 
often  fee  between  perfons  in  civiir/cd 
fociety.  After  a  careful  aueution  to 
each  particular  feature,  and  compari-^ 
fon  of  it  with  the  correfpondent  fea- 
ture in  us,  I  am  now  able  to  difcover 
but  liile  difference.  And  yet  there 
is  an  obvious  diticrence  in  the  whole 
countenance." 

This  llruggle  between  facts  and  the- 
ory is  violent;  but  let  us  extract,  in  a 
few  words,  the  truih.  The  features 
remam,  the  difference  is  in  exprclFion. 
Let  us  inention  another  faft :  where 
the  likenefs  does  not  depend  on  the 
colour  and  the  form  of  the  eye,  the 
rcfcmblance  between  the  features  of 
children  and  their  parents  is  moil  ob- 
vious when  afleep  ;  and,  in  fome  in- 
fiances,  it  has  appeared  ffriking  in  the 
dead  body,  though  not  obfervable  in 
life.  There  is  undoubtedly  a  caiile  of 
general  rcfemblance,  which  may  be 
attributed  to  our  tendency  to  imita- 
tion. Frequent  iniercourfe  will  give  a 
general  fimilarity  :  this  fart  our  author 
has  made  the  mofl  of;  but  he  allows 
that  it  neiiher  changes  th  fliape  of  the 
nofe  or  lips  of  an  African  ;  and  we 
can  allow,  in  turn,  that  it  changes 
the  expreifion  fo  much,  that  a  nofe 
and  lips,  t^ll  they  are  examined,  will 
almoft  feem  changed. 

The  efletls  of  civilization,  and  the 
melioration,  if  the  word  may  be  aU 
lowed,  of  (hefppcies,  by  introducing 
into  the  South,  the  fairer  and  more 
fanguine  daughters  of  the  Norfh,  our 
author  has  well  explained.  He  has 
ftiown  too,  wi;h  fufficient  accuracy, 
the  cHeffs  of  hard  living,  fevere  treat- 
ment, filth,  and  cxpofure  to  the  wca- 


^7^9-^ 


»n  complexion  and^gur<> 


H^ 


ther.  We  can  only  fay,  that  thefe 
have  produced  little  etfed  on  his  ar- 
gument ;  for  the  fame  race,  in  better 
Situations,  have  recovered  their  for- 
mer dillmguifliing  marks. 

Dr.  Smith  afterwards  traces  the 
.different  objettions  to  his  fyliem,  and 
allows,  that  in  the  fame  parallels  of 
Jatitude  the  complexion  is  different. 
If  we  examine  the  globe,  we  fliall 
find  a  very  confiderable  diverfity  in 
countries  where  the  heat  and  the  dri- 
jiefs  are  nearly  the  fame.  Let  us  take 
jhe  20th  degree  of  latitude,  which  is 
withn  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  and 
j)aires  dircftly  through  the  kingdom  of 
,the  Negroes.  It  cuts  Nubia,  where 
the  inhabitants  are  not  black  ;  Arabia, 
,aimoil  in  its  widelt  part  :  but  the  Ara- 
bians are  only  fwarthy,  and,  when 
•tranfported  to  more  temperate  climes, 
are  almoli  fair.  It  divides  the  Decan, 
•where  thofe  belt  defended  from  the 
iheat  are  only  brown,  and  the  poorer 
fort  of  a  darkiili  hue,  very  ditierent 
i(om  black  ;  paffes  through  Siam  and 
China  ;  the  northern  part  of  Owhy- 
hee  :  the  kingdom  of  Mexico;  and 
«he  foiithwellern  end  of  Cuba.  In 
this  vad  extent,  we  meet  often  with 
as  great  heat,  nearly  as  much  drought, 
■but  with  a  race  ot  beings  as  diihmilar 
as  can  be  i'uppofed.  In  the  more  fou- 
thern  regions,  we  meet  with  greater 
'heat  and  Icfs  moilhire,  but  people  dif- 
fering greatly  from  the  Negroes,  whofe 
yeciiliarily  is  attributed  to  thefe  caufes 
alone,  it  is  contended,  that  in  Bor- 
reo  we  meet  v;ith  a  race  of  Negroes. 
if  this  be  true,  we  admit  the  whole 
fyllem.  From  all  we  have  heard,  from 
all  we  have  feen  or  read,  the  native 
inhabitants  are  very  different.  Their 
•{kin  is,  indeed,  a  fiiining  olive  ;  but 
their  nofes  are  not  flat,  their  fore- 
heads not  raifed,  and  their  lips  often 
thin.  The  Aborigines  muft  not  be 
confouiKled  with  the  Malays  on  the 
.-coall,  who  are  of  a  blacker  hue, 
though  far  diflant  from  the  Negro 
race. 

Dr.  Smith  concludes  with  fomere- 
.marks  and  ftriftiires  on  that  part  of 
rloid  Kaims's  '  Sketchesof  the  Hiflo- 
of  Man,'  where  he  contends  that  there 
is  more  than  one  race.  The  charge  of 
inhdehty  is  pretty  liberally  fcattered. 
Lord  Kaims's  religious  fentimentsare 
,iioi  now  at  iffue,  and  we  think  too, 
that   he    has  defended  this  argument 

VftL.  VI.   No.  Ill, 


weakly.  Our  author,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  not  always  candid  or  juU  m 
his  11  natures. 

Dr.  Smith  may,  in  his  turn,  afk 
how  many  fpecies  of  men  there  are  P 
We  dare  not  anlwer  this  (jucUion  ; 
for  our  knowledge  is  not  yet  lulhcient- 
ly  extenfive.  From  the  propofed  ex 
pedition  to  explore  the  inland  pav's  of 
Africa,  an  expedition  formerly  (iiought 
of,  and  almoil  on  the  point  of  being 
carried  into  execution,  we  mav  expect 
much  information  on  this  fubje^t.  At 
prefent,  we  can  perceive  only,  vvith 
fome  clearnefs,  the  European  o-f  Ta- 
citus, the  Negro,  the  Hun,  and  'he 
American,  i  he  Chinefe,  the  Hin- 
doo, or  the  Malay,  may  have  de- 
fcended  from  the  Itock  of  Eiirope?.ns^ 
and  may  have  produced  the  Ameri- 
cans :  we  (peak  only  oi  v^hai  is  prei,- 
ty  clearly  defined  ;  though,  if  the  lat- 
ter fuggellions  be  admitted,  the  Ult 
muft  be  excluded  from  the  rank  of  f 
diftinct  fpecies.  M^e  have  not  men- 
tioned the  Alblnoes,  who  are  evident- 
ly a  degeneraied  race  :  we  have  not 
made  anv  remarks  on  the  fiippofcd 
change  of  colour  in  the  Jews  in  Abv^"- 
,finia,bef  dufe  it  is  not  yet  afceriaincd. 

The  Englilh  editor  has  added  notes 
to  this  elfay,  which  fhew  hini  to  be 
poireffed  of  no  inconfide'able  know- 
ledge. He  agrees,  however,  almotl 
entirely  with  dr.  Smith,  whole  opi- 
nions he  fometimes  explains,  anc  ^ofr 
ten  endeavours  to  confirm. 

We  muli  not  leave  this  enquiry^ 
without  remarking,  that  whatever  con- 
clufion  we  form  of  the  diH  inft  fpecies, 
it  ought  not  to  affett  the  work  of  hu- 
manity in  fecnring  a  better  treatment 
to  the  Negroes.  If  they  are  found  to 
be  of  a  different  fpecies,  they  are  ft  ill 
men  ;  and  if  it  appears  that  our  own 
rank  in  the  creation  is  the  fuperior 
one,  it  fhould  only  fuggeft  that  mercy 
and  compadion  which  we  hope  for  from 
beings  infinitely  fuperior  to  ourfelves. 
At  any  rate,  a  work  of  benevolence 
and  importance  ought  not,  in  the 
flightett  degree,  to  be  influenced  by  a 
fpeculative  queftion — by  a  queftion 
which  it  is  poihble  will  never  be  de- 
cided. 

Remarks  on  the  preceding  piece, 

I    Have   read    the  obfervations  of 
two  fets  of  the  reviewers  in  England, 
on  dr.  Smith's  effav.  on,  the  cavj'e>,  of 
I  i 


ei6 


finaai 


the  Re 


opinion 


Sc  ^Member, 


the  x-tnitty  o/'  compUxion  andjif^ure 
atnong  mankind.  The  monthly  re- 
zuewcrs  fpeak  of  lh;tt  e(iay  with  ap- 
piiibation.  The  c'itical  reviewers  on 
the  other  hand,  who  generally  make 
it  a  point,  if  poliible,  to  differ  from 
ihc  monthly,  conde'nn  the  llnirture, 
the  philofophy,  and  the  U.le  of  the 
elfay.  The  ilile  *thcy  fay  is  dHufive, 
the  philofophy  not  fuHlciently  fup- 
poricd  by  fatts,  or  well  enough  rca- 
ibned  ;  and  the  llrutture  not  icienti- 
fic.  'i'hey  have,  however,  done  the 
elTay.  {hort  as  :f  is,  the  honour  of  a 
vci;.  Ion?,  aiidiaboiired  cnlicifin.  and 
have  iit^'WflBB  t(^  rcafon  on  the  up- 
po/ite  li,';^  the  q-U'ilion,  whtch,  I 
make  no  doubt,  will,  with  every  in- 
telliiJent  j>erlon,  who  tliail  carefully 
read  both,  be  much  in  favour  of  the 
dotlor's  peiTorniance.  The  g-Mitle- 
man  with  whom  thefc  reviewers  have 
entrulled  the  fabricating  of  this  criti- 
cifm  is  evidently  an  anatorailt,  and 
probably  not  much  more.  After  apo- 
looi/;ing  to  religion,  for  attackmg  the 
eilay,  they  proceed  to  blame  the  itruc- 
ture  of  It.  They  fay  that  "a  philufo- 
phcr  would  have  exammcd  the  vari- 
ous figures  and  complexions  of  man- 
kind," as  if  this  examination  did  not 
run  thro!i<fh  the  whole  elTay,  But  they 
add,  ''he  iliould  have  diilinguilh.-d 
what  was  decidedly  the  etfeft  cf  cli- 
mate and  iKibit,  from  what  is  more 
psrmancnt" — that  is,  he  (liould  have 
drawii  the  p.ctur?  of  a  man  enfrcly 
free  from  the  modih:aiions  of  every 
climate,  and  upon  whom  all  climates 
aH  to  produce  their  refpeflive  changes. 
Wi:h  their  leave,  that  is  an  abfuidi- 
ty  ;  no  man  exid^  free  from  the  modi- 
fying inlluence  of  fom.:;  climaie — and 
therefore  the  p:tt!ireof  fuch  a  mancar.- 
not  be  drawn.  It  isimpolhble  to  fay, 
at  this  diflance  of  time,  v,;hat  ihe  Hrll 
man  was ;  but  vve  h^ve  a  general  idea  of 
the  animal  man  fulficicnt  for  our  pur- 
pofe  m  this  difculTion,  without  the  a- 
natomical  exadnefs  which  they  re- 
quire ;  and  which,  \\\  this  cafe  is  not 
atiamable.  They  feem  to  require  it  on- 
Iv  bccaufe  it  is  impollible  ;  that  thereby 
the  quelhoii  miy  never  lie  capable  of 
a  decihon,  I  defy  any  amtoinifl,  and 
even  a  rcviewin/r  anatom'U,  to  tell 
the  cxaft  lenqtb,  and  thlckneft,  and 
teniion  of  the  nerves,  the  precife 
Hain  of  (be  membrane  immediately  be- 
low the  fcarf  fkin,  and  other  particu- 


lars of  a  fimibr  kind  that  compofe  the 
general  idea  of  the  human  Ipecies :  or 
which  compofe  that  bodv  upon  which 
all  accidental,  climatical,  or  other 
changes  are  imprefled.  The  dr,  there- 
fore was  pcifectly  nght  in  not  atrempi. 
ing  what  is  in  its  r.aiure  impollible, 
or  at  lea  [I  beyond  the  prefent  mea- 
fure  Oi  human  knowled,;je. 

They  proceed,  ''  fo  loofe  and  in- 
conclufive  is  his  reafoning  that  he  has 
never  enquired  what  really  conllilutes 
a  diiii^rent  fppcics.  And  then  they  lell 
us  how  the  botanilh  have  defined  a 
fpecies,  and  what  attempts  have  been 
made  to  define  a  fpecies  among  ani- 
mals. They  acknowledge  that  the 
true  diRiiiction  of  a  fpecies  among 
animals  has  never  been  given,  altho' 
they  blame  the  writer  of  the  eilay  for 
not  doing  it,  and  what  is  more,  for 
not  makng  it  the  foundation  of  all  his 
following  reafoning.  Such  a  definition 
v.'ould  neccffanly  have  been  attended 
v.'ithfo  much  uncertainty,  that  no  pre- 
cife  or  certain  philofophy  could  have 
been  built  upon  it.  In  this  inflance 
at  lead  the  dottor  has  diicovered  hini- 
lelf  to  be  a  better  philofopher  than 
his  reviewers.  They  prefume,  after 
ftrug^ling  with  (he  difhculty  of  fpe- 
cies, and  coiifedii'g  that  "in  zoology, 
the  fpecies  are  not  in  reabty  afcertain- 
ed  wuh  accuracy"  to  (ay  that  he 
ought  to  hive  adopted  the  botanical 
dclinition  of  a  ddlinci  fpecies.  "  It 
is,  fay  they,  preferving  the  general 
and  cffential  characters  m  changes  of 
liuianon,  and  lofing  in  time  the  acci- 
dental d:iierei)ces  which  climate  and 
culture  have  produced,"  Now  this 
definition  requires  us  to  afccrtain 
what  are  ihe  general  and  eflential 
charatiers  of  the  human  fpecies. 
Thcfe  are  not  perfeftly  agreed  upon 
by  anatoinifls,  nor  by  reviewers  jhem- 
felves — but  wlienevcr  they  will  be 
good  enough  !o  agree,  and  point  ihetn 
out,  I  will  undertake  to  fhow  from 
the  elfiy.  to  any  fair  and  phlofophic 
reafoncr,  that  rbe  general  and  eUcnti- 
al  chara(;lers  nf  human  nature  are  pre- 
fervcd  in  all  ( hanges  of  fituation, 
and  that  it  lofes,  in  time,  njcidental 
differences  which  rbmaie  and  fociety 
have  produced.  '*  Another  raufe  of 
inacciir;irv,  fay  ihey,  is  a  very  inde- 
finite life  of  term?.  We  have  dark, 
Iwarthy,  and  black,  uicd  with  liiile 
difcrimination."  I'his  is  palpable  \ivi- 


J  7%-] 


of  di\  Suiii/t'i  cjfay  on  fgnre  and  coinplexion. 


reprefenfaticn — where,  \\\  the  whole 
eday  do  they  find  black  confounded 
viih  the  da.k  and  iwarihy  ?  on  the 
oihcr  hand,  it' they  were  not  fo  much 
biaffed  by  an  opjnjhie  iylieni  as  to  lufe 
bo,h  attention  and  candour,  they 
would  have  found  die  gradation  of 
colour  from  the  {-^.w  and  lunguine, 
marked  by  d  irk,  fwdiihy,  ohye,  cop- 
per, the  Abifiinian  biick,  and  the  jet 
Llack  of  Guinea. 

But  iei  the  reader  o.ainuie  their  cri- 
ticifn,  in  thai  part  of  it  where  they 
meniion  the  diHcrent  complexions  un- 
der the  20th  degree  of  latitude,  and 
then  iuil^^e  who  is  };uiliy  ot  an  indeS- 
iilie  ufe  of  term';.  '1  h;s  degree, 
they  lay,  '"  cms  Araba  alm-nl  m  us 
v'idcil  part  ;  but  ihe  Arabians  are  on- 
ly fwarihy."  Pray  what  do  they 
mean  by  fwarthy  ?  The  good  geniie- 
men  are  ciiher  ignorant,  or  difuoneil. 
I'he  northern  Arabians  are  indeed 
fwarthy,  as  dr.  Smith  evidently  un- 
derUauds  that  term.  But  the  fou- 
thcrn  Arabians  are  as  black  as  the 
Abifiinians  ;  that  is,  thcv  are  charac- 
lerifed  by  the  intermediate  grade  of 
colour,  between  the  copper,  and  the 
jet  black.  But  thev,  with  obvious  du- 
plicity, or  want  of  information,  range 
the  whole  country  under  one  colour. 
They  proceed  to  fay,  '*  it  divides  the 
Decan,  where  ihofe  bell  delended 
from  the  heat  are  only  brown,  an<J 
the  poorer  fort,  of  a  darkilh  hue, 
very  diiterent  from  black.  What  do 
they  mean  by  a  brow;^,  and  a  darkiih 
hue  ?  The  latter  term  is  certainly  much 
more  indefinite  than  anv  m  the  clFay. 
Befides,  in  any  wav  in  which  the 
terms  can  be  nnderftocJ,  their  re- 
mark is  totally  falfe;  uud,  if  it  does 
not  proceed  from  great  ignorance, 
muft  from  a  much  more  difhonourable 
caufe.  The  moft  intelligent  travel- 
lers inform  us,  that  the  poorer  clafs 
of  people  are  as  black  as  the  Nubi- 
ans, and  much  darker  than  our  North 
American  Indians — and  I  have  fceH 
fix  of  them  in  this  country,  whole 
colour  verified  ihefe  relations.  They 
add — which,  however,  is  not  imme- 
diately conne^led  with  the  indefinite 
ufe  of  terms,  but  is  with  the  general 
argument, — "  It  is  contended  that, 
in  Borneo,  we  meet  with  a  race  of 
Negroes — If  this  be  true,  we  admit 
the  whole  fy.lem."  Then  1  fay  the 
whole  fyilcni  ought  to  be  admitted  ; 
-'I 


247 

for  we  have  the  hef!  e\idericc  that  the 
Borncans  are  juli  I'uch  as  dr.  Smiih  has 
deicnhed  their — Not  fo  blatk  as  the 
inhabiiaiiis  ol  Guinca,bu(  fully  as  black 
as  thofe  of  Nubia:  and  their  hair  is 
fhort  and  cnrled.  Buij-'iheAbori-zincs, 
they  lay,  mult  not  be  confounded 
with  the  Malaxs  on  the  coaitj  who 
are  of  a  blacker  hue."'  \'ery  r.,i;ht, 
and  agreeable  ;o  ihe  principles  of  the 
effay.  Iflandcrs  are  never  fo  dark  as 
continentals,  in  the  fame  latitude  •, 
nor  the  inhabitants  of  mountains,  fo 
dark  as  thcle  of  low  Lnds.  The 
ceniie  of  Borneo  is  a  hi.nh  mouniaiu- 
cus  country  :  and  if  all  ihc  inhabitants 
of  the  ifl^nd  were  AborigiuL'..  the 
nioun'aineers  would  be  Icfs  highly  co- 
loured than  the  low- landers. 

'1  hey  mention  the  (Inking  diffeten- 
ces  that  exiil  beiween  the  iiuns,  the 
Tartars,  and  the  Greeks;  and  alk, 
'•  what  climare  gives  the  two  former 
their  peculiarity  ?  Whai  manncrs])ro- 
duce  liich  a  finking  d.fference  en  the 
two  latter?"  Such  queflions  might 
be  afked  a  tnouland  tunes,  after  they 
b.ad  been  as  of;en  folved,  (o  prej;dic- 
ed  or  carelefs  readers.  Ihofe  who 
read  the  cllay  w'lth  attention  and  dif- 
cernment,  will  find  thefe  queilions 
reioUed,  and  a  fatisfactory  reply 
made,  to  feveral  of  their  renia;i;s,  in 
this  part  of  their  cruicifms. 

After  pointing  out  "what  dr.  Smiih 
lliould  have  done,  they  come  to  thcw 
Avhat  he  has  done."  They  complain 
of  his  diffufenefi  on  the  fubjett  Qi  the 
bile,  becaule  it  was  '"  fortunately  of 
great  fcrvice  to  hnn:"  and  ihen  fay, 
"  if  however,  he  had  proceeded  to 
anatomical  dificrences,  he  would  have 
found  the  membiane,  immediately  un- 
der the  fcarf  Ikm,  black  in  the  Ne- 
gro ;  he  would  have  found  it  tawny, 
when  he  was  jufl  born,  and  daily 
grow  blacker,  before  the  bile  had  any 
colour.  He  would  have  found  it  in 
the  American,  of  a  copper  colour, 
and  in  the  European,  of  a  redd:fli 
white."  Be  it  fo — And  yet  this  fatf, 
if  It  be  a  fact,  does  not  militate  againlt 
the  general  principles  of  the  eflay. 
The  original  caules  of  colour  may 
be  Inch  as  dr.  Smith  has  pointed  out, 
and,  at  Itafl,  plaufibly  eflablifhed.  lie 
has  proved  at  the  fame  time,  nearly 
to  demon!!  ration,  that  the  caules 
wh'oh  atfeti  colour,  produce  fuch  ra  - 
dical  changes   111  the  ccniiitution    as 


"A: 


Remarks  on  the  Reviewers'  opinion,  (Be,  [September'y 


are   commiinicated    to   offspring.      If 
ihey   hnd   the  cellular  membrane  of 
an   Indian,  or   a    Negro,    foniewhat 
(lifculourcd   at   the    birth,    they   will 
hiui  thai  ot  a  brunette  iamily  propor- 
lionably  dilcoloured,   without  militat- 
ing againit  the  idciuity  of  the  human 
race,  or  the  principles  on  which  com- 
plexion has  been  accounted  for.    But 
io  minds,   like  theirs,  already  prepof- 
jlejTed  in  favour  of  a  peculiar  opinion, 
<hc  {Lghtcll  appearances  aiford  an  ar- 
^lurrentj  which    they    are    feldom    at 
pains  lo  examine  with  accuracy,  be- 
I  aitfc  ihey  do  nor  w;{h  to  examine  it, 
U  hcv  lay,  that  m  Tartars  and  Negroes, 
"  the  ibape  of  the  fkull   and  legs   is 
diiferent"'  from  the  fliape  of  the  fame 
members  in  the  whites. — Agreed — it 
is  \o — tho'   not   in   the  decree    which 
they  feem  to  imagine.     And  does  not 
the  effay   acknowledge    it  ?    Does   it 
noi  profefs  to  account  for  the  pheno- 
menon, by  fnowing  that  the  properties 
of    parents   are,    in   a  degree,  always 
tranfmti led  to  their  children  ?  Is   not 
a     confiimpfive     habit     tranfmitted  ? 
Will  not  a  lady  who   has  injured  her 
own  health,   or  ihape,    by   too   tight 
lacing,  often  fliew  the  effects  of  it   in 
her  child?    And    why    may   not  the 
h'jadj  in  time,  be  affetted,  as  well  as 
the  iung';,  or  the  bowels  ?  They  pro- 
ceed with  equal  wifdom  to  fay,  '"  the 
curly  hair  is  a  very    impf.rtant  differ- 
ence.    \^  our  author  had  examined, 
he  would   have  found   it  to    proceed 
from   the  tortuofiiy    of    the     pores, 
through  whicli  it  proceeds.''     If  they 
}r,id  exaiTiined,  would  they  have  found 
all  curled  hair  to  rife  out  of  tortuous 
])orer.  ?   if  fo,  rhight  not  the  tortuofi- 
ty  of  the  pores,   rather  proceed   from 
the    tortuofity     of  the    hair,    or    the 
caiifes  that  produce  it  ?  Will  the  cur- 
vaiute  of  the  root  of  the  hair  neceffa- 
rily    produce   the    curyatuie    of   that 
part  that  is  out  of  the  Ikin  ?  Will  tor- 
Jiious.  pores,   more   than    ftrait  ones, 
neceffarily  check  its  growth,  and  ren- 
der  it    Ihort  and  fparfe  ?  What   be- 
comes of  the  tortuofity  of  the  pores  in 
the  Negroes  of  thiscouniry  whofe  hair 
is  growMig  longer,  thicker,  and  flrait- 
er  '"'  Oh  !  moil  excelleni  philofophers  ! 
']  he  good   gentlemen,  however,    are 
pieafed    to    fmile  only  at  the  doflor's 
Negro   queue    of  fix    inches^    which 
they  fay  has  been  the  growth  of  fome 
slgesj    in-lead  of   three  generations. 


"  The  Malays,   they  add,  in  a  hotter' 
climate  than  this  third  race  of  Negroes 
in   America,    have,   in   no   inf\ance, 
where  it  is  allowed   to  grow,  hair  fo 
Ihort."     That   is  true,    becaufe    the 
climate   of  Afia   in    general  tends  to 
long   hair,  as    that  of  Africa  does  to 
(hort  and  curled  hair.     In  the  Afiatic 
iflands,    therefore,  although    they   lie 
beneath   the    equator,     the    hair  of  a 
Malay   will  never  become  fo  fhort  as 
that  of  a  Negro   on   the  continent  of 
Africa.     But  that  it  becomes  fhorter 
in    the  equatorial     regions,     even    of 
Afia,  than  in  the  peninfulas  of  Ara- 
bia, and  the  two  Indias,  is  a  liriking 
verification   of   the  principles   of  dr. 
Smith's  effay.     The  hair  of  the  Ne- 
groes who  have  been  removed  to  A- 
merica,  although  it  is  growing  longer, 
and    ftraiter,    yet    lengthens     fiowly, 
however,  becaufe,  as  the  effay  jufliy 
obferves,    the   melioration   is   always 
much   lefs   rapid,  than  the  deteriora- 
tion  of  the    human   fpecies.      They 
have,     in   the   next  place,    done  dr. 
Smith  the  honour  to  make  two  pretty 
long    quotations    from    him — one    in 
their  fmiling  humour,  and  the  other 
in  a  more  grave  one.     He  has  reafon 
to  be  very  much  obliged  to  them,  be- 
caufe every  judicious  reader  can  com- 
pare his  flile  and  manner  with  theirs^ 
After    the  former  quotation,  indeed, 
notwiihflanding  the  extreme  good  hu- 
mour in  which  they  made  it,  they  ac- 
knowledge,  that,    "  on  this   fubjetl, 
his  foundation  is  fecure." — But  they 
add,  "  it  is,  however;  impollible  to  ac- 
cumulate   more   falfe   phyhology,    of 
more  erroneous  fatls,  in  fimilar  Ipace. 
If  he  looks  at  the  Laplanders  and  the 
Efquimaux,  the    deftription    will    be 
found  not  to  be  juft."   Of  the  Efqui- 
maux, at   lead,  we  in   America  can 
judge  better  than  they  ;  and  dr.  Smith 
need  be  under  no  apprehenfion  of  not 
being  able  to   prove,    by  the  moft  in- 
dubitable  fafts,    that   the   dcfcriptioii 
he  has  given  of  them  is  charafteriftic 
and  juft.    After  the  fecond  quota!  ion, 
they  acknowledge  the  propriety  of  hi« 
reflexions  ;  but  object  to  thcrn,  "  that 
they  are  not  fufficient  to  account  for 
fome  phenomena,"  which  he  never  in- 
tended to  account  for  by  themt 

They  then  proceed  to  another  quo* 
tation  for  which  he  ought  to  be  equal- 
ly obliged  to  them,  as  for  the  formei'» 
But  leijfhe  well  informed  icadei-  tOiti- 


5 789. J 


Whether  learning  he  advantageous  lo  the  poor. 


249 


pare  his  remarks  with  theirs — I  mean    that  It  has  gone  through  two  editions 
the  remarks  in  the  effay,  which  follow    in    Britain,    and    that    it    has    been 
the  quotation,  and  he   will   be  at  no 
Vofs  in  favour  of  which   he   ought   to 
determine. 

They  have:  traced  a  parallel  of  lati- 
tude, in  the  20th  degree,  round  the 
globe,  and  have  informed  us,  (hat  a 
great  variety  of  complexions  exiil  un- 
der the  fame  line.  1  hey  ought,  alfo, 
to  have  informed  us.  that  the  author 
of  the  ciTay  has  enumerated  all  thofe 


thought  worthy  of  the  annotations  of 
a  philofophcr  of  genius  and  inform- 
ation. 

.«<>"•  <^&<S:  <^  ■•'<>~ 

An  examination  of  the  que/lion,  whe- 
ther the  children  of  the  poor  Piouid 
receive  a  Literary  education  or  not? 

WITHOUT  the  labour  of  the 
poor,  fociety  could    not   lub- 


varieiies,  and  endeavoured  to  account  fill;  the  prince  would  be  left  folitary 
for  them  ;  and  on  the  juilnefs,  and  in  his  palace,  and  the  nch  man  would 
the  found  philofophy  of  thai  account,  peniTi  amidit  the  abundance  of  his 
1  believe  he  may,  with  every  candid  wealth  ;  yet  there  is  no  man  who  would 
and  enlightened  reader,  nfi;  his  lite-  choufe  a  laborious  ftate  ;  nothing  but 
rary  reputation,  necelfity  could  compel  hiin  to  unre- 
They  hope  for  confidcrable  fup-  muting  toil  and  coarfe  fare,  and  no- 
ports  to  their  opinion-,  from  expedi-  thing  but  habit  from  his  earliell  days 
tions  that  are  fhortly  to  be  undertaken  could    reconcile   him  to  It.     Had  he 


into  the  heart  of  Africa.  So  may 
the  Cartefians  refute  the  Newtonian 
philofophy,  by  the  expe^lation  of  fu- 
ture phenomena.  But,  even  at  pre- 
fent,  they  fay   ''  we  can  perceive  with 


ever  known  better  things,  or  had  he 
been  accullomed,  in  the  beginning  of 
lif;:,  to  eafe  and  good  living,  it  would 
have  been  a  cruel  and  infupportable 
change  to  return  from  that  to  a  Hate 


fome  clearnefs"  the  following  diftintl  of  penury  and  hard  labour. 

fpecies   of  men — "  the  European   of  If,  theia,  it  be  abfoluteiy  necelTary 

1  acitus,  the   Negro,   the   Hun,   and  that  there  fhould  be    a  great   propor- 

the    American."     In    a  former  part  tion  of  mankind  deRined to  drudgery, 

of  their  flriftures,  they  had  made  the  in  the  meanell  occupations,  who  mull 

Hun  clearly  dillintl  from  the  Tartar,  fv.'cat   under  heavy  burdens,  and  yet 

But  that  may  have  been  only  a  fmall  be  fatished  with  a  fcanly  morfel,  it  is 

overfight — they  continue — ''  the  Chi-  furcly  an  objeft  of  importance  to  ren- 

nefe,    the    Hindoo,    or  the   Malay,  der  this  (late  as  fupportable  as  we  can 


may  have  defcended  from  the  flock  of 
Europeans,  and  may  have  produced 
the  Americans." — This  is  a  concef- 
fion  I  did  not  expetl.  If  they  may 
have  produced  the  American,  both 
the  tawny  North-Amencan,  and  the 
black  Toupinambo  of  South- Ameri 


make  it.  As  nothing  but  early  habit 
can  render  it  tclcrable,  therefore  to 
give  to  the  meanefl  of  the  people 
an  education  beyond  that  llation  which 
providence  has  aifigned  them,  is  do- 
ing them  a  real  injury.  This  accuf- 
toms  them  to  a   more  eafy  and  corn- 


ea, why  not  the  blacker  Negro  of  fortable  manner  of  living  than  they 
Africa?  If  they  may  have  produced  have  afterwards  the  probability  ofen- 
the  Malay  of  Borneo  with  his  curled  joying,  which  only  ferves  to  render 
hair  and  tortuous  pores,  why  not  the  their  advanced  years  more  unhappy; 
inhabitants  of  Guinea,  or  Monomo-  or  it  tempts  them  to  afpire  to  a  fla- 
tapa,  although  the  tortuofity  be  a  lit-  tion  beyond  what  they  can  ever  rea- 
tle  greater  ?  From  fuch  remarks  as  fonably  hope  to  attain  ;  the  profpefl 
thefe,  dr.  Smith  cannot  poffibly  have  of  which  makes  them  difcontented 
any  thing  to  fear  ;  and  if  the  princi-  with  their  humble  fphere, 
pies  of  his  philofophy  are  fhaken,  it  The  fon  of  a  day  labourer  has  be- 
mufl  be  by  a  very  d-fferent  kind  of  fore  his  eyes  the  example  of  his  father, 
arguments.  They  allow,  in  the  con-  who,  by  perfevering  induflry,  and 
cluhon,  that  the  Englifli  editor  of  dr.  hard  labour,  brings  home  what  isbare- 
Smuh's  effay,  poffeires  no  inconfider-  ly  fuflicient  to  afford  food  and  cloth- 
able  knowledge,  who  has  added  notes  ing  to  his  family.  He  entertains  no 
to  explain   and   confirm  the  doctor's  idea  of  his  having  a  title  to   a   better 


opinions*      It  is   certainly    fomewhat    flation 
;i!  favour  of  the  itieriis  of  that  effavj    fefTcd. 


in  life  than    his    parents  pof- 
He  fees  he  mull  fubmit  to  a 


ft5o 


Account  of  tk:  climate  of  Pcnnfylvania, 


[September, 


like  toil,  or  be  rednccil  to  the  more 
(lefpicable  Hate  of  beggary  or  want  ; 
he,  therefore,  enters  cheerfully  on 
bis  tafk,  and  is  happy  lo  find  em- 
ployment. 

We  may  pity  the  tiate  of  fuch.  but 
v.'c  fcldoai  near  them  complain.  Hav- 
ing never  known  better  things,  they 
arc  contented  Vvith  their  lot.  Tera- 
pciance  and  exercife  renders  a  crull  of 
bread  and  a  cup  of  water  more  deli- 
rious to  their  talle,  than  the  richcil 
i:"a!l  IS  to  a  pampered  appeiiie.  The 
iangue  of  the  day  renders  the  figlit  of 
their  cottage  pl<'afanf,  and  they  lie 
down  lo  a  found  (liep  without  feeling 
the  hardnefs  of  the  hoard  they  reft  on. 

Ihis  manner  of  1  vitig,  which  ha- 
bit lias  rendered  familiar,  is  far  from 
being  fo  unhappy  as  many  are  inclined 
to  think  it.  A  perfoii  who  has  been 
a'.cuRomed  to  live  delicately  would 
foonfjiiit  beneath  that  toil,  which  to 
ihem  is  little  more  than  a  recreation. 
In  Read  of  groaning,  we  hear  them 
whilvling  and  fmgmg  in  the  midft  of 
their  labour.  They  may  enjoy  few 
r)f  the  luxuries  of  life,  and  be  igno- 
rant of  many  pleafurcs  which  aflla- 
tnce  affords,  but  they  are  alfo  freed 
from  many  of  thofe  difquietndes,  and 
uneafy  pafHons,  which  vex  the  fpirits 
of  che  great,  and  ofien  render  e\ren 
their  exiflence  infup;)oitable.  If  their 
induflry  affords  them  only  (he  plaiiieil 
food  and  clothing,  it  is  fome  com- 
penfation  that  they  are  perplexed  with 
no  other  care.  They  are  happily  ig- 
norant of  the  pangs  of  difappointed 
ambition,  of  mortified  pride,  and  of 
hu  nbled  vanity.  Their  fleep  is  not 
diUurbed  by  guilty  fears,  nor  is  their 
nimd  tortured  by  long  laboured  fchemes 
or  hazardous  defigns.  Their  days  and 
years  glide  gently  on  in  fiinplicity  and 
peace. 

Let  us  now  fuppofe  a  child,  born  to 
this  ftation  of  life,  taken  from  his  fa- 
ther's cottage  by  a  wealiliy  neighbour; 
that  he  is  comfortably  fed  and  clothed 
imril  he  is  twelve  years  of  age,  with- 
out being  put  to  any  hard  labour ;  that 
lie  receives  knowledge  and  education 
far  beyond  what  his  parents  polFelTed, 
or  were  ever  able  to  arlord  him,  and 
tliat  he  is  then  ordered  to  return  to 
his  faiher's  hovel,  to  coarfe  fare  and 
to  labour,  of  wh'ch  he  had  hitherto 
no  id.-H  ;  can  we  (a/  that  fuch  a  fceming 
benefactor  \\\^  done  thi>  ^e.ion  a  leal 


good  fervice  ?  Is  he  not,  on  the  con- 
trary, rendered   miferable,  or  whiilly 

111  1  lu  riha!  llatic/i,, which  othcrwile 
would  have  become  familiar  and  eafy 
to  him  ? 

It  may  be  replied,  Why  compel  him 
lo  return  to  this  fcrvde  (late  ;  why  not 
let  him  rife  to  a  better  ?  if  he  cannot 
bear  the  fuury  heat  of  the  mid  day 
fun,  or  fland  the  beating  rain  and  chill- 
ing cold,  let  him  go  to  an  cafier  oc- 
cupation. Be  it  fo  :  but  who  then  is 
to  undergo  that  labour  which  he  fliould 
have  performed,  for  which  he  v.'as 
born,  and  which  providence  at  firll: 
alTigned  him  ?  It  mull  be  either  left 
undone,  or  others,  born  to  better 
thmgs,  muflfubmitto.it.  Thus,  by 
a  partial  fervice  done  to  him,  a  real 
injury  is  done  to  fociely,  or  a  kind  of 
injullice  to  fome  other  individual. 

..<>...<^>;^<S>..<>... 

Account  of  the  climate  of  Pennfylva- 
nia,  and  its  influence  vpcn  the  hu- 
iTian  body.  From  medical  enqui- 
ries and  obfervations. — Ey  Benja- 
min Rifi,  M.  D.  profefjhr  of  chc- 
miflry  in  the  vnivtrjuy  of  Prnn- 
Jylvania. — Printed  and  fold  hy 
Prichard  and  Hall,  — P.  27. 

THE  warmeli  weather  is  generally 
in  the  month  of  July.  But  in- 
tenfely  warm  days  are  often  felt  in 
May,  June,  Angufl  and  September. 
In  the  annexed  table  of  the  weather 
for  the  year  1787*,  there  is  an  excep- 
tion to  the  firll  of  ihefe  remarlsj;.  It 
(hows  that  the  mean  heat  of  Augui'l 
was  greater  by  a  few  degrees  than  that 
of  July. 

'1  he  tranfitions  from  heat  to  cold 
arc  often  very  fuddcn,  and  fometiines 
to  very  diflant  degrees.  After  a  day 
in  which  the  mercury  has  flood  at  86° 
and  even  go°,  it  fometimes  falls  in 
the  courfe  of  a  fingle  night  to  the 
65'h,  and  even  to  the  6oih  degree, 
infomuch  that  fires  have  been  found 
neceflary  the  enfuing  morning,  efpe- 
cially  if  the  change  in  the  temperature 
of  the  air  has  been  accompanied  by 
ram  and  a  fouth-eafl  wind.  In  a  fum- 
mer  month  in  the  year  177,'5,  'he  mer- 
cury was  obferved  to  fall  eo*'  in  an 
hour   and   an  half.     There  are  few 

NOTE. 

*  The  table  will  appear  in  a  fub' 
feq.ient  number. 


I789-] 


Aiccunt  of  theclimat?  cf  Penvfyhania* 


fummcrs  in  which  fires  are  not  agree- 
able during  (oin-.^  parts  of  ihetn.  My 
ingenious  friend  mr.  David  Ritten- 
houfe,  whofe  talent  for  accurate  ob- 
fervation  extends  alike  to  all  fubjech, 
informed  me,  that  he  had  never  pat- 
fed  a  fummer,  during  h;s  refidence  in 
the  country,  without  difcovenn^  froil 
in   every  month  of  the  year,  except 

1  he  weather  is  equally  variable  in 
Pen!:fylvania  during  the  greatcft  part 
of  ;he  winter,  I'he  mercury  fell  from 
^j**  to  4^*^  below  o,  in  four  and 
twenty  hours,  between  the  fourth  and 
fifth  of  February  1788.  Inihisfeafon 
nature  feems  to  play  at  crofs-purpofes : 
heavy  falls  of  fnow  are  often  fuc- 
ccedcd  m  a  few  days  by  a  general  thaw 
which  fieqiienily  in  a  iliort  time  leaves 
no  veftige  of  the  fnow  :  the  rivers 
Delaware,  Schuylkill  and  Sufquehan- 
nah,  have  fomctimes  been  frozen  (fo 
as  to  bear  horfes  and  carriages  of  all 
kinds)  and  thawed  io  as  to  be  pafiabls 
in  boats,  two  or  three  times  in  the 
courfe  of  the  fame  winter.  The  ice  is 
formed  for  the  moft  part  in  a  gradual 
manner,  and  feldom  tilTit  has  been 
picvioully  chilled  by  a  fall  of  fnow. 
Sometimes  its  production  is  more  fud- 
den.  On  the  31!!  of  December  1764, 
the  Delaware  was  completely  frozen 
over  between  ten  o'clock  at  night  and 
eight  the  next  morning,  fo  as  to  bear 
the  v^eight  of  a  man.  An  iiniiriial 
vapour  like  a  fog  was  iecn  to  rife  from 
the  water,  in  its  paifage  from  a  fluid 
to  a  folid  ftaie. 

This  account  of  the  variablenefs  of 
(he  weather  in  winter,  does  not  apply 
to  every  part  of  Pennfylvania.  There 
is  a  line  about  the  41°  of  the  flaie, 
beyond  which  the  winters  are  lieady 
and  regular,  infomuch  that  the  earth 
<here  is  feldom  wiihout  a  covering  of 
fnow  during  the  three  winter  months. 
In  this  line  the  climate  of  Pennfylva- 
nia  forms  a  union  v/ith  the  climate  of 
the  eaflern  and  northern  Rates. 

The  time  in  which  fioft  and  ice  be- 
gin to  flievv  themfelves  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Ph  ladelphia,  is  general- 
ly about  the  latter  end  of  October  or 
the  beginning  of  November.  But 
the  intenfe  cold  feldom  fets  in  about 
the  2olh  or  25th  of  December: 
hence  thj  common  faying,  "  as  the 
<lay  lengthens,  the  mid  lirenghens." 
The  cokleLl   weith-rr  is  commonly  in 


January.  The  navigation  of  the  river 
Delaware,  after  being  frozen,  is  fel- 
dom practicable  for  large  veifels,  be- 
fore the  firll  week  in  March. 

As  m  fummer  there  are  often  days 
in  which  fires  are  agreeable,  lo  ihcfR 
are  fometimcs  days  in  winter  in  which 
they  are  d;fagreeable.  Ve;5Ctat!on 
has  been  obferved  in  all  the  winter 
months.  Garlic  was  tailed  m  butter  ia 
January  1781.  The  leaves  of  the  wd- 
low.  the  blolTomof  the  pe?.ch-!ree,  and 
the  flowers  of  the  dandelion  and  the 
crocus  were  all  feen  in  February  1775; 
and  I  well  recoUeti,  about  thirty-two 
years  ago,  to  have  feen  an  apple  or- 
chard in  full  bloom,  and  fmall  apples 
on  many  cf  the  trees,  ;n  the  month 
of  December. 

A  cold  day  in  winter  is  often  fuc- 
ceeded  by  a  moderate  evening.  The 
coldefl  part  of  the  four  and  tvventy 
hours  is  generally  at  ihe  break  of  day- 

In  the  rnoR  intenfe  ccld  which  hds 
been  recorded  in  Philadelphia,  with- 
in the  lall  twenty  years,  the  mercury 
flood  at  r,  ^  below  o.  But  it  appears 
from  the  accounts  pubh'hcd  by  mefrr?. 
Mafon  and  Dixon,  in  the  5810  vo- 
lume of  the  tranfatlions  of  ihe  Royal 
Society  of  London,  that  the  mercury 
flood  at  22°  below  o  on  ihe  2d  of  Ja- 
nuary, 1767,  at  Brandywinc,  about 
th  rty  miles  to  the  well  ward  of  Phi- 
ladelph-a.  They  inform  w^,  that  on 
the  lirlt  of  the  fame  month  the  mer- 
cury flood  at  20°,  and  on  th^^  d.iy 
day  before  at  7  °  below  o.  I  have  10 
lament  that  I  am  not  able  to  procure 
any  record  of  the  temperanire  of  the 
air  in  the  fame  year  in  Philadelphia- 
From  the  variety  in  the  hc'ghr,  and 
quality  of  the  foil,  and  from  the  dif- 
ference m  the  currents  ot  wind',  and 
the  quantities  cf  rain  and  fnow  whirh 
fall  in  diflerent  parts  of  the  (late,  u 
is  very  probable  this  excelfive  cold 
may  not  have  extended  thirty  miles 
from  the  place  where  it  was  per- 
ceived. 

The  greatefl  degree  of  heat  npon 
record  in  Philadelphia,  is  9,5  °, 

The  /landard  tempprature  of  ihe 
air  in  the  city  of  Ph.ladeiph;a,  is 
52^°,  which  is  the  temperature  rf 
our  deepefl  wells,  as  alfo  the  raeaa 
heat  of  our  common  fpring  -water. 

'1  he  fpring  in  Pennfylvania  is  gene- 
rally lel^  pleafant,  than  in  many  oihfT 
countries.     In  March  the  weather  .s 


«55 


Axcovnt  of  the  climnlt  of  Pcnnfylvanig., 


[September, 


fiormy,  variable,  and  cold.  In  April, 
and  foinetimes  in  the  beamning  of 
May,  it  n  nioill,  and  accompanied 
by  a  degree  of  coid  which  has  been 
called  rawr.cfs,  and  which,  from  its 
dila^reeable  eHefts  upon  the  temper, 
has  been  called  the  iirocco  of  (his 
country.  From  the  variable  nature 
«jf  the  weather  in  the  fpruii,',  vegetatioji 
advances  very  diflerenrly  in  diflercnt 
years.  The  colder  the.  fpring,  the 
more  favourable  it  proves  to  the  fruits 
of  the  earth.  The  hopes  of  the  farmer 
from  his  fruit-tree^,  in  a  warm  fpring, 
are  often  blaiied  by  a  froft  in  April 
and  May.  A  fall  of  fiiow  is  remem- 
bered v;ith  regret,  by  many  of  them, 
on  the  iiiKht  between  the  third  and 
fourch  of  May,  in  the  year  1774.  The 
colder  the  winter,  the  greater  delay 
we  obferve  in  the  return  of  the  enfu- 
jng  fpring. 

Sometimes  the  weather,  during  the 
fpring  months,  is  cloudy  and  damp, 
attended  occaltonally  with  a  gentle 
fall  of  ram,  reiembling  the  fpray  from 
a  cataract  of  water.  A  day  of  this 
fpecies  of  weather  is  called,  from  its 
refeniblance  to  a  damp  day  in  Great- 
Britain,  ''  an  Englilh  day."  This 
damp  weather  feldom  continues  more 
than  three  or  four  days.  The  month 
of  May,  17S6,  Will  long  be  remem- 
bered, for  having  furnilhed  a  very 
uncommon  indance  of  the  abfeiice 
of  the  fun  for  fourteen  days,  and  of 
conllant  damp  or  rainy  weather. 

The  month  of  June  is  the  only 
month  in  the  year  which  refembles  a 
fpring  month  in  the  fouthern  coun- 
iries  of  Europe.  The  weather  is 
then  generally  temperate,  the  (ky  is 
ferene,  and  the  verdure  of  the  coun- 
try is  univerfai  and  delightful. 

The  autumn  is  the  moll  agreeable 
fcafon  of  the  year  in  Pennfylvania. 
The  cool  evenings  and  mornings, 
which  geHerally  begin  about  the  hrlt 
week  in  September,  are  fucceedcd  by 
■a.  uioieraic  temperature  of  the  air 
during  the  day.  This  fpecies  of  wea- 
ther codtin  ues  with  an  increafe  of 
cold  fcarcely  perceptible,  till  the  mid- 
dle of  October,  when  the  autumn  is 
<lofed  by  ram,  which  fometimes  falls 
in  fuch  quantities  as  to  produce  cle- 
■ilruft'.ve  freflies  in  the  rivers  and 
creeks,  and  fometimes  delcends  in 
■^,ntle  fljowers,  which  continue  with 
«^t<:,ii{io!)ul  Lmcruptions  by  a  few  fair 


days,  for  two  or  three  weeks.  Thefe 
rains  are  the  harbmgers  of  the  winter, 
and  the  Indians  have  long  ago  taught 
the  inhabitants  oi  Pennlylvania,  that 
the  degrees  of  cold  during  the  v.-inter, 
are  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of 
rain  which  falls  during  the  autumn*. 

From  this  account  of  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  air  in  Pennfylvania,  it  is 
evident  that  there  are  feldom  more 
than  four  months  in  which  the  wea- 
ther IS  agreeable  wiihout  a  fire. 

In  winter,  the  winds  generally 
come  from  the  north- well  in  fair,  and 
from  the  north- ealt  in  wet  weather. 
The  north-well  winds  are  uncommon- 
ly dry  as  well  as  cold.  It  is  in  conle- 
quence  of  the  violent  action  of  thefe 
winds  that  trees  have  uniformly  a 
thicker  and  more  compact  bark  on 
their  northern,  than  on  their  fouthern 
expofiires.  Even  brick  houfes  are  af- 
feHed  by  the  force  and  drinefs  of 
thefe  north- well  winds  :  hence  it  is 
much  more  difficult  to  demolifh  the 
northern  than  the  fouthern  walls  of 
an  old  brick  houfe.  This  fact  was 
communicated  to  me  by  an  eminent 
bricklayer  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

The  winds  in  fair  weather  in  the 
fpring,  and  in  warm  weather  in  the 

N  O  T  E  , 

*  I  cannot  help  agreeing 'with  mr. 
Kirwan  in  one  of  his  remarks  upon 
the  fcience  of  meteorology  in  the 
preface  to  his  efiimate  of  the  tempe- 
rature of  different  latitudes.  "  This 
fcience  (fays  he)  if  brought  to  per- 
fection, would  enable  us  at  lealt  to 
forefee  thole  changes  in  the  wea- 
ther, which  we  could  not  prevent. 
Great  as  is  the  diflance  between  fuch 
knowledge,  and  our  own  prelent  at- 
tainments, we  have  no  rciion  to 
think  It  above  the  level  of  the  powers 
of  the  human  mind.  The  motions  of 
the  planets  mull  have  appeared  as  per- 
plexed and  intricate  to  thofe  who  iirft 
contemplated  them  ;  yet  by  perfever- 
ing  indulliy,  they  are  now  known  1* 
the  utmofl  precifion.  The  prefent  is 
(as  the  great  Leibinitz  exprefTes  it)  in 
every  cafe  pregnant  with  the  future, 
and  the  conntx  on  mufl  be  found  by 
long  and  attentive  obi'ervation." 

The  iniluemie  which  the  perfecb'mi 
of  this  fcience  muit  have  upon  health, 
agriculture,  nav  igation  and  commerce, 
is  too  obvious  to  be  mentioned. 


^7^9-1 


Account  of  the  climate  of  Pennfylvania. 


^53 


fummer,  blow  from  the  foiJth-weft 
and  from  well- north-wed.  The  raw 
ait  before  mentioned,  comes  from 
the  noriheaii.  The  foiuh-well  winds 
likewife  ufuaily  bring  Vk  ith  them  thofe 
Ihowers  of  ram  in  the  fpring  and  fum- 
mer,  whi.ch  refrelh  the  earth.  They 
moreover  moderate  the  heat  of  the 
•weather,  provided  they  are  fucceeded 
by  tT  nor(h-weft  wind.  Now  and 
then  fliowers  of  rain  come  from  the 
weft  north-weft. 

There  is  a  common  faft  connefted 
with  the  account  of  the  ulual  winds 
in  Penni)  Ivania,  which  it  may  not  be 
jinproper  to  mention  in  this  place. 
While  the  clouds  are  feen  flying  from 
ihe  foiuh-weft,  the  feud,  as  it  is  cal- 
led, or  a  light  vapour,  is  feen  at  the 
fame  time  flying  below  the  clouds 
from  the  nonh-eaft. 

The  moifture  of  the  air  is  much 
greater  than  formerly,  occafioned 
probably  by  the  exhalations,  which  in 
former  years  fell  m  the  form  of  fiH)w, 
now  defcending  in  the  form  of  rain. 
The  depth  of  the  fnow  is  fometimes 
between  two  and  three  feet,  but  in 
general  it  feldom  exceeds  between  fix 
and  nine  inches. 

Hail  frequently  defcends  with  fnow 
in  winter.  Once  in  four  or  five  years 
large  and  heavy  fiiowers  of  hail  fall 
i:i  the  fpring  and  fummer.  They  ge- 
nerally run  in  narrow  veins  (as  they 
are  called)  of  thirty  or  forty  miles  in 
length,  and  two  or  three  miles  in 
breadth.  The  heaviefl  fhower  of  hail 
that  is  remembered  in  Philadelphia, 
did  not  extend  in  brcadih  more  than 
half  a  mile  north  and  fouth.  Some 
«)f  the  Oones  weighed  half  an  ounce. 
The  windows  of  many  houfes  were 
broken  by  them.  This  fliower  fell  in 
May  1783. 

From  hidden  changes  in  the  air, 
rain  and  fnow  often  fall  together, 
forming  wh^t  is  commonly  called 
fleet. 

In  the  uncultivated  parts  of  the 
flate,  the  fnow  fometimes  lies  on  the 
ground  till  the  firft  week  in  Apnl. 
The  barkwardnefs  of  the  fpring  has 
been  afcnbed  to  the  pafiage  of  the  air 
over  the  undiffolved  beds  of  fnow 
and  ice  which  ufuaily  remain,  after 
the  winter  months  are  paft,  on  the 
north-well  grounds  and  waters  of  the 
fiate,  and  of  the  adjacent  country. 
-  Ihe  diirolution  of  the  ice  and  fnow 
V<»1.  \'I.   No.   HI, 


in  the  fpring,  is  fometimes  fo  fiidden 
as  to  fweJl  the  creeks  and  rivers  in 
every  part  of  the  flate  to  fuch  a  de- 
giee,  as  not  only  to  lay  wafle  the 
hopes  of  the  hufbandmau  from  the 
produce  of  his  lands,  but  in  fome  in- 
flances  to  fweep  his  barns,  flables,  and 
even  his  dwelling  houle  into  their 
currents*.    The  wind  during  a  gene- 

NOTE. 

*  The  following  account  of  the 
thaw  of  the  river  Sufquehannah,  in 
the  fpring  of  1784,  was  publilhed  by 
the  iiuthor  in  the  Columbian  Maga- 
zine for  November  1786.  It  may 
ferve  to  illuflrate  a  fatt  related  for- 
merly in  the  hiffory  of  the  winters  in 
Pennfylvania,  as  well  as  to  exhibit  an 
extraordinary  inffance  of  the  deflruc- 
tive  efletts  of  a  fudden  thaw. 

"  The  winter  of  1783-4,  was  un- 
commonly cold,  infomuch  that  the 
mercury  in  Farenheii's  thermometer 
flood  feveral  times  at  5  degrees  below 
o.  The  fnows  were  frequent ;  and,  in 
many  places,  from  two  to  three  feet 
deep,  during  the  greatell  part  of  the 
winter.  All  theriversin  Pennfylvania 
were  frozen,  fo  as  to  bear  waggons 
and  fleds  with  immenfe  weights.  In 
the  mouih  of  January  a  thaw  came  on 
fuddenly,  which  opened  our  rivers  fo 
as  to  fet  the  ice  a-driving,  to  ufe  the 
phrale  of  the  country.  In  the  courfe 
of  one  night,  during  the  thaw,  the 
wind  fliified  fuddeiily  to  the  north- 
weii,  and  the  weather  became  inteiifely 
cold.  1  he  ice,  which  had  floated  the 
day  before,  was  fuddenly  obOrufted  ; 
and  in  the  river  Sufquehannah,  the 
ohftiutlions  were  formed  in  thofe 
places  where  the  water  was  mofl  flial- 
low,  or  where  it  had  been  accuflora- 
cd  to  fall.  This  river  is  feveral  hun- 
dred miles  in  length,  and  from  half  a 
mile  to  a  mile  ;ind  an  half  in  breadth, 
and  winds  through  a  hilly,  and  in  ma- 
ny places  a"'ferule  and  highly  cultiva- 
ted country.  It  has  as  yet  a  mofl  dif- 
ficult communication  with  our  bays 
and  the  fea,  occafioned  by  the  num- 
ber and  height  t)f  the  falls  which  oc- 
cur near  the  mouth  of  the  river.  1  he 
ice  in  many  places,  efpecially  where 
there  were  falls,  formed  a  kind  of 
dam.  of  a  moff  ffupendous  he  ght- 
About  the  middle  of  March  nur  wea- 
iher  moderated,  and  a  thaw  became 
general.  The  etfctts  of  it  wer  ere- 
Kk 


2.54 


The  Birmudian, 


[September, 


from  the  fouth-well 


ral  thaw,  com 
or  fouth-cafh 

(To  be  continued.) 

NOTE. 

markahle  in  all  our  rivers;  but  in 
none  fo  much  as  in  the  river  1  have 
mentioned.  I  ihall  therefore  endea- 
vour m  a  fe>v  vifords  to  defcribe  (hem. 
Unforiuiiaiely  the  dams  of  ice  did 
not  ijive  way  all  at  once,  nor  thofe 
which  lay  neared  to  the  mouch  of  the 
river,  firil.  Wh'le  the  upper  dams 
were  fet  a  floa  by  the  warm  weather, 
the  lower  ones,  which  were  the  larg- 
eft,  and  in  which,  of  courfe,  the  ice 
was  m.)ft  impafted,  remained  fixed. 
In  coufeq  lence  of  this,  the  river  rofe 
in  a  few  hours,  in  many  places,  above 
thirty  feet  ;  rolling  upon  its  furface 
Lirjie  lump*;  of  ice,  from  ten  to  forty 
cubic  feet  in  fize.  The  effects  of  this 
fudden  inundation  were  terrible. 
Whole  farms  Yi-er'.'  la  d  under  water. 
Bon?-  R^.bles-horfcs-  cattle—fences 
— milk  of  every  kind,  and  in  one 
inftance,  a  large  flone  houTp,  forty 
by  ihiriy  feet,  were  earned  down  the 
llieam.  I.ar^e  trees  were  torn  up  by 
the  r,oots — feveral  fmall  iflinds  co- 
vered with  woods,  were  fwepi  away, 
and  not  a  vellige  of  them  was  left  be- 
hind.    On  the  barns  which  preferved 


their  fhsfc,  in  feme  inflances,  for 
many  miles  were  to  be  feen  living 
fowls  ;  and,  in  one  dwellmg,  a  can- 
dle was  feen  to  burn  for  fome  time, 
after  it  was  fwept  from  its  foundation. 
Where  the  fliore  was  level,  the  lumps 
of  ice,  and  the  ruins  of  houfes  and 
farms,  were  thrown  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  from  the  ordinary  height  q^thc 
river.  In  fome  iiiftances,  farms  were 
ruined  by  the  mould  being  fwepl 
from  them  by  the  cakes  of  ice,  or  by 
depofuions  of  fand ;  while  others 
were  enriched  by  large  depofitions  of 
mud.  The  damage,  upon  the  whole, 
done  to  the  flate  of  Pannfylvania  by 
this  frefli,  was  very  great.  In  mod 
places  it  happened  in  the  day  time,  or 
the  confequences  mull  have  been  fa- 
tal to  many  thoiifands. 

"  I  know  of  but  one  life  that  can 
be  derived  from  recording  the  hillory 
of  this  inundation.  In  cafeof  fimilar 
obllruciiuns  of  rivers,  from  caufes 
fuch  as  have  been  defcribed,  the  ter- 
rible effects  of  iheir  being  fet  in  mo- 
tion by  means  of  a  general  thaw,  may 
in  part  be  obviated,  by  removing 
fuch  things  out  of  the  courfe  of  the 
water  and  ice,  as  are  within  our  pow- 
er ;  particularly  cattle,  hay,  grain, 
fences  and  farming  utenfils  of  all 
kinds." 


T  I-  a     B  E  R  M  U  D  I  A  N. 

B ERM  I' Dy\,  parent  of  my  early  days, 
'l"o  thee  belong  my  tributary  lays  ; 
III  thy  blels'd  cliiue,  fecur'd  from  inUant  harms, 
A  tender  mother  prefs'd  me  in  her  arms, 
Luird  me  to  reft  with  many  a  ditty  rare, 
And  look'd,  and  fmil'd,  upon  her  infant  care; 
She  taught  my  I'fping  accents  how  to  flow, 
And  bade  the  virtues  in  my  bofom  glow. 

Hail,  nature's  darling  fpot !  enchanted  ifle  ! 
Where  vernal  blooms  in  Iweet  (uccelhon  fmile  ! 
Where,  cherifh'd  by  the  fofl'ring  fea-born  gale, 
Appears  the  tall  Palmetto  of  the  vale  ; 
The  rich  Banana,   tenant  of  the  fliade,  "'^ 

W'ith  leaf  broad  fpreading  to  the  breeze  difplay'd 
The  memorable  tree  of  afpei^t  bold, 
That  grac'd  ihy  plains,  O  Libaims  of  old. 
The  fragrant  lime,  the  lemon  at  his  fide. 
And  golden  orange,  fair  Hefperia's  pride  ; 
While  genial  fummer,   who,  approaching  faf}, 
Claims  to  difperfe  the  (liort-liv'd  v/intry  blait, 
O'er  the  gieen  h'll  and  cedar-beanng  plain 
iJoatls,  undillurb'il,  a  longprotraded  leii^ii. 


The  Bcrmuiian,  155 


Here  bliifiiing  healih  defcenditv:^  from  aliovcj 
The  daughter  fair  of  clond-compelhn^Jovej 
Fleas'd  wi(h  the  fcene,  in  firaple  nature  gay, 
And  importun'd  by  temperance  to  Hay, 
In  pitv   to  ihe   weary    peafani's   toil, 
With  blelungs  crown'd  the  wave-furrounded  foil. 

Too  happy  land  !  if,  in  the  fearch  around, 
The  fource  of  opulence  could  here  le  found, 
And  thy  worn  offspring,  ev'ry  care  refi^n'd, 
His  dwellng  peaceful,  and  ferene  his  mind, 
W^ith  independence  blefs'd,  could  fit  hun  down 
In  age,  fecure  from  niggard  fortune's  frown  ; 
But  early  torn  reluftant  from  their  home, 
Amidii  the  temper's  roar  condemn'd  to  roam, 
Thy  fcatter'd  Ions,  a  race  of  g'ant  form, 
Whofe  fouls  at  peril  mock,  and  brave  the  ftorm, 
At  honefl  labour's  call,  with  fruitlef'^  pa.ns, 
Are  far  difpers'd  o'er  Britain's  wide  domains. 

Eternal  blelfings  with  profufion  Cnile, 
And  crown  with  lafting  biifs  my  paren'  ifle  ! 
Rlels'd  be  the  narrow  held,  the  little  cot. 
And  blefs'd  the  lab'ring  fwain's  contented  lot  ! 
For  thee,  may  commerce,  to  the  fouthern  gale, 
SuccefsfuUy  expand  her  fwelling  fail, 
And  from  Peruvian  nr.nes.  the  (lave,  for  thee, 
With  treafiires  load  the  wave  dividing  tree  ; 
With  joy  returning,  each  endeavour  Ipfd, 
No  more  compcU'd  to  roam  for  f.  anry  bread, 
All  heart-corrodmg  cares  at  length  fupprefs'd, 
r'ach  want  fupply'd,  and  ev'ry  wifli  pofiefs'd, 
May  thy  loft  children,  to  their  frends  reftor'd, 
"iafte  ev'ry  bleffng  fortune  can  afford  ; 
Wh'le  I,  whofe  birth  more  inaufpicious  far, 
Confefs'd  the  reign  of  fome  malignant  flar, 
W  hofc  name,  alas !  from  fair  enjoyment's  date, 
Stands  far  remov'd  upon  the  roll  of  fate, 
With  weary  flep  each  diftant  realm  explore, 
A  wand'rmg  exile  from  my  native  fhore. 

Oft  when,  in  fliades  enveloj)'d,  night  defcends, 
And  darknefs  o'er  the  hemtfphere  extends. 
When  gloomy  (iience  hufhes  ev'ry  found. 
And  dead  tranqirllity  prevals  around  ; 
When  the  diffrefs'd,  forgetful  of  their  woes. 
In  balmy  fli^ep  theit  heavy  evelids  clofe  ; 
W^hile  no  repo-fe  my  weary  foul  can  find, 
Thy  lov'd  idea  rifes  in  my  mmd. 
Swift  at  the  thought,  and  for  enjoyment  keen, 
Regardlefs  of  the  feas  that  roll  between. 
Where  (<'er  furrounding  depths  thy  cliffs  arife, 
With  rapid  wmg  my  bufy  fanry  fiies  ; 
And  reprefenting  fcenes  of  pafl  delights, 
A  painful  pleafure  in  my  bread  excites. 

E'en  now  tranfported  to  my  native  land, 
Upon  the  fummit  of  fome  hill  1  Oand  ; 
1-he  cedars  view,  iinculmr'd  a<;  they  grow, 
And  all  the  varied  fcenery  below." 
far  at  a  dillancc,  as  the  eye  can  reach, 
Extend  the  mazes  of  the  winding  beach  ; 


E55  The  Bermudian.  [September, 

Here  on  the  coafl  ^he  bellowing  ocean  roars, 
While  foaming  (urges  laih  the  whiten'il  fliores  ; 
Siiipciidous  rocks  m  wild  coiifuuon  ilaiid, 
Lifi  their  tall  crags,  and  iaddcn  all  the  Itrand. 

Before  Aurora  gilds  the  eaPern  flcics, 
The  liin-burnt  tenants  of  the  totiage  rife  ; 
W  iih  many  a  yawn  the'r  drowfy  comrades  hail, 
#Liih  iheir  dim  eves,  and  taile  the  morning  gale. 
Soine  bear  the  H;i{ker,  plenieoufly  liippl)  'd 
\\  K.hj-iooltS'and  iincs,    the  able  fifhcrs  pride  ; 
Others  v,.'ith  dextrous  hands  the  toils  dilj  lay, 
Well  IkiH'd  to  circumvent  the  fcaly  prey  ; 
W  'lih  wide  extended  nets  the  fhores  they'fweep, 
Or  man  the  hark  and  plough  the  finny  deep. 
1  he  happy  idander,  rcturn'd  at  night. 
Recouius  the  day's  adventures  with  delight, 
AHonifhcs  the  lift'ning  crowd  with  tales 
Of  rocks  avoided,  and  of  dang 'roiis  gales, 
Of  groupers,    who,  deluded  by  the  ban, 
Shar'd  maiiv  a  former  grouper's  wretched  fate, 
And  rockHlh,  who  had  tugg'd  the  well  Itreich'd  line, 
Oliiig'd  iheir  pond'ious  carcafe  to  refign. 
The  I  ttle  urchin,  playing  on  the  ftrand, 
Ar  diftance  kens  the  bark  retum'd  to  land  ; 
He  hies  impatient,  views  the  fcaly  flore, 
And  bids  his  parent  welcome  to  the  (hore. 

Meanwhiie  the  houfewife  decks  the  cleanly  board, 
W  iih  all  her  homely  cottage  can  afford  ; 
Her  liiile  brood  are  feated  to  their  wifh, 
And  talle  the  ble'firigs  of  the  fmoaking  difh  ; 
Of  child  fli  (tones  prattle  ail  the  while, 
Regarding  either  parent  with  a  Imile  ; 
The  finny  monftei  's  grateful  tafle  admire, 
And  for  it  blefs  their  providential  fire. 
He  with  delight  the  youthful  tribe  furveys, 
His  gtadden'd  eyes  ftill  brighten  as  they  gaze  ; 
Ot  earthly  joys  he  knows  no  higher  pitch, 
And  bids  the  prince  be  great,  the  mifer  rich. 

Where  rifing  Phoebus  darts  the  morning  ray, 
The  verdant  hills  a  diH'rent  fcene  difplay  ; 
Promifcuous  houfes  in  the  vale  are  feen, 
Whofe  decent  white  adorns  the  lively  green. 
The  weary  peafant,   here  reclin'd  at  eafe. 
Beneath  his  fig-ltec,  courts  ihc  fouihern  breeze  ; 
Or,  while  (he  great  at  fruitless  cares  repine, 
He  (its  the  monarch  of  his  little  vine. 

There  fcatter'd  ides,  whofe  banks  the  waters  lave, 
Grace  with  their  herbage  the  pellucid  wave. 
The  lordly  bullock  there,  uiwis'd  to  toil, 
Securely  dalks,  the  tyrant  of  the  foil  ; 
W  bile  fender  lambkins  on  the  margin  play. 
And  (port  and  gambol  in  the  funny  day. 

The  (lurdy  craftfman,  with  laborious  hand, 
Fells  the  tall  tree,  and  drags  it  to  the  (Irand  ; 
RcUmnding  (hores  return  the  hammer's  blows  ; 
Beneaih  the  ilroke  the  gaudy  pinnance  grows, 
Laui'ch'd  and  completely  mann'd  in  quell  of  gain, 
Spreads  her  light  (mis,  and  tempts  the  wai'ry  mam. 


The  Bcrmuiian,  857 

Near  yonder  hill,  above  ihe  flagnant  pool, 
My  ftern  preceptor  taught  his  nttle  Ichool; 
Dextrous  t'  apply  t'lt^  fcientific  rod — 
The  Utile  tniaius  fliudclei'd  at  his  nod  ; 
Whene'er  he  came,  they  all  fiibmiihve  bow'd, 
AH  fcann'd  their  taflis,  iiiduftrioufly  loud. 
And,  fearful  to  excite  the  mailer's  rage, 
With  trembling  hand  produc'd  the  blotted  page. 
Skilful  he  was,  and  dabbled  in  the  law  ; 
Bonds,  notes,  petitions — any  thing — could  draw  ; 
'Twas  even  whifper'd,  and  'lis  (Indly  true, 
He  rlaim'd  acquaintance  with  the  mufes  too, 
And  by  the  goddelTes  infpir'd,  at  ti;hes, 
His  lofty  genius  mounted  into  rhymes. 
Great  bard  !  what  numbers  can  thy  praife  rehearfe, 
Who  turn'd  Qiii  milii  into  Englifh  verfe  ; 
laught  num'ious  epigrams  in  rhyme  to  glide. 
And  e'en  at  lines  of  hcav'nly  Maro  try'd  ? 
Though  many  an  epitaph  of  thine  was  known 
To  grace  the  cold  commemorating  Hone. 
Thy  own  remains,   in  fome  neglet-)ed  fpot. 
Now  he,  unlung,  unheeded,  and  forgot. 

No  more  frequented  by  the  feflive  bands, 
Behold  yon  folttary  manlion  (lands. — 
There  fair  Ardella  trlpp'd  along  the  vale. 
Her  auburn  irefTes  floating  in  the  gale  ; 
Sweet  as  the  fav'rite  offspring  of  the  May, 
Serenely  mild,  and  innocently  gay. 
Ardella,  once  fo  cheerful,  and  fo  blefs'd. 
Now  by  misfortune's  iron  hand  opprefs'd  : 
Meihiuks  1  lee  the  folitary  maid 
Penlive  beneath  the  fpreading  cedar's  fliade, 
(No  foothing  friend,  no  voice  of  comfort  near) 
Heave  the  big  figh,  and  Ihed  the  filent.  tear. 

Awake  to  confolation,  nor  repine 
*'  Becaufe  the  forrows  of  to-  day  are  thine  : 
"  In  air  let  fublunary  cares  be  hurl'd, 
'*  And  look  exulting  to  a  better  world  ; 
"  Triumphant  virtue  there  (hall  bear  the  fway, 
"  And  lift  thee  far  above  the  folar  ray." 

Far  to  the  fouth,  above  the  wat'ry  roar, 
Where  ihe  blue  ocean  roils  again!!  the  (liore, 
And  the  tall  cliffs  and  (loping  mountain's  fids 
O'erlook  the  deep,  and  (lop  the  coming  tide, 
Of  ancient  date,  now  calling  for  repair. 
Is  feen  the  parilli  church,  the  houfe  of  pray'r. 
No  (lately  columns  there  fiiperbly  rife, 
No  tow 'ring  fleeple  greets  thedillant  (ties, 
No  pompous  domes  magnificence  impart. 
Strike  the  pleas 'd  eye  or  fiiow  the  mailer's  art. 
To  mark  the  filent  maniionsof  the  dead. 
No  obcllfk  of  marble  rears  its  head, 
No  finely  decorated  tomb  is  fiiown, 

No  (culptur'd  monument  of  Parian  (lone;  ' 

But  the  rude  native  quarry,  as  it  lie;:, 
A  far  more  coarfe  remembrancer  fupplies, 
Wh'ch  the  dejetted  fon,  reduc'd  to  mourn 
ilie  much  lov'd  parent  from  his  bofom  torn, 


^'^  Thf  Eerrnvdiar*  [Septombcr^ 

Tliclalt  fad  Jionour?  to  Ins  aflip":  pai'l, 
Sigliing,  ereOs  to  the  departed  (hade. 

Touch'd  with  the  ihemp,  by  pnv^'rful  fancy  Iei3 
To  more  remote  aparimrnts  of  the  dead, 
I  fee  fad  Atticus,   in  filent  gloom, 
Indignant  quit  »be  fohtary  tomh, 
His  ancient  vvell-rfmember'd  form  renew, 
Ani  pafs  before  me  flowlv  in  review. 
The  happy  (hoiighi,  the  mirth-exciting  joke, 
The  turn  fatvrical,  the  pointed  Oroke, 
The  vein  of  humour^  the  remark  fo  dry, 
The  witty  fa'Iy.  and  the  keen  reply, 
Arovmd  the  focial  table  fornr'd  to  fn^ne. 
Without  a  rival,  Atticus,  were  thine. 

Tal*nts  like  thefe  (for  they  have  fcldom  fail'd} 
while  btis'nefs  flagg'd,  and  indolence  prevail'dj 
And  fallen  prudence,  frowning,  itood  aloof, 
Eiltic'd  the  jovial  circle  to  thy  niof, 
And  for  life  s  eve,  thy  glory  in  the  wane, 
Prepar'd  a  fund  of  indigence  and  pain. 

Thrice  happy  thoii,  'f  to  dJcrction  led 
By  the  much  valued  partner  of  thy  bed, 
.     ,  T  hou  hadit  be^n  taught    more  lailirg  blifs  to  prize* 
And  learn 'd  from  her  example  to  be  wife  ! 
But  fhe,  fiich  iHs  unable  to  withliand, 
A^/  hen  deadly  pale  difeafe,  with  tyrant  hand. 
Thy  cruel  deftiny  relentlefs  wrote, 
Thy  vifage  fadden'd,  and  thy  dwelling  fmote. 
For  thy  unhappy  lot  with  grief  opprefs'd, 
Before  thee  funk  toeverlalling  rell, 

Thdugh  at  a  diftance  from  my  fearching  eye, 
Amidft  fiirrounding  woods,  thy  dwelling  lie, 
'J  hough  ehvKius  time  and  weaning  abfence  HrivS 
1  hy  chenlh'd  image  from  mv  bread  to  drive, 
Yet  near  my  heart  (for  they  Ihall  llrive  in  vain) 
His  wonted  place  fliall  Cand  dus  retain. 

tf  manly  fenfe,  if  an  extenfive  mind, 
Unfway'd  by  prejudice,  and  uhconhn'd, 
A  judgment  happy  to  decide  with  fkilt, 
But  mild  and  open  to  convicHon  JliU, 
A  voice  in  polilh'd  numbers  taught  to  roll, 
^-Vhofe  accents  waft  the  muhc  of  the  foul, 
An  horiell  heart,  a  temper  that  can  learn 
To  love  mankind,  and  to  be  lov'd  in  turn, 
If  fenlimenfs  humane,  combm'd  with  thefe 
May  challenge  merit  and  expcft  to  pleafe, 
Of  gentle  manners,  affable  and  free, 
Ihe  praife,  O  Candidus,  is  due  to  thee. 

Beneath  my  bending  eye,  ferenely  neat, 
Appears  my  ever-blefs'd  paternal  ieat. 
I'ar  in  the  front  the  level  I  iwn  extends. 
The  zephyrs  play,  the  nodding  cvprefs  bends ; 
A  litile  hillork  fiands  on  either  (ule, 
O'crfpread  wiih  evergreens,  the  garden's  pride, 
rromdruous  here  a|. pears  the  bhi{hitjg  rofe, 
Thegiiava  flouriiltes.  the  myrtle  grows  ; 


The  Bermudlan,  f^a 

The  earth-born  woodbines  on  the  furface  creep, 

O'er  the  green  beds  the  red  camatioHs  peep, 

Aloft  their  arms  truirrtphant  hiacks  bear, 

And  jeliammes  perfume  the  ambient  air. 

The  whole  is  from  an  eminence  difplay'd, 

Where  the  brown  olive  lends  Ins  penfive  fliade. 

When  zephyrs  there  the  noon  tide  heat  affuage^ 

Oft  have  1  turn'd  the  meditative  page, 

And  calmly  read  the  ling'nng  hours  away. 

Securely  fhelter'd  from  the  blaze  of  day. 

At  eve  refrelh'd,  I  trod  the  mazy  walk. 

And  bade  the  minutes  pafs  in  cheerful  t  *lk  ; 

With  many  a  joke  my  brothers  would  allaiJ, 

Or  pli'afe  my  fillers  with  the  comic  tale  ; 

While  each  fond  parent,  charm'd,  the  group  furvey'd. 

Attentive  heard,  and  fmil'J  at  all  we  faid. 

Thnce  happy  feai  •   Here  oricc  Ws^rc  ccnired  ail 
That  bind  my  heart  to  this  terrelinai  ball ; 
7~lie  fighi.  of  thefe  each  oloomy  thought  flc/trpys. 
And  lies  my  ioul  to  lubluaary  joys. 

Ye  gow'rs  fupreme,  who  rule  the  fpangled  fty. 
On  wiiofe  protection  firmly  they  rely. 
Grant  them  each  bills  the  tertile  mind  can  form. 
And  lift^heiu  hi^h  above  misfortune's  llorin  J 

But  hark  !  I  fee  them  to  the  green  repair. 
To  talle  the  fweets  of  the  refrelhing  air  ; 
JDefcend,  my  foul,  on  airy  pinions  light, 
I'he  circle  join,  and  feail  thy  gladden'd  light. 

Hail,  ever  honour'd  authors  of  my  birth. 
The  poor's  aihllanis,  and  tiie. friends  of  worth  • 
My  bell  of  brothers,  hall  !   Companion  dear, 
Unlhaken  friend,  and  pariner  of  my  care. 
My  fillers  too  \   traniported  let  me  gaze. 
And  blefs  the  Iweei'ners  of  my  former  days, 
A  long  loll  waiid'rer  to  your  arms  receive, 
Soothe  all  his  lorrows,  and  his  cares  reheve. 

How  incomplete  is  each  terrcftrial  joy, 
Where  difappointments  all  our  hopes  deltroy  J 
Two  other  Ions  (hould  in  the  circle  Hand  ! 
For  ihefe,  alas  !    I  fearch  a  diilant  land  ; 
Lament  them  loll,  an  honour  to  their  race. 
And  with  a  ligh,  behold  their  vacant  place. 

Though  Carolina^  (kill'd  in  focial  lore. 
With  open  arms  recelv'd  me  to  her  fliore  ; 
Although  her  ions,  an  hofpitable  band, 
J-Iave  hail'd  me,  welcome,  to  their  fertile  land  ; 
Though  (thanks  to  all  my  guardian  pov^e  jj  there 
I  found  a  brother  and  a  friend  fincere. 
Still  (for  'tis  natural)  aftetlion's  tide 
Flows  where  my  honour'd  parents  both  reiide. 

For  ever  blotted  be  the  fatal  day, 
That  tore  me  from  their  circl  ii»  arms  away 
When  the  tall  fh  p.  regardlrfs  of  mv  pain, 
Call'd  me  reluflant  to  th"  fo'indiiij;  m-iin  ; 
Aloft  her  fwelling  faiU  "H'mphanr  Ir'e, 
Aad  left  -them  penfive  on  the  winding  Ovcf^^ 


•269 


Foreign  intcUigencet 

My  a^ec!  parent's  awful  voice  I  hear — - 
The  foleinn  found  Hill  vibrates  In  my  ear— 
*'  Adieu,  my  fon  !   with  v^frnds  propitious  go, 
"  Obtain  what  knowledge  travel  can  beftow. 
"  Thy  neighbour's  friend,  an  enemy  to  llrife 
*'  Uprightly  walk  the  mazy  path  of  life. 
"   Let  honour's  rules  thy  ev'ry  aB  control, 
*'   Nor  fuller  vice  to  bend  thy  ftubborn  foui. 

Should  fovVeign  gold,  ihetvrani  of  mank 


nd. 


"  Altempi  from  jiiilice  to  divert  thy  mind, 

*'  Exulting  li:ll,  prefer  the  frugal  cruH, 

*'  And  fpurn,  with  high  contempt,  the  guilty  dud, 

*'  Let  all  the  fiorms  of  Fortune  be  defy'd, 

"  Virtue  thy  friend,  ar)d  Providence  thy  guide." 


1-OREJGN  I  NTELLIG  ENCE- 

Stockholm,  June  r^. 

ACorpsofiioo  Ruffians alTembled 
at  Rufkiaia,  a  village,  on  the 
borders  of  the  province  of  Carelia, 
■^vauiiig  only  for  the  arrival  of  a  fuf- 
ficient  luimber  of  pieces  of  ordnance, 
to  make  an  irruption  into  that  pro- 
vmce.     Major  Cripenberg,  who  was 

fiofted  ill  the  neighbourhood,  with  a 
)attallion  of  the  regiment  of  Tavafte- 
lius,  and  four  cannon,  refolved  an  at- 
tack on  the  17th  ult.  though  his  whole 
force  confifled  on'iy  of  about  two 
inindrcd  and  hfty  men.  In  their  ap- 
proach the  Swedes  were  fo  fonunaie 
as  immediately  to  difmoiint  fome  field 
jiieces,  with  which  the  Rulhans  dif- 
puted  the  entrance  of  ihe  village,  and 
icon  after  the  powder  magazine  of 
the  enemy  blev^  up,  by  which  a  great 
number  of  them  penflied. 

Ihe  battle  then  commenced,  and 
continued  with  great  obllinacy  for  up- 
wards of  three  hours.  Major  Gri- 
penbcrg  computes  the  lofs  of  the  ene- 
my at  about  400  killed,  and  a  conft- 
tlerable  number  wounded.  lie, quit- 
ted the  field,  however,  though  he  had 
<inly  17  killed  and  30  v/ounded.  'Ihe 
RiifTians  aifo  after  the  aflion,  cvacu- 
aied  Rulkiala,  and  retreated  to  Sor- 
dawalla.  '1  he  Swedes  fired  red  hot 
fhoi,  being  infirmed  that  the  Ruf- 
fiiuts  had  depofifed  their  powder  in 
one  of  the  adjoining  houfes.  Major 
Cripcnberc  has  been  promoted  to 
th"  rank  of  lipuienant-colonel  ;  every 
cffirer  und>  r  his  command  has  been 
ridvaiiced  one  degree  ;  and  a  reward 
«>fa  Sweduli  ducat  is  ordered  to  be 
Kiveii  to  each  private  foldier. 


Paris,  June  17. 
Statrs-ge)iera<'  of   France, 

'Lhe  chamber  of  the  third  elKite 
feeing  all  their  conciliatory  meafurcs 
ineflectual,  and  that  the  nobles  were 
determined  not  to  unite  with  them  in 
thi?ir  affembly,  have  palled  the  two 
lall  days  in  confidcring  on  the  legal 
manner  of  conftituting  themfelves  as 
the  reprefentatives  of  the  people  at 
large,  and  on  tlve  tiile  their  affembly 
fiiould  hereafter  alRime.  1  he  motion 
was  at  length  made,  "that  the  nati- 
onal affembly  is  now  legally  confliiut- 
ed  ;  and  this  motion  was  caried  by  91 
voices  againfl  80. 

A  f'coiid  moiion  was  then  made, 
that  th-it  national  alFembly  immediate- 
ly deliberate  on  the  affairs  of  the  nati- 
on, which  was  unammoufly  agreed 
to.  It  was  (hen  propofed,  that  all  the 
exifling  taxes,  that  have  been  inipoicd 
without  the  confent  of  the  nation, 
were  illegal,  and  ought  therefore  to 
ceafe  ;  and  for  the  immediate  fcrvice 
of  governnient  they  fhonld  now  he 
granted  anew,  under  the  fame  form  as 
heretofore,  to  continue  till  fome  new 
provifions  fhnuld  be  made,  or  till  the 
laft  day  of  this  prefent  feflion,  and  no 
longer. 

Thev  next  took  inio  conhderafion 
the  public  debt,  and  placed  the  cre- 
ditors of  the  Hate  under  the  protecti- 
on of  the  honour  and  loyalty  of  the 
nation  at  large. 

About  two  o'clock,  when  ihefe 
important  prrceedings  were  a;  an  end, 
the  prefident  was  ient  for  to  receive 
from  ihe  keeper  of  the  fcals,  ihepio- 
mifed  anfwcr  to  their  jullificatorv  ad- 
drefs  of  Idfi  week,  to  the  king,  which 
was  read  to  a  very  fall  allciiibly.  1  be 


.] 


Foreign  intellidencet 


261 


galleries  of  the  hall,  which  are  capa- 
ble of  containing  near  three  thouland 
people,  as  well  as  all  the  avenues. 
Were  completely  crowded.  The  let- 
ter, in  the  king's  own  hand  writ- 
ing, and  addreffed  to  the  prefident  of 
the  ihird  silaie,  is  as  follows  : 

"  I  ihall  never  rcftife  to  receive  a- 
ny  of  the  prefideiits  of  the  three  or- 
ders, when  char.ged  to  convey  a  par- 
ticular nieilaye  to  me,  and  when  they 
lliall  have  afked  by  the*  cuHomary 
organ  of  mv  keeper  of  the  feals,  the 
ni'unent  it  {hall  pleafe  me  to  appoint. 

I  difiipprove  the  repeated  expreihon 
of  "  privileged  claifes,"  employed 
by  the  third  eRate  to  defignate  the 
two  higher  orders.  Thefe  unuuial 
expreihons  are  fit  only  to  foment  a 
fpint  of  divihon  abfolutely  contrary 
to  the  advancement  of  the  welfare  of 
the  (late,  {nice  this  welfare  can  only 
be  eiFecti'd  by  the  concurrence  of  the 
three  orders,  compofing  the  itates-ge- 

II  1  iL'.vhether  they  deliberate  (eparaie- 
Iv  i,r  in  common.  The  referve  which 
the  order  of  the  nobles  had  made  in 
their  accpiiefcence  in  the  conciliatory 
overture  made  by  me,  ought  not  to 
h.lve  prevented  the  order  of  the  t'.iird 
ei{ ate  from  giving  me  a  proof  of  their 
deference.  Adopted  by  the  third  ef- 
taie,  it  would  have  determined  the 
order  of  nobles  tti  deidl  from  their 
modification.  I  am  perfuaded,  that 
the  more  the  deputies  of  the  third  ef- 
tate  {hall  give  me  marks  of  confidence 
and  attachment,  the  more  fauhfully 
will  their  meafures  reprelent  the  fen- 
timcnts  of  the  peooie  whom  I  love, 
and  by  whom  I  {hall  make  it  my  hap- 
pinels  to  he  beloved." 

If  there  appears  fome  little  (per- 
haps politic)  difap probation  of  cer- 
tain ideas  of  the  commons  in  this  let- 
ter, the  nobles  ha\e  had  their  {hare 
in  the  royal  anfwer  to  their  abfurd  re- 
foluiion,  on*  the  fame  conciliatory 
propoii'ion,  which  is  as  follows  : 

'■  I  have  exdmiaed  the  refoliition 
of  (he  order  of  nobles.  I  have  feen 
with  pain  ihat  they  perfift  in  their  re- 
lerve  of  the  modfications  they  an- 
nexed to  the  plan  propofed  by  my 
coniniifnoners.  A  greater  proporti- 
on of  deference  on  the  part  of    the 

NOTE. 

*  The  commons  had  demanded  a 
•iircft  con)mun:c;ition  with  the  king. 
\'oj,.  VI.  No.  Ill, 


nobles,  would  have  perhaps   produc- 
ed the  reconciliation  I  delired." 

The  commons  yelierday  evening 
fent  a  depunon  to  Marli,  to  commu- 
nicate tohismaje{lythe  very  important 
refolutions  they  came  10  ytflerday, 
and  (heir  intention  of  '  co-operating 
with  him  in  the  great  natioifa!  work  of 
reformation,  {till  determining  to  atl 
with  the  lame  modeiation,  by  leaving  . 
the  door  at  all  times  open  to  tht-ir  bre- 
thren of  the  clergy  and  nobles. 

June  25.  Events  of  I'uch  high  im- 
portance have  occurr&d,  and  their 
fiiccelfion  has  been  fo  rapid  within 
the  la{l  four  days,  that  it  is  impofiible 
we  can  fivd  room  for  a  cncumilaiuial 
detad.  1  he  following  is  a  fuccinti 
narrative. 

The  decifive  refolutions  of  the 
commons  threw  the  court  into  the 
grcatell  alarm.  A  majority  of  the 
clergv  voted  their  union  wiih  the 
commons  on  the  22d  ;  the  nobility 
prelentcd  a  violent  addrefs  againR  the 
proceedings  of  the  national  allvinbiy 
to  the  king,  who  in  his  aniwer  evi- 
dently adopted  their  {enlimcnis.  The 
queen,  the  cornie  d'Artois,  the  Polig- 
nacs,  &c.  hid  got  entire  poikflion  of 
him  at  iViarli  ;  it  was  at  a  council  held 
there,  at  which  iVIonlieur  and  the 
cointe  d'Artois  alliHed,  that  the 
violent  meafures,  beforemeiuioned, 
were  concerted.  The  king  was  en- 
couraged to  come  forward  and  crufh 
the  whole  bufinefs,  by  a  bold  {Iroke 
of  authority.  i\'I.  Nee  kar  was  to  be 
exiled  from  France  :  the  prince  de 
Conde  named  gencraiilTimo  ;  the 
prince  de  Conti,  mini{{er,  &c.  We 
have  feen  that  the  commons  were 
not  to  be  intimidated,  but  •con- 
tinued their  meeting  on  Monday, 
when  they  were  formally  joined  by 
the  clergy  in  a  body. 

The  royal  fellion  was  poflponed 
till  Tuelday,  when  his  niajei'iy  ap- 
peared, and  the  bufinefs  cornmenccd 
by  a  marked  infult  to  the  co^i^mons, 
who  were  kept  waiting  in  a  naiiy  un- 
wholelome  place,  till  ilie  other  orders 
were  fea'fed,  and  at  length  were  com- 
pelled to  enter  by  a  back  door. 

After  the  keeper  of  the  ieals  had 
informed  the  prefident  of  the  com- 
mons that  his  majelly  would  not  hear 
the  difcourfe  which  he  intended  to 
addrefs  to  him,  ihe  king  opened  the 
alTenibly  by  the  foliowin<j  fpeech : 


i.62 


Foreign  intelligence. 


[September, 


"  Gentlemen, 
*'  At  the  lime  I  took  the  refolntion 
of  afifmblm.i;  you;  when  I  had  lur- 
moiiiiicj  all  the  dilhcuhics  which 
thn-aiened  a  convocation  of  my  ilaies; 
w  hen  1  had,  to  ufe  the  cxpreh'ion,  even 
preconceived  the  dchies  of  the  na- 
tion, in  manifeUing  beforeiiand  mv 
Wifhes  for  its  welfare,  1  thaughi  I 
had  done  every  tlun^  which  depend- 
ed on  myfelf  for  the  good  of  my 
people. 

"  Itfecmed  to  me  that  you  had  on- 
ly to  hnlili  (he  work  I  had  begun  ;  and 
the  nation  expetted  impalieritly  the 
ihoment  when,  in  conjundion  with 
the  benchcent  views  of  us  fovereign, 
and  the  enlightened  zeal  of  its  re- 
prefentaiives,  it  was  about  to  enjoy 
that  prjfperous  and  happy  Oale  wh.ch 
fuch  an  union  fcenied  likely  to  afford. 

''  1  he  liates  general  have  now 
been  opened  more  than  two  months, 
and  have  not  yet  even  agreed  on  the 
jkrelnninaries  i)f  their  operations.  In- 
ilead  of  ihai  fource  of  harmony  which 
fhould  fpring  from  a  love  of  the 
couniry,  a  inoft  fatal  divihon  fpreads 
an  alarm  t^ver  every  mind,  i  find 
that  the  dilpofitionsof  Frenchmen  are 
not  changed  ;  but  to  avoid  reproach- 
ing either  of  y^u,  I  fhal!  confidcr,  that 
the  renewal  of  ihc  Haies  general,  af- 
ter fo  kng  a  period,  the  turbulence 
\vhich  preceded  it,  the  ohjett  of  this 
alFembly,  fo  different  from  that  of 
your  ancellors,  and  many  other  _ob- 
jetis,  have  led  you  to  an  oppofition, 
and  to  prefer  pretenfions  which  you 
are  not  etitiiled  to. 

"  I  owe  it' lo  the  welfare  of  my 
kingdom,  I  owe  it  to  inyfelf,  todilii- 
paie  thele  fatal  divifions.  It  is  with 
this  refclution,  gentlemen,  that  I 
coin'eue  you  once  more  around  mc — 
I  do  It  as  the  common  father  of  my 
proplc — I  do  it  as  the  defender  of  my 
kingdom's  laws,  that  I  may  recall  to 
your  memory  the  irue  fpirit  of  the 
(ot-.flitiiiion,  and  refill  thofe  attempts 
which  have  been  aimed  againit  it. 

*'  jBu%  gentlemen,  after  having 
clearly  ell.iblilhed  the  refpecuve  rights 
of  the  different  orders,  1  expetl  fron» 
the  zeal  of  the  tw<j  principal  dalles — 
their  attachment  to  my  perfon — I  ex- 
pert from  the  knowledge  they  have  of 
the  prelhng  urgencies  of  the  Hate, 
lliat  in  I  hole  matiers  which  concern 
iiic  ijeneral  goodj  they  fliould  be  the 


fiiit  to  propofe  a  re-union  of  confil- 
tation  and  opmon,  whicli  1  conlider 
as  necellary  m  the  preient  ends,  and 
which  ought  to  lake  place  for  the  ge- 
neral good  of  the  kiiigdi>m." 

His  majciiy  delivered  this  fpeech 
wiih  great  emijhafis  and  propriety. 

The  kecpt;r  vif  the  feais  then  read 
a  declaration  from  the  king,  contain- 
ing thiriy-hve  articles. 

ill.  The  dillinction  of  orders  pre- 
ferved,  as  eireniially  connected  with 
the  conllitution  of  the  kingdom  ;  in 
confequence  of  which  the  Umg  de- 
clares null  the  arrets  of  the  tiurd 
el'late  of  the  15th  of  June,  and  ulte- 
rior, as  u;ici)nilitutional. 

2d.  Ail  verified  powers  declared 
good,  excep.ing  the  decrees  apoiicon- 
terted  depmations. 

3d.  All  iiuiitations  and  reflrittions 
opi>ofed  to  I  he  powers  of  tlje  depu- 
ties, declared  null. 

4th.  In  cafe  of  any  oath  taken  by 
deputies,  relative  to  retrained  powers, 
the  king  leaves  the  execution  of  it  to 
their  confcience. 

5ih.  The  king  permits  the  deputa- 
tions loafk  forfrelii  powers  from  their 
provinces,   &c. 

6ih.  The  king  declares  he  will  not 
permit  any  fuch  limitations  of  power 
in  fiture. 

7ih.  Deliberations  relative  to  gene- 
ral aiiairs  and  taxes,  to  be  in  common 
between  the  orders. 

8th.  All  deliberations  relative  to 
the  conil'tutioii  to  be  delibera  cd  by 
each  order. 

gill.  Privileges  and  Veto  of  the 
clergy,  in  mattcis  of  religion,  pre- 
lervcd. 

loih.  Poll-lax  abolilhed,  to  be 
united  to  any  other  territorial  tax, 
without  diihnttion  of  right  or  birth. 

nth.  Free  hefs  aboliliied,  as  foon 
as  the  revenues  of  the  Hate  fliall  equal 
the  expenics. 

i2ih.  'I'enlhs,  rights,  and  feudal 
duties  prcferved. 

i3ih.  Exemption  from  all  perfonal 
charges  to  ilie  two  hill  orders;  the 
faid  charges  to  be  paid  for  111  money, 
and  to  be  contributed  to  equally  by  the 
three  ordeis. 

14th.  The  dates  to  fix  to  what 
offices  nobility  is  to  be  attached  :  the 
king,  however,  to  ennoble  any  one 
he  pieafeS  as  a  recompenfe  for  lervices. 

i^ib.    The  Hates  to  fix  upon  the 


1789-] 


Foreign  intelligenct. 


2G3 


means  of  perfona!  fecurity,  the  fup- 
prefHon  of  Lettres  de  Cac/iet.,  and  to 
fubiiituie  whatever  may  be  neceirary 
for  the  feciiri'.y.of  the  iiaie,  and  the 
honour  of  famdics. 

i6th.  The  liberty  of  the  prefs  left 
to  the  judgment  of  the  ftases,  koep- 
ing  itconhllent  with  rclijcon,' morals, 
and  the  ht-nour  of  the  citizens. 

i/iii.  Provincial  fiates  to  be  efta- 
blilhcfi.  with  two-tenths  of  the  voices 
to  bt^  of  the  clergy,  three- tenihs  no- 
blclfe,  and  five- tenths  of  the  third 
cltate. 

iSth.  To  be  elcRed,  or  an  eleclor, 
they  midl  be  peffeirdd  of  landed  pro- 
perty. 

igrh.  The  ftares-general  to  fix  the 
manner  in  which  the  next  Hates-gene- 
ral are  to  be  convened . 

20m.  An  intermediate  comniifTion 
to  be  eltablifhed  for  the  provincial 
fia'es,  and  drliberarion  to  be  1.1  com- 
mon in  thole  ilafe>!. 

21H.  1  ne  organization  fif  ihofe 
flates  left  to  'he  Uates-gcneral. 

ecid,  Hofprtals,.  taxes  of  towns, 
the  prefjrvation  of  the  woods,  &c. 
left  to  the  iTifpection  of  the  provincial 
liaies. 

23d  ConRitut'onsand  privileges  of 
the  provinces  left  10  the  )ndj;merit  of 
i!ie  ilaies- general,  who  are  to  regulate 
thc;r  form  of  adminiilraiion. 

24th.  The  amel-oration  of  the  do- 
m;iins  to  be  examined  by  the  ftates, 
&c. 

25!h.  CiiPiom  houfes  removed  to 
the  fronf.ers. 

26ih,  The  States  to  examine  into 
Ifie  duty  on  fait,  and,  till  it  is  fup- 
prclfed,  the  payment  of  it  to  be  foft- 
ened. 

271)1.  The  Rates  to  examine  into  the 
inconveniency  of  the  Droits  des  Aides^ 
obferving  that  the  balance  between 
the  receipt  of  that,  and  the  duty  to  be 
fublliiiited  in  its  place,  ihould  be  e<]iial. 

28;h.  The  king  en<;a.i;es  to  reform 
the  civil  and  criminal  julhce. 

29th.  Total  fupprelfion  of  enre- 
gillerments  tinder  certain  reRridions. 

30th.   Corvees  aboldhed. 

31R.  The  kinrr  defire^;  the  right  of 
mortmam  to  be  abolilhed  throiinhout 
■h'.s  kingdom,  as  he  has  done  in  his 
domain, 

32^.  The  Capitainericsio  be  re- 
ilramed  and  modified  bv  the  kin.j. 

33d.    The   iiiconveniencies   ot  the 


militia  left  for  the  examination  of  the 
Hates. 

34th.  No  change  in  the  laws,  taxes, 
or  other  parts  of  adminiiirarion  or 
legiilation,  to  take  place  diinn,'.-;  the 
holding  of  the  Races. 

3,5th.  The  armies,  polce,  r.-d 
power  over  the  military,  to  be  re- 
ierved  excluiively  to  the  king. 

1  he  king  then  declared  he  was  go- 
ing to  make  his  will  known  :  it  was- 
contained  m  fifteen  articles.; 

ill.  No  tax  v/iihoni  confont  of  the 
flaics. 

2d.  Riiherold  or  new  tax<-s  oidy  *o 
he  in  f.Mce  till  the  next  holding  ot  ihc: 
Rates-general,  > 

3d.  The  king  prohibits  hiinfidf 
from  making  any  loan  without  ihecon- 
leiu  of  the  Rate>',  except  m  cafe  of  ne- 
cediiy,  war,  8cc.  and  then  the  loaa 
not  to  exceed  100  millions. 

4th.  The  Rates  to  examine  the  ac- 
count of  the  finances,  both  receipts 
and  expenditures. 

5»h.  State  of  finances  to  be  pub- 
lilhed. annually. 

6th.  The  expenfes  of  each  depart- 
ment to  be  fixed  and  invar'able. 

7th.  The  creditors  of  the  Rate  to 
be  put  upon  the  faith  of  the  piihhc. 

8th.  Certain  honorary  rights  pte- 
ferved  to  the  clergy  and  noblelfe. 

gih.  When  the  two  firR  orders 
fliall  have  realized  the  giving  up  of 
the  pecuniary  privileges,  the  k.ng 
will  ianction  n. 

loth  and  nth.  ConteOed  deputa- 
tions to  be  judged  in  common  by  the 
orders,  and  iletermined  by  the  re-uni- 
on  of  two- thirds  of  the  voices,  or  the 
judgment  to  be  referred  to  the  king. 

12th.  Any  refoluiion  fo  be  examin- 
ed into  at  the  requeR  of  one  hundred 
members. 

13th.  CommiRioners  to  he  appoint- 
ed in  the  three  orders  to  confer. 

i4ih.  Theprefidents  of  each  order 
to  have  a  feat  in  the  commi'iioni!  to 
be  eRabldhed,  according  to  the  digni- 
ty of  Hheir  Older. 

i^ih.  None  but  the  deputies  fo  he 
admitted  to  the  deUberatons  of  the 
ftates  or  the  chambers. 

The  king  then  ordered  every  one 
to  retire,  and  to  meet  again  the  next 
day  in  th^  chamber  of  orders. 

The  nobles,  and  part  of  the  clergy, 
fiioiited  vive  1.e  rni !  but  the  commons 
remauicd    in   profound  filence ;    por 


c6i 


Foreign  intelligence. 


[September, 


v.'O'ild  they  quit  the  hall,  where,  to- 
gether with  about  fifty  of  the  clergy, 
who  would  not  feparate  from  them, 
they  inliantly  proceeded  to  dif(  ufs 
the  royal  proceenmgs.  Four  tifnes 
the  kifig  lent  an  officer  to  order  them, 
Oil  their  allegiance,  to  break  up 
the  r  meeting;  four  times  did  ihey 
cecidedly  deny  the  authority  of  the 
kn.fj  to  command  them  to  lepaiate, 
and  by  their  firmnefs  carried  their 
point. 

M,  !e  Camus,  one  of  the  Paris  de- 
purio",  then  moved,  "that  the  na- 
tional alTembly  do  perhil  in  all  its 
preceding  relolutions ;"  thofe  of  the 
clergy  who  remained,  nobly  defuing 
their  prefence  to  be  fp^cifird.  This 
propohiion  was  unanimoufly  adopted, 
nor  would  they  hear  of  a  motion  of 
adjournment  all  next  day. 

Anoihei  motion  followed  from  the 
Comte  d:  Mirabeau,  to  the  following 
etlefcf,  and  nearly  in  thefe  words  : 
"  the  national  ad'eaibly  feeling  the 
necefhty  of  fecnrmg  the  perfonal  li- 
berty, the  freedom  of  opmion,  and 
the, Tight  of  each  deputy  of  the  llates- 
grncral,  to  enciinre  into,  and  cenfure 
all  f  >-rts  of  abiifes  and  obflaclcs  to  the 
piblic  welfare  and  liberty,  doretolve, 
That  the  pcrfon  of  each  deputy  is  in- 
vu)lab!e  :  that  any  individual,  public 
or  private,  of  what  quality  foever, 
any  corporate  body  of  men,  any  tri- 
bunal, court  of  juftice,  or  commif- 
fion  whatfoever,  who  fliould  dare, 
durmg  the  prefent  fellion,  to  profe- 
cute,  or  caufe  io  be  profeciited,  ar- 
rcfl.  or  caufe  to  be  arrefled,  detain, 
or  caufe  to  be  detained,  the  perfon  of 
one  or  more  deputies,  for  any  propo- 
iuioti,  advice,  or  fpeech.  made  by 
them  in  the  Hates-general,  or  in  any 
oi  it"  afremblies,  or  committees,  fliall 
bed(..'incd  infamous,  and  a  irauor  to 
his  country  ;  and  that  in  anv  fuch 
cale,  or  cafes,  the  national  alfembly 
will  piirfue  every  podible  means  and 
meaiiires  to  bring  the  authors,  indiga- 
tors,  or  executors  of  fuch  arbitrary 
proceedings,  to  condign  punifliment." 
This  refolution  was  earned,  483  a- 
gaip.fl  34. 

Evv.ry  thing  was  now  in  ihe  mod 
violent  ferment,  both  at  Paris  and 
Verfailles. 

.  On  the  night  of  thi<;  memorable  day 
(Tutfday)  an  ininicn'e  miih  lude  of 
pcrf^ns  of  all  rajiks  adcmblcd  at  nine 


o'clock,  and  being  informed  that  mr. 
Neckar  was  about  10  depart  for  Swit- 
zerland, forced  their  way  into  the 
inner  court  of  the  palace,  at  Ver- 
failles, and  with  loud  and  nietia(ing 
cries,  demanded  that  mr.  Neckar 
diould. continue  minider;  accompani- 
ed with  the  mod  violent  execrations 
againd,  the  archbidiop  of  Paris,  and 
manv  other  dill  hij^her  perionag'-^s. 
The  alarm  was  inexprclfible  in  the 
palace  ;  the  princes,  the  Comte  d'Ar- 
tois  In  particular,  called  to  arms; 
the  troops  got  together  from  all  pans.; 
but  when  ordered  to  fire,  ref  lied  to 
draw  a  trigger  upon  their  country- 
men, though  before  the  very  windows 
of  the  palace. 

The  king  fent  for  mr.  Neckar,  who 
at  Hrd  rcfured  to  come;  a  lecond 
nieffage  brought  him,  amidd:  the  ac- 
clamations of  thoufands,  who  made 
him  promife  not  to  quit  the  kingdom. 
He  reprelemed  to  the  king  the  dansier 
to  which  the  ineaiures  he  was  piirlu- 
ing  expofed  his  pcrlon  arid  the  na.ion. 
The  king  faid  to  him,  "  Neckar,  I 
believe  you  are  an  honed  niaH  ;  you- 
never  yet  deceived  me  ;  but,  alas  !• 
I  have  been  deceived."  Add  ng., 
"  I  have  fome  papers  at  Marii  1  mud 
fliew  you.  I  will  go  immediately  for 
them."-  Moafieur  offered  to  execute 
the  commilfion  ;  "  No,"  f;iys  the 
king,  ''  no  man  mud  fee  them  but 
myielf ;"  and  he  fet  out. 

Next  day  (VV^edncfday  the  24th) 
mr.  Neckar  appeared  in  his  da:  ion  as 
nfual,  with  the  king,  and  it  is  fup- 
pofed  that  all  the  violent  meainres 
adopted  on  Tuefday  will  be  annuUrd. 

The  commons  continued  their  de- 
liberations, and  fent  a  dcputarion  to 
compliment  mr.  Neckar,  whoreiurn- 
ed  a  mod  afieclionate,  but  guarded 
anfwer,  giving  (he  ancient  title  of 
yom  order  to  the  commons.  1  he  re- 
port is,  that  the  archbilhop  of  Pans  is 
exiled,  as  well  as  the  whole  lioufe  of 
Polignac  ;  but  this  is  dill  a  momen- 
tous crifis.  The  king  is  eafilv  m:fled; 
and  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  fay,  that 
a  hiigle  fpark  would  infiMilny  light 
up  a  civil  war.  The  clergy  have 
again  taken  courage,  and  refumed 
their  feats  as  a  body  in  the  national 
airembly,  to  the  nunibcrnf  1  /-jS,  head- 
ed by  two  archhijjiops,  and  livcral 
bidiops.  The  archbidiop  of  Paris, 
has  had  two  narrow  efcapcs  forhis  life. 


.] 


Foreign  intelligence. 


«6« 


The  duke  of  Orlean";,  at  the  head 
of  more  than  foi  y  of  the  principal 
nobles,  and  two  hundred  of  the  cler- 
gy, joined  the  third  ellate,  fubfcrib- 
e<l  the  oaih  they  had  previoufly  taken, 
and  gave  their  unanmious  alfent  to 
the  feverai  refolutions  wh:ch  they 
had  come  -o. 

All  the  inhabiiants  of  Ver- 
failles,  together  with  thoafands  from 
Pari";,  paraded  the  llreets  of  that 
town,  with  torches,  the  whole  of 
Tuelddv  nij^ht. 

A  duel  likewife  has  bfeen  fought, 
in  conlequence  of  thefe  difputes,  be- 
tween iht:  prsnce  de  Po;x,  captain  of 
the  king's  private  guard,  who  is  not- 
wiihilandiiig  a  determined  friend  of 
the  people  in  the  houfe  of  nobles, 
and  the  marquis  de  Lambert,  one  of 
the  Pans  deputies  for  the  nobles, 
wherem  the  latter  received  a  wound, 
fuppofed  to  be  moitai  ;  and  the  for- 
mer received  anrther  m  his  hand. 

The  national  allembly  continue 
their  fittings  fometimes  till  three  or 
four  Hi  the  morning. 

Pans  IS  full  of  alarms,  joy,  mifer}' 
and  rejoicui'; ! 

London^    July  o. 
famine  in  France, 

Yefterday  morning  the  right  hon. 
lord  Elgin,  arrived  in  town  from  Pa- 
ns, which  place  he  left  on  Sunday 
la(t.  Pie  travelled  the  journey  in  lefs 
than  fifiy  hours.  At  Metz,  ihe dearth 
of  flour  was  fuch,  that  the  people, 
driven  by  hunger  and  defpair,  coUett- 
ed  in  great  bodies,  and  attacked  the 
houles  of  feverai  perfons,  whom  they 
fufpected  of  hoarding  meal.  The  go- 
vernor drew  out  two  French  regi- 
ments;  and  having  furniflicd  them 
with  ammunition,  ordered  them  to  atl: 
againd  the  mob.  They  refufod.  The 
governor  ordered  them  back  to  their 
quarters,  but  without  taking  from  them 
the  ammunition.  The  German  regi- 
ments were  then  brought  otrt,  which 
roufed  the  indignation  of  the  nation- 
al troops,  who  burft  from  their  quar- 
ters, and  joined  the  mob.  A  dread- 
ful havock  was  theconfequence.  Up- 
wards of  a  thoufand  men  on  each 
fide  were  killed,  and  at  length  the 
German  regiments  were  overpowered. 
1  he  s;o\ernor  efcaped  in  time  from 
the  fury  of  the  populace.  Such  was 
the  account  of  the  a'TVay  in  Paris, 
when  lord  Elg.n  left  it ;  but  no  regu- 


lar ftatement  of  it  had  come  before 
the  piililiC. 

i;ie  foreign  troops  from  Lorraine 
and  Alface  were  faul  to  be  on  their 
march  to  Pans  and  VerfaiUes.  Mar- 
fhall  Broglio,  who  is  to  have  the 
command  in  the  ifle  of  France,  is 
known  to  be  a  royaiifl.  The  popu- 
lar party,  however,  have  no  apprehen- 
(lons.  i  he  national  army  is  wittl 
them,  and  is  in  pollelhon  of  the  prin- 
cipal towns  ;  fo  that  no  money  cun  be 
levied  from  the  people  without  their 
concurrence. 

Ju/j'  9.  The  comm.ttee  who  met 
oil  the  exporiation  of  ct)rn  10  France, 
reported  to  the  privy  council  on 
Monday  evening,  tiiat  no  fupply  for 
that  country  could  be  fparecl  from 
England.  The  extreme  wirdom  of 
this  meafure  was  apparent  from  docu- 
ments then  la  d  before  the  commiitce. 

J»lj'  14.  1  he  following  news  from 
Paris  was  brought  by  exprefs  late  lait 
night.  The  diiiurbances  are  farther 
from  adjufiment  than  when  the  lalt 
accounts  arrived  fVom  thence. 

The  power  of  the  king  is  daily  a- 
bating. 

The  Irifh  brigade  alone,  are  fied- 
fafily  attached  to  royalty.  How  long 
in  this  general  defection,  their  at- 
tachment may  lalt,  is  uncertain. 

The  populace  have  feized  the  arfe- 
nal,  and  taken  from  it  all  the  aruis 
and  ammunition — a  flep  Ihat  has  o- 
bliged  the  king's  troops  to  retire  to 
foine  diilance  from  the  capital. 

The  king  has  difToIvcd  the  meeting 
of  the  national  afiembly,  but  in  defi- 
ance of  his  authority,  the  a'lembly 
continue  to  (it  and  atf . 

The  univerfity  is  levelled  to  the 
ground. 

The  king,  it  is  further  faid,  has 
crecfed  a  flandard  for  his  partizans  to 
flock  to,  but  they  are  few  who  reforc 
to  it :   fuch  is  ihe  ipint  of  the  times  ! 

The  addrefs  preiented  by  a  deputa- 
tion of  the  national  allembly  to  the 
French  king,  on  the  fubject  of  the 
introduflion  "of  the  foreign  troop*,  and 
the  forming  of  the  camps  fo  near  the 
capital,  IS  from  the  pen  of  the  Count 
Mirabeau,  and  a  very  madcrly  com- 
pofition.  His  majelly's  anfv.-er  is  at 
once  conciliating,  ambiguous,  and 
vague. 

A  French  nobleman  of  high  rank, 
is  arrived   here   this  -morning,    who 


sP6 


Foreign  intdligence. 


[September, 


brings  advirr,  that  the  party  of  the 
people  rarry  every  thing  before  them 
at  I'aris.  The  French  guards  have 
cpenly  declared  on  that  fide.  T  hey, 
with  the  populace,  attacked  the  Baf- 
tile;  many  of  them  entered  ;  when 
moiif.  de  Launoy,  the  governor, 
drew  up  the  bridj^e,  enclofcd  thofe 
■who  had  entered,  and  cut  them  to 
pieces.  The  troops,  and  people  with- 
out, findmg  their  companions  detain- 
ed, attacked  the  place,  and  forced  it 
open — and  finding  what  had  happened 
to  their  party,  took  the  governor 
out,  led  him  through  the  flreets,  o- 
bliged  him  to  make  the  amcvde  hono- 
rable lo  the  people,  and  then  cut  of^ 
his  hands  aiid  his  head.  The  foreign 
legunems,  fnghtewed  by  the  violence 
ofihe  commotion,  have  all  laid  down 
their  arms,  or  fled,  except  one  regi- 
ment of  flullars,  which  alone  remains 
to  guard  iheperfori  of  the  king.  The 
queen  and  the  Comte  d'Ariois  are 
both  fled,  and  a  reward  is  ollered  for 
their  heads.  Many  of  the  principal 
nobility,  who  lide  with  the  king,  are 
likewife  prolcnbed  and  gone  off.  In 
fiiort,  it  appears  that  the  king  is  at 
the  mercy  ofihe  tiev^  etat,  and  muft 
fubmit  whollv  to  their  terms.  Such 
are  the  effects  of  popular  commoiions 
\vhen  they  get  a  head  in  defpotic 
couiiine«. 

1  he  baftile  is  burned,  and  all  the 
pnfoners  11-1  at  1  bcrty ;  the  hotel  of 
the  prince  de  Coiiti,  that  of  the  count 
d'/Vrtois.  and  fevcral  other  edifices 
are  dcHroyed  by  fire. 

IMany  people  have  been  kdled  in 
tiie  ahravs  and  {Ic'rmifhes  which  have 
happened.  Almod  all  the  fhops  are 
conllantly  fliut,  and  a  general  didruil 
rules  there.  Peo]>le  prefs  in  crouds 
to  get  their  money  from  the  Caiffe 
.•I'Klcompie.  M.  Neckar  i:;  gone  oft 
)i  the  king's  command,  and  he  is  very 
foriunate  to  have  efcaped  from  a 
fcene  of  fiich  confufion.  It  is  faid 
the  king  himfelf  is  gone  from  Ver- 
lailles. 

Drtadful   majfacre^    at    Fezou/,    in 
Franc  he  Comte', 

The  fcenes  of  horror  difplayed  lafl 
week  in  the  metropohs,  have  ailorded 
matter  doiibtlcfs  of  fevereanimadver- 
iion  on  the  ferocity  of  the  actors  in 
this  painful  tragedy.  Would  to  God 
it  were  left  in  my  power  to  palliate,  if 
not  to  jullify,  thefe  dreadful  excclfes 


of  a  iong-abured,  degraded,  and  pa- 
tient peojile  !  iVIany  of  our  hiflorianj 
havealmoll  fecmed  to  call  a  doubt  oi» 
the  real  cxiifcnce  of  the  horrid  gun- 
powder confpiracy  in  all  its  extent. 
The  fact  I  have  now  to  relate,  hap- 
pening, as  It  wera,  before  our  eyes, 
and  in  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, will  put  an  end  to  icepticifm  re- 
fpectmg  that  point  of  hiftory,  by  hum- 
bling poor  human  nature,  and  prov- 
ing what  monflers  occahonally  infefl 
the  world,  in  fhape  of  men.  This 
exordium  appears  llrong.  Read  the 
fart. 

Minutes  of  the  national  aj](mbly. 

Mr.  Punelle,  one  of  the  deputies 
of  hranche  Comte,  defired  ihe  atten- 
tion of  the  members,  v.'hillf  he  recit- 
ed to  theiri  a  frightful  event  which  had 
happened  at  the  Chd'eau  de  Quinfay, 
near  Vezoul,  m  the  night  of  the  iglh. 
and  2oih  inif. 

"  Mr.  Prefidenr, 

"  I  could  wifh  to  conceal  from  the 
knowbdge  of  the  reprcfentatives  of 
the  nation,  from  Frenchmen,  from 
the  whole  world,  the  drodful  por- 
traitof  the  hloorfy  cataiTrophe  thai  has 
taken  place  at  the  callle  of  Qu.niay  ; 
I  loG:;  myfelf !  I  fhudder  with  horror  ! 
—  I  have  to  relate  to  you  a  crime  en- 
gendered in  blacknefs  itielf,  in  the 
brealf  of  a  demon  ;  but  to  inform  you 
of  the  particulars,  it  will  be  proper 
to  read  you  the  information  taken  by 
the  marechaiifree  oii  ihe  fpot. 

"  We.  &c.  brigadier  of  the  marc- 
chaulFc",  &c.  &c,  certifv  and  iwear, 
that  we  repaired  to  Qu'nfay.  near  Ve- 
zoul, where  we  found  a  dying  man, 
attended  by  the  curate  of  the  parifh, 
who  informed  us,  that  monhcur  de 
Memmay,  the  lord  of  Quinfay,  had 
announced  to  the  inhabitants  and 
troops  in  garrifon  at  ^'^ezoul,  that,  on 
account  of  the  happy  event  (the  revo- 
lution in  Pan-;)  in  which  all  the  na- 
tion took  a  pan,  he  (ihe  monfler)  in- 
tended givit\g  an  eniertainment  to  all 
thofe  who  chofe  to  repair  to  his  coun- 
try feat  ;  which  was  eagerly  accepted  : 
but  that  monfieur  Memmay  withdrew 
from  the  entertainment,  alleging, 
that  his  prefence  miyht  check  the 
gaiety  of  his  guells  ;  befides,  that  he 
could  v^\  decently  appear  him(elf,  as 
he  h.id  hitherto  been  one  of  t!ie  pro- 
teding  nobles,  and  a  parliamentary 
paniZdiTi  agdinll   the    popular  caufe — 


Foreiizn  intclli^e^ice. 


1789-] 


that  an  immenfe  crowd  of  citizens 
and  i'oliiicrs  being  allombled,  they 
were  defired  to  adjOLsrn  to  a  fpoc  at 
fofne  diliaiice  from  the  hoiife,  wliere 
they  ainuled  themfeives  in  fellivity 
anadanciiig;  but  that  on  a  fudden, 
fire  being  fet  to  a  match,  which  covn- 
municaied  with  a  pow  .'er  mine,  form- 
ed under  the  fpot  where  the  people 
were  taken  up  with  f-^nlivity,  the  whole 
were  blown  up! — that  on  the  ijoife 
of  the  exploiion,  the  curate,  with 
©ther£,  repaired  to  the  chateau,  whi- 
ther, we  hkwife  went,  and  found  nvun- 
bers  floating  in  their  blood,  (cattered 
corpfcs,  and  dillevered  members  Hill 
palpiiating  with  life,  &c. 

This  information  is  figned  by  the 
brigadier,  and  authenticated  by  the 
li^iiien;int-general. 

This  barbarity,  fir,  exercifed  againtt 
every  i  ight  and  law  both  huuian  and 
divine  ;  this  cool,  cruel,  and  deteila- 
ble  att  of  barbarity,  contrived  by  hy- 
porrify,  and  perpetrated  with  diaboli- 
cal vengeance,  has  thrown  the  whole 
country  into  confulion.  Every  man 
flew  to  arms,  the  call  le  is  razed  to  ihe 
ground,  all  the  neighbouring  caflles 
are  deftroyed  ;  the  people,  who  know 
no  rellraint  when  they  think  men  have 
merited  their  fury,  had  recourfe  to, 
and  lull  continue  the  moft  violent  ex- 
ceffss.  They  have  burnt  and  facked 
the  record  offices  of  the  nobles,  have 
compelled  them  to  renounce  all  their 
privileges,  have  deft?oyed  and  demo- 
lilhed  many  caRles,  burnt  a  rich  ab- 
bey of  the  order  of  Citeaux  (the  fa- 
mous rich  abbey  fo  often  the  objert 
of  Voltaire's  ariimadverfion.)  The 
young  princeffi?  de  Beaufrcinont  and 
the  baronefs  d'Andelon  owed  their  , 
efcape  only  to  a  fort  of  miracle. 

'■  The  municipal  body  of  Vezoul, 
prehded  by  the  marquis  de  Jombert, 
have  taken  every  ftep  in  their  po  er 
to  ftay  the  fatal  eftefts  of  fuch  a  fer- 
mentation ;  but  the  means  are  infufri- 
cient  in  a  province  like  ours,  where 
each  little  village  can  furnifh  at  leall 
eight  or  ten  men,  who  have  ferved  in 
the  army,  and  confequently  know  the 
u(c  of  arms.  I  entreat  the  alfcmbly, 
therefore,  to  take  into  confideration, 
the  melancholy  fituation  of  the  dif- 
tratlcd  country  I  have  the  honour  to 
reprefent,  and  to  confult  on  the  fpee- 
diell  and  moll  efficacious  means  of 
remedying  this  dreadful  evil," 


267 


Ke  (hen  went  on  to  propofe  fuch 
mealurcs  as  might  tend  to  allay  the 
fury  ot  the  people  ;  and  added.  "  A 
monder  of  this  nature  will  not,  1  truft, 
find  an  alylum  in  any  country;  nor  is 
there  a  doubt  that  every  power,  and 
every  form  of  government,  will  make 
an  exception,  if  ncccOary,  in  th;s 
dreadful  inllance,  and  readily  confent 
to  g.ve  him  up  on  the  very  firil  de- 
mand. He  Uiould  expiate,  by  a  pu- 
niUiment  invented  for  iiim  alone,  the 
horrid  crime  wuh  which  he  has  diffiy- 
noured  human  nature.  But  I  am  un- 
able to  dwell  on  this  atrocity  ;  the 
idea  alone  ahfoibs  all  my  faculties,  ex- 
iinguiihes  all  reflexion — I  am  inca- 
pable of  proceeding." 

The  natisinal  alFembly,  inllantly,  oq 
the  motion  of  the  count  de  Seraut, 
diretled  the  prefident  to  wait  on  the 
king,  and  fupplicate  h.miogive  im- 
mediate orders  to  have  this  horrii 
tranfaQion  examined  into  by  the  tri- 
bunal the  neared  to  the  place  where  it 
happened,  in  fpite  of  any  oppofitioa 
on  the  part  of  the  parliam.ent  of  Bc- 
fan^nin,  or  of  any  other  parliament  or 
body  of  men  whatever;  and  further 
refolved,  that  his  majeUybe  dclir^dto 
give  orders  to  the  nuniflers  oi  forei$fn 
affairs,  to  claim  by  hisambafladors,  at 
every  court,  luch  perfons,  for  fever.il 
are  lulpected)  as,  being  guilty  of  fa 
atrocious  a  crime,,  fliall  have  with- 
drawn, or  may  withdraw,  into  foreign 
countries — that  they  may  be  lent  into 
France,  dehvered  into  the  hands  of 
judice,  and  puniffied  according  to 
the  rigour  of  the  laws. 

An  amendment  was  made  to  this 
motion  by  M.  Tronchet,  fur  the  km,'^ 
to  be  dehred  ii>  feize,  hy  letters  pa- 
tent, the  prchdial  court  of  Vciiozi, 
in  order  to  prevent  them,  by  captious 
edicts,  from  taking  cognizance  »)f  the 
afiair  ;  but  was  withdrawn  on  the  ob- 
fervation  of  M.  da  Seranr,  that  it 
was  fulFicient  to  denounce  lo.  execra- 
ble a  crime  to  the  executive  power, 
which  would  not  fail  to  purfue  it  with 
unremitting  vigour, 

A  confpiracy  has  been  difcovered 
in  the  houfe  of  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
as  black  as  thofe  I  have  related  to 
you.  Several  of  his  attendants  are 
only  difmifled  :  fuch  is  the  clemency 
of  that  prince  !  Some  noble  perfons 
attached  to  him  are  of  the  numberj 


CONTENTS. 

1.  Eflay  on  the  caufes  of  the  variety  of  complexion  and  figure  in  the 

human  Ipecits,                   -                 _                 .                 -  igi 

2.  Reviewers'  opinion  of  ditto,                   -                 -                   -  241 

3.  Remarks  on  the  Reviewers'  opinion,         -                 -             -  2.15 

4.  Reply  to  an  elfay,  entitled,  ''  An  enquiry  into  the  utility  of  the 

Greek  and  Latin  languages,"                  -                  -                -  186 

5.  Wticther  learning  be  advantageous  to  the  poor,           -           -  249 

6.  EiTav  on  free  trade  and  Hnancc,              -                 -                   -  190 

7.  Character  novi  gcnens  planta:,                 -                 -              -          '  i(i3 

8.  Azakia  :  a  Canadian  iloiy,  _  _  _  zdid. 
I  9.  Hints  for  young  married  women,  -  -  -  '  198 
JO.  Fatal  con(cqueiices  of  forced  nuptials,       -             -                   -  eoo 

11.  Male  coquetry,  conteinptible,                    _                  _                '_  201 

12.  Ciiaracter  of  a  well-bred  man,         -         -             -           -             -  203 

13.  American  anecdote,                 -                 -               _                 -  zl?id. 

14.  Indian  anecdote,            -             -                 -                 -        ■       _  204 

15.  Anecdoie  of  dr.  Franklin,                   _                   -                   _  205 

16.  —  of  ail  Airican  prince,                     .           _             .  il/id. 

17.  Letter  to  the  Philadelphia  county  fociely  for  the  promotionof  agri- 

culture and  domeihc  manufactures,                     -                     -  206 

18.  Valuable  properties  of  the  elder  tree,             -             _             _  .z/>rd. 

19.  Hint  to  the  manufatlurers  of  pot  and  pearl  afli,         -         _         _  207 
20   Thoughts  on  the  tot  in  faeep,              .                  -                   _  ih'd. 

21.  American  maplafugar  and  me'alTes,            -                 -               -  aog 

22.  Method  of  making  fup,ar  in  the  Weft  Ind^a  iflands,      .        -  eio 

23.  Receipt  for  the  cure  of  the  icurvy,  leprofy,   &c.                    -  Hid. 
$4.  Rellcxions  on  the  gout,            -                 -                 -                 -  211 

25.  Relolves   of   the  Ma!l'achuretts  charitable  fociety,  refpefting  the 

education  of  poor   female  children,           .             .             _  212 

26.  Letter  from  general  Greene  to  the  Friends  at  New- Garden,  213 

27.  Anfwer  to  ditto,              -             -             -                 -                 -  214 

28.  Law  cafe.   [  n  the  court  of  error?  and  appeals  in  ihe  flate  of  Delaware,  215 

20.  Account  of  communications  and  donations  made  to  the  American 

philofophical  fociety,                 -                 .              -             -  218 

vo.  Memorial  and  petition  of  the  public  creditors  to  congrefs,  220 

31.  Addrefs  of  the  Minifters  and  elders  of  the  German  reformed  con- 

gregations,  to  ihe  prefident  of  the  united  dales,              -  222 

32.  Anfwer  to  ditto,              -                -               -              -                    -  ^z^ 
33-  Account  of  the  penitentiary  houfe  at  Wymondham,              -  Hid. 
94.  Letter  from  an  Lidian   chief  to  his  friend    in   the   flate  of  New- 
York,           -           -             -                  -     .             -       .          -  226 

35.  Impraclicability  of  a  north  weftern  paffage  into  the  pacific  ocean,  227 

36.  Letter  refpecting  the  fortiHcanons  in  the  wellern  country,       -  232 

37.  Method  of  preparing  a  liquor  that  will  penetrate  into  marble,  234 

38.  Remarks  on  the  amendments  propofed  to  the  £i;deral  conllitution,  235 

39.  Letter  refpetlingthe  prefent  (late  of  American  manufadures,  236 

40.  Worceller  fpeculator,  No.  HI,                  -               -                -  ^38 

41.  Directions  for  the  improvement  of  the  rifing  generation,  240 

42.  Account  of  the  climate  of  Pennfylvania,   and  its  influence  upon 

the  human  body,         -                -              -                 -             -  250 

Poetry, 

43.  The  Bermudian,                 -                  _                .,               -  15^ 

44.  Intelligence,            -            -           •»               -               -          -  z6» 


T    H    E 


AMERICAN     MUSEUM, 

For    OCTOBER,     1789. 


The  REFORMER,  No.  11.  By 

the  reverend   Jofeph    Lathrop,  of 
Spring  fields   Conneclicut. 
Piety  the  Ijafis  of  virtue. 

TFI E  necefTity  of  virtue  to  the 
happinefs  of  fociety,  was  Uiewn 
in  a  former  number.  It  is  no  lets 
.evident  that  a  behef  of,  and  regard 
to  the  government  of  a  Deity,  is  the 
only  fure  foundation  of  virtue.  What 
motive  can  there  be  fufficient  to  en- 
page  men  in  the  general  praftice  of 
lobriety,  juflice,  integrity,  and  be- 
neficence, and  to  rellrain  them  from 
the  contrary  vices,  if  they  can  once 
difbeheve  the  dottrines  of  a  divine 
government,  andafuture  retribution? 
The  beauty  and  reafonablenels  of  vir- 
tue, and  its  tendency  to  the  happinefs 
of  mankind  m  private  and  focjal  life, 
though  an  argument  of  real  truth  and 
importance,  yet  is,  in  fome  refpecis, 
too  refined  to  be  clearly  perceived, 
aifd,  in  other  refpefts,  too  didntereil- 
ed  to  be  llrongly  felt  by  men  not  ufed 
to  fuch  fpeculations,  or  not  already 
formed  to  a  benevolent  temper.  But 
the  confideration  of  an  ever-prefent 
Deity,  who  exercifes  a  righteous  go- 
vernment in  the  world,  and  will  bring 
ins  rational  fubjeth  to  a  folemn  judg- 
ment, and  didnbute  his  rewards  and 
punifhmentsin  the  moft  equitable  man- 
ner, according  to  their  real  charatters, 
is  an  argument  of  awful  weight,  and 
levl  to  the  lowed  capacity.  To  talk 
of  virtue,  independent  of  piety,  is  as 
abfurd  in  morals,  as  it  is,  in  nature, 
to  talk  of  an  animal  that  lives  without 
breaih.  But  how  fhall  a  fenfe  of  the 
Deity,  his  perfections  and  providence, 
and  a  future  flaic,  be  generally  dif- 
fnfed  and  maintained  among  a  people, 
fo  as  to  become  a  principle  prompting 
them  to  virtue,  without  fome  public 
forms  of  focial  worfhip  ?  No  means 
ran  be  imagined  fo  conducive  to  this 
end,  as  that  divine  inftitution,  which 
requires  us,  at  ftated  times,  to  inter- 
mit the  common  labours  and  amiife- 
ments  of  life,  and  unite  in  acknoxv- 
:iedging  the  Supreme  Governor  of  the 
umverfe,  in  paying  our  devout  adora- 
Voi.  VI.  No.  IV. 


tions  to  him,  and  in  hearing  our  di;-* 
tytohim,  and  to  one  another,  incul- 
cated upon  us.  The  fabbaih  is  an  in- 
Hitution  coeval  with  man's  creation  5 
rev.ved  in  the  time  of  Mofes,  num« 
bered  with,  and  placed  on  the  fama 
foot  as  the  moft  imporiant  moral  pre- 
cepts, and  coiiOantly  obferved  by  ihe 
great  founder  of  the  chriliian  dii- 
penfatioii,  and  by  his  fervarjts,  whom 
he  immediately  auliiorifed  to  dilfemi- 
nate  his  religion  in  the  world.  iha 
obfervance  of  a  fabbath  and  of  fo- 
cial worfhip,  IS  of  inch  importance  to 
the  prefervation  of  religion,  and  to 
the  happinefs  of  a  people,  that  God 
enjoins  it  as  a  grand  condition  of  his 
favour,  and  lecond  only  to  a  belief 
of  his  exiffence.  "  Ye  fliall  make 
no  idols — I  am  the  Lord  your  God. 
Ye  fliall  keep  my  fabbaths  and  reve- 
rence my  fanttuary  ;  1  am  the  Lord. 
If  ye  fhall  walk  in  my  itatutes,  then 
will  I  give  you  rain  in  due  iealon,  anrl 
the  land  Oiall  yield  her  increafe,;  )« 
vliall  dwell  t+icrem  fifely.  1  wiJi  let 
my  tabernacle  among  you.  and  my 
foul  Ihall  not  ablior  you."  If  fab- 
baths, focial  w(.r!h;p,  and  public  in- 
Uructions  fhould  be  difcontinued,  ig- 
norance, vice  and  favagenefs  of  man- 
ners would  foon  f-nlue  ;  virtue,  anrl 
even  civility,  would,  in  a  great  .mea- 
fur*,  be  iofl ;  government  would  eithof 
be  fubvcrted,  or  thonged  into  doyvn- 
right  tyranny  :  fociety  muft  either  di!- 
band,  or  be  held  together  by  abfolutf; 
force.  For,  as  there  can  be  no  piety 
without  the  worfhip  of  the  Deity,  n(>,r 
real  virtue  without  piety  ;  .fo  there 
can  be  no  voluntary  union  nor  mutual 
confidence  in  (bciety.  Without  virtue, 
and  confequently' no  government  but 
that  which  is  of  the  mofl  arbitrary  kind, 
confining  in  mere  force  and  vioJence^ 


The    REFORMER, 

Number    i  i  t  . 

Pi.eliqion  patronized  by  irovernwrnt, 

FROM  the  forgoing  reafonings  \% 
fcjilows,  that  the  civil  govern- 
ment of  a  people  ought  to  provide  iur 
M  ra 


The  Reformer ^  No.  II. 


S70 

the  encouraqement  of  divine  worlhip, 
bceaule,  w-hoiit  this,  no  people   can 
loag  fabdlt  in  a  itafe  of  fieedom  and 
happmels.     It    is    fometiines    aflied, 
who  ihould  government  have  any  thing 
to  do  with  rehgion  ?  But  the  anlwer 
is  obvious  ;  bccauferehgon  h^s  much 
to  do  with  government.     If  any  ima- 
gine, that    rulers  fnould  never  mter- 
p'jfe  in  matters  that  relate  to  religion, 
let  them  rouhder,  what  would  be  the 
confequence,  if  all  laws  again!!  injuf- 
tice.fraid,  perjury,  profaueiirls,  theft, 
and  (Irunkenriers,  were  aboliflicd,  and 
men  v*cre  left  to  purfue,  without  con- 
troul,  the  dictates  of  their  own   lufts. 
Could  foe ieiy    fubfill  P  Thev  will  at 
once  fay,  '*  this  is  carrying  liberty  too 
far.    There  mu{\  be  laws  aganid  vice. 
But  why  (hould  rulers  enjoin   men  to 
obferve  a  labbath,  or  lupport  and  at- 
tend public  ivorihip?"  I'he  rcafun  is 
plain  ;  if  public   worfliip  is  a  proper 
means  of  preventing  vice,    and    pro- 
moting virtue,  there   is  the  fame  rea- 
fon  why  they  Ihould  make  laws  in  fa- 
vour of  that,  as  why  they  fhould  make 
laws  for  the  p uniihmentof  vice.  This 
is   to   fecure  the  exiilence  and  happi- 
nefs  of  focioty,  in   a  way  much  more 
conliftent    with  the  dignity  of  human 
nature   and    the   liberty    of  mankind, 
than  to  do  every  thing  by  whips,  pri- 
fons,  and  cords. 

No  free  government  was  ever  main- 
tained without  fome  form  of  relig'on. 
No  religion  is  fo  perfeft  and  rational, 
fo  intelligible  in  its  doftrincs,  pure  in 
its  precepts,  powerful  in  us  fantbons, 
and  benevolent  in  its  defign,  as  the 
chridian  religion.  It  mufl  then  be 
the  vvifdom  of  any  government  to  pro- 
tetl  and  encourage  it,  becaufe  this  is 
to  provide  for  the  prefervation  of  it- 
felf. 

The  law  of  Chrill  exprefsly  re- 
quires, that  divine  worfhip  be  public- 
ly maintained,  and  that  all  chriOians, 
according  to  their  abilties,  contribute 
their  aid  to  ihis  purpofe.  But  it  has 
not  particulaily  pointed  out  the  man- 
ner in  which  they  Ihall  do  it.  Fhis  is 
left  to  human  prudence.  All  iha':  go- 
vernment does  in  the  cafe,  is  to  pre- 
fcribe  the  mode  of  doing  that, 
which  the  law  of  Chrill  requires,  and 
which  every  chriflian  owns,  muil  be 
done  in  fome  mode  or  other.  And 
there  can  be  nothing  unjuft  in  this, 
more   than   in   pointing  out    certain 


[Oaobe 


ways  for  tbe  relief  of  the  poor,  whom 
the  gofpel  requires  us  to  relift\'e  in 
fome  way  or  other;  or  in  procuring 
fchools  for  the  education  of  youth, 
whom  reafon  and  religion  icquireus 
to  educate  in  knowledge  and  virtue, 
by  lome  means  or  other,  or'in  annex- 
ing penalties  to  ceitain  dangerous 
vices,  which  religion  obliges  us  to 
bear  leHimony  againll  in  fome  form 
or  other. 

The  great  end  of  divine  worfhip  is 
the  falvation  of  men's  fouls.  When 
we  conhdcr  u  only  in  this  view,  we 
think  it  abfurd,  that  government 
fnould  c<incerii  nfelf  in  the  matter; 
fur  what  has  government  to  do,  to  di- 
rect mc,  how  1  fiiall  be  favcd  ?  Muft 
I  not  judge  for  tnylelf  what  is  the  way 
of  falvation  ?  Yes,  by  all  means. 
But  though  this  is  the  principal  end  of 
public  worihip,  yet  there  is  another 
end  which  it  in  (atl  fervcs,  the  prcfent 
peatc  and  happmcls  of  mankind;  and 
coniidered  in  this  view,  it  as  properly 
falls  under  ihe  patronage  of  govern- 
ment, as  learning  or  virtue,  or  any 
thing  elle,  wuh  which  the  happineis 
of  iociety  IS  elientialiy  connected. 
The  laiter  bear  as  real  and  as  impor- 
tant a  relation  to  men's  future  hopes, 
and  on  this  principle  might  as  reafon- 
ably  be  wrt- (led  out  of  the  hands  of 
government,  as  .the  former.  But  go- 
vernnient  encourages  learning  and 
virtue,  not  on  the  foot  of  their  con- 
nexion with  futurity,  but  on  account 
of  their  tendency  to  the  prefent  hap- 
pinefs  of  fociety  ;  and  on  the  lame 
principle  it  pati.inizes  the  worfliip  of 
the  Deity. 

It  would  be  abfurd  to  prefcribe 
certain  forms  of  worllup,  and  compel 
men  to  conform  to  thefe.  and  to  thefe 
only  ;  for  every  man  muO  be  at  liberty 
to  judge  what  is  truth,  and  what  is  the 
mod  acceptable  way  of  ferving  his 
Maker,  and  to  condu/-t  himfelf  ac- 
cordingly, provided  his  conduft  no 
way  interferes  wiih  the  peace  and 
fafety  of  others.  But  to  require  an 
abdinence  from  the  common  labours 
of  life  one  dav  m  feven,  and  an  at- 
tendance on  the  wordiip  of  God  m 
lome  form  or  other,  is  no  more  ari 
invafion  of  the  rights  of  confcience, 
than  a  prohibition  of  vice,  or  an  in- 
junction to  maintain  the  poor  and  fup- 
port  fchools,  is  an  invafion  on  ihe 
rights  of     confcience  ;    for,    though: 


i7h-l 


Reflexions  vpon  fortitude. 


271 


men  may  confcientioufly  differ,  as  to 
the  particular  tonns  of  worllup,  yet 
chrllians,  and  almoil  ail  mankind 
are  aj^reed,  that  God  is  to  be  wor- 
flupped  in  iome  mode  or  oiher;  and 
he  that  is  allowed  to  choofe  his.  own 
mode  of  doinij  that,  whi-.h  he  owns 
hmiTelf  obliged  and  proFeires  himfeif 
willing  to  do,  very  abfilrdly  com- 
plains of  opprefTion, 

Men  may,  if  they  pleafe,  traduce 
religion  under  the  name  of  tradition, 
or  government  under  ihe  name  of  ty- 
ranny, but  to  call  things  by  ill  names 
alicis  not  their  nature.  Truth  ceaies 
not  to  be  truth,  nor  does  a  ufage, 
good  in  itfelf,  become  evil,  becaufe 
the  one  has  been  believed,  and  the 
other  praftifed  by  our  fathers,  or  even 
by  Jews.  If  our  faith  and  practice 
are  founded  only  in  human  authoruy, 
or  human  cullom.  they  are  ellentially 
defective  in  a  religious  view  ;  but  to 
make  the  prattice  of  others  the  mark 
of  evil,  ;s  as  abfurd,  as  to  make  it  the 
flandard  of  right.  If  we  mull  rejecl 
every  thing  in  the  grofs,  as  wrong, 
which  was  adopted  by  ourfaihers,  re- 
ligion muft  of  coarfe  change  its  na- 
ture every  generation. 

The  obfervance  of  falls,  fabbaths, 
and  public  worihip  has  lately  been  re- 
proached as  mere  tradition.  But  how- 
e./er  well  the  writer  may  mean,  he 
reafons  very  ill.  Inllead  of  fliewing 
it  to  be  of  e-il  tendency  with  refpett 
to  the  morals,  or  the  happinefs  of 
mankind,  contrary  to  reafon  or  reve- 
lation, his  oiily  argument  is,  that  it  is 
mete  tradition  or  Jiidaifm  ;  thai  i?,  it 
is  doing  as  others  have  done  ;  and 
therefore  fliould  be  done  no  more  : 
and  it  was  enjoined  on  Jews,  and 
therefore  ought  to  be  abhorred  by 
chridians.  But  this  rule  would  lead 
us  as  much  to  dsfcard  the  virtues  as 
the  vices  of  our  fathers ;  and  to  rejeft 
the  whole  decalogue  as  the  fourth 
commandment.  His  arguments  to 
prove  that  there  ought  to  be  no  laws 
in  favour  of  religion,  operate  abke 
againft  all  laws  in  fupport  of  learning, 
virtue  and  good  manners,  that  is,  they 
operate  not  at  all,  unlefs  it  be  in  the 
mind;  of  the  thoughilefs  and  undif- 
cerning, 

Rejiexions   upon   fortitude,  zvith    rt- 


markable  injlances   of  this  quatiCy 
in  the  favnaes  of  America. 

FOKTl'lUDE  and  cc.nllancy  of 
mind  are  qualities  to  which  every 
nation,  in  pi(/portlon  as  it  is  civilized, 
lays  a  formidable  claim,  and  to  which, 
however,  very  few,  were  we  to  exa- 
mine the  ma.ter  thoroughly,  can  ha\e 
any  tolerable  pretcnfion,  beGdes  the 
compliment  which  on  ihoie  occa- 
fions.  each  is  fo  extremely  liberal  in 
paying  to  itfelf.  In  fatt,  it  miglu 
not  be  ditn. ult  to  prove,  from  every 
day's  experience,  that  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  fciences,  while  they  im- 
prove, generally  enervate  the  mind, 
and  that  true  fortitude  and  conllancy 
of  foul,  aie  more  the  refult  of  a  ielf- 
approving  confcience,  than  the  eftcirt 
ot  an  excellent  underdanding. 

A  number  of  philotbpbers,  who 
have  alloniflied  the  world  with  the 
greatnefs  of  their  genius,  and  the  ex- 
tent of  their  reading,  might  tiik  vviv 
prettily  on  this  fubjecl ;  but  when  tiiev 
came  once  to  put  any  of  their  own 
lelTons  into  praftice,  this  boafted  re- 
folution,  of  which  ihey  imagined 
ihemfelves  pofTcffed,  dilappeared  in 
an  iullant,  and,  from  deierving  the 
univerfal  admiration  of  mankind,  ihey 
became  entitled  to  nothing  but  an  ab- 
folute  contempt.  Cicero,  in  his  ora- 
tion-:,  might  exprefs  the  greaieft  dif- 
regaid  of  death  he  pleafed,  and  tell 
us  that  a  man  fliould  not  hcfitate  a 
moment,  in  facrificing  his  life  for  the 
good  of  his  country  ;  but  the  orator 
found  the  practice  inhnitely  harder 
than  the  precept,  and  leagued  himfeif 
•with  the  enemies  of  the  public,  alter 
all,  in  hope  of  faving  the  life,  which 
he  affefled  fo  highly  10  defpife. 

Who  could  talk  better  upon  the 
virtues,  or  give  more  excellent  icflons 
of  morality,  than  lord  St.  Albatis  ; 
yet  who,  when  he  fell  from  the  pin- 
nacle of  honour  and  preferment,  ever 
fnewed  a  greater  fervility  of  mind, 
or  took  more  infamous  methods  10  re- 
pair his  Ihattered  fortune  ? — '!'he  moft 
fcandalous  adulation  that  could  be  pa.d 
at  court,  he  was  conliantly  paying^'j 
and,  notwithflanding  after  his  dif- 
grace,  he  was  writing  a  book,  which 
confers  an  honour  on  human  nature, 
yet  his  intervals  were  taken  up  in  Ae-^ 
fending  every  pernicious  meafure  of 
the  crown,  and  employed  m  dellroy- 
ing  the  liberty  of  his  country.     Need 


keficxions  on  fortiludc. 


the  caiife  of  his  difl^'race  be  mention- 
ed here  lo  prove,  that  iioiwiihliaiid- 
ing  his  woiidtrKii  iibilmes,  he  waiited 
iioriiuide  to  reiitll  ihe  iorce  ofatr  lluig 
iuin  of  money,  and  hoiieily  to  dit- 
tnaiiic  ihe  unj>'>iiaiit  duties  of  his 
jiidi  !'  ot  \^/hal  Uiali  we  fay  of  a  man, 
■who':  while  he  was  eflabhfhing  the 
}iij;hclf  leilunuoy  of  human  genius, 
lor  two  or  three  hundred  pounds 
erected  an  everlaliing  monument  of 
iiuman  bafeneis  too  P  iir  reality, 
iciencc  and  underHandmg  can  Ayy  no- 
thing more  than  leach  our  conltancy 
and  fortiludc  a  nobler  way  of  appear- 
!!!g  ;  the  qualities  ihemielvtfs  nsull  pro- 
ceed from  a  firmer  foundation  than 
ijotti-^  I  he  wiidoiri  of  Socraies  gave 
a  manner  to  his  fortitude,  which  left 
an  irrehl'.ibre  chor-n  in  his  deaih  ; 
i-iu!  (he  fortitude  itlelf  proceeded  not 
from  the  excellence  of  hs  underfland- 
ing,  hut  the  gooducfs  of  his  heart. 

But  to  prove  beyoiid  a  pollihdity 
hf  difpuie,  that  a  knowledge  of  the 
fciences,  has  ooihing  to  do  in  the  qua- 
lities under  conlidcratioh.  let  us  only 
refer  tb  the  behavio\ir  of  a  poor  In- 
dian, as  related  by  LaStaw,  tai<en  in 
battle  by  hsscuemies,  and  condemned 
as  a  facriFice  to  the  maries  of  fuch  as 
either  he  himfeif  or.  his  countrymen 
fiefhoyed  in  ihe  field  :  ihe  moment 
be  is  coiidemnedj  he  opens  his  death 
iofig.  and  is  faliened  to  a  ilake,  th« 
chiefs  of  the  naiion,  which  has  taken 
hull,  fitting  round  a  fire^  and  linok- 
ing  all  the  time.  Such  as  choofe  to 
be  concerned  in  the  execution,  begin 
with  torturing  at  the  extremities  of 
his  body,  till  by  degrees  they  approach 
the  trunk  ;  one  pulls  off  all  his  nails 
from  the  roots  ;  another  takes  a  finger 
and  tears  off  ihe  fielh  wiih  his  teeth  ; 
u  ihu-d  takes  the  finger  thus  mangled, 
and  ihrulls  it  into  the  bf)wl  of  a  p  pe 
made  red  hot,  and  finokes  it  like  to- 
bacco ;  others  cut  and  flafli  the  lleihy 
parts  of  his  body,  and  fear  the  w^ounds 
immediately  up  with  burning  irons  : 
foine  ttrip  the  lkin,oft  his  head,  and 
pour  boiling  lead  upou  it  •,  others  tear 
Uie  Reffi  entirely  frorrj  his  arms  and 
twill  the  bare  tendrils  and  finews 
round  red  hot  irons,  twilling  and  fnap- 
ping  at  the  fame  lime  ;  fome  pound 
his  fingers  and  toes  to  pieces  between 
two  Hones,  others  all  the  while  dif- 
tending  and  Pireiching  every  limb  and 
joint,  10  ijKieaiC  Uie   ii;uwucc.v«l/ic 


fdaobefj 


horror  of  his  pains.  During  this,  the 
mifcrable  fufferer,  fometimcs,  render- 
ed inlenfible  by  the  torture,  falls  into 
fo  profound  a  Heep,  that  ihcy  are 
obliged  to  apply  the  fire  lo  recover 
him,  and  untie  him.  to  give  a  brea- 
thing to  the  fury  of  their  own  re^ 
veiige.  Again  he  is  tied,  and  hiS 
teeth  drawn  one  by  one,  bis  eyes  beat 
Out,  and  no  one  trace  of  humanity 
left  in  his  vifage  ;  in  this  ntuaiion,all 
over  one  continued  mummy,  one  in- 
expreffible  wound,  they  beat  htm  from 
one  to  another  with  clubs  :  the 
wretch,  now  up,  now  down,  falling 
in  their  fires  at  every  flep,  tdl  ar  laft. 
wearied  out  with  cruelty,  fome  of 
their  chiefs  put  an  end  with  a  dagger 
to  his  lulleringi;,  and  terminate  ihi 
execution,  which  often  lalis  five  or 
fix  hours,  by  ordering  on  the  kettle^ 
and  making  a  feall  as  horrid  and  bar- 
barous as  their  leveniic. 

But  what  renders  this  more  furpriz"- 
ing,  is  a  conteft  which  fubli/ls  all  the 
time  between  the  lutferer  and  thein,- 
whether  he  hasmofi  fortitude  in  bear- 
ing, or  they  ingenuity  in  aggravatiii.5^ 
h:s  pangs ;  at  every  interval  they  give 
him,  he  fmokes  unconcerned  with  the 
rell,  without  one  murmur  or  appear- 
ance of  a  groan,  recounts  what  exploits 
he  has  done,  and  tells  them  how  many 
of  their  countrymen  he  has  killed,  in 
order  to  increafe  their  fury  ;  nay,  he 
reproaches  iheni  with  an  ignorance  of 
torturing,  and  points  out  futh  parts  ot 
his  body  himfeif,  as  are  more  exqui- 
fitely  fenfible  of  pain — The  woineti 
Have  this  part  of  courage  with  ihe 
men,  and  incredible  foever  as  fuch  an 
atl-onidiing  conifancy  of  mind  may  ap- 
pear, it  would  be  as  odd  to  fee  one 
of  thefe  people  fuffer  in  another  man- 
ner, as  it  would  be  to  find  an  Euro- 
pean who  could  fuffer  wuh  any  ihiiii^ 
like  their  fortitude  ;  an  inllexible  con- 
formity to  the  principles  in  which 
they  are  bred  is  the  occafion  of  this 
fortitude,  and  without  one  fpark  of 
learning, occafionsa  behaviour,  which 
difiances  the  moft  celebiated  floriesi^f 
antiquity,  and  baffles  the  profoundett 
leffonsofall  the  philofophers. 

An  effay  on  the  caufeS  0/  the  variety 
of  complexion  and  figure  m  the  hu- 
man f  pedes.     To  which  arc  added^ 

JlricUt\:>  tin  lot  dKuiirui  diJ'cQU-Je^ 


ijgg.l 


Of  complexion  and  figure  in  the  human. fpcciest 


on  the  original  diverjity  of  man- 
kind. By  the  reverend  Samuel  Stan- 
hope Smich,  D.  D.  vice- prefi dent ^ 
and  profcjfor  of  moral  fkilujophy, 
in  the  coileqe  0/  New  Jerfty\  and 
M.  A.  P.  S.—l\  186. 

TO  evince  that  the  (late  of  fociety 
has  a  fiieat  eifeci  in  varymy  the 
figure  and  coniplexion  of  maiiliiud,  I 
fliaU  derive  my  hrli  illuilration  from 
liic  feveral  claffes  of  men  in  poliflied 
nations^  And  then  I  iliall  fiievv  that 
men,  in  diileieMi  dates  of  fociety, 
have  changed,  and  that  they  have  11 
continually  in  their  power  to  change, 
in  a  great  degree,  the  afpect  of  the 
ipecies,accortlint{  to  any  general  ideas 
or  ilandard  of  human  beauty  v.hich 
ihey  may  have  adopted* 

I.  And,  in  the  hrii  place,  between 
the  feveral  clalfcs  t>f  men  in  poiilhcd 
nations,  who  may  be  confidered  as 
people  in  diiterent  flaies  of  fociety, 
we  difcern  gr<-at  and  obvious  Qiiiuic- 
tions,  ariliiig  from  their  fotial  habits, 
ideas,  and  employments. 

The  poor  and  labouring  part  of  the 
community  are  ufually  moie  fwarihy 
and  fquahd  in  their  complexion,  more 
hard  in  their  features,  and  more  coarfe 
and  ill  formed  miheir  limbs,  than  per- 
sons of  belter  fortune,  and  more  liberal 
meansofUibhfiencc.They  want  thede- 
jicate  tints  oi  colour^  thepleafin<;  regu- 
l.iruy  of  fcalurej  and  the  ele(4<ince  and 
fine  proportions  of  perfon.  There  may 
bo  particular  exceptions.  Luxury 
may  disfigure  the  one — a  fortunate  co- 
incidence of  circumRances  may  give  a 
happy  affemblage  of  features  to  the 
other*  iiut  ihefe  exceptions  do  not 
invalidate   the  general  obfervation** 

NOTE. 

*  It  ought  to  be  kept  in  mind, 
through  the  whole  of  the  following 
illufiratioiis,  that,  wlien  mention  is 
made  of  the  fupprjor  beauty  aud  pro- 
portions of  perfons  in  the  higher 
dalles  of  fociety,  the  remark  is  gene- 
^•al.  It  IS  not  intended  to  deny  that 
there  exul  exceptions  both  of  defor- 
mity among  the  great  j  and  of  beauty 
among  the  poor  ^  and  ihoie  only  at'e 
intenQpd  to  be  defcribed,  who  enjoy 
their  fortune  with  temperiince  ;  be- 
canfe  luxury  and  excels  tend  equally 
>vith  extreme  poverty,  to  debilitate 
and  disfigure  ihe  human  eoniliiuiioui 


Such  diftinftions  become  more  con- 
iiderabie  by  time,  after  families  have 
held  for  ages  the  fame  ilations  in  lo- 
ciety.^  They  are  moit  conlpicuous  111 
thoie  counines,  in  which  -the  laws 
have  made  the  moil  complete  and  per- 
manent divihon  of  ranks.  What  an 
iu'.menfe  difference  cxills,  in  Scot- 
land, between  the  chiefs  and  the  rom- 
monalty  of  the  highland  clans?  If 
they  hud  been  feparatcly  found  in  dif- 
ferent countries,  the  jjhilurophy  of 
fome  writers  would  have  ranged  them 
in  different  fpecies.  A  fimilar  dif- 
imciion  takes  place  between  the  no- 
biliiy  and  pcafantvy  of  France,  of 
Spam,  of  Italy,  of  Germany.  It  is 
even  moreconfpicuous  in  many  of  the 
caftern  nations,  where  a  wider  dit- 
taiice  exiiU  between  the  highefl  and 
the  lowed  ciaifes  in  fociety.  The 
naires  or  nobles  of  Caiicut,  in  the 
Ka'l  Indies,  have,  with  the  ufual  ig- 
norance and  precipitancy  of  travellers, 
benn  pronounced  a diiierent  race  from 
the  populace  ;  becaufe  the  former,  ele- 
vated by  their  latJc,  and  devoted  only 
to  martial  fiudies  and  achie*ineius, 
are  diflinguiflied  by  thai  manly  beauty 
and  elevated  ilaturc,  fo  frequently 
found  with  the  profedion  of  arms,  ef- 
peiially  when  united  with  nobibty  of 
dcfcent  ;  the  la;ier,  poor  and  labo- 
rious, expofcd  to  lurdfliips,  and  left, 
by  their  rank,  without  the  fpirit  or 
the  hope  to  better  their  condition,  are 
much  more  deformed  and  diminutive 
in  their  perfons  ;  and,  in  their  com- 
plexion, much  more  black.  In  France, 
fays  fiufion,  you  may  dill uiguilh  by 
the  r  afpett,  not  only  the  nobility  from 
the  peafantry,  but  the  iupenor  orders 
of  nobili.y  from  the  inferior,  thefe 
from  citizens,  and  citizens  from  pea- 
fanrs.  You  may  even  d.iftinguifh  the 
peafants  of  one  part  of  the  country, 
from  thofe  of  another,  according  to 
the  fertility  of  the  foil,  or  the  nature 
of  us  produtf.  The  fame  obferva- 
tion  has  been  made  on  the  inhabitants 
of  different  counties  in  England.  And 
I  have  been  affured,  by  a  mod  judici- 
ous and  careful  obferver,  that  the  dif- 
ference between  the  people  in  the 
eadern.  and  thofe  in  the  weRern  coun- 
ties in  Scotland,  is  fenfible  and  drik  - 
ing.  The  farmers,  who  cultivate  the 
fertile  counties  of  the  Lothians,  have 
&  fairer  complcxionj  and  a  better  u- 


274 


0/  compUxion  and  figure  in  the  kiiman  /pedes.         [Oclobcr, 


giire,  than  thofe  who  live  in  the  weft, 
and  obtain  a  more  coaife  and  fcanty 
iubfillence  from  a  barren  foil*. 

NOTE. 

*  It  is  well  known,  that  coarfeanJ 
jneagre  food  is  ever  accompanied  m 
njankind,  with  hard  features  and  a 
dark  complcKion.  Every  change  of 
diet,  and  every  variety  in  the  manner 
of  preparing  it,  has  fome  eftei.l  on  the 
human  conftitution,  A  iervant  now 
lives  in  my  famdy,  who  was  bound  to 
rne  at  ten  years  of  age.  Her  parents 
•were  in  abjcit  poverty.  'I  he  child 
vas,  in  conlequence,  extremely  fal- 
low in  her  complexion,  (he  was  ema- 
ciated, and,  as  is  common  to  chil- 
dren who  have  lam  in  the  alhes  and 
dirt  of  miferable  huts,  her  iiair  was 
fiitfered  and  worn  away  to  the  length 
of  little  more  than  two  inches.  This 
girl  has,  by  a  fortunate  chanjje  in  her 
•mixle  of  living,  and  indeed  by  living 
more  like  my  own  children  than  like 
a  fervant,  become,  in  the  Ipace  of 
four  years,  frelh  and  ruddy  in  her 
complexion,  her  hair  is  long  and  flow- 
ing, and  flie  is  not  badly  made  in  her 
perfon.  A  fimilar  inllance  is  now  in 
the  family  of  a  worthy  clergyman,  a 
friend  and  neighbour  oF  mine.  And 
many  fuch  inflances  of  the  influence 
of  diet,  and  m<jdes  of  living,  will  oc- 
cur to  a  careful  andartentiveobfe rver. 
it  equally  allefts  the  inferior  animals. 
The  horlV,  according  to  his  treat- 
ment, maybe  infinitely  varied  in  I'hape 
and  (ize.  The  flefh  of  many  ipecies 
of  game  differ-,  both  in  tafte  and  co- 
lour according  to  the  nature  of  the 
grounds  on  which  they  have  fed.  The 
llefii  of  hares,  that  have  fed  on  high 
lands,  is  much  fairer  than  thofe  that 
have  fed  in  vailies  and  on  damp 
grounds.  And  every  keeper  of  cat- 
tle knows  how  much  the  firmnefs  and 
flavour  of  the  meat  depends  upon  the 
manner  of  feeding.  Nor  is  this  un- 
accountable. For  as  each  element  has 
a  different  effefl  on  the  animal  fyflem 
— and  as  the  elements  are  cornbined  in 
various  proportions  in  different  kinds 
of  food,  the  means  of  fubfillence  will 
neceffarily  have  a  great  influence  on 
<he  human  figure  and  complexion. 
The  difference,  however,  between  the 
common  people  in  the  eallern  and 
weflern  counties  of  Scotland,  in  fc- 
veral  counties  in  England,    and    in 


If,  in  England,  there  exifts  lefs 
difference  between  the  figure  and  ap- 
pearance of  perlons  in  the  higher  and 
lower  claffes  of  fociety,  than  is  feen 
in  many  other  countries  of  Europe, 
It  is  bccaufe  a  more  general  ditludim 
of  liberty  and  wealth  has  reduced  the 
different  ranks  more  nearly  to  a  level. 
Science  and  military  talents  open  the 
way  to  eminence  and  to  nobility. 
Encouragements  to  induflrv,  and  ideas 
of  liberty,  favour  the  atquifition  of 
fortune  by  the  loweit  orders  of  citi- 
zens— And,  thefe  not  being  prohibit- 
ed, by  the  laws  or  cufloms  of  the  na- 
tion, from  afpinngto  connexions  with 
the  h'ghcif  ranks,  families  in  that 
country  are  frequently  blended.  You 
often  find  in  citizens  the  beautiful 
figure  and  complexion  of  the  noblell 
blood  ;  and,  in  noble  houfes,  the 
coarfe  features  that  were  formed  in 
lower  life. 

Such  diftin£lions  are,  as  yet,  lefs 
obvious  in  America,  becaufe,  the 
people  enjoy  a  greater  etiuality;  and 
the  frequency  of  migration  has  not 
permitted  any  foil,  or  ftate  of  local 
manners,  to  imprefs  its  charader 
deeply  on  the  conllittition.  Equality 
of  rank  and  fortune,  in  the  citizens 
of  the  united  Hates,  fimilarity  of  oc- 
cupations, and  of  fociety,  have  pro- 
duced fuch  uniformity  of  character, 
that,  hitherto,  they  are  not  Ifrongly 
marked  by  fuch  differences  of  feature 
as  arife  folely  from  focial  diftincfions. 
And  yet  there  are  beginning  to  be 
formed,  independently  on  chmate, 
certain  combinations  of  features,  the 
refult  of  focial  ideas,  that  already 
ferve,  in  a  degree,  to  dillinguifh  the 
flates  frori  one  another.  Hereafter 
they  will  advance  into  more  confider- 
able  and  charafteriflic  diflinfcfions. 

If  the  white  inhabitants  of  Ameri- 
ca afford  as  lefs  confpicuous  inftances, 
than  fome  other  nations,  of  the  p(^wer 
of  fociety,  and  of  the  difference   of 

N  o  T  E  . 
other  nations,  arlfes,  perhaps,  nt)t 
only  from  their  food,  and  the  foil 
whichthey  inhabit,  but,  in  part  like- 
wife,  from  their  occupations,  as  huf- 
bandmcn,  mechanics,  or  mamrfaftu- 
rcrs.  Htilbandry  has  generally  a  hap- 
pier efFeff  on  perronal  appearance, 
than  the  fcdentary  employments  of  ma- 
un ficfure. 


J  789-1 


Of  (.on^Uxion  and  figure  in  the  human  fpecies. 


'75 


ranks,  in  varying  the  human  form, 
ihe  blacks  in  the  ibuthern  republics, 
aliord  one  that  is  highly  worthy  the 
attention  of  philorophcrs — It  hds  often 
ccciirred  to  my  own  obfervation. 

The  held  flaves  are  badly  fed,  clo- 
thed, and  lodged.  They  live  infmall 
huts,  on  the  plantations  where  they 
labour,  remote  from  the  fociety  and 
example  of  their  fuperiors.  Living 
by  themfelves,  they  retain  many  of 
the  cultoms  and  manners  of  their 
African  anceftors.  The  domeOic  ler- 
vants,  on  the  other  hand,  who  are 
kept  near  the  perfons,  or  employed 
in  the  families  of  their  mailers,  are 
treated  with  great  lenity,  their  fervice 
is'l  ght,  they  are  fed  and  clothed  like 
their  fuperiors,  they  fee  their  man- 
ners, adopi  (heir  habits,  and  mfeniibly 
receive  the  fame  ideas  of  elegance  and 
beauty.  The  Held  Haves  are,  in  con- 
fequence,  flow  in  changing  the  afpett 
and  figure /of  Africa.  The  domeUic 
fervants  have  advanced  far  before 
them  in  acquirmg  the  agreeable  and 
regular  features,  and  the  exprefhve 
countenance  of  civilized  (ociety.  The 
former  are  frequently  ill  Ihaped.  They 
preferve,  in  a  great  degree,  the  Afri- 
can lips,  and  nofe,  and  hair.  Their 
genius  is  dull,  and  their  countenance 
fleepy  and  liupid.  The  latter  arc 
ftrait  and  well  proportioned  ;  their 
hair  extended  to  three,  four,  and, 
fometimes  even,  to  fix  or  eight  inches  ; 
the  fize  and  fhape  of  the  mouth  hand- 
fome,  their  features  regular,  their  ca- 
pacity good,  and  their  look  ani- 
mated*. 

NOTE. 

*  The  features  of  the  Negroes  in 
America  have  undergone  a  greater 
change  than  the  complexion  ;  becaufe 
depending  more  on  the  ilate  of  foci- 
ety, than  on  the  climate,  they  are 
fooncr  fufceptible  of  alteration,  from 
its  emotions,  habits,  and  ideas.  This 
is  Unkingly  verified  in  the  field  and 
domeUic  (laves.  The  former,  even 
in  the  third  generation,  retain,  in  a 
great  degree,  the  countenance  of  A- 
frica.  The  nofe,  though  lefs  flat, 
and  the  lips,  though  lefs  thick,  than 
in  the  native  Africans,  yet  are  much 
more  flat,  and  thick,  than  in  the  Fami- 
ly fervants  of  the  lame  race.  Thefc 
have  the  nofe  raifed,  the  mouth  and 
lips  of  a  mo'Jer:Ue  fize,  the  eyes  lively 


Another  example  of  th«  power  of 
fociety  is  well  known  to  every  man  ac- 
quainted with  the  favage  tribes  difperf- 
ed  along  the  frontiers  of  thefe  repub- 
lics. There  you  frequently  fee  per- 
fons who  have  been  captivated  frons 
the  ftaies,  and  grown  up,  from  in- 
fancy to  middle  age,  in  the  habits  of 
favage  life.  In  that  time,  they  uni- 
verlally  contraB  fuch  a  ftrong  refem- 
blance  of  the  natives  in  their  counte- 
nance, and  even  in  their  complexion, 
as  to  artbrd  a  (inking  proof  that  the 
differences  which  exift,  in  the  fame 
latitude,  between  the  Anglo-Ameri- 
can and  the  Indian,  depend  princi- 
pally on  the  ftate  of  fociety*. 

NOTE. 

and  fparkling,  and  often  the  whole 
compolition  of  the  features  extremely 
agreeable.  The  hair  grows  fenhbly 
longer  in  each  fucceediiig  race  ;  efpe- 
cially  in  ihofe  who  drefs  and  cultivate 
It  with  care.  Afier  many  enquiries, 
I  have  found,  that,  wherever  the  hair 
is  (horc  and  clofely  curled  in  negroes 
of  the  fecond  or  third  race,  it  is  be- 
caufe they  frequently  cut  it,  to  fave 
themfelves  the  trouble  of  drefling. The 
great  ditlerence  between  the  domeftic 
and  field  Haves,  gives  reaion  to  be- 
lieve, that,  if  they  were  perfetlly  free, 
enjoyed  property,  and  were  admitted 
to  a  liberal  participation  of  the  focie- 
ty, rank,  and  privileges  of  their  maf- 
ters,  they  would  change  their  African 
peculiarities  much  faflcr, 

*  The  refemblance  between  thefe 
captives,  and  the  native  favages  is  fo 
ftrong,  as  at  firft  to  ftnke every  obferv- 
er  with  ailoniniment.  Being  taken 
in  infancy,  before  fociety  could  have 
made  any  imprefnons  upon  them,  and 
fpending  in  the  folitude  and  rudeneTs 
of  lavage  life  that  tender  and  forming 
age,  they  grow  up  with  the  fame  apathy 
of  countenance,  the  fame  lugubrious 
wildtoefs,  the  fame  fwelling  of  the  fea- 
tures and  mufcles  of  the  face,  the 
fame  form  and  attitude  of  the  limbs, 
and  the  fame  charafleriif  c  gait,  which 
is  a  great  elevation  of  the  feet  uhen 
thy  walk,  and  the  toe  O^mewhat  turn- 
ed in,  after  the  manner  of  a  duck. 
Growing  up  perfeftly  naked,  and  ex- 
pofed  to  the  conftant  a6iion  of  the 
fun  and  weather,  amidft  all  ihe  hard- 
{hips  of  the  favage  ftate,  their  colour 
becomes  very  deep.     As  it  is  but  c 


»75 


Of  comphxicn  and  Jigure  in  t!fe  human  fpccits,        [0£lober, 


The  college  of  New  Jerfcy  fur- 
nlfhes,  at  prefent,  a  counterpart  to 
this  exa'.Tiple,  A  y^ung  Indian,  now 
about  (ifteen  years  of  a^c,  wss  brought 
from  his  nation,  a  numiier  of  years 
3j^o,  to  receive  an  ecl.icanon  in  ihs 
inllitution.      And   from  an   accurate 

x  o  T  F,  . 

few  fliades  lighter  than  that  of  the  na- 
tives, It  IS,  at  a  fm-iil  d;llance,  hardly 
^illingiiifliablc.  'I  his  example  aflords 
another  proof  of  the  greater  cafe  wiih 
lA'hich  a  dark  coJonr  tan  be  imprelfed, 
than  etlared  from  a  Ikin  originally 
fair.  The  caiiles  of  colour  are  attive 
in  their  operation,  and  fpeedily  make 
a  dcei>  impredion.  White  is  the 
ground  on  which  this  operation  is  re- 
t:eivcd.  And  a  white  fkin  is  to  be 
prcfcrvcd  only  bv  protettmg  it  from 
jhe  action  cf  thcfe  caufes.  Protettion 
lias  nru'rely  a  negative  iiniiience,  and 
jnnll  iheretore  be  flow  in  its  eHetls  j 
cfpecially  as  long  as  the  fmall^ft  de- 
«ree  of  pofitive  agency  is  fuffered 
from  the  origmal  caufes  of  colour. 
And  as  the  ikin  retains,  with  great 
conllancy,  impreflions  once  received, 
3II  dark  colours  will,  on  both  ac- 
counts, be  much  lefs  mutable  than  the 
fair  complexion.  That  period  of  time, 
therefore,  which  would  be  fufficient 
in  a  favag.-;  (late,  to  change  a  white 
Ikin  to  the  darkell  hue  the  climate 
can  imprefs,  would,  with  the  molt 
careful  protettion,  ligliien  a  black 
colour,  only  a  few  fl^^de^.  And  be- 
jcaufe  thispohtive  and  active  influence 
jpr-'iices  lis  etf'^ts  fo  much  more 
fpeedily  and  powerfully  than  tho  ne- 
gative influence,  that  conliils  merely 
in  guarding  againft  its  operation,;  and 
•fince  we  fee  that  the  fkin  retains  im- 
preflions fo  long,  and  the  tanning  in- 
curred by  expoling  it  one  day  to  the 
fun,  is  not  in  many  days  to  beeilaccd, 
we  may  juflly  conclude,  that  a  dark  co- 
lour, once  coniratted,  if  it  be  expifcd 
jbiit  a  few  days  in  the  year  fo  ibe  attion 
of  the  fun  and  weather,  will  be  many 
^ges  before  it  can  be  entirely  effaced. 
And  iinler<  the  difference  of  cbmate  bt: 
fo  conliderahle  as  to  operate  very  great 
changes  on  the  internal  conditution, 
and  to  alter  the  whole  Hate  of  the 
ffcr'^tions,  the  negro  colour,  for  ex- 
ample, may,  by  the  cxpofure  of  a  poor 
and  fervile  flatc,  be  rendered  almoll 
^erpetu.al. 


obfervation  of  him,  during  the  great- 
er part  of  that  time,  I  have  received 
the  moll  perfect  convidion  that  the 
fame  ftate  of  focirtv,  united  with  the 
fame  climate,  would  make  the  Anglo- 
American  and  the  Indian  counte- 
nance very  nearly  approximate.  He 
was  too  far  advanced  m  favage  ha- 
bits, to  render  the  obfei  vation  com- 
plete, becaule,  all  imprefhons  re- 
ceived in  the  tenrler  and  pliant  RatB 
of  the  human  conilituiion,  before  the 
age  of  feven  years,  are  more  deep 
and  permanent,  than  in  any  future, 
and  etjiial  period  of  life.  There  is 
an  obvious  d'Herence  between  him 
and  his  fellow-Iiudents  in  the  large- 
nefs  of  the  mouih,  and  thicknefs  of 
the  lips,  in  the  elevation  of  the  cheek, 
in  the  darknef>  of  the  complexion, 
and  the  contour  of  the  fate.  But 
thefe  ddfcrencesare  fenfildy  diminilli- 
ing.  They  feem  to  diminifli  the 
faller,  in  proportion,  as  he  lofes  that 
yacancv  of  eye,  and  that  lugubrious 
wildnefs  of  countenance,  peculiar  to 
.the  favage  Gate,  and  actpiircs  the  a- 
greeab'e  exprellion  of  civil  life.  The 
exprelTion  of  the  eye,  and  the  foften- 
ing  of  the  features,  to  civifzed  emo- 
tions and  ideas,  -feems  to  have  remov- 
ed more  than  half  the  dfFercnce  be- 
tween him  and  us.  His  colour^ 
(though  it  is  much  lighter  than  the 
complexion  of  the  native  favage,  as 
is  evident  from  the  fiain  of  blulhinj, 
that,  on  a  near  infpeclion,  is  inflant- 
ly  ditcerniblcj  dill  forms  the  princi- 
pal ddlinttion*.  There  is  le/s  differ- 
ence between  his  features  and  fhofe 
of  his  fellow-diidents,  than  we  often 
fee  between  peiTons  of  civilized  foci- 
e;y.  After  a  careful  attention  to  each 
particular  feature,  and  comparifon  of 
it  with  the  correfpondent  feature  in 
ii',  I  am  now  able  to  dlfcover  but 
little  difference.  And  yet  there  is  an 
obvious  difference  in  the  whole  coun- 
tenance. This  circumlfance  has  Ie4 
me  to  conclude  that  the  varieties  a- 
niong  mankind  are  much  lefs  than 
they  appear  to  be.  Each  fingle  trait 
or  limb,  when  examined  apart,  ha*, 
perhaps,  no  divcrliiy  that  may  n<^t  be 
eafily  accounted  fiir,  from  known  an4 

NOTE. 

*  See  the  preceding  note,  for  » 
reafon  why  the  complexion  is  \z\^ 
.fhaijjjed  than  many  of  the  feutuies. 


1785-] 


Of  complexion  and  figure  in  the  humanfpecies. 


677 


obvious  caufes.  Particular  differen- 
ces are  fmall.  It  is  the  rcfult  of  the 
uiiole  that  furprizes  us,  by  its  magni- 
tiiae.  The  combined  eSert  of  many 
miuite  varieties,  like  the  produft  a- 
rihng  from  the  miiltiphcation  of  ma- 
ny (mall  niiniiiers,  appears  great  and 
unaccountable.  And  vve  have  not 
patience,  or,  it  mny  be,  (kill,  (o  divide 
this  combined  refult  into  us  leaft  por- 
tions, and  to  fee,  in  that  flate,  hov^f 
cafy  it  is  of  comprehenGon  or  folu- 
tion. 

The  ftate  of  fociety  comprehends 
diet,  clothing,  Icd^ifing,  manners,  ha- 
bits, face  of  the  country,  objeth  of 
fcience,  religion,  intereiis,  padioiis, 
and  ideas  of  ail  kinds,  infinite  in 
number  and  variety.  If  each  of  thefe 
.caufes  be  admitted  to  make,  as  un- 
doubtedly ihcy  do,  a  fmall  variation 
,on  the  human  countenance,  the  dif- 
ferent combinations  and  relults  of  the 
whole,  mull  necelfarily  be  very  great ; 
and,  combined  with  the  effects  of  cli- 
jnate,  will  be  adequate  to  account  for 
all  the  varieties  we  find  among  man- 
kind*. 

Another  origin  of  the  varieties 
fpringing  from  the  fiate  of  fociety,  is 
found  in  the  power  which  men  poffefs 
over  themfelves,  of  producing  great 
changes  in  the  human  form,  accord- 
ing to  any  common  ftandard  of  beau- 

N  o  T  E. 

*  As  all  thefe  principles  may  be 
made  to  operate  in  very  different 
ways,  the  efteft  of  one  may,  often, 
be  counterafled,  in  a  degree,  by  that 
of  another.  And  climate  will  effen- 
tially  change  (he  eftefts  of  all.  The 
people  in  different  parts  of  the  fame 
country,  may,  from  various  combina- 
tions of  thefe  caufes,  be  very  differ- 
ent. And,  from  the  variety  of  com- 
bination, the  poor  of  one  country 
may  have  better  complexion,  features, 
and  proportions  of  perfon,  than  thofe 
in  another,  who  enjoy  the  moft  fa- 
vourable advantages  of  fortune.  With- 
out attention  to  thefe  circumftances, 
a  halfy  obferver  will  be  apt  to  pro- 
nounce the  remarks  in  the  effav  to  be 
ill-founded,  if  he  examines  the  hu- 
man form,  in  any  country,  by  the  ef- 
fcB  that  IS  laid  to  anfe  from  one  prin- 
ciple alone,  and  does  not,  at  the  fame 
.time,  take  in  ihe  concomitant  or  cor- 
refl'ng  influence  of  oiher  caufes. 

Vol.  VI.  No.  IV. 


ty  which  they  may  have  adopted.  The 
ffandard  of  human  beauty,  in  any 
country,  is  a  general  idea,  formed 
from  the  combined  effe6l  of  climate 
and  of  the  ffate  of  fociety.  And  it 
reciprocally  contributes  to  infreafe 
the  efleti  from  which  it  fprings.  Eve- 
ry nation  vanes  as  much  from  <nner5 
in  ideas  of  beauty,  as  in  perfonal  ap- 
pearance. Vvhatever  be  that  llsnd- 
ard,  there  is  a  general  effort  to  attain 
it,  with  more  or  lefs  ardor  and  fuc- 
cefs,  in  proportion  to  the  advantages 
which  men  poffefs  in  fociety,  and  lo 
the  eflimation  in  which  beauty  is  held. 
To  this  objeft  tend  the  infinite 
pains  to  compofe  the  features,  and  to 
form  the  attitudes  of  children,  to  give 
them  the  gay  and  agreeable  counte- 
nance that  IS  creaied  in  company,  and 
to  exlinguifh  all  deforming  emotirns 
of  the  paffions.  To  this  objetf  tend 
many  of  the  arts  of  poliflied  life.  IIow 
many  drugs  are  fold,  and  how  many 
applications  are  made  for  the  improve- 
ment of  beauty  ?  how  many  artifls  of 
different  kinds  live  upon  this  idea  of 
beauty?  If  we  dance,  beauty  is  the 
objefl  ;  if  we  ufe  the  fword,  it  is 
more  for  beauty  than  defence.  It 
this  general  effort  after  appearance 
fometimes  leads  the  decrepid  and  de- 
formed into  abfurdity,  it  has,  how- 
ever, a  great  and  national  effect. — 
Of  its  enefl  in  creating  diflmftions 
among  nations,  in  which  diflerent 
ideas  prevail,  and  different  means 
are  employed  for  attaining  them, 
we  may  frame  fome  conception,  from 
the  diflinftions  that  exifl  in  the 
fame  nation,  in  which  fimilar  ideas 
and  fimilar  means  are  ufed,  only  m 
different  degrees.  Vv'hat  a  dififr- 
ence  is  there  between  the  toft  and 
elegant  tints  of  complexio;  in  gen- 
teel life,  and  the  coarfe  ruddinefs 
of  the  vulgar? — between  the  uncouth 
features  and  unpliant  limbs  of  an  un- 
politlied  rutlic,  and  the  complacencv 
of  countenance,  the  graceful  and  eafy 
air  and  figure  of  an  improved  citizen  ? 
— between  the  thnpc  and  meaning 
face  of  a  well  bred  lady,  and  ihe  foft 
and  plnmp  limplicity  of  a  country 
girl?' — we  now  eafily  account  for 
thefe  differences,  becaufe  they  aie  fa- 
miliar to  us,  or,  becaufe  we  fee  the 
operation  of  the  caufes,  But  if  we 
flionld  find  an  entire  nation  diflin- 
guifhed  by  one  of  thefe  characters. 
Nn 


«?9 


Of  coraplexion  and  figure  in  the  human  fpeeku  [Oftobef , 


^nd  another  by  the  contrafy,  fome 
v/riters  woiitfi  pronounce  them  ditter- 
em  races ;  alilioiijih  a  true  philolopher 
Ought  to  undcrlland  that  tiie  cuUivati- 
fin  of  oppoiite  ideas  of  beauty  mult 
have  a  greater  eftccl  in  divcrfifyinj; 
the  human  countenance^  than  varic^us 
de.^rees^  or  modes,  of  cultivatiiiir  the 
fame  ideaSi  The  countenance  of  Eu- 
rope was  more  various,  three  centu- 
ries atJO,  than  it  is  at  prelent*  The 
diverhiiesj  that  depend  upori  this 
fcaufe,  are  inrenfibly  wearing  away, 
ds  the  pvoarefs  of  refinement  is  gradu- 
ally approximating  the  manners  and 
ideas  of  the  people  to  one  Ihndard. 
Bui  the  influence  of  a  general  idea,  or 
fiandard,  of  the  human  form — and  the 
pains  taken,  or  the  means  employed, 
to  bring  our  own  perfons  to  it— are, 
through  theirfamibanty, often  littleob- 
fervedi  The  means  employed  by  other 
ridtions,  who  aitn  at  a  ditterent  idea, 
attrad  more  notice  by  theirnoveky. 
The  nations  beyond  the  Indus,  as 
■Well  as  the  Tartars,  from  whom  they 
feem  to  have  derived  their  ideas  of 
beauty  with  their  origin*,  univerfally 
admire  fmall  eyes  and  large  ears. 
They  are  at  great  pains,  therefore,  to 
contttrefs  their  eyes  at  the  ccrners,  and 
to  ll retch  their  ears  by  heavy  weights 
appended  to  them,  by  drawing  them 
frequently  with  the  hand,  and  by  cut- 
ting their  rims,  fo  that  they  may  hang 
down  to  their  Gioulders,  which  they 
tonfider  as  the  higheil  beauty.  On 
the  fame  principle,  they  extirpate  the 
hair  from  their  bodies;  and  en  the 
faccj  which  they  fhave,  they  leave 
oidy  z  few  tufts  here  and  there.  The 
Tartars  often  extirpate  the  whole  hair 
of  the  head,  except  a  knot  on  the 
crowHj  which  they  braid  and   adorn 

NOTE, 

*  It  is  probable  that  the  countrlc 
of  India  and  China  plight  have  been 
peopled  before  the  -regions  of  Tarta- 
rv  :  but,  the  frequent  conijueds  which 
thcv  have  fuliered,  and  particularly 
the  forrner,  from  Tartarian  nations, 
have  changed  their  ha!)its,  ideas  and 
perfons  even  more  perhaps  than  Eu- 
iope  was  changed  by  tlie  deluge  of 
baiijarip.ns  that  overvvholmcd  it,  iji  the 
fifth  centuryi  The  prefcnt  nations 
heyoiid  the  Indus  Arc,  in  elierl,  Tar- 
tais  changed  I'-v  ihs  pov.'er  of  chmaie, 
bud  oi  a  new  ibie  pi'  fociety. 


in  different  manners.  Similar  idea* 
of  beauty,  wiih  regard  to  the  eyes, 
the  ears,  and  the  hair — and  fimilar 
ciillonis,  in  the  aborigines  of  Ame- 
rica, are  no  iiiconliderable  proofs, 
that  this  continent  has  been  peopled 
from  the  north-eaftcrn  regions  of 
Aflat.  In  Arabia  and  Greece,  iargd 
eyes  are  eftcemed  beautiful  ;  and  in 
thefe  countries  thcv  take  extraordina- 
ry pains,  to  ilrcich  the  lids,  and  ex-- 
tend  their  aperture.  In  India,  they 
dilate  the  forehead  in  infancy,  by  the 
application  of  broad  plates  i.if  lead. 
In  (3hina,  they  comprefs  the  icet.  Irt 
Caltraria,  and  many  other  parts  of 
Africa,  and  in  Lapland,  they  fiattea 
the  nofe,  in  order  to  accompli fli  a  ca- 
prious  idea  of  beauty.  1  he  (km,  in 
many  nation^,  is  darkened  by  art  ;  and 
all  fdvages  eiteem  certain  kinds  of  de- 
formity to  be  perfedions  ;  and  I! rive 
to  heighten  the  admiration  of  theif 
perfons,  by  augmenting  the  wildnefs 
of  their  features.  Through  every 
country  on   the  glob^,  wc  might  pro* 


+  The  celebrated  dr.  Robcrtfon, 
in  his  hiilory  of  America,  deceived  by 
the  milinformation  of  hally  or  igno- 
rant obfervers,  has  ventured  to  allert 
that  the  natives  of  America  have  no 
hair  on  their  face  or  on  their  body  ; 
and  like  many  other  phihjfophcrs,  has 
fet  himfelt  to  account  for  a  fad  that 
never  exifted.  It  may  be  laid  down 
almoll  as  a  general  maxim,  that  rhe 
firh  relations  of  travellers  are  falfe. 
They  judge  of  appearances  in  a  new 
country  under  the  prejudices  of  ideas 
and  habits  contracted  in  their  own. 
They  judge  from  paiticular  milancesj 
that  mav  happen  to  have  occurred  to 
them,  of  the  Uature,  the  figure,  and 
the  features  of  a  whole  nation.  Phi- 
lofophers  ought  never  to  admit  a  fact 
on  the  relations  of  travellers,  tdl 
their  charaders  for  intelligence  and 
accurate  obfervation,  be  well  afcer- 
tained  :  nor  even  then,  till  the  obter- 
vation  has  been  repealed,  extended, 
and  compared  in  many  diifeicnt  ligiits, 
with  other  fads.  The  Indians  have 
liair  on  the  face  and  body  \  but  from 
a  falfe  fenfe  of  beauty  ihev  e?<tirpate 
it  with  great  pains.  And  traders  a«^ 
mong  them  are  well  informed,  'hat 
twec/ers  for  that  purpofe,  are  profua* 
ble  articles  of  commerce. 


17^9'1 


Tht  Vifitant,  No.  xii. 


^79 


ceed  in  this  manner,  pointing  out  the 
many  arts  whsch  the  inhahitants  prac- 
tifc  to  irarh  fonia  favourite  idea  of 
the  human  form — arts,  thai  infenlibly, 
through  a  courfe  of  time,  produce  a 
{Treat  and  confpicuous  ettecl — aris, 
which  are  ufually  fuppofed  to  have 
only  a  peilonal  inHueuce  ;  hut  which 
really  h^ve  an  operation  on  pofierity 
alio.  The  procels  of  nature  in  this  is 
as  as  litile  known  a^  in  all  her  other 
works.  The  etfeft  is  frequently  feen. 
jEveiy  remarkable  change  of  fea- 
ture that  has  grown  into  a  habit  of 
the  body,  is  trunrniitted  with  other 
perfonal  properties,  to  offspring. 
The    coarfe     features    of    labouring 

fieople,  created  by  hardfliips,  and  by 
ong  expofiire  to  the  weather,  are 
communicated.  The  broad  feet  of 
the  rullic,  that  have  been  fpread  by 
often  treading  the  naked  ground — and 
the  larjje  hand  and  arm,  formed  by 
conllaut  labour — are  difcernible  in 
children.  The  increafe  ordiminution 
of  any  other  linab,  or  feature,  formed 
by  habits  that  aim  at  an  idea  of  beau- 
ty, may,  in  like  manner,  be  impart- 
ed. We  connnually  fee  the  eiiect  of 
this  principle  on  the  inferior  animals. 
'I'he  h»nre,  the  colour,  and  proper- 
ties of  the  horfe,  are  eafily  changed 
according  to  the  reigning  tade.  Out 
of  ihe  fame  original  Hock,  the  Ger- 
mans who  are  fettled  in  Pennfylvania, 
raife  large  and  Jieavy  horfes  ;  the 
Jrilh  raife  fuch  as  are  much  lighter 
and  fmaller.  According  to  the  pains 
bellowed,  you  may  raife  frr^m  the 
faais  race,  horfes  for  the  faddle  and 
horfes  for  the  draught.  Even  the 
colour  can  he  fpeedily  changed,  ac- 
cording as  fafliion  is  plcaled  to  vary 
its  caprice.  And,  if  tafle  prefcribes 
it,  the  hneft  horfes  rtiali,  in  a  ftiort 
time,  be  black  or  white,  or  bay*. 
Human  nature,  much  more  pliant, 
and  aHe: ted  by  a  greater  varieiv  of 
caufes  from  food,  from  clothing,  froai 
lodging,  and  from  manners,  is  ftiil 
more  eafily  fufceptible  of  change,  ac- 
cording to  any  general  ilandard,  or 
idea  of  the  huiTnn  form.  To  this 
principle,  as  well  as  to  the  manner  of 
living,  It  may  be,  in  part,  attributed, 
that  the    Germans,  the  Swedes,  and 

NOTE, 

*  By  choofvng   horfes  of  (he   re- 
^uifite  qualities,  to  fupply  the  iluds. 


the  French,  in  different  parts  of  the 
united  Hates,  who  live  Lh'elly  among 
thcmfflves,  and  cultivate  the  habits 
and  ideas  of  the  countries  from  which 
they  emigrated,  retain,  even  in  our 
climate,  a  llrong  refemblance  of  theif 
primitive  {locks,  Thofe,  on  the  Oi" 
iher  hand,  who  have  not  confinedl 
thcmfelves  to  the  coniratled  circle  of 
their  counirymen,  but  have  mingled 
freely  wiih  the  Anglo-Americans, 
entered  into  their  manners,  and  a- 
dopied  ihe:r  ideas,  have  affumed  fuch 
a  likenefs  to  them,  that  it  is  not  eafy 
now  lo  dillmguifii  from  one  another, 
people  who  have  fprung  from  fuch 
diflerent  origins, 

(To  be  continued.) 


The  Vifitant,   No.  xii. — P.   149, 
RUE   courage    is    founded   on 
magnanimity,  and   is  intimately 
connefted  with  the  focial  virtues. 

Magnanimity  renders  the  foul  fu- 
perior  to  misfortunes,  but  not  infenfi- 
ble  to  them,  Infenfibility  degrades 
our  nature,  by  preventing  the  exer- 
tion of  fome  of  our  be'l  atteclions. 
But  magnanimity  bears  up  the  mind 
under  the  prelfure  of  alHiction,  by  ar- 
guments drawn  from  the  dignity  of  the 
foul,  the  vanity  of  everv  thing  here  he- 
low,  the  continual  prefence  of  aii 
over-ruling  providence,  and  the  fa- 
tisfatlion  of  a  good  confcience.  We 
adm;re  the  man  whofe  forefight  earn 
prevent  misfortunes  ;  but  we  almoft 
adore  hiiu,  if  he  can  hear  them  when 
they  happen  ;  efpccidily  if  they  are 
fuch  as  no  human  power  couid  prevent. 
In  the  noble aclioiis  which  a  man  may 
undertake  for  the  good  of  his  country, 
the  glory  of  his  name,  and  diftintlioii 
in  the  commonwenltli,  are  powerful 
incitements  to  afliviiy.  Therefore  I 
am  of  opinion,  that  the  highcft  exer- 
tion of  a  noble  fpirit  conliiis  in  fub- 
niitting  patiently  to  the  want  of  ihefe, 
when  he  is  dilappomtcd  in  his  expec- 
tations of  fuccefs,  Caio  was  doubt- 
lefs  polTeded  of  a  great  mind  ;  hut  his 
char'after  is  imperfecl,  bccaufe  he 
could  not  fiibmit  to  an  evil  which  it 
was  o\\\  of  his  power  to  reniove, 

I  fa'd  that  true  courage  wa-j  founded 
on  magnanimity.  To  bear  misfor- 
tunes, and  to  encounter  danger  in  % 
good  caufe,  are  charaBeriflic  of  the 
fame  noble   fpirit  exerting    itfelf  in 


gSo 


Addrefs  to  the  Vifitant. 


[oaob 


cr. 


different  ways.  The  diflcrence  is  ob- 
vious betvvcci)  die  courage  I  am  fpeak- 
\ng  of,  and  ihat  intrepid  fplrit  which 
Ibine  men  owe  lo  their  conftitution, 
whole  actions  aim  at  nothing  noble 
and  praife  worthy.  1  mull  make  the 
iams  diHintlion  here  which  was  made 
beiwccn  patience  and  apathy.  The 
former  confifts  in  being  fupcrior  to 
danger,  and  the  latter  m  being  inlen- 
lible  of  it.  Charle.  XII.  of  Sweden, 
was  fierce  and  intrepid,  but  lo  is  the 
bear,  the  lion,  and  the  panther.  A 
man  mull  pollefs  qualities  fuperior  to 
tnofe  which  diOinguifhed  that  mo- 
narch, before  we  can  properly  call 
hun  brave. 

M^hen  we  form  an  idea  of  cow- 
ardice, if  we  always  oppofed  it  lo  that 
courage  which  magnanimity  infpires, 
we  fliould  not  be  liable  to  miflake  the 
nature  of  it.  Ihe  coward  is  afraid 
either  where  there  is  no  proper  caufe 
of  fear,  or  where  there  are  motives 
fuificicnt  to  bear  him  up  againlt  the 
danger.  He  that  is  afraid  where 
there  is  reafon  to  fear,  and  no  fuch 
motives  to  animate  him,  cannot  pro- 
perly be  called  a  coward.  A  man 
would  hardly  be  reckoned  onefor  run- 
ning away  from  a  wild  bead,  making 
towards  him,  wiih  an  open  mouth  rea- 
dy to  devour  him,  nor  would  he  be 
elleemed  brave,  from  throwing  him- 
felf  into  his  jaws.  But  if  wefuppofe 
that  by  endangering  his  perfoii,  he 
might  refcue  another,  unable  lo  help 
hlinfelf,  then  indeed  he  would  be  en- 
tulcd  to  the  character  of  a  man  of 
courage.  True  courage  lheref.>re  is 
fouwded  on  magnanimity,  and  requires 
fv)me  important  end  to  call  it  forth  to 
aflion. 

From  thefe  principles  It  will  be  no 
diflicult  matter  to  prove  what  I  ad- 
vanced in  the  beginning ol  this  paper, 
ihai  true  courage  was  connefled  wiih 
the  focial  virtues.  For  it  appears  that 
a  focia!  principle  iniift  mfpire  it,  and 
it  is  nai.iral  that  ihc  lame  principle 
which  d'.fcovers  itfflf  in  courage,  and 
ail  iniitpid  fpint,  llioiild  likewifc  pro- 
liiKC  the  milder  virtues  ot  clemency 
and  coiiipjflion. 

I  Ihall  preCeiii  my  readers  with  the 
following  letter  upon  the  diHolute 
jtianiier*  of  the  age,  which  ray  cor- 
u'fiiondeiii  thinks  may  be  of  advan- 
:^  '■'  to  focicty . 


To  the  Vifitant, 


"  ''I  'HE  chnrafler  which  you  af- 
X  fume  of  a  Vilitant.  or  public 
admonifher,  clauTis  from  me  a  few 
lines  on  a  matter  of  lome  importance 
to  focicty.  Your  firll  appearance  in 
this  manner  gave  me  a  fcHfible  plea- 
fure  :  pleafed  with  the  hopes,  that  one 
who  appeared  fo  well  qualified  for 
the  ta{k  he  had  undertaken,  would  in 
this  time  of  general  degeneracy,  be  of 
general  utility.  For  my  part  I  only 
mean  in  this  letter  to  call  in  the  fmall 
mite  which  my  own  experience  fur- 
nilhes,  againlt  the  prevailing  corrup- 
tion of  the  age. 

"  In  the  early  part  of  life,  when 
our  palhons  are  flrong,  I  contratled  a 
pretty  general  acquaintance  with  my 
co-evals  :  pleafure  was  the  objet\of 
our  wifhes,  and  diflipation  its  conflant 
attendant ;  fcarcely  did  we  ever  deny 
ourfelves  the  gratification  of  our  de- 
fires,  however  criminal  in  their  nature. 
Our  purfuits  were  of  the  moft  ignoble 
fort  :  we  continually  racked  our  in- 
ventions for  frefli  matter  of  criminal 
enjoyment,  and  vainly  gloried  in  fuch 
enjoyments ;  and,  at  the  fame  time, 
we  derided  thofe  who,  from  rectitude 
of  heart,  and  a  generous  concern  for 
our  welfare,  could  not  but  pity  and 
lament  our  ill  condutl.  This,  fir, 
was  our  courfe  of  life  ;  and  I  flatter 
myfelf  that  I  have  profited  by  the  un- 
happy confequences  of  it  to  my  com- 
panions. 

"  Qne  of  them  was  foon  flopped 
in  his  career  of  vice  and  folly,  by  a 
difeafe  which  proved  mortal.  Then 
it  was,  and  not  till  then,  that  he  faw 
his  error — fuch  was  his  unhappy  con- 
dition, that  it  would  require  more 
force  of  fentiment  and  language  to 
paint  It  in  its  proper  colours,  than  I  am 
mailer  of;  I  beu  leave,  therefore,  to 
quote,  as  very  delcriptive  of  it,  a  few 
lines  from  the  ''  Dying  Rake's  foli- 
loquy  :" 
"  No  friend  to  affid,  no   relation  to 

grieve, 
"  And  fcarcely  a  bed  my  bare  bones 

to  receive ; 
"  With  folitudecurs'd,  and  tormented 

with  p.im, 
'•  Diileiiiper'd    my  body,    diflrafted 

niv  brain— 


1789.] 


Thoughts  on  duelling. 


sSi 


"  Thus  from  folly  to  vice,   and   from 

vice  to  tlie  grave, 
"  I  fiiik,  of  my  paiiion  the  victim  and 

flave  : 
"  No  longer  debauch,  or  companions 

deceive, 
"  But  alarin'd  at   the  vengeance  I'd 

fain  difbelieve  ; 
*'  With  horrors  foreboding,  defpond- 

ing  I  lie, 
*'  Though  tir'd  of  living,  yet,  fearing 

to  die." 
"  Truly  affeBing  was  this  tragical 
fcene  ;  yet,  it  had  but  a  momentary 
effect  on  his  lurviving  gay  compa- 
nions ;  their  next  debauch  burying  all 
remembrance  of  it.  But  to  be  as 
brief  in  my  narration  as  poluble, 
many  of  our  former  companions  per- 
fiHed  in  their  folly,  until  neceihty  im- 
pelled them  tofeek,  in  part,  another 
courfeof  life  ;  which  a  long  mifchiev- 
ous  habit  of  indolence  had  render- 
ed very  difficult — emaciated  and  en- 
feebled as  they  were,  through  their 
evil  conduft:  fome  of  them  were  on- 
ly induflrious  for  a  time,  till  they  had 
gathered  enough  for  more  intempe- 
rance ;  others,  thinking  to  become 
temperate,  fled  to  matrimony  for  {bel- 
ter ;  where,  foon  after,  having  llill  a 
hankering  for  their  palt  pleafures, 
they  fatally  relapfed  into  them  :  they 
not  only  fquandered  away  their  patri- 
monial inheritance,  but  even  fuffered 
their  families  to  want  the  common 
necelTaries  of  life.  Neither  did  the 
evil  end  here.  Their  wives  are  often 
fliamefully  and  bafely  infuhed  :  and 
hence  enfue  animofities,  and  all  thofe 
difmal  calamities,  which  render  a 
ilate,  defigned  by  heaven  to  fmooth 
the  rugged  path  of  life — replete  with 
misfortunes.  Their  tender  off>piing 
are  unnaturally  neglcfted  and  fuffered 
to  run  loofe  in  the  world,  where,  by 
rot  having  theirfleps  watched,  they  too 
often  become  a  fcandal  to  their  friends, 
and  a  reproach  to  their  country. 

"  Such,  fir,  has  been  the  unhappy 
fate  of  my  companions,  which  I 
think  an  inltruftive  lelTon  to  the  world, 
becaufe  it  is  the  natural  effed  of  a  fi- 
milar  courfe  of  life. 

"If  what  I  have  faid  fhould  be 
worthy  of  your  obfervations  in  the 
character  of  a  Vifitant,  it  will  afford 
me  matter  of  real  pleafure  :  but,  if  it 
(houlJ  not,  at  leall,  an  old  man  may 
comfort  himfelf  with  having  attempt- 


ed to  caft  in  his  mite  agalnft  that  grow- 
ing and  dangerous  evil,  of  giving,  in 
our  youth,  an  ungoverned  rein  to  our 
padions. 

"  I  am,  fir,  with  unfeigned  refpeft, 
Your  very  humble  fervant, 

Philad,  April  16,  1768.      A.  B." 

Thoughts  on  duelling, 

THE  ufual  excufe  for  duelling,  Is 
the  prefervation  of  honour — let 
us  now  examine  what  this  honour  is^ 
for  in  all  my  enquiries  I  never  could 
find  a  man  of  honourable  to  give  nie 
any  information  concerning  what  he 
called  honour. 

Firll,  honour  is  not  religion — for 
the  prelervation  of  it  being  etiected 
by  fending  a  friend  into  eternity,  wel- 
tering in  his  gore,  it  is  plain  that  re- 
ligion rnuft  not  only  be  for  the  time 
forgotten,  but  contemned  and  deferr- 
ed for  ever,  as  a  heap  of  fables  fit 
only   for  women  and  children. 

Secondly,  honour  is  not  virtue — ■ 
for  molt  part  of  the  honourable  quar- 
rels ^hich  have  come  within  my  know- 
ledge, originated  from  events  that 
(hewed  the  total  abfence  of  virtue— 
fuch  as  gaming,  attachment  to  bad  wo- 
nien,  drinking,  feduftion,   &c.  &c. 

Thirdly,  honour  is  not  courage — 
for  a  man  of  real  courage  never  lifts 
his  weapon  in  the  defence  of  his  vices, 
but  in  the  protection  of  his  country, 
or  his  perfon.  And  when  we  exa- 
mine the  falfe  courage  which  animates 
aduellill,  we  find  it  to  be  the  pride 
of  defpair,  and  an  impious  and  dar- 
ing contempt  of  the  Supreme  Beinff, 
which  no  valiant  hero  ever  yet  indulg- 
ed. Behdes,  of  fifty  duels,  not  five 
prove  mortal,  owing  to  the  pufillani- 
mity  of  tiie  parties,  who  tremble  into 
each  other's  arms,  on  the  flighteft 
interpofition  of  feconds ;  nay,  fome 
men  of  honour  have  been  known  to 
give  fecret  notice  to  officers  of  juftice, 
that  they  may  be  interrupted  before 
bloodflied  can  take  place. 

Fourthly,  honour  is  not  humanity — 
view  the  bleeding  body  0/  a  newly- 
killed  duellifl — in  the  bloom  of  years 
and  health — cut  off  ere  he  yet  knew 
the  value  of  the  life  he  has  loft — view 
his  parents — his  frantic  father — and 
fpeechlefs  mother — view  their  grey 
hairs  brought  with  forrow  to  an  un- 
timely grave — and  all  this — in  the  pro- 


sSi 


Refignatiorit 


[Oaober, 


teriion  of  a  harlot — the  lofs  of  a  falfe 
trick — or  ihc  oblcene  aliercation  of  a 
drunkard— view  (his — then  fay  in  what 
tbf;  hiimaoiiy  of  a  dnelhR  conlili:, — 
lake  humanity  from  the  heart  ol  man, 
and  tell  me  what  he  is. 

■  Since  honour,  then,  can  he  referred 
neither  to  rehgion,  nor  virtue,  nor 
oura.qe,  nor  hnmariify,  where  are  we 
to  h)ok  for  us  foiirce  ?  1  do  not  hc- 
fitaie  to  anfwer.  that  it  will  be  found 
iit  a  mixture  of  pride,  proiiio-acy,  and 
maiignuy.  The  quarrel  aroCe  in  pride  ; 
th:«t  prtiihgacy  wliich  dcfpifesthe  laws 
of  heaven,  aiid  ihc  dictates  of  confci- 
ence.  led  lo  re\  enge,  and  the  qiMrrel 
was  fiipporred,  it  may  he  for  yc/irs, 
with  I  he  blackeft  malgnity  of  foul. 
V/e  have  (een  mftauces,  in  which  it 
\va'  iiippurted  for  many  years,  and  in 
which  no  avocations,  nor  iniercourfc 
with  foreign  and  various  nations,  were 
able  to  erafe  ihe  principle  of  revenge. 
The  man  of  honour  thirfted  for  the 
'blood  of  his  fiippoied  or  real  enemy  ; 
his  foul  was  influenced  by  pafjion  and 
malig'iity,  and  nothing  but  human 
blood  (xtuid  cool  its  ardour. 

Kut  fome  will  lav,  "  here  is  a  man 
who  fuppoles  1  have  alFronted  him  ; 
I  have  done  every  thing  in  my  power 
to  perfuade  him  that  he  is  miliaken, 
but  he  infiJls  on  my  Hghting  him  ;  if 
I  refiiic,  I  am  branded  as  a  cow.r.d, 
and  my  companions  ihnn  me."  Can 
any  thing  be  more  pbin  than  the  duiv 
of  the  challenged  in  a  finnlar  c-x'^c,  ? 
It  is  to  reject  his  challenge,  (o  a  (hi re 
him  that  when  they  meet,  tliech.d- 
lengf'd  will  defend  himfelf,  as  agawifl 
an  alfairin.  Thisobjetlion,  being  the 
only  one  that  can  poifibly  be  oHered, 
and  the  only  excufe  that  ever  can  he 
made  for  accepting  a  cliallenge,  I  dif- 
mifs  it  in  this  manner,  and  will  fay 
no  more  concerning  it. 

Honour,  in  the  true  fenfe  of  that 
word,  means  charafler — and  this  be- 
ing the  definition  of  philofophers, 
and  men  of  underflar.ding,  I  prefer  it 
to  the  fpecious,  though  fadjionable 
explanatif  ns  of  every  profligraie  in  the 
world,  whcihcr  he  wield  a  fwoid  or 
a  quill.  If  honour  he  charaHcr,  who 
j»  it  that  can  hurt  ihat? — Is  it  our- 
felves.  or  others  ?  1  he  anfwer  ts  fo 
obvious,  that  I  need  fcarcely  write  it. 
In  few  words,  we  are  ourfclves  the 
foiirce  of  our  honour  or  our  difijrace, 
our  charatteror  our  infainyi — and  docs 


a  man  ,  who  calls  me  booby — who 
throws  a  glaO:  in  my  face  in  wanton- 
nefs — who  lays  that  I  trumped  a  card, 
when  I  had  one  of  ihe  fame  Wxw^  in 
my  hand — who  hinders  me  from  fe- 
diicing  his  v^ife  or  his  (ifter — who  is 
mean  enough  to  abufe  me  in  a  com- 
mon newlpnper — who,  unknowingly^ 
is  witty  concerning  a  foible  I  am  guil- 
ty of— who  ref  ifes  to  intoxicate  iiim- 
felf  to  the  health  of  my  favourite 
miAref-— who  does  not  return  my  fa- 
lute  from  not  having  perceived  that 
I  did  faUite  him. — does  fuch  a  man 
take  from  my  honour,  my  chara61er?' 
«{>(irely  not.  In  foine  of  the  inflances, 
he  is  an  ill-bred  man.  Does  that  take 
from  my  character  ?  In  others,  he 
protects  the iimocent.  •  Docs  that  take 
from  my  charac'ter  ?  I  repeat  it,  no- 
thing can  ailect  our  honour,  or  our 
character,  uiilcxt  what  comes  from  our- 
felves. 


RcJ/gnation. 

THE  darts  of  adverfe  fortune  are 
always  levelled  at  our  heads. 
Some  reach  us  ;  fome  graze  againft 
us,  and  fly  to  wound  our  neighbours. 
Let  us,  therefore,  impofe  an  equal 
temper  on  our  minds,  and  pay  with- 
out murmuring  the  tribute  which  we 
owe  to  humanity.  The  winter  brings 
cold,  and  we  mufl  freeze.  Thefuin- 
mer  returns  with  heat,  and  we  muft 
melt.  The  inclemency  of  the  air 
dilbrders  our  health,  and  we  muft  be 
hck.  Here  we  are  expofed  to  wild 
bcalls,  and  there  to  men  more  favage 
than  the  bcalts  ;  and  if  we  efcape  the 
inconveniences  of  the  air  and  the 
earth,  there  are  perils  by  water  and 
perils  by  fire.  Thisellabliflied  courfe 
of  things,  is  not  in  our  power  to 
change  ;  but  it  is  in  our  power  to  af- 
fiime  fuch  a  greatnefsof  mind,  as  be- 
comes wife  and  virtu  lus  men  ;  as  may 
enable  us  to  encounter  the  accidents 
of  life  with  fortitude,  and  to  conform 
ourfelves  to  the  order  of  nature,  who 
governs  her  great  kingdom,  the  world, 
by  continual  muiations.  Let  us  fub- 
mit  to  this  Older  ;  let  us  be  perfuaded 
that  wharever  does  happen,  ought  to 
happen,  and  never  be  fo  foolifh  as 
to  cxpoftulate  with  na:ure.  The  befl 
refolution  we  can  take,  is  to  fuffer 
what  we  cannot  alier,  and  to  purfiic, 
without  repining,  the  road  which  pro- 


1785.] 


The  friend.-^No.  Vh 


*«S 


vidence,  who  direBs  every  thing,  has 
tnarked  out  to  us :  for  it  is  not  enough 
to  follow  ;  and  he  is  but  a  bad  foldier, 
who  (ighs,  and  marches  on  wuh  re- 
hiftancy.  We  mult  receive  the  or- 
ders with  fpirit  and  chearhdneis,  and 
not  endeavour  to  Ihnk  out  of  the  poll 
which  is  alhgned  us  in  this  beautiful 
difpolition  of  things,  whereof  even 
our  fufferings  make  a  necelfary  part. 
Let  us  addrefs  ourfelves  to  God, 
who  governs  all,  as  Cleanthes  did  in 
thofe  admirable  verfes,  which  are  go- 
ing to  lofe  part  of  their  grace  and  e- 
nergy  in  my  tranilation  of  them. 

Parent  of  nature  !  mafterof  the  world  ! 

Where'er  thy  providence  directs,  be- 
hold [turn. 

My    Heps   with   chearful   refignation 

Fate  leads  the  willing,  drags  the  back- 
ward on. 

W^hy  (hould  I  grieve,  when,  grieving, 
I  mull  bear  ? 

Or  take  with  guilt,  what  guiltlefs  I 
might  fliare  ? 

Thus  let  us  fpeak,  and  thus  let  us 
aB.  Refignation  to  the  will  of  God 
is  true  magnanimity.  But  the  fure 
mark  of  a  pufillanimous  and  bafe  fpi- 
rit, istoftruggle  againit,  to  cenfure 
the  order  of  providence,  and,  inftead 
ofmendmgour  own  condutt,  to  fct 
up  for  correfting  that  of  our  Maker. 

The  friend.  No.  VI.  IVritten  by 
the  reverend  Timothy  Dwigkt,  un- 
der the  Jignature  0/"  James  Little- 
john,  ejq. — Page  156. 

THERE  is  no  more  falhionable 
topic  of  converfadon,  than  the 
praife  of  candour  and  liberality,  and 
the  condemnation  of  prejudice  and 
contraction.  My  habitual  attention 
to  manners,  has  frequently  led  me 
critically  to  examine  the  different 
meanings  annexed  to  thefe  terms,  by 
different  perlons.  This  examination 
has  convinced  me,  that  they  are  ufed 
with  fignifications  totally  oppofite, 
and  that  many  perfons,  if  they  were 
properly  miderftood,  would  be  found 
to  patronize  prejudice,  under  the  name 
of  candour,  and  to  liigmatize  can- 
dour, under  the  name  of  prejudice. 

Candour  may  be  defined,  a  difpo- 
fuion  of  mind,  which  willingly  allows 
to  cv -ry  argunner*,  canfe,  and  cha- 
rarler,  lis  real  weight  and  importance. 


It  ought  here  to  be  remarked,  that  if. 
IS  wholly  a  dilpolition,  and  is  by  no 
means  necelfarily  connetLcd  with  ge- 
nius, or  learning  ;  but  is  found  in  eve- 
ry degree  of  abditier,  both  natural  and 
acquired. 

if  this  definition  be  juit,  nothing 
can  be  more  remote  fron  candour, 
than  the  ideas  ofien  affixed  to  it  ;  nor 
can  any  thing  be  more  correfr.ondetit 
with  it,  than  the  conduct,  which  is 
often  cenfured  as  the  height  of  preju- 
dice. 

Truth  is  of  great  and  inefiimahle 
importance  :  and  error  is  not  onlv 
worihlefs,  but  contemptible.  Can- 
dour inult,  of  courfe,  effeem  truth  of 
the  highell  worth,  and  adhere  to  it 
with  the  utmoll  ffeadinefs.  A  con- 
ftant  adherence  to  truth  being,  there- 
fore, the  neceflary  coiidutt  of  can- 
dour, indifference  to  truth  is  its  im- 
mediate oppofite.  Virtue  is  of  infinite 
value,  dignity,  and  lovelinefs.  Ac- 
cording to  thefe  charatleriftics  muft 
it  be  viewed  by  candour,  and  every 
view  of  It,  which  varies  from  thefe 
characleriliics,  fo  far  varies  from  the 
views  of  candour.  In  conformity 
with  thefe  remarks,  the  Being,  who 
is  poffcffed  of  infinite  candour,  re- 
gards truth  and  virtue  v.'ith  infinite 
complacency,  and  vice  and  error  with 
infinite  loathing.  In  his  adherence 
to  truth  and  virtue,  there  is  no  vari- 
ation, or  intermilhon,  nor  ihe  lead 
relaxation  in  his  hatred  of  error  and 
vice.  Hence  the  flritleff  adherence. 
to  a  good  caufe,  and  the  firmeil  op- 
pohtion  to  a  bad  one,  is  not  only  a 
conformity  to  the  moff  pcrfeft  can- 
dour, but  us  neceffary  dictate. 

Benevolus  is  a  perfon  of  eminent 
knowledge  and  virtue.  To  his  eye, 
truth  is  ornamented  with  charms  whol- 
ly irrefiilibie  ;  and  a  virtuous  atlion 
recommends  its  author  to  him  more 
than  the  poffellion  of  a  fceptre.  His 
heart  and  hand  are  always  open  to  the 
wants,  and  the  welfare  of  mankind; 
and  even  th-;  worft  of  wretches,  in 
real  diflrefs,  will  ever  command  his 
afliflance.  An  argument  fairly  exhi- 
bited to  him  will  be  allov/ed  its  full 
weight,  and,  in  fpite  of  authority,  or 
multitude,  an  opinion,  fupport^d  by 
evidence,  will  receive  his  afiVnt — 
Virtue, 'fiVen  in  rags,  inRinflivcly  en- 
gages his  reverence  ;  and  I  have  often 
leen  him  pujl  off  his  hat,  with  j  very 


««4 


The  friend. —No.  VT. 


[Oftobcr, 


complaifant  bow,  to  an  honeft  beggar. 
But  he  pays  no  refpeft  to  folly,  nor 
allows  It,  in  any  circumftances,  the 
title  of  wifdom.  Of  all  men  living, 
perhaps  he  regards  villainy  with  the 
leallcomplaifance,  and  the  lead  indul- 
gence. He  neither  dares,  nor  wilhes 
to  fay,  let  the  opinions  of  thofe  a- 
round  be  ever  fo  diHerent  from  his 
own,  that  among  various  fentiments 
he  thinks  there  is  no  preference.  As 
he  knows  that  pratlices  are  wholly  the 
refult  of  principles,  that  truth  is  the 
natural  parent  of  virtue,  and  error  of 
vice,  no  temptation  could  induce  him 
to  exprefs  an  indifference  concerning 
fubjctls  of  fiich  mighty  importance. 
To  the  force  of  argument,  could  it 
be  produced,  he  would  yield  up  his 
philofophy,  hispoliiics,  ©r  even  his  re- 
ligion ;  but  to  fafliionablc  opinion,  or 
to  the  mere  names  of  great  men,  he 
would  not  concede  the  difference  be- 
tween twecdle-dum  and  twcedle-dee. 
He  would  cheerfully  fpeud  a  day,  or 
even  a  week,  in  pcrfuading  apcrfon, 
whomhe  efleemcd  erroneou<;,  that  his 
principles  were  miflaken,  and  that  o- 
thers  were  juft  ;  and  fliould  all  his  en- 
deavours failof  fuccefs,  he  would  lliU 
treat  his  antagonill  with  entire  civility, 
and  tender  him  every  oOire  of  good 
will.  The  reputed  improbability,  or 
the  difrcputahle  novelty  of  an  opi- 
nion, has  no  influence  on  his  fcruti- 
nies,  or  his  belief:  and,  could  but 
reafonable  evidence  be  offered,  he 
would  recede  from  every  opinion  he 
has  onceeniertained,  and  admit  Hume 
was  a  man  of  candour,  Voltaire  a  phi- 
Jofopher,  the  earth  fupported  by  a 
great  turtle,  or  the  moon  a  large 
eheefe,  frefh  from  a  Welihwoman's 
dairy. 

Gallio  entered  the  years  of  man- 
hood juft  before  the  late  war  com- 
menced. Debates  at  that  time  ran 
high,  and  every  circle  teemed  with 
politics,  warmth,  and  contention. 
The  caufe  was  mighty  andinterefting, 
involving  property,  freedom,  happi- 
nefs,  and  life.  On  fuchan  occafion, 
virtue  demanded  feeling,  and  to  be 
indiherent  wa';  fc  IfiOinefs  and  male- 
volence. In  the  courfe  of  numerous 
debates,  at  which  (rallio  was  prefeni, 
and  many  of  which  were  managed 
With  realon  and  propriety,  I  never 
knew  him  fail  of  winding  up  the  con- 
vcrfation,  with  a  felf- approving  finug 


of  fecurity,  and  a  declaration  that  he 
was  of  neither  fide.  If  you  afk  him 
his  opinion  concerning  two  parties, 
however  refpcBable  the  one,  and  how- 
ever unworthy  the  other,  he  uniform- 
ly expreffes  it  in  that  contemptible 
refuge  of  indolence  and  inlenfibi- 
lity — there  is  blame  on  both  fides. 
Choofe  him  an  arbitrator  of  difputes 
between  you  and  your  neighbour,  and 
he  will  invariably  fplit  the  difference. 
In  a  Golleftion  of  Chriflians,  ffrenu- 
oufly  afferting  the  evidence  of  revela- 
tion, he  will  obfervc,  that  it  is  very 
difficult  to  anfwer  their  arguments; 
in  a  circle  of  infidels,  ffrenuoufly  op- 
poiing  it,  he  will  remark,  there  is 
doubtiefs  much  weight  in  what  is  ad- 
vanced. With  CalviniRs  he  paffes 
for  a  Calviniff,  and  with  Arminians 
for  an  Arminian — without  affenting 
to  either  feft,  or  approving  of  the 
opinions  of  cither.  With  whigs  he 
is,  in  their  opinion,  a  whig,  and 
with  tories,  a  tory  ;  but  is  neither 
a  tory  nor  whig,  nor  did  he  ^ever 
declare  himfclf  of  either  party.  If 
he  hears  his  befl  friend  ffigmatized 
for  a  fcoundrel,  he  obferves — All 
men  have  their  failings.  If  his 
Maker  is  infuhed  in  his  prefence,  he 
remarks — Men  will  make  their  obfer- 
vations.  Gallio  is  neither  the  friend, 
nor  the  enemy  of  any  man,  party,  or 
caufe.  All  perfons  of  unworthy  cha- 
racters, engaged  in  difreputable  par- 
ties, or  holding  opinions  incapable  of 
being  fupported,  are  pleafed  with 
Gallio  ;  for  he  never  cenfures  their 
characters,  opinions,  or  purpofes  ; 
but  makes  fuch  obfervations,  as  look 
lik£  approbation,  and  leaves  them 
pleafed  with  themfelve<;,  and  of  con- 
fequence  pleafed  with  him.  With 
the  world  at  large,  he  is  a  man  of 
good  nature,  and  with  the  perfons 
juft  mentioned,  a  man  of  uncommon 
liberality. 

As  I  am  perfeBly  acquainted  wirk 
both  ihefe  perfons,  it  is  with  nofmall 
mortification,  that  I  hear  Benevolus 
frequently  chara£ferifed  as  a  man  of 
prejudice,  rigidnefs,  and  illiberal ity  ; 
and  candour,  liberality,  and  catholi- 
cifmasoften  attributedto  (iallio.  As 
I  wiffi  my  countrymen  to  adopt  juft 
and  dc-fenfible  opinions  I  cannot  but 
be  chagrined  fo  fee  the  love  of  truth 
and  virtue,  the  ir.oft  illuffrious  trau 
in  an  intelligent  character,    efteemed 


17*9-1 


The  friend.  No.  VU 


s^i 


prejudice  and  illlberality ;  or  to  fee  a 
total  indiftcrence  to  every  thing  va- 
luable, or  defpicable,  miflaken  for 
candour.  It  is  true,  fuch  an  indiffer- 
ence gives  no  unwarrantable  prefer- 
ence to  one  fubjefl  above  another ; 
for  it  gives  no  preference  of  any  kind. 
But  to  feel  as  friendly  to  vice  as  lo 
virtue,  to  error  as  to  truth,  to  love 
an  hone({  man  no  more  than  a  knave, 
to  view  the  happinefs  of  millions 
hanging  in  dreadful  fufpenfe  with  a 
phlegmatic  infenfibility,  is  prejudice 
of  a  moft  unworthy  and  contemptible 
nature. 

Like  all  other  prejudices,  this  leads 
the  mind  to  an  uniform  train  of  erro- 
neous opinions.  Among  others,  none 
can  be  of  greater  magnitude  than  tViofe 
I  have  mentioned.  To  think  lightly 
of  truth  and  viriue,  or  to  be  infen- 
fible  to  the  infinite  preference  of  vir- 
tue to  vice,  of  truth  to  error,  and  of 
right  to  wrong,  is  to  entertain  as  falfe 
and  as  fatal  opinions  as  can  be  de- 
vifed.  Neither  the  fcepticifm  of 
Hume,  nor  the  phrenfy  of  Murray, 
ever  floated  through  the  region  of 
dreams,  with  a  more  bewildered  flight, 
than  the  mind  of  that  perfon,  who 
feels  no  attachments  nor  difreliflies  to- 
wards moral  objefls. 

There  are  innumerable  perfons, 
who  partially  wear  the  charafter  of 
Gallio.  Scelellus  never  fpeaks  re- 
fpeftfully  of  viriue,  nor  contemp- 
tuoufly  of  v!ce,  becaufe  either  con- 
dutl  would  lead  the  company  around 
him  to  make  application  to  himfelf; 
and  becaufe  he  is  unwilling  to  become 
his  own  fatyrift,  or  the  pancgyrifl  of 
thofe  who  are  moft  unlike  him.  Yet 
ScelelUis  is  on  every  occafion  a  decid- 
ed patronifcr  of  whiggifm  and  public 
fpirit  ;  for  he  thinks  his  own  political 
life  has  been  efteemed  confiftent  with 
his  declarations.  yEgon  is  totally  fi- 
lent  at  the  mention  of  all  virtuous 
conduB,  except  the  payment  of  debts, 
iEgon,  being  rich,  finds  the  payment 
of  debts  eafy,  and  advantageous  to 
his  interefls,  and  is  clamorous  in  its 
commendation.  Helvius  is  a  pro- 
fefled  difcarder  of  political  converfa- 
tion,  and  attachments  ;  but  fpeaks 
largely  in  behalf  of  the  exteriors  of 
religion.  Helvius,  through  reluc- 
tance to  render  any  fervice  to  his 
country,  during  the  late  war,  adopted 
a  moft  fiifpicions   ambiguity  of  con- 

VoL.  VI.  No.  IV. 


dufl ;  to  avoid  cordemnlng  which, 
he  never  commends  political  intpgniy 
in  others.  At  the  fame  time,  to 
gain  the  reputation  of  afting  upon 
principle,  he  became  remarkably 
punflual  in  his  attendance  at  church. 
Arrius  warmly  panegyrifes  the  charac- 
ter of  a  good  friend.  Arrius  fought 
for  Caligula,  to  whom  he  had  pro- 
feffed  friendlhip,  although  he  knew 
the  villain  was  juHly  chaftifed  for  the 
grofleft  injury  to  the  family  of  hi« 
benefaclor.  In  the  next  dehaiic"h, 
Caligula  attempted  the  virtue  of  Ar- 
rius's  fifter,  but  Arrius  was  too  good 
a  friend  to  refent  fuch  a  trifle. 

All  thefe  pafs  for  perfons  of  great 
candour,  with  every  clafs  cif  mankind, 
who  would  be  wounded  by  the  re- 
proofs of  honefty.  Every  man,  wha 
knows  himfelf  to  be  in  this  filiation, 
who  (brinks  from  ihe  fear,  hing,  mean- 
ing eye  of  virtue,  who  trembles  at 
the  approach  of  difcovery,  who  is 
confcious  that  his  opinions  and  prac- 
tices will  not  bear  examination,  who 
feels  himfelf  (haded  by  the  neighbour- 
hood of  piety,  and  who  takes  the  a- 
larm  at  the  promulgation  of  teners 
dangerous  to  guilt,  will  be  highly 
pleafed  to  find  thofe,  who  are  in  fome 
degree  refpettable,  manifeft  even  an 
indiilerence  to  his  vices  and  follies, 
and  to  efcape  with  a  laugh  of  ironi- 
cal approbation,  where  he  (hivered  at 
the  flings  and  fcourges  of  truth.  T« 
all,  who  grant  this  indulgence  to  his 
particular  failings,  he  pays  a  tribute 
of  good  names.  H;s  applaufe,  in- 
deed, is  by  no  means  the  eftecl;  of 
gratitude  ;  for  it  is  defigned  ultimately 
for  himfelf.  While  he  celebrates 
the  candour  of  his  favourers,  he 
means  to  infinuate,  that  ail  others,  if 
influenced  by  candour,  would  treat 
hisconduft  with  the  lame  tendernefs, 
and  fpeak  of  his  character  with  fimi- 
lar  refpett. 

To  men  of  juft  inqnifition,  and  en- 
larged fentiments,  all  the  inllancet 
abovementioned,  will  appear  to  be  the 
effeB  of  grofs  prejudice,  and  criminal 
infenfibilitv.  In  the  eye  of  fucli 
men,  he  alone  will  deferve  the  ho- 
nourable epithets  of  candid  and  im- 
partial, who  IS  the  real,  fixed  friend 
of  all  thofe  interefts,  which  the  har- 
monizing diBates  of  common  fenfe 
and  revelation  have  reprefented  as  va- 
luable. Such  perfons,  it  is  true,  arc 
Oo 


%u 


An  infallible  fcheme  for  paying  offtht  continental  deht.     [Oflober, 


Viable  to  error  ;  othervvife  they  would 
ceale  to  be  men  :  but,  when  they  are 
expofed  to  a  few  trivial  miftakes,  the 
fceptic,  the  voluptuary,  and  the 
worldling  will  be  loft  in  a  wildernefs 
of  falfliood.  This  difpofition  is  in- 
deed the  great,  the  only  guide  totruih 
and  refticude  ;  and  he,  who  is  unpof- 
feffed  of  it,  when  fairly  unveiled, 
will  ever  appear  alike  contemptible 
for  his  difpofition  and  his  opinions. 

\^.v  infallible  fcheme  for  paying  off 
the  continental  debt,  and  defraying 
the  current  cxpenfcs  of  government, 
without  any  additional  tax  either 
grievous  or  burdenfome  to  the  labo- 
rious or  induflrious  fubjeBs  of  the 
vnited  flates  :  by  an  old  financier. 

TH  E  great  diftrefs  of  this  unhap- 
py country  is  too  vifible  to  all, 
except  thofe  who  have  the  power 
to  redrefs  it.  We  may  obferve 
through  the  whole  continent, oneuni- 
verfal  complaintof  the  decay  of  trade, 
general  bankruptcies,  deficiency  of 
money,  and  rapacioufnefs  of  tax-ga- 
therers ;  and  yet  I  cannot  find,amonoft 
all  the  fchemes,  propofed  to  leflen 
thefe  evils,  any  one  in  particular, 
which  feems  likely  to  fucceed.  But 
what  is  Hill  an  addition  to  this  melan- 
choly profpeft  of  affairs,  is  the  un- 
bounded extravagance,  both  in  drefs 
and  entertainments,  in  which  perfons 
of  fome  property,  as  well  as  thofe  of 
no  property,  feem  willing  to  indulge. 

We  are  affecled  in  quite  a  different 
manner  from  all  the  nations  upon 
eanh  ;  for,  with  others,  wealth  is  the 
mother  of  luxury,  but  with  us,  po- 
verty has  the  very  fame  effeft  ;  with 
others,  fcarcity  is  the  parent  of  in- 
dultry,  but  with  us,  it  is  the  nurfe  of 
idlencfs  and  vice.  We  labour  to  imi- 
tate the  kingdoms  of  Europe  in  no- 
thing but  their  extravagance,  without 
having  the  fame  plentiful  aids  of  com- 
merce, or  applying  ourfelves  to  the 
Hudy  of  fair  dealing,  to  maintain  M. 
So  that,  in  fliort,  by  our  own  ill  ma- 
nagement, we  are  brought  to  fo  low 
an  ebb  of  wealth  and  credit,  that  our 
condition  fcems  incapable  of  relief. 

But,  having  the  intereft  of  this  our 
Coiiiiiion  country  at  heart,  I  do  not 
intend  this  ellay  as  a  detail  of  our 
picient  grievances,  but  as  a  remedy 
againft  them  ;  and  for  that  purpofe,  I 


have  laboured  to  find  out  fuch  a 
fcheme,  as  will  difcharge  the  public 
debt,  without  opprefling  the  citizens, 
and  that  in  fo  Ihort  a  time,  that  we 
may  neither  complain  of  being  load- 
ed with  long- continued  taxes,  nor. 
quite  defpair  of  being  once  more  in  a 
condition  to  have,  at  leaft,  the  appear- 
ance of  honelty  and  induilry,  if  no- 
thing better. 

Let  us  confider  what  thofe  vice* 
are,  which  at  prefent  prevail  mod 
amongft  us — upon  enquiry,  we  fhall 
find  them  to  be  fraud,  treachery,  de- 
ceit, and  ingratitude,  with  their  aux- 
iliaries, perjury,  drunkennefs,  blaf- 
phemy,  (lander,  and  infidelity. 

Would  it  not  then  be  worthy  of 
our  confideraiion,  and  that  of  the  dif- 
ferent legiflatures,  to  enquire  whether  a 
moderate  tax  upon  every  particular  vice 
would  not  be  more  conducive  to  our 
welfare,  than  the  cramping  our  foreign 
and  domeftic  trade  ?  Such  a  tax  muft 
of  necedity  yield  a  vail  revenue,  and 
prove  a  moft  infallible  fcheme  for  our 
profperity. 

But  before  I  proceed  to  particulars, 
it  may  not  be  amifs  to  premife,  that 
this  tax  is  not  dcfigned  for  any  one 
ftate  or  county ;  but  to  extend  itfelf 
univerfally  over  the  whole  continent ; 
becaufe  dtferent  vices  may  flounlh  in 
different  Hates,  or  even  counties  of 
the  fame  flate  ;  like  different  plants  in 
their  dillcrent  foils:  as  perjury  in  one, 
fraud  in  another,  deceit  and  ingrati» 
tude  iH  a  third,  treachery  in  a  fourth, 
plunder  and  rapine  in  a  fifth,  and  fo 
of  the  reft.  However,  in  fome  ftates, 
1  take  perjury  to  be  the  moft  impor- 
tant and  particular  ftaple  vice — And, 
left  any  difputes  may  hereafter  arife, 
about  the  nature  of  perjury,  or  what 
perfons  are  to  be  fubjetl  to  this  tax — 
I  muft  here  alfo  premife,  that  every 
lie,  confirmed  by  an  oath,  is  undoubt- 
edly perjury,  whether  before  a  chan- 
cellor, a  magiftrate,  or  behind  a  coun- 
ter ;  and  therefore  do  not  doubt,  but 
the  trading  part  of  our  people  will  be 
great  bcnefitiors  to  the  public  in  this 
p.inicular  article,  as  well  as  thofe 
who  retire  from  trade  with  a  moderate 
c<^mpetency,  under  the  great  law  bat- 
teries provided  for  their  protection  b/ 
the  legiflatures, 

Theie  two  things  being  premifed, 
let  us  fiippofe  that  in  this  exttnfive 
cnip.rCj  five  hundred  perfons  are  guiU 


i  7S9.]        An  infallihlefchemefor  paying  off  the  ^.ontinental  debt. 


ts; 


ty  of  this   little  infirmity  of  perjury 
each  day,  which  computation  mail  be 
allowed  very  moderate — if  we   recol- 
lefl;  that  this   number  is   not  above  a 
two-hur.dreth  part  of  the   inhabitants 
of  any   one   of  the   middling    flares, 
-Virgmiaand  Mallachufeits  being  left 
out  of  the  number.     And  if  we  fur- 
ther confider  what  lirong  inducements 
our  people  have  to  prattife  it  from  its 
being  often  fo  exceedingly  beneficial 
—if  we  confider  the  ufe  made  of  it  in 
all  forts  of  traffic — the  great  demands 
for  it  in  taw-fuits — the   great  advan- 
tage of  it  in  elections — and  the  unde- 
niable profits  of  it  in  all  profecutions, 
we   fliall  think  the  number  five  hun- 
dred  Itill    more   reafonable.     Let  us 
fuppofe  every  one  of  this  number  to 
be  perjuredonly  once  every  day  (which 
is  a  very  favourable  fuppofition)  and 
fubjetf  only  to  a  tax  of  one-fourtli  of 
a  dollar  for  each  offence  ;  for  which 
fum,  perhaps,  he  may  procure  either 
the  death  of  an  enemy,  an  eft  ate  for 
his  friend,  or  a  fortune  for   himfelf 
(all   which  are  efteemed    very   defir- 
able)  ;  the  tax   will  be  by  far  too  in- 
confiderable  to  make  any  one  murmur, 
and  yet  will  yield  the  fum  of  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  dollar?  per  day, 
towards  difcharging  our  national  debt. 
Beddes,  this  tax,  though  very    low, 
may  in  reality   be  very  profitable  to 
mankind,    particularly    to    attornies, 
doftors,    gamblers,    taylors,  invoice- 
makers,  whether  on  faltwater  or  land, 
IhenfFs,  with  their  deputies,  runners, 
and  all  that  hoft  of  worthies,  tavern- 
keepers,  auftioniers,  brokers,  and  other 
honeft  traders,  who  will  fcarce  think 
it  anfwerable  to  the  expenfe  of  time, 
to  forfwear  them fe Ives  for  any  profit, 
from  one  fliilling  to  a  quarter  dollar 
inclufive  ;  but  will  at  leaft,  for  every 
tranfgreffion,  expeft  to  gain  fufficient 
to  defray  the  tax.    However,  I  would 
have  all  fworn  conftables,  and  all  col- 
leftors  of  this  and  many  other  taxes, 
entirely  exempt  from  any  penalty,  as 
privileged  perfons ;  becaufe,  by  that 
means,  they  will  be  enabled  to  be  fer- 
viceable  in  their  refpeftive  fituations. 
Conjugal  infidelity,  as    the  world 
goes  at   prefent,    would   furnifli   the 
|>ublic  with  a  largs  fum,  even  at  a  ve- 
ry moderale  tax  ;  for  it  is   now   made 
aneffential  part  of  the  polite  gentle- 
man's charatter  ;  and  he  that  has  pre- 
vailed oa  the  greateU   number,  pro- 


portionally rifes  in  reputation,  het 
lis  then  compute  that  in  the  feveral 
parts  of  this  continent,  one  thoufand 
per  day  were  liable  to  be  taxed  for 
this  genteel  vice,  only  at  the  ftij^) 
fum  of  a  dollar  hard  money,  (no  pa.per 
currency  to  be  taken  in  any  of  thcfe 
taxes)  the  revenue  ariSog  from  this 
import  would  amount  to  /'.37_5  per 
day  ;  and  in  one  yeart  to  upwards  of 
/. 136, ,500  current  money  of  Pcnn- 
fyivania,   &c. 

I  know  it  may  be  here  objefted,  that 
I  have  computed  upon  too  fmall  a 
number,  and  that  I  might juftly  ac- 
count rather  upon  four  or  five  thou- 
fand a  day  in  the  feveral  flates  of  the 
union — but  although  I  own  this  ob- 
jeftion  to  be  very  ftrong,  if  we  were 
toconfider  the  opportunities  of  balls, 
play-houfes,  night-fermons,  horfe- 
racing,  card  playing,  private  ban- 
queting, and  many  other  commodious 
fcenes  for  that  kind  of  entertainment ; 
yet  I  would  rather  choofe  to  err  on 
the  right  fide,  in  too  fmali,  than  .too 
great  a  computation. 

Drunkennefs  I  would   only  tax  at 
fix  pence,  as   it   might  be  prejudicial 
to  trade,  as  well  as   the  revenue,  to 
difcourage  it,  and  confequently  fubjeft 
the   propofer   to   penalties.      Let   us 
then  compute  that  only  twenty  thou- 
fand perfons  (which    is   not  the   two 
hundredth  part  of  the   people   in  the 
united  flates)  were  daily  liable  to  be 
taxed,  the   amount  would   be  f.^om 
per  day.     And  how  extremely  mode- 
rate this  computation  is,  may  appear 
to  any  one  who  confiders,  that  befides 
the  ufual  opportunities  of  taverns,  bil- 
liard-tables, and  private  houfcs,  tliere 
are  public  feafts,  weddings,  and  chrift- 
cnings,  and  many  other  irrcfiftible  in- 
ducements to  this  raanly  vice,  which, 
perhaps,  if  nicely  calculated,    would 
daily  furnifli  us  with  two-thirds  more 
than   our  computed  number,  and  by 
that  means  greatly  conduce  to  the  pub- 
lic good — However,  I   would   by  all 
means  exempt  all  country  jufliccs  of 
the  peace,  whether  they  had  the  rudi- 
ments of  their  education  on  the  fore- 
caflle  of  a  trading  floop,  brig,  or  other 
veflel ;  in  the  tap-room  of  a  twopenny 
beer-houfe  ;  or  in  the  yet  more  labo- 
rious and  ingenious  occupation,  of  re- 
pairing old  foles  and  heels — or  other- 
wife,  in  the  due  management  of  a  cart, 
waggon,  or  dray ;  becaufe,  it  would 


«s« 


An  infallible  fckeme  for  paying  off  the  continental  debt.     [Oftobcr, 


he  rather  degrading  to  fee  fiich  refpec- 
table  perfonages  mfulted  by  meaner 
Officers,  as  ofien  as  they  might  be  dif- 
covered  in  fuch  a  condition. 

Swearing  wou/dbeamoU  univer- 
iaP'benelit  towards  augmenting  thefe 
funds  •  bccaufe  it  fervcs  to  feafon  the 
difcourle  of  all  ranks  and  degrees  of 
men,  and  may  aao  be  ferviceable  to 
ladies,  upon  any  fudaen  ai\d  unex- 
pedcd  fufpicion  of  irregular  conduB, 
It  is  the  pr  ncipal  ingredient  and  de- 
coration of  all  modern  jells,  jokes, 
and  love-fpeeches,  dilputes,  threats, 
and  promiles,  and  confequently  capa- 
ble of  aiTording  an  incredible  revenue  ; 
however,  let  us  fuppofe  eighty  thou- 
fand  perfons  per  day  hable  to  a  tax  of 
five  pence  or  fix  pence  only,  for  each 
odence  of  this  kind,  which,  conhder- 
ing  ihe  great  number  of  taverns,  tip- 
pling-houfes,  markets,  fliops,  and 
gamuig-houfes,  in  the  different  Itates, 
is  a  very  inconfiderable  number  ;  yet, 
even  this  article  will  furnifh  us  with 
/".2000  per  day,  which  would  amount 
to  a  large  fum,  if  only  coileded  for 
fix  months  in  each  year. 

I  am  already  apprehenfive,  that  all 
military  perfons  will  expeft  an  exemp- 
tion from  taxes  on  this  account ;  be- 
caufe  they  may  plead  precedents  for 
many  generations  ;  may  allege  the 
power  of  cuRom,  the  decency  and 
agreeablenefs  of  it,  when  properly 
interfperfed  with  other  difcourfc,  or, 
that  the  cenforious  world,  would  per- 
haps fufpeft  that  ihey  knew  nothing  of 
God,  if  they  did  not  fome  time  or 
other  mention  his  name,  and  many 
other  reafons  of  equal  weight :  but 
though  thefe  remonftrances  are  very 
juH,  yet,  as  this  is  the  only  mean<!  by 
which  ftanding  armies  in  times  of  pro- 
found peace  can  poflibly  conduce  to 
the  national  good,  it  will  be  hard  to 
exempt  them — However,  as  the  mi- 
litary power  would  be  liable  to  this 
tax  in  all  its  branches,  and  thereby  be 
utterly  impoverifhed,  I  believe  it  may 
not  be  improper  to  allow  all  foot-fol- 
diers  and  field  officers,  enfigns,  na- 
val officer.',  cabbinboy^,  andcommif- 
faries,  forty  or  fifty  oaths  a  day,  en- 
lirely  free  from  any  tax  or  penally. 
As  for  flander,  fuppofing  only 
.  40,000  per  day,  taxed  at  the  aforego- 
ing moderate  rate  of  6d,  f(ir  every  of- 
fence, this  article  would  daily  afford 
the  public  (at  ihelowell  computation) 


/".looo,  and  as  this  is  a  favourite  ta- 
lent, we  might  have  ventured  to  tax 
it  much  higher;  but  I  would  not  wifh 
to  difcourage  fo  charitable  a  difpoli- 
tion,  efpecially  where  it  may  promote 
the  intereff  of  my  country. 

As  to  the  ladies,  I  have  been  al- 
ways too  great  an  admirer  of  their's, 
to  delire  any  reftnition  ffiould  be 
laid  on  t/jefr  pleafures,  either  privafe 
or  public  ;  and,  therefore,  I  would 
ba\e  them  taxed  only  half  as  much  as 
the  men,  for  every  little  error  of  this 
kind  ;  becaufe  flander  in  men  is  an 
unnatural  talent,  and  generally  prae- 
tifed  to  ingratiate  themlelves  with  the 
oppofite  fex  ;  whereas,  this  gentle 
failmg  in  females,  is  innate,  and  im- 
polfible  to  be  reftrained  ;  which  is  an 
unfortunate  circumftance,  that  de- 
mands our  utmofl  lenity  and  compaf- 
fion.  I  think  alTemblies,  goffiping 
houfes,and  all  places  of  public  refort 
for  ladies,  ought  to  be  exempt  from 
any  penalty  ;  becaufe  it  is  fo  material  a 
part  of  the  difcourfe  and  amnfement 
of  thofe  places,  that  to  tax  them  for 
each  offence  would  be  in  effetf  to  en- 
join them  perpetual  filence,  which"'(if 
it  were  polTible)  would  be  as  great  a 
mortification  to  themfelves,  as  a  dif- 
appointment  to  all  flayers  of  reputa« 
tion,  and  dealers  in  news. 

Luxurious  articles  of  every  deno- 
mination fliould  alfo  be  liable  to  a 
tax  ;  and  under  this  head,  would  be 
claffed  allfamily  bibles, cornmon  pray- 
er books,  lives  of  the  faints,  pfalm 
books,  and  fuch  other  books  of  divini- 
ty as  are  feldom  ufed,  unlefs  to  enter 
the  births  and  baptifms  of  children  in 
them.  This  being  a  purpofe  fo  re- 
pugnant to  thofe  facred  writings,  that 
a  tax  of  (at  leaft)  ten  dollars  a  year, 
fhould  be  laid  upon  all  fuch  books, 
whenever  the  owners  of  them  could 
not  give  fatisfaftory  proof  of  their 
having  opened  them  at  either  public 
or  private  devotions,  above  once  or 
twice  in  a  year;  always  referving  and 
excepting,  neverthelefs,  to  pretty 
beaus,  and  little  mifres,four  Sundays, 
annually,  for  the  fole  purpofe  of  ad- 
miring each  other  at  any  church,  cha- 
pel, or  other  houfe  of  worfhip  they 
may  think  proper,  when  and  where  it 
may  be  allowed  thorn  to  turn  ovei  the 
leaves  without  reading  a  fyllable  of 
their  contents ;  as  the  very  appearnnce 
of  fuch  books,  in  a  public  place,  miibt 


17^9*]         An  infaUibU  fcheme  for  paying  off  the  continental  debt. 


be  the  means  of  fetting  a  good  exam- 
ple to  thofe  who  never  touch  them 
upon  any  pretence  whatever  :  but  as  I 
fliould  not  wiih  this  to  be  conddered 
in  the  nature  of  a  partial  tax,  nor  to 
bear  hard  upon  thole  who  have  been 
many  years  ufcd  to  indulgence,  and 
ofcourfe,  might  think  any  rcitrauit  of 
this  kind,  an  attack  upon  their  liberty  ; 
from  thefe  confiderations  I  would  wil- 
lingly allow  all  old  bachelors  and 
widowers  above  the  age  of  forty,  and 
all  maiden  ladies  above  the  age  of 
thirty-five,  refpeftively,  one  whole 
year  free  of  this  tax,  hoping  that  at 
the  expiration  thereof,  they  mightcon- 
form  to  the  rules  prefcribed  by  the 
laws  of  their  country. 

Let  us  now  only  confiderthe  feve- 
ral  fums  arifing  from  the  tax  on  a  few 
only,  of  our  moft  fimple  vices,  ac- 
cording to  the  computation  made  of 
them  :  and  the  equity  and  infallibility' 
of  the  fcheme  mull  appear  as  demon- 
ftrable  as  any  propofition  in  Euclid. 
For, perjury  at  1 C5  dol- 
lars per  day  or  3750 

per  month,  will   a- 

mount    in    current 

money  £ .  1,406  5  o 

Congiigal       infidelity 

/•  375  per  day,   or 

per  month,  to  11,250  o  o 

Drunkennefs    /".500 

per     day,     or   per 

month  15,000  o  o 

Swearing  £ .  2000  per 

day,  or  per  month  60,000  o  o 

Slander   £ .  1000   per 

day,  or  per  month  30,000  o  o 

Total  per  month    /".  117,656  5  o 

>vhich,  in  the  courfe  of  bneyear,  will 
amount  to  one  million,  four  hundred 
and  eleven  thoufand,  eight  hundred 
and  feventy-five  pounds,  like  current 
money. 

But  left  by  the  univerfal  poverty  of 
©ur  people,  which  is  much  to  be  fear- 
ed, or  by  iheir  growing  more  virtuous, 
(ari  unnatural  change,  that  can  never 
be  reafonubly  apprehended)  this  daily 
income  lliould  fall  (hori  of  what  we 
have  computed,  I  muft  beg  leave  to 
offer  fomc  other  improvements  of  ihis 
fcheme,  which  will  undoubtedly  an- 
fwer  all  deficiencies  ;  and  for  this 
^lirpofc,  if  a  feverc  tax  was  laid  on 
a^U  men  who  pieiumed  10  marry,  until 


2 1.-5 

they  arrived  at  the  age  of  knowing 
fomething  of  themfelves,  or  of  fome 
occupation,  whereby  they  might  even 
hope  to  obtain  fome.  honed  and  com- 
petent livelihood  ;  and  upon  all  young 
women  who  contracled  matrimony, 
before  they  arrived  at  the  age  of  dif- 
cretion,  or  knew  any  thing  to  qualify- 
them  for  houCekeepers  and  millrefies 
of  families,  except  the  art  of  bedizen- 
ing, painting,  and  dreiling  themfelves 
a  la  mode  de  Harlequin  (excepting 
and  always  reterving,  with  or  without 
difcretion,  all  ladies  above  the  a^^'e  of 
fixty,  who  might  have  a  defire  to  enter 
into  the  holy  order  of  matrimony  ;  it 
being  prefumed  at  that  period  of  life, 
that  they  would  not  contaminate  fu- 
ture generations  by  tranlmitting  any 
iffue  of  fo  late  a  marriage.)  If  any 
(hould  prove  fool- hardy  enough  to 
tranfgrefs  a  law  fo  calculated  for  the 
happinefs  of  mankind,  each  offence 
would  be  of  material  benefit  to  the 
public  ;  and  if  providentially  it  (hould 
prove  an  elfeclual  reftraint,  there  mull 
of  confequence  be  fewer  children  ia 
each  family,  and  ofcourfe,  the  num- 
ber of  poor  throughout  the  united 
Hates,  muft  proportionably  decreafe. 

As  to  the  fcheme  of  taxing  bache- 
lors, which  hath  laicly  been  propofed 
by  many  honourable  members  in  dif- 
ferent alTemblies  of  the  ftates,  I  muft 
beg  leave  to  think  it  highly  improper ; 
becaufe  bachelors  of  all  ranks  and  de- 
grees, are  real  benefaftors  to  the  pub- 
lic, by  not  furnifliing  either  beggars 
or  opprelTors  of  beggars,  one  of  which 
muft  infallibly  be  the  confequence  of 
marriage  in  this  great  empire. 

Thefe,  and  many  other  expedients, 
might  eafily  be  furnilhed  upon  any 
emergency,  to  fupply  confidcrablc 
fums  for  the  continental  debt.  But 
as  there  will  probably  remain  a  fur- 
plus,  if  this  plan  be  adopted,  over  atui 
above  our  public  debt,  I  would  allow 
100,000!,  for  falaries  to  fuch  perfont 
as  fliall  be  appointed  colleftors,  and  1 
hope  this  wiil  be  confidered  as  an  a- 
dequate  provifion,  though  generallv, 
aboveone  half  of  every  tax  is  expend- 
ed in  paying  the  officers  for  collefling 
it.  The  overplus  (if  any)  may  be  dc- 
pofited  in  the  ireafury  of  the  united 
ftates,  for  any  other  laudable,  or  pious 
ufe. 

Thus  wodd  a  moderate  t?.x  upon 
«ur   vices,    apparently   contribute  to 


Importance  of  a  proper  fyjlem  of  education,  [OQober, 


fave  this  extenfive  empire  from  \Uter 
ruin.  Many  perfons  who  have  not 
the  Icaft  excufe  for  their  irregularities 
at  prefent,  (except  the  commendable 
pubiic-fpiriled  contempt  for  religion) 
might  then  plead  in  their  own  defence, 
that  their  immoralities  had  contributed 
to  fave  their  country.  And  by  thefe 
means,  we  might  be  furniUied  with  a 
multitude  of  patriots,  who  probably 
would  never  prove  fo  in  any  other 
refpe£\  ;  therefore  1  mnft  publicly 
declare,  that  there  can  be  no  other 
method,  half  fo  good  as  the  one  pro- 

Kfed,  to  make  private  vices,   public 
nefits. 
Philadelphia,  April  z^,,  1788, 

Importance  of  a  proper  fyjlem  of  edu- 
cation^cjldbli/kment  of  a  federal 
univerfity  recommended. 

WHETHER  viewed  by  the  con- 
templative eye  of  the  philofo- 
pher,  or  fcanned  by  the  more  aftive 
mind  of  the  politician  and  legillator, 
the  happinefs  arifing  to  fociety  from 
the  progrefs  of  fcience  in  the  world, 
prefents  the  moft  pleafing  confe- 
quences,  as  our  encouragement  to  ef- 
tablilh  inftitutions  for  the  education 
of  youth  in  every  branch  of  literature. 
No  country  is  more  indebted  to  the 
caufe  of  learning  than  America — to 
the  well-informed  mind  of  her  citizens 
does  (he  owe  her  prefent  important 
rank  in  the  fcale  of  nations ;  to  this 
is  {he  indebted  for  her  unparalleled  ad- 
vances to  greatnefs  and  empire,  and 
on  this  does  the  prefervation  of  her 
future  liberties  and  all  the  invaluable 
rights  of  human  nature  elFentially  de- 
pend. What  more  noble  or  engaging 
confiderations  can  be  urged,  to  prove 
the  propriety  and  policy  of  our  exer- 
tions to  place  on  the  moft  liberal  and 
folld  grounds,  the  education  of  the  pre- 
fent generation  ? — Let  fchools  and 
colleges  be  every  where  reared,  as  the 
more  pleafing  fubllitutes  of  jails  and 
houfes  of  correBion,  that  a  proper 
bias  may  be  given  to  the  tender  mind, 
and  youth  trained  up  in  the  way  they 
Ihould  in  future  walk  ;  there  is  a  na- 
tive ingenuity  in  the  difpofition  of 
mankind,  which,  by  early  cultivation, 
may  be  brought  to  maniriiy,  and  fo- 
ciety thereby  relieved  in  a  great  de- 
gree from  the  evils  refultlng  from  ig- 
norance   and    obilinacy — us  natural 


offspring  ;  and  each  individual,  in- 
ftead  of  being  impelled  by  the  fear  of 
punifhment,  be  drawn  by  a  ronfciouf- 
nefs  of  duty,  to  act  well  his  part, 
Conllitutions  and  forms  of  govern- 
ment will  little  avail,  without  a  gene- 
ral prevalence  of  religion — the  culti- 
vation of  private  virtue — and  a  re- 
finement of  the  moral  fenfe.  Ame- 
rica, from  her  local  fituation,  polTeire* 
greater  advantages,  for  the  promotion 
of  literature  and  the  arts,  than  have 
marked  any  other  nation,  in  the 
early  Uages  of  its  political  exift- 
ence — not  being  fubjetl  to  the  con- 
flant  inroads  of  barbarians,  or  the 
tyranny  of  fuperftition,  nor  interrupt- 
ed by  the  frequent  din  of  arms,  ever 
hoftile  to  the  arts — Here  peace  waves 
her  gentle  banners,  and,  under  the 
pleafing  aufpices  of  our  prefent  happy 
form  of  government,  and  enlightened 
adminiftrators,  fcience  fhall  expand 
her  genial  rays,  and  the  various  foun- 
tains of  learning  through  the  conti- 
nent, annually  iflue  their  ftreams, 
which,  like  the  periodical  inundations 
of  the  Nile,  ftiall  enrich  the  country 
all  around. 

While  the  lefler  fchools  and  every 
literary  Inftitution,  however  fmall, 
muft  be  thought  worthy  the  attention 
of  government — I  hope  to  fee  the 
eftablifliment  of  a  federal  univerfily* 
— it  is  an  idea  which  has  been  here- 
tofore fuggefted,  and  which  prefage* 
much  future  advantage  to  the  public. 
Such  a  univerfity  may  be  erefled  in  a 
central  fituation  of  the  union,  under 
the  management  of  able  inftrutlors, 
to  which  the  ftudents,  graduating  at 
the  different  flate  colleges,  may  repair, 
to  finifh  their  education,  by  remain- 
ing two  or  three  years,  and  principal- 
ly direfting  their  ftudies  to  the  poli- 
tical interefts  of  their  country — the 
great  objefls  of  legiflatlon  and  na- 
tional jurifprudence.  As  we  have 
taken  our  ftation  among  the  other  na- 
tions of  the  world,  it  is  highly  proper 
we  fliould  form  on  national  princi- 
ples, which  can  be  beft  done  by  pro- 
moting fuch  inftitutions  as  have  a 
tendency  to  remove  local  views  and 
habits,  and  beget  mutual  confidence, 

NOTE. 

*  See  a  plan  for  this  purpofe  In 
the  American  Mufcum,  vol.  IV.  p. 
44a. 


1789-1 


Original  Utter  of  William  Ptnut 


«9i 


efteem,  and  good  fellowfhip,  between 
thofe  who  are  embarked  in  the  fame 
bottom,  and  muil  rife  or  fall  together. 
The  inUitution  above  alluded  to,  I 
think  will  be  happily  calculated  to 
anfwer  thofe  valuable  purpofes,  and 
have  the  moft  beneficial  enefls,  in  a 
political  view.  In  order  to  avoid  the 
idea,  or  prevent  its  being  in  fad  an 
exclufive  kind  of  education,  it  ought 
to  be  conftrutled  on  the  moft  econo- 
mical plan,  that  the  expenfe  may  be 
no  bar  to  thofe  who  may  wifti  to  par- 
ticipate of  the  inftru6tion  there  to  be 
received,  to  form  themfelves  for  fu- 
ture eminent  fervicesto  their  country, 
to  which  their  ftudies  ought  more  par- 
ticularly to  be  dire£kd.  Ccntratted 
and  envious  minds  will  always  view 
%viih  pain  every  exertion  made  to  cul- 
tivate and  improve  the  underftandings 
of  others,  fo  as  to  raife  them  above 
the  level  of  their  own  :  but  this  I 
prefume  will  be  no  objeftion  of  weight 
to  the  eftablifhment  of  thofe  femina- 
ries  of  learning  and  fcicnce,  where 
men  may  be  well  inftrufted  in  the 
rights  of  human  nature,  and  ftrength- 
ened  in  their  abilities,  to  alfert  thofe 
rights,  and  prcferve  them  inviolate 
from  that  tyranny  and  opprelRon  un- 
der which  mankind  have  too  often 
-  groaned  in  lefs  enlightened  ages. 

We  find,  by  a  review  of  the  hif- 
tory  of  ancient  Rome,  whofe  luftre 
and  national  greatnefs  were  once  the 
aftonidiment  of  the  world,  that  the 
artsand  fciences,and  liberty,  everflou- 
riflied  hand  in  hand,  while  they  could 
boaft  a  fet  of  wife  and  able  princes 
who  gave  them  all  due  encourage- 
ment— and  that  to  check  the  progrefs 
of  literature,  and  to  mar  every  noble 
♦xertion  of  the  human  powers,  form- 
ed the  firft  attempts  of  their  tyrannic 
rulers,  to  enflave  them  ;  and  we  ob- 
ferve  liberty  and  the  arts  to  have  gra- 
dually decayed,  till  they  finally  funk 
into  their  original  barbarity  and  Go- 
thicifm.  It  remains  for  America,  by 
an  early  attention  to  the  encourage- 
ment of  every  art  and  fcience,  and 
the  cultivation  of  the  human  mind, 
to  the  higheft  pitch  of  improvement, 
to  fit  the  inhabitants  of  this  weftern 
world  for  the  enjoyment  of  that  free- 
dom and  independence  for  which  they 
havefo  nobly  foughi — and  which  will 
Bever  be  wrefted  from  them,  while 
they  imbibe  with  their  milk,  the  firil 


principles  of  civil  liberty,  and  ar« 
uniformly  educated  in  an  abhorrence 
of  every  attempt  that  may  be  formed 
to  deprive  them  of  this  mighty  boon 
ofhcavsn.  FEN  NO. 

Original  letter  of  William  Petin  t» 
the  commijjioners  of  ft  ale,  about  the 
privileges  of  the  ajfembly,  &c. 

fVindfor,  the  iSth  -jmo.  j688. 
Dear  friends^ 

I  Salute  you  with  that  love,  with 
which  I  ever  loved  you  ;  and  ia 
that  truth,  which  is  not  given  to 
change,  and  that  has  begotten  in  my 
heart,  a  real  concern  for  your  wel- 
fare and  happinefs  every  way  :  and  I 
hope  your  regard  and  affedicn  is  the 
fame  to  me  and  the  profperity  of  ray 
poor  family,  as  in  former  times ;  for 
It  would  be  no  little  forrow  to  me,  to 
hear  any  thing  of  time  or  diftance 
having  weakened  your  zeal  and  love 
towards  me  and  mine. 

1  have  been  afraid,  left  my  long 
(and  the  Lord  knows,  unwilling)  flay, 
fliould  be  looked  upon  as  flighting 
of  you,  now  I  was  not  like  to  get  a- 
frelii  by  you,  and  fo  might  dired  my 
dcfigns  to  an  home  advantage,  and 
leave  you  to  Uruggle  with  the  rough- 
nefs  of  a  remote  wildernefs :  but  the 
Lord  God  Almighty  knows  the  for- 
row, the  expenfe,  the  hazard,  that 
attend  my  abfence  frpm  you  u  and  that 
my  prayers  are  moft  fervently,  with  a 
bowed  foul,  often  poured  forth  to  him, 
that  he  would  clear  and  help  my  way 
towards  you,  with  whom  I  fhould  re- 
joice to  live  and  die.  Wherefore, 
dear  friends,  let  not  your  hearts  fail, 
nor  your  love  decay,  but  let  your  care 
be,  that  the  poor  province  be  not  pre- 
judiced any  way  by  my  abfence,  all 
that  is  poftible  in  you,  and  endeavour 
to  fweeten  all  things ;  and  with  the 
nieeknefs  of  Mofes,  and  patience  of 
Job,  to  be  good  examples  to  the  peo- 
ple. I  haveconfidered  your  hard  talk, 
and  the  rubs  the  worldly  fpirit  puts  in 
your  way,  that  defpife  dignities ;  and 
for  your  eafe,  have  appointed  one  that 
is  not  a  friend,  but  a  grave,  fober, 
wife  man,  to  be  governor  in  my  ab- 
fence— He  married  old  general  Lam- 
bert's daughter — was  treafurer  to  the 
commonwealth's  army  in  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland — I  fuppofe  in- 
dependent in  judgment.    Let  him  fee 


S9* 


To  make  r»cellent  bread  without  yeaji. 


roaober. 


\vhat  lie  can  c!o  "a  while.  I  have  or- 
dered him  lo  confff  in  private  with 
you,  and  fquare  himfclf  by  your  ad- 
vice— but  bear  down  with  a  vifible 
authority,  vice  and  faction  ;  that  it 
may  not  look  a  partiahty  in  friends, 
t)x  other  than  flioiild  be,  to  atl  as  they 
have  done.  And  if  he  do  not  pleafe 
yon,  he  fliail  be  laid  a(ide  :  for  I  do 
it  not  that  1  am  difpleafed  with  your 
care,  or  fervice,  (luite  the  contrary. 
If  in  any  thing  you  have  differed  from 
my  fenfe,  it  is,  I  believe,  becaufe  you 
thouf^ht  It  bed  for  tli«  general  fervice. 
I  defire  you  to  receive  this  perfon 
with  kindnefs,  and  let  him  fee  it,  and 
ufe  his  not  being  a  friend,  to  friends' 
advantage.  But  you  muft  know,  I 
have  rough  people  to  deal  with  about 
my  quit  rents,  that  yet  cannot  pay  a 
ten-pound  bill,  but  draw,  draw,  draw 
Itill  upon  me.  And  it  being  his  ta- 
leut  to  regulate  and  fet  things  in  me- 
thod, eafy  and  jnft,  I  have  pitched 
upon  him  to  advife  therein.  He  has  a 
mighty  repute  of  all  for:s  of  honed 
people  where  he  his  inhabued,  which, 
with  my  own  knowledge,  has  made 
me  venture  upon  him.  I  had  your 
letter  by  E.  Blackfan.  I  have  in 
mine  to  Thomas  Loyd,  communicat- 
ed my  mind  about  Jof.  (irowJen's 
bufinefs,  and  other  matters.  I  will 
add,  that  the  affembly,  as  they  call 
themfelves,  are  not  fo,  without  go- 
vernor and  privy  council ;  and  that 
no  fpeaker,  clerk,  or  book,  belong  to 
them  ;  and  that  the  people  have  their 
reprefentatives  in  the  privy  council 
to  prepare  ;  and  the  aflembly,  as  it  is 
called,  has  only  the  power  of  aye  or 
no,  yea  or  nay.  If  they  turn  de- 
baters, judges,  or  complainers,  you 
overthrow  the  charter  quite  in  the 
very  root  of  the  conllitution  of  it ;  for 
it  is  toufurp  the  privy  council's  part  in 
the  charter,  and  to  forfeit  the  charter 
itfelf.  Here  would  be  two  alTemblies, 
and  two  reprefentatives,  whereas  they 
are  butone,  to  two  works  :  one  prepares 
and  propofes,  the  other  alTents  or  de- 
nies :  the  negative  voice  is  by  that  in 
them,  and  that  is  not  a  debating,  mend- 
ing, or  altering,  but  an  accepting  or 
rejecting  power — mind  this,  I  intreat 
you,  that  all  fall  not  to  pieces. 

For  Jof.  Growden's  pleading  equi- 
ty about  that  laud,  the  charter  equity 
is  not  concerned  there  ;  for  the  notion 
of  ellaces  ia  law  and  equity  fliews  he 


is  miftaken.  Has  he  an  equity  to 
more  than  is  due  ?  Then  where  is  mf 
right,  if  he  has  an  equity  to  what  it 
mine  ?  I  am  mailer  of  my  own,  and 
that  he  mull  know.  Next,  for  what 
Thomas  Fairman  fays  about  meafuring 
his  land,  and  leaving  a  piece  by  my 
order,  I  renounce  it.  I  never  gave 
him  fuch  an  order — I  love  no  unfair 
thing  ;  and  for  large  quantities  of 
lands,  I.  am  contented  they  (Irould 
keep  them,  that  have  them,  if  they 
will  fell  at  a  moderate  rate  to  new- 
comers ;  elfe  it  clofes  up  the  countrf 
from  planters,  which  hurts  the  whole. 
For  news,  I  will  fend  all  by  E.  Black- 
fan.  The  writs  ifhie  out  to-day — a 
parliament  fits  in  oth  mo. — the  kmg 
promifes  to  exclude  the  Roman  catho- 
lics from  parliament,  rather  thait 
not  have  the  liberty  of  confcience 
by  a  law — fears  of  war  with  Hol- 
land. The  Lord  order  all  for  his 
glory,  who  is  worthy  for  ever. 
I  am, 
Your  real  and  afiFeOionate  friend, 
Wm.  Penv, 

The  governor  is  called  Captain 
Blackwell — he  commanded,  in  the.be- 
ginning  of  the  wars,  the  famous 
maiden  troop.  Farewell,  my  dear 
love  to  your  families — friends  as  if 
named,  and  the  people. 

To  make  excellent  bread  without yeajt. 

SCAED  about  a  double-handful  of 
Indian  meal,  into  which  put  a 
little  fait,  and  as  much  cold  water  as 
will  make  it  rather  warmer  than  new 
milk;  then  flir  in  wheat  flour,  till 
it  is  as  thick  as  a  family  pudding, 
and  fet  it  down  by  the  fire  to  rife. 
In  about  half  an  hour,  it  generally 
grows  thin  ;  you  may  fprinkle  a  little 
frefh  flour  on  the  top,  and  mind  to 
turn  I  he  pot  round,  that  it  may  not 
bake  to  the  fide  of  it.  In  three  or 
four  hours,  if  you  mind  the  above 
direflions,  it  will  rife  and  ferment 
as  if  you  had  fet  it  with  top  yeafl  ; 
when  it  does,  make  it  up  in  a  foft 
dough  ;  flour  a  pan,  put  in  your  bread, 
fet  it  before  the  fire,  covered  up,  turn 
it  round  to  make  it  equally  warm,  and 
in  about  half  an  hour  it  will  be  light 
enough  to  hake.  It  fuits  bell  to  bake  at 
home  in  a  Dutch  oven,  as  it  flioiild  be 
put  into  the  oven  asfoon  as  it  is  liglit» 


1789-] 


Dijlreffes  and  complaints  of  a  bachelor. 


DiJlreJ'es   and  complaints   of  a  ba- 

c  he  lor. 
'Tishard:  but  patience  mujl   endure 
Andjooth  the  woes  it  cannot  cure. 

I  AM  an  idle  man,  and  a  bachelor 
of  an  eafy  fortune  :  I  am  engaged 
in  no  kind  of  bufinefs ;  but,  having 
had  a  liberal  education,  and  ftill  re- 
taining an  inclination  for  letters,  I 
pafs  the  greater  part  of  my  time  in 
ftudy  and  contemplation,  I  have  the 
misfortune  to  be  troubled  with  weak 
nerves,  and  fuffer  under  a  thoufand 
evils,  which  the  unfeeling  neither 
comprehend  nor  know  how  to  pity. 
As  I  ftill  retain  the  appearance  of 
health,  my  fufFerings  are  regarded  with 
little  or  no  compalhon,  and  my  feel- 
ings are  daily  infulted  by  the  attempts 
of  my  friends  to  laugh  me  out  of  com- 
plaints they  are  pleafed  to  call  imagi- 
nary. My  diforder  is,  however,  a 
real  one,  and  whatever  nsay  be  the 
caufe,  deferves  commiferation  ;  my 
prefent  fituation  has  very  much  in- 
creafed  my  malady,  and  as,  for  fome 
particular  reafons,  I  cannot  remove 
from  it,  the  impollibility  of  an  efcape 
is  no  fmall  addition  to  my  torments. 
They  who  enjoy  perfefl  health, 
willfmile  when  I  complain  of  themi- 
feries  I  fuffer  from  the  whifpering  of 
fervants,  the  jarring  of  windows,  and 
the  flamming  of  doors ;  but  thefe  are 
flight  evils,  indeed,  to  thofe  I  am 
doomed  to  endure.  At  the  door  of 
the  houfe  where  I  lodge,  hangs  a 
young  blackbird,  who  has  only  two 
notes,  and  they  are  fo  incefl^antly  re- 
peated, that  was  it  not  for  the  variety 
of  other  noifes,  they  would  abfolutely 
dillraft  me.  In  the  hall  is  a  parrot,  of 
the  fmall  grey  kind;  he  does  not  make 
the  leaft  attempt  to  fpeak,  but  keeps 
the  moft  difcordant  fcreeching,  fome- 
whatrefembling,  but  much  worfethan, 
the  whetting  of  a  hand  faw.  Over 
my  head,  is  a  nurfery,  where  five 
fmall  children  pafs  the  greater  part  of 
their  time  :  they  exprefs  their  joys  and 
forrows  in  notes  equally  loud  and 
flirill,  and  are  never  quiet  for  a  mo- 
ment, but  when  they  are  afleep,  which 
feldom  happens  to  all  at  the  fame 
time  ;  and  then  the  rocking  of  the 
cradle,  and  lullaby  of  the  nurfe,  af- 
ford an  agreeable  variety  to  fill  up  the 
interval.  Now,  fir,  to  a  bachelor,  the 
noifes  of  a  nurfery  are  the  moft  in- 
fufferable  of  any.  I  forgot  to  men- 
VoL.  VI.No.lV. 


293 


tion,  that  one  of  the  children  has  a 
favourite  fpaniel,  wuh  a  voice  as 
clear  as  a  bell  ;  this  contemptible  ani- 
mal has  many  oftenfive  qualities,  and 
fometimes  when  I  am  in  a  profound 
reverie,  fteals  into  my  room  and  be- 
gins to  bark  fo  loud  and  fo  fuddenly, 
that  I  do  not  recover  my  felf  for  fome 
time  to  be  able  to  drive  him  from  me  ; 
he  has  another  trick,  that  equally  un- 
mans me,  though  it  is  an  aflion  of  en- 
dearment ;  as  I  fit  fometimes  with  a 
book  in  one  hand,  and  the  other  hang- 
ing carelefsiy  over  the  chair,  he  makes 
me  ftart  from  my  feat,  by  unexpect- 
edly licking  my  hand.  In  the  next 
room  to  that  in  which  I  fit,  the  lady 
of  the  houfe  keeps  three  canary  birds, 
and  her  eldefl  fon,  a  boy  about  nine 
years  of  age,  has  juft  begun  to  prac- 
tife  the  fiddle — a  cuckoo  clock,  at  the 
head  of  the  flairs,  and  the  decking  of 
a  clofet  door  by  the  fide  of  it,  coni' 
plete  the  inftrumental  part  of  the  con- 
cert. However,  that  more  fenfe* 
than  one  may  be  gratified  at  the  fame 
time,  in  the  morning  the  houfemaid 
cleans  the  kitchen  candlefticks  by 
roafling  them  before  the  fire  ;  at  din- 
ner time,  the  cook  generally  contrives 
to  let  two  or  three  hot  coals  fall  into 
the  dripping  pan,  which,  from  an  un- 
der ground  kitchen,  diftributes  a  moft 
delicious  favor  over  the  whole  houfe. 
In  the  evening,  the  olfaftory  nerves 
have  the  moft  complete  gratification, 
from  the  fuliginous  effluvia  of  expir- 
ing candles,  which,  being  fuffered  to 
burn  down  into  the  fockets,  add  the 
flavor  of  the  folder  to  the  rancid  fmell 
of  the  tallow. 

Thefe  are  fome  of  my  diflreiTes  by 
day,  but  when  night  comes,  and  I  re- 
tire to  my  chamber  in  hopes  of  re- 
frefhment  and  comfort,  in  found  and 
undifturbed  fleep — when  the  noife  of 
the  nurfery  has  ceafed,  and  the  fcrap- 
ing  of  an  untuned  fiddle  no  longer  vi- 
brates in  my  ear — when  the  black- 
bird is  filent  within  his  wicker  cage, 
the  parrot  at  reft  upon  his  perch,  and 
Juliet,  wakeful  as  flie  is,  has  neftled 
in  thebofomof  her  miftrefs — then  am 
I  again  diftraftcd  by  a  noife,  if  pof- 
fible,  more  intolerable  than  any  I 
have  yet  defcribed. 

We  have,  fir,  as  part  of  our  do- 
meftic  eftablifliment,  a  dog  and  a  cat. 
The  dog  is  of  the  Newfoundland 
kind,  a  very  faithful  aSectionate  ani- 


Thoughts  on  the  finances  of  America* 


«94 

iTial,  and    has  attached  himfelf  to  mc 
by   many    litile   offices-  of   kmdnels, 
wli'ch    I    am   not    accullomcJ  to  re- 
ceive from   his  betters.      He   has  no 
fd'Vtiing  or    (lattery  in   his    nature   ; 
whenever  he  does  a  good-nalured  ac- 
tion,  he   {'eems   to  be   repaid   by  the 
p'.eaiure  he  takes  in    doing   it,  and  a 
look  of  approhation  from  me  lets   his 
heart  at  refl.      He  is  in  general  very 
(ilent,  and  not  fond  of  making    new 
acqsiain'.anp^s.      I  have   made  a  bed 
for  him  ai  my  cham'i>er  door,  to  which 
he    regularly    retire^,   and    1    believe 
would  not  refign    his  liaticn,  or  his  fi- 
delity, to  reil -like  Juliet,  in  the  bofoai 
of  innocence;  the  cat  hasadiipofi- 
tion    altogether  oppofite  to    that    of 
Heftor  ;  (he   is  (hy  and   mifchievous, 
no  carefies  can  tempt  her  to  the  leait 
familiaiity  ;  a  hercencfs   in  her  look, 
and  an  eai:'erwatchfi;inefs  m  her  man- 
ner, make  her  anobjcti  rather  of  fear 
than  of  attachment.       From  the  irre- 
gularities of  this  ferocious   anitnal,  I 
am  deprived   of  many 'a  night's  quiet 
and    (leep.     In    'iiort,  (hti  is  a  tat  of 
mod   infamous  m  'ra!%  and    I    blu{h 
at  the  recital  of  her  depravity.     Un- 
foriunate'y,  iny  chamber  windows  are 
direlfily  over  the  gutter  which  leads  to 
the  adjoining  hoiife  ;    this   is    ufually 
the  fcene  of  her  noHurnal   clamours. 
Contrary  to  all  theeflabli(hedforms  of 
coiirt(hip  amongR  us  ivvo- legged  ani- 
mal',  which    are  generally  governed 
by   fecrecy — the    mtetin^jfs   of   thofe 
diflurbersof  my  reft  are  diilinguiflied 
by  noifes  of   moll  dreadful    variety. 
Sometimes  they  run  up  from  the  low- 
ed note  to  the  top  of  ihe  ftale,  with  a 
rapidity    not     more    wonderful    than 
painful  to  the  car.     Now  in  a  key  of 
plaintive  fadnef'-,  like  a  moaning   and 
compbiirring  infmt  ;  then  by  a  fudden 
and  violent  iranfition,  fo  tones  which 
can  only  be  imitated   by  the  .growling 
of  t-he  lion,  or  the  difcordaiit  bowlings 
of  the  tyger.      riius   do  they   pierce 
the    very    car  of  night   with    founds, 
that,  however  foft  and  melodious  they 
are  to  the  tats,  are  to  the  human  or- 
gans harfli  and  grating  to  the  greate(t 
degree.     I  have  very  gravely  reafoned 
with  my  landlady,  on  the  moral  tur- 
pitude of  keeping  fuchan  example  of 
incontmeticy,  continually   before   the 
eyes  of  htr  lodgers  ;  :ind  liave  pointed 
»>Qi]t  to   her  ihe  didrclfes  I  fufter  from 
their  frantic  revels.      She  either  does 


[OBobef, 


not,  or  will  not  underftand  my  com- 
plaints, with  an   intention   to   redrefs 
them  ;  as  my  laft  refource,  I  have  re-, 
lolved  to  fend    an  account  of  my  fuf- 
fcrings  to  the  printer. 

It  is  lome  alleviation  of  our  for- 
rows  to  relate  them,  and  u  may  pof- 
fibly  render  my  (ituation  fomewhat 
more  tolerable,  if  it  fluinld  lead  to  the 
redexion,  ihat  in  focieiy  we  (houlcl 
facrifice  iortie  of  our  private  gratifica- 
tions, if  we  find  them  ofFenfive  to 
thofe  with  whom  we  are  connected  un- 
der the  fame  roof,  and  that  it  is  as 
muchour  duty^to  communicatj,  as  to 
enjoy  happinefs. 

A  BACHELOR. 

Thoughts  on  the  finances  of  America' 

TflE  arrangement  of  the  financial 
attairs  of  the  union  involves  in- 
tereds,  of  the  mod  confpicuous  cha- 
ratter.  On  the  fuccefsful  ifiue  of  this 
buhnefs  depends  the  e{iablidiment  of 
public  credit,  and  all  the  train  of  bene- 
fits, of  a  public  and  private  nature, 
that  slways  accompany  it. 

The  intention  of  this  paper  is  to 
point  out  the  limilarity  of  fituation  in 
whichwe  arepiaced,to  that  of  the  Bri- 
tiOi,  in  the  re^gn  of  king  William  III, 

The  re-coinage  of  the  filver  had 
occafioned  a  great  fcarcity  of  fpecie— 
the  oppofition,  made  by  thofe  who 
were  avcrfe  to  the  revolution,  gene- 
rated political  feuds,  which  were  at- 
tended with  a  general  wajit  of  confi- 
dence in  the  government  ;  the  public 
fecurities,  that  had  been  emitted  to 
tliofe  who  had  lent  money,  rendered 
fervices,  or  furnidied  fupplies,  had 
depreciated,  infomuch  that  the  tal- 
lies, exchequer  bills,  &c.  had  fal- 
len from  forty  to  fixty  per  cent,  dif- 
count,  and  all  loans  to  government 
were  procured  on  exorbitant  pre- 
m  ums.  In  this  alarming  ends,  the 
elo(iuence  and  abilities  of  mr.  Mon- 
tague (then  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer) favcd  the  nation. 

He  had  a  computation  made  <  f  the 
exaftamount  of  all  the  obligations  due 
by  government,  for  which  he  pro- 
cured fpecific  funds,  to  be  appropri- 
ated by  parliament  for  the  payment  of 
the  annual  intered  ;  the  furplijs,  if 
any,  to  be  formed  into  a  fund  for  the 
extinction  of  the  capital.  This  grant, 
"  to  fupply  deficiencies,  and  raifc  the 


17S9.]     ^^  account  of  the  highcjl  court  of  judicature  in  Pevnfylvania,     sq5 


public  credit,"  was  unanimpuflv  en- 
lereH  into,  by  the  commons*,  wliich 
was  the  principal  foundation  of  the 
public  credit  of  Great  Brirain,  and 
which  is  worthy  the  moft  feriiius  con- 
fideration  of  every  member  of  the 
houfe  of  rcprefcntativest. 

The  tendency  of  fuch  mea{ures  was 
to  reUore  public  credit,  and  eli<iblii}i 
it  on  the  mnrt  permanent  and  refpecl- 
able  footinjij  ;  lince  that  period,  it  ne- 
ver has  been  violated  by  Great  Bri- 
tain in  a  finglc  inflance.  Indeed, 
the  benefits,  that  were  derived  from 
its  fupport,  were  the  foundation  of  all 
her  greainefs;  itoccafioned  immenfe 
fums  of  money  to  flow  into  that  fa- 
voured country,  from  all  quarters, 
which,  by  its  continual  increalc  and 
abundance,  fo  lelTened  its  value,  tnai 
the  mindry  were  enabled  to  reduce 
the  intereft  ofthepiiblic  debts  (with 
the  content  of  the  creditors)  from 
fix  to  five  per  cent,  in  the  year  1717 — 
from  five  to  four  per  cent,  in  the  year 
IJ27 — from  four  to  three  per  cent, 
in  the  year  1750  to  1757 — by  which 
rednrtions  an  annual  faving  was  made 
of/.  1,266,971  fterlingj. 

But  befides  this  advantage,  the 
plenty  of  money  animated  and  fup- 
ported  every  branch  of  indullry,  and 
rendered  the  taxes  a  very  cafy  burden 
for  the  people  to  bear  ;  the  funded 
debf,  from  the  facility  of  its  transfer, 
became  a  reprefentative  of  all  aliena- 
ble properly,  and  thereby  aided  and 
increafed  the  circiilanng  medium. 

From  the  day  that  fuch  a  fyliem  is 
adopted  and  purfued,  we  may  date 
the  commencement  of  the  rifinglplen- 
dorof  this  country.  Every  palliative 
or  plan  that  may  fall  fho/i  of  this  fyf- 
tem,  will  only  tend  to  the  polipone- 
ment  of  this  glorious  period. 

AG  RICO  LA. 

Pliiladelphia,  April  i^,  1789. 

Anecdote  of  Blackbeard. 
BOUT  a  century  ago.  thisdaunt- 
lefs  pirate  reigned  mafler  of  the 


A 


*  See  8  and  9  William  III.  chap. 
20,    fcHion  the  lirft. 

i    See  piilamentary  debates,    vol. 

3.     \\A\XP    70. 

t    See    American   Mufeiim,    vol. 
Vl.  page  y6. 


whole  coall  of  North-America.  All 
the  rivers,  from  Georgia  to  New- 
Hamplh'.re,  were  his  own.  He  a- 
malicd  great  treafures,  and  buried  them 
for  lafety  under  ground,  as  iome  of 
the  people  fay  :  and  many  notiuvnal 
fpeciilators  Iwcat  thcmfelves  in  quefl 
of  them  to  this  day,  though  to  litile 
purpole.  Poor  Blackbeard,  imagiii- 
inghnnfeU  in  perfect  lafeiy.  ventured 
once  to  lend  moll  of  his  cre*r  alJiQre,  to 
gather  provilions  on  the  h.tnks  of  Vi- 
towmac  nvcr.  Unluckily  for  hinjj 
his  evil  liar  prcfided  at  thatinoment — 
a  Briiilh  (hipof  wararrived.  The  com- 
maiider,  informed  of  matters,  fends 
his  lieutenant  up  the  river  after  him, 
in  a  well  manned  barge.  They  ap- 
proach wanly,  wiih  "he  hope  of  fur- 
pnhng  him.  Their  hopes  fuccced — 
Thev  board  hnn  fword  and  piHol  in 
hand — find  but  few  on  the  deck — all 
their  own.  But  ihe  lieutenant,  a 
brave  Scr.lf.nan,  well  acquainted  with 
his  Andra  Ferrara,  wiOied  to  give 
Blackbeard  a  chance  for  his  life, 
and  generoiifiy  challenged  him  out  to 
fingle  combat.  The  old  man  lloqd 
ready  on  the  quarter  deck.  They  en- 
gaged, and  f  >r  fome  tunc  the  contefl 
was  doubtful  ;  but  at  length  the  good 
genius  and  b;iter  addrefs  of  tiie  lieu- 
tenant prevailing,  poor  Blackbeard 
received  a  fevere  llrokc  on  the  flioul- 
dcr — hah,  cried  he,  that's  v/ell  (fruck, 
brother  foldicr  ! — "  Weell,  cri'd  the 
lieutenant,  gen  ye  like  if,  ye  fal  ha 
m.ore  ont,"  and  ihe  very  next  flroke 
fevered  his  black  head  from  h:s  ihoul- 
ders,  and  inllantiy  putting  it  into  a 
boiling  pot  of  water,  ordered  his  men 
to  cleanfe  it  perfectly  ;  and  when  done, 
had  it  tipt  with  fiiver,  and  prelentcd 
it  to  a  friend,  the  keeper  of  a  public 
houfe,  as  a  cup  ro  drink  punch  out  of ; 
and  it  remains^n  flatu  quo  to  this  d4y, 
for  that  purpofe . 

An    account  of  the    higlieji   court    of 
judicature    in   P-cnnfylvania,   xiz. 
The  court  of  the  prefs.      Afctibed 
to  the  hon.  Ben]a,m.in  Franklin,  fjn. 
Poxocr  of  this  court, 

IT  may  receive  ajid  proinnlgare  ac- 
cu'ations  of  all  kinds,  a-'.(ainfl  all 
perlons  and  charartcrs  among  ihe  ci- 
t'zens  fit  ihe  Ihft':-,  and  cv.m  a^a'.nil; 
all  inrorior  c;<iui-.  :  rimi  inny  )  m'^'? 
feutencc  and  conrienn  to.  mfiuiiv,  no; 


«96       -^n  account  of  the  highejl  court  of  judicature  in  Pennfylvnnia.     [OB. 


only  private  individuals,  but  pulliC 
bodies  &c,  with  or  without  enquiry 
or  heariiig,  at  the  court's  dilcretion. 

In  tuhoje  favour^  or  for  zvhofe  emo- 
lument, this  court  is  eJi&bUJhed. 
In  favour  of  about  one  citizen  in 
five  hundred,  who,  by  education,  or 
pratiice  in  fcribbling,  has  acquired 
a  loierable  llile  as  to  grammar  and 
conllruttion,  fo  as  to  bear  printing  ; 
or,  who  IS  poirelfed  of  a  prefs  and  a 
lew  typL-s,  This  five  hundredth  part 
of  the  cuizens  have  the  privilege  of 
accufing  and  abuling  the  other  four 
hundred  and  ninety  nine  parts,  at 
thiir  plralure ;  or  they  may  hire  out 
their  pens  and  prefs  to  others,  for  that 
purpofc. 

PraElice.  of  this  court. 
It  IS  not  governed  by  any  of  the 
rules  of  common  courts  of  law.  The 
accufed  is  allowed  no  grand  jury  to 
ludgp  of  the  truth  of  the  accufation 
before  it  is  publicly  made ;  nor  is  the 
name  of  the  accufer  made  known  to 
him  ;  nor  has  he  an  opportunity  of 
confronting  the  witncfTes  agalnft  him  ; 
for  they  are  kept  in  the  dark,  as  in  the 
Spaniih  court  of  inquifition.  Nor  is 
there  any  petty  jury  of  his  peers  fworn 
to  try  the  truth  of  the  charges.  The 
proceedings  are  alfo  fometimes  fo  ra- 
pid, that  an  honeR  good  citizen  may 
find  himfelf  fuddenly  and  unexpect- 
edly accufed,  and  in  the  fame  morn- 
ing judged  and  condemned,  and  fen- 
tence  pronounced  againft  him,  that 
he  is  a  rogue  and  a  villain.  Yet  if  an 
officer  of  this  court  receives  the  {light- 
ell  check  for  mifcondu£l  in  this  his 
ofEce,  he  claims  immediately  the 
rights  of  a  free  citizen  by  the  conlli- 
tution,  and  demands  to  know  his  ac- 
culer,  to  confront  ihe  witncifcs,  and 
to  have  a  fair  trial  by  a  jury  of  his 
peers. 

The  foundation  of  its  auttiority. 
It  IS  laid  to  be  founded  on  an  article 
in  the  llate  conllitution,  ■which  ella- 
bli4hes  the  liberty  of  the  prefs — a  li- 
berty wh'ch  every  Pennfylvanian 
■would  Hght  and  die  for:  thoiiv;h  few 
of  us,  I  believe,  havcdiftinft  ideas  uf 
its  naiiire  and  extent.  It  feems  in- 
deed fomowhat  like  the  liberty  of  the 
prefs,  that  felons  have  by  the  conimon 
law  ol  iMii^Iand  before  conviction, 
thai  is,  to  be  cither  preffed  t"  dejih, 
or  hanged.     If  by  the  liberty  of  the 


prefs  were  underflood  merely  the  li- 
berty of  difculTing  the  propriety  of 
public  meafures  and  political  opinions, 
let  us  have  as  much  of  it  as  you  pleafe  : 
but  if  it  means  the  liberty  of  affront- 
ing, calumniating,  and  defaming  one 
another,  I,  for  my  part,  own  myfelf 
wiling  to  part  with  my  (hare  of  it, 
whenever  our  legiflators  fhall  pleafe 
fo  to  alter  the  law  ;  and  fhall  cheer- 
fully confent  to  exchange  my  liberty 
of  abuling  others,  for  the  privilege 
of  not  being  abufed  myfelf. 

By  whom  this  court  is  commijjioned  or 
conjlituted. 
It  IS  not  by  any  commiflion  from 
the  fupreme  executive  council,  who 
might  previoufly  judge  of  the  abilities, 
integrity,  knowledge,  &c.  of  theper- 
fons  to  be  appointed  to  this  great  truft, 
of  deciding  upon  the  charatfers  and 
good  fame  of  the  citizens  ;  for  this 
court  is  above  that  council,  and  may 
accufe,  judge,  and  condemn  it,  at 
pleafure.  Nor  is  it  hereditary,  as  is 
the  court  of  dernier  refort  in  the  peer- 
age of  Ehgland.  But  any  man  who 
can  procuire  pen,  ink,  and  paper,  with 
a  prefs,  a  few  types,  and  a  huge  pair 
of  blacking  balls,  may  commiffionate 
himfelf:  and  his  court  is  immediately 
ellablifhed  in  the  plenary  pofrelTion  and 
exercife  of  its  rights.  For  if  you 
make  the  leaft  complaint  of  the  judge's 
condnft,  he  daubs  his  blackiiig-balls  in 
your  face  wherever  he  meets  you  ;  and 
befides  tearing  your  private  charafler 
to  flitters,  marks  you  out  for  the  odium 
of  the  public,  as  an  enemy  to  the  li- 
berty of  the  prefs. 

Of  the  naturalfupport  of  this  court. 
Its  fupport  is  founded  in  the  depra- 
vity of  fuch  minds  as  have  not  been 
mended  by  religion,  nor  improved  by 
good  education. 

"  There  is  a  lull  in  man  no  charm  can 
tame, 

"  Of  loudly    publifliing    his  neigh- 
bour's fliame." 
Hence, 

"  On  eagle's  wings,  immortal,  fcan- 
dals  fly, 

"  While  virtuousa6lions  are  but  born, 
and  die."  Dryden. 

Whoever  feels  pain  in  hearing  a 
pood  charatler  of  his  neighbour,  will 
feel  a  pleafure  in  the  revei  fe.  And 
of  tnofe,  whoj  defj>airiiig  to  rife  in- 


1789.]        ^'i  account  of  a  remarkable  large  tumor  upon  the  liver. 


»97 


to  diftinftion  by  their  virtues,  are  hap- 
py if  others  can  be  depreffed  to  a 
level  with  themfelves,  there  are  a 
number  fufficicHt  in  every  great  town 
to  niainiain  one  of  thefe  courts  by 
their  fubfcription'!.  A  fhrewd  ob- 
I'erver  once  faid,  that  in  walking  the 
ftreets  of  a  fl.ppsry  morning,  one 
might  fee  where  the  good-natured 
people  lived,  by  the  aihes  thrown  on 
the  ice  before  their  doors  :  probably 
he  would  have  formed  a  different  con- 
jefture  of  the  temper  of  thofe  whom 
ne  might  find  engaged  in  fuch  fub- 
fcriptions. 
VJ"  the  checks  proper  to  be  efiablijhed 

againjl  the  abufe  of  power  in  ikofe 

courts. 

Hitherto  there  are  none.  But  fince 
fo  much  has  been  written  and  pub- 
liflied  on  the  federal  confiitution,  and 
the  neceffity  of  checks  in  all  other 
parts  of  good  government  has  been  fo 
clearly  and  learnedly  explained,  I  find 
myielf  fo  far  enlightened  as  to  fufpcft 
feme  check  may  be  proper  in  this 
part  alfo ;  but  I  have  been  at  a  lofs  to 
imaguic  any  that  may  not  be  con- 
flrued  an  infringement  of  the  facred 
liberty  of  the  prefs.  At  length,  how- 
ever, I  think  I  have  found  one,  that, 
inllead  of  diminiihmg  general  liberty, 
fhall  augment  it  ;  which  is,  by  reilor- 
ing  to  the  people  a  fpecies  of  liberty, 
of  which  they  have  been  deprived  by 
our  laws,  I  mean  the  liberty  of  the 
cudgel  !  In  the  rude  flate  of  fociety, 
prior  to  the  exiftence  of  laws,  if  one 
man  gave  another  ill  language,  the  af- 
fronted perfon  might  return  it  by  a 
box  on  the  ear  ;  and  if  repeated,  by 
a  good  drubbing  ;  and  this  without  of- 
fending againft  any  law  ;  but  now  the 
right  of  making  fuch  returns  is  de- 
nied, and  they  are  puniflied  as  breaches 
of  the  peace,  while  the  right  of 
abufing  feems  to  remain  in  full  force  : 
the  laws  made  againft  it  being  rendered 
inefteftual  by  the  liberty  of  the  pfefs. 
My  propofal,  then,  is,  to  leave  the 
liberty  of  the  prefs  untouched,  to  be 
exercifed  in  its  full  extent,  force,  and 
vigour,  but  to  permit  the  libertv  of 
the  cudgel  to  go  with  it,  pari  pajfu. 
Thus,  my  feliow-citizens,  if  an  im- 
pudent writer  attacks  your  reputiition, 
dearer  perhaps  to  you  than  your  life, 
and  puts  his  name  to  the  charge,  you 
may  go  to  him  as  openly,  and  break 
feis  head.     If  he  conceals  himfelf  be- 


hind the  printer,  and  you  can  never- 
thelsfs  difcover  who  he  is,  you  may 
in  like  manner  way-lay  him  in  the 
night,  attack  him  behind,  and  give 
him  a  good  drubbing.  If  your  ad- 
verfary  hire  better  writers  than  him- 
felf,  toabijfeyou  more  efieflually, you 
may  hire  brawny  porters,  llronger 
than  yourfelf,  to  affift  you  in  giving 
him  a  moie  elfettual  drubbing.  Thus 
far  goes  my  projeft,  as  to  private  re- 
fentment  and  retribution.  Tuit,  if 
the  public  Ihould  ever  happen  to  be  af- 
fronted, as  It  ought  to  be,  with  the 
condutl  of  fuch  writers,  I  would  not 
advife  pioceeding immediately  to  thcle 
extremities ;  but  that  we  fliould  \\\ 
moderation  content  ourfelves  with 
tarring  and  feathering,  and  tolling 
them  in  a  blanket. 

If,  however,  it  fliould  be  thought 
that  this  propofal  of  mine  may  dif- 
turb  the  public  peace,  I  would  then 
humbly  recommend  to  our  legiflators 
to  take  up  the  conlideration  of  both 
liberties;  that  of  the  prefs,  and  that 
of  the  cudgel,  and  by  an  explicit  law 
mark  their  extent  and  limits ;  and,  at 
the  fame  time  that  they  fecure  the 
perfon  of  a  citizen  from  affaults,  they 
would  likewife  provide  for  the  fecu- 
rity  of  his  reputation. 

For  the  American  Mufeum. 
An  account  of  a  remarkable  large 
tumor  upon  the  liver.  By  dr.  El- 
mer, of  New  Jerfey, 
IN  the  month  of  08ober,  1787, 
W.  R.  a  labouring  man,  of  fifty 
years  of  age,  was  feized  with  an  acute 
pain  in  the  right  hypochondrium,  but,' 
by  the  ufe  of  evacuents  and  other  me- 
dicines ufually  employed  in  inflamma- 
tory cafes,  the  violence  of  the  fymptoms 
abated.  He,  however,  ftill continued  to 
have  fome  pain  and  uneafinefs  in  the  up- 
per regions  of  the  abdomen,  which  be- 
came gradually  diftended.  Thefefymp- 
toms  continued  increafing flowly,  until 
he  was  confined  to  his  room,  and  began 
to  defpair  of  life  ;  when,  on  the  twen- 
ty-fourth of  February,  1788,  he  fent 
for  me.  I  found  him  very  weak,  and 
much  emaciated  :  his  pulfe  were  quick, 
but  weak  and  unequal.  Upon  en- 
quiry, he  told  me  the  whole  of  his 
difficulty  and  diftrefs  lay  in  his  body  : 
he  then  threw  oif  the  clothes,  and  ex- 
pofed  his  abdomen  toyieWj    whicil 


9()% 


Curievs  mixtvrf. 


[Oflobcr, 


appeared  very  much  enlargcrl.  The 
riuhr  hyp'">cl'.f>ndria,  epi^allric,  and 
umbilical  rc.irions,  were  grearly  dif- 
tcnded,  with  a  hard,  UMtiTial  kind  of 
tumor.  The  moft  prominent  part 
was  at  the  navel,  but  not  the  leal!  fluc- 
tuation could  be  difcovred  in  any 
part  of  it.  When  prelFed,  it  yielded 
With  difficulty,  and  no  imprefhon  ap- 
peared when  the  force  was  withdrawn. 

Ul>on  further  examination,  I  found 
ih.re  was  a  confid<^ral)le  ciuantity  of 
water  dithjfed  in  :he  cavity  of  the  ab- 
domen, not  occupied  by  the  tumor. 
He  told  me  his  appetite  had  been  vo- 
racious durin)^  the  increafe  of  the 
dif^rder  ;  bat  that  he  experienced  a 
great  deal  of  pain  and  uiiearmcfs  for 
I'oine  time  after  eating  heartily. 

I  was  fenfible  the  liver  was  the  feat 
of  his  difor»'er,  and  ihat  a  diminifhed 
ai)forption  occahoned  a  rolleilion  of 
water;  but  he  was  fo  reduced,  and  in 
fuch  a  miferable  fituation,  refpiration 
being  hurried  and  laborious,  that  I 
defpaired  of  rendering  him  any  fer- 
vice.  However,  wifhing  to  fati-ify 
his  friends,  I  directed  him  finall  dofes 
of  mercury,  combined  with  opium, 
and  then  left  bun. 

On  the  twenty-eighih  day  of  the 
month  he  died,  and  the  day  following 
I  opened  him,  with  the  alTif^anceof 
dr.  H ,  in  the  prefence  of  a  num- 
ber of  gentlemen.  The  mod  promi- 
nent part  of  the  tumor  was  at  the 
umbilicus,  but  it  extended  over  the 
whole  of  the  right  hypochondrium. 
Upon  opening  the  ahdoinen,  a  con- 
fiderable  quantity  of  water  was  dif- 
charged,  and  a  great  number  of  hy- 
datides,  filled  with  a  liquor  tinged 
yellow,  adhered  to  the  liver  and  other 
vifccra. 

The  tumor  upon  the  liver  was  of 
a  prodigious  hze  and  uncommon  ap- 
pearance, and  had,  in  a  great  mea- 
fure,  dell  roved  the  texture  of  that 
vifcus.  The  matter,  which  was  con- 
tained in  different  cyffs,  was,  in  gene- 
ral, of  the  melicerous  kind.  One 
part  of  it  was  of  a  foft  pultactf'ous  na- 
ture ;  another  part  was  more  fluid,  re- 
fembiing  purulent  matter,  and  the  re- 
mainder, which  was  much  the  laigeft 
portion,  of  the  confiiience  and  ap- 
pearance of  candied  iionev.  We  dif- 
fectcd  the  matter  compoitng  the  tu- 
mor, all  out  m  two  p.tr.cels,  as  it 
proved  to  be  contained  in  two  facs, 


compofed  of  a  number  of  fmallcr 
ones,  adhering  flightly  together.  We 
had  no  opportunity  of  weighing  the 
matter  after  taking  it  out  of  the  bo- 
dy ;  but  it  nearly  filled  two  veffels, 
each  holdmg  feven  or  eight  quarts. 
The  gall  bladder  was  ftnall,  and  al- 
molt  empty.  The  cavity  of  the  Ito- 
mach  was  greatly  dimimflied  in  capa- 
city, by  the  prefTure  of  the  tumor; 
and  the  inferior  orifice,  called  py- 
lorus, diftorted  to  the  left  of  the  ver- 
tebrae. It  coiitaineJ  nothing  but  a 
fmall  quantity  of  gallnc  lujuor,  ex- 
tremely acrimonious.  The  fpleen  wa« 
but  little  altered  by  difeale;  and  the 
inteftmal  canal  appeared  nearly  in  a 
natural  Hate,  except  that  portion  of 
th  -.  great  curve  of  the  colon  which 
palfes  under  the  right  lobe  of  the  li- 
ver, and  comes  in  contact  with  the 
gall  bladder,  Tiie  coats  of  the  colon 
at  this  place  were  gangrenous,  and  the 
capacity  of  the  canal  confiderably 
lelfened .  Throughout  their  whole 
extent,  a  number  of  hydatides,  of 
unequal  hze,  and  filled  with  liquor  of 
different  Ihade-;,  adiiered  to  the  exier- 
•nal  coat  of  the  inieftines.  The  upper 
part  of  the  omentum  was  mortified, 
and  the  whole  of  it  emptied  of  any 
adipofe  fubffance.  The  thorax  was 
not  opened. 

To  compofe  a  mixture,  by  means  of 
which,  water  or  other  liquors  may 
be  frozen,  and  the  ufual  phenome- 
na attending  natural frojl  produced 
at  any  time  of  the  year  m  the  kot- 
tejl  parts  of  the  world. 

MIX  by  degrees,  agitating  them 
well  together  in  a  convenient 
glafs,  or  glazed  earthen  velTel,  equal 
quantities,  by  weight,  of  flrong  oil  of 
vitriol  and  water  ;  cool  this  mixture 
(which  will  be  very  hot)  to  the  tem- 
perature of  the  air  ;  to  fixteen  parts 
of  this  liquor,  thus  thoroughly  mixed 
and  cooled,  add  twenty-one  parts 
(each  by  weight)  of  Glauber's  fait, 
perfeftly  dry  and  tranfparent,  freflily 
reduced  to  very  fine  powder,  llunng 
the  mixture,  that  the  fait  may  dilfolve 
as  foon  as  polhble. 

It  is  nceflarv'  ihu   Glauber's  fait 
for  this  purpofe  be  kept  unexpofed  to 
the  air,  otherwife  if  w-U  be  convened  • 
into  a  vvli'te  powd'-r,  in    which   ff'i'-S 
it  IS  unfit  for  this  ule. 


1789-]  Speech  of  dr.  S.  L.  Mitcliill  to  an  Indian  chief. 


399 


Speech  of  dr.  S.  L.  Mitchill  *  to  Pe- 
ter,  a  chief  war  rior  of  the  Oneida 
nation  of  Indians,  delivered  during 
the  tnaty  at  Fort  Stanwix,  in  Au- 
gnjl,  i7'88. 
Brother^ 

THE  great  Spirit,  who  wifhes 
his  Oneidas  to  be  good  men, 
Uoks  with  anger  and  averdon,  upon 
the  murder  with  which  they  threaten 
that  devoted  Onondago, 

You  know  he  israach  difpleafed, 
when,  in  the  time  of  peace,  his  peo- 
ple llain  their  knives  and  tomahawks 
in  their  brother's  blood.  You  call 
yourfelves  his  people.  You  call  that 
man  your  brother  ;  and  yet  you  are 
going,  contrary  to  your  own  notions 
of  right,  to  affront  thegreat  Spirit,  in 
putting  your  brother  to  death. 

If  that  man  had  burned  your  caftle, 
dtliroyed  your  corn,  or  fcalped  your 
people,  then  indeed  you  might  have 
somplamed  in  earned,  and  brought 
the  criminal  to  fuiialde  punifliment  ; 
but  lince  he  is  charged  with  none   of 

NOTE. 

*  An  Oneida  Indian  had  been 
found  dead  in  Wood  Creek,  juft  af- 
ter the  Onondago  nation  had  marched 
away  from  the  treaty  homeward  ;  the 
Oneidas  fuppofed  him  to  have  been 
killed  by  the  Orujndagoes,  and  find- 
ing one  of  this  nation  Hill  remaining 
in  their  camp,  were  fenouUy  meditat- 
ing his  death,  in  revenge  for  their 
dead  brother  ;  after  the  funeral,  Pe- 
ter the  prieft,  one  of  iheir  chief  war- 
riors, came  in  great  hafte  to  his  ex- 
cellency governor  Clinton,  begging 
him  to  interfere,  and  prevent  the 
malfacre  ;  who  after  having  dilFuaded 
them  from  their  parpofe,  and  recom- 
mended moderation,  defired  dottor 
Mitchill  to  be  called,  in  order  to 
'  fpeak  on  the  fubjeft.  This  gentle- 
man, who  had  fecretly  examined  the 
corpfe  before  interment,  could  dif- 
cover  no  bruifes  or  wounds,  but  was 
induced  to  beheve,  froni  many  fymp- 
toms  of  fuffocation,  that  the  man  had, 
during  a  fit  of  intoxication,  fallen  into 
•he  creek  and  been  drowned — where- 
upon he,  on  the  fudden  impulfe  of  the 
occafion,  addreffed  the  favage,  in 
nearly  the  above  words,  which  mr. 
Kirkland,  the  miflTionary  to  the  In- 
dians, and  interpreter  to  the  coHimif- 
fioners,  tranflated. 


ihefe  mifdeeds,  fince  he  came  here  to 
bargain  peaceably  with  the  white  folks, 
and  even  truited  himfelf  with  unful- 
pi.cious  confidence  among  you,  furely 
a  regard  to  the  hofpiialuy  in  which 
you  have  been  brought  up,  and  the 
treaty  which  you  are  now  negociating, 
not  only  pofitively  forbids  you  to  of- 
fer him  any  harm,  but  loudly  com- 
mands you  to  guard  and  prot«ct  him- 
I  have  been  told  of  a  maxim  which 
your  forefaiKers  have  taught  the  na- 
tion, that  It  is  the  duty  of  a  brave 
man  and  a  warrior,  to  make  atone- 
ment for  the  murder  of  his  friend  by 
reialiatlon  ;  yet  I  muft  remark  that  the 
rule,  however  ancient  and  refpetlabie 
it  may  be,  does  not  apply  to  the  pre- 
fent  cafe  ;  for  the  deceaied,  as  y©u  all 
niuil  know,  if  you  looked,  having  no 
wounds,  any  where  to  be  feen,  could 
not  have  been  killed  unfairly  in  a 
quarrel,  or  murdered  treacheroufly  in 
a  thicket. 

A  phyfician,  who  has  been  accuf- 
touied  for  many  yfrars  to  obferve  the 
various  methods  in  which  death  makes 
his  attacks  upon  human  creatures, 
now  informs  you,  that  from  every  ap- 
pearance and  circumflance,  he  is  led 
to  conclude,  that  the  mortal  enemy 
firfl  gave  the  hero  a  flaggering  blow 
with  a  boitle  of  rum,  next  knocked 
him  down  into  the  water  with  a  whole 
keg,  and,  afterwards,  to  accwmplilh 
the  horrid  v/ork,  cauled  the  river  to 
fuffocate  and  overcame  him. 

Even  if  he  had  been  killed  by  fome 
Onondago,  you  certainly  cannot  with 
any  propriety  avenge  yourfelves  upon 
this  man  ;  for  he,  at  that  Tery  time, 
was  joining  your  fealts  and  dances, 
and  finoking  the  calumet  beCde  your 
council  fire  ;  but  the  truth  is,  and  all 
your  nation  muft  be  told  it,  that  he, 
whom  they  intend  to  murder,  i$  in- 
nocent. 

Beware,  then,  how  you  proceed, 
brother  !  for  this  aft  would  be  a  coni- 
plicaced  piece  of  deliberate  wicked- 
nefs.  Have  the  Oneidas  no  regard 
to  their  peace  of  m'.ndas  individuals  ? 
Are  they  wholly  unconcerned  about 
their  reputation  and  charafter  as  a  na- 
tion ?  or,  if  they  are  infenfible  to 
thefe  nicer  objefts,  does  not  their  re- 
ligious tradition  teach  them,  that  the 
fouls  of  the  wicked  will  hereafter  be 
funk  in  the  wofiil  gulph  of  perdition, 
and  never  rife  to  comfort  and  happi- 


goo         DireElions  for  the  breeding  and  management  of  filk-roorms,      [OQ. 


Tiefs,  more  ?  BiH  them  think  well  be- 
fore they  flrike  ! 

But,  if  they  totally  rejetl  that  mo- 
nitor, confcience,  with  which  God 
Almighty  has  enlightened  them — if 
they  are  wholly  regaidlels  of  juftice 
and  honour,  which  every  nation  ought 
inviolably  to  preferve — and  above  all, 
if  they  are  entirely  unconcerned  about 
a  future  flate  of  exidcncc,  which, 
however  inconfiftenily,  ihcy  profcfs  to 
believe — yet  I  beieech  thetn  not  to 
be  deafto  the  divine  religion  of  Jefus, 
to  which  they  have  been  lately  con- 
verted, nor  to  difobcy  the  commands 
of  their  blelFod  Redeemer,  who,  a- 
verfe  to  haired,  bloodlhed,  cruelty, 
and  revenge,  recommends  to  his  fol- 
lowers, by  example,  as  wt  11  as  precept, 
love,  peace,  mercy  and  forgivenefs. 

Brother  !  If  the  Oneidas  call  them- 
felves  chriftians,  tell  them  to  ponder 
on  this  ! 

[Peter  exprefTed  much  fatlsfaftion 
on  underllandmg  the  fpeech,  and, 
when  he  returned  from  addreffing 
It  to  the  Indians,  faid  they  were  fatis- 
fied,  and  had  refolved  to  fpare  the 
man,] 


Dire£lions  for  the  breeding  and  ma- 
nagement of  Jilk  worms.   ExtraBed 
from  the  treatifes  of  Abbe'  BoiJJicr 
de    Satei>ages^   and  Pulun  :     and 
•pub li fled  anno    1770,    by    order  of 
the   Philadelphia  fociety  for  pro- 
moting the  culture  offilk, — P.  154. 
3.     A    S  foon  as  you    perceive  your 
JTjL  eggs  beginning  to  hatch,  and 
that  fome  of  the  worms  are   aheady 
come    out,   it    is    time  to    brufii    il)e 
whole    from  the   tablet  into   a    box, 
•which   you  muft    have   ready    made, 
of  thin    light   boards,  (or   into  a   flat 
fquarebaflvCt)  about  three  inches  deep, 
and  lined   with   foft   paper.     In    this 
box   or  bafket  (which  may  be  in  fize 
about  half  tli-U  of  the  tablet)  you  fpread 
the  egos  in  an  even  layer,  not  more  than 
half  an  inch  thick.  Then  you  cover  the 
Cfigs  all  over,   with   a   thin  light   mat 
of  tow,  loofcly   prelTed   flat ;  and    o- 
ver  this  mat  you  lay  a  leaf  of  gauze,  or 
rather   paper   pierced  through  with  a 
number  of  fmall  holes,  to  give  a  paf- 
fage  for  the  worms,  who  aiwaysclimb 
through   to   the   top    of  what  covers 
them.     When   this    paper    is   pretty 
well  covered  with   worms,  you   take 


It  up  from  the  mat,  brufli  off"  the 
worms  with  a  feather,  depofit  them 
apart,  to  be  taken  care  of  as  (hall  be 
hereafter  direticd,  and  then  return 
the  paper  to  iis  place,  till  it  is  covered 
again,  repeating  thefe  removes  till  all 
the  worms  arc  come  out. 

The  reafon  of  this  apparatus  is, 
that  the  worms,  as  foon  as  they  are 
hatches-,  begin  to  fpin  a  very  fine 
thread  of  filk,  which  they  fallen  to 
any  thing  that  happens  to  be  next 
to  them.  Thus  a  number  of  eggs 
are  tied  together,  and  the  thread  of 
one  worm  gets  entangled  with  that  of 
anoiher.  When  the  worms  have 
paffed  through  the  mat,  and  are 
crawlmg  upon  ihe  paper  which  lies 
upon  it,  removing  the  paper  without 
moving  the  mat,  breaks  all  thofe 
threads,  and  makes  it  eafy.  without 
danger  or  cmbarrafTment,  to  feparate 
the  worms,  as  they  come  out,  from  the 
bottom,  without  moving  the  eggs  that 
are  behind.  If  you  have  managed 
with  care  and  addrcfs,  your  worms 
will  ail  be  out  in  two,  or  at  moft,  in 
three  days  from  the  time  of  their  be- 
ginning to  hatch. 

4.  This  procefs  may,  perhaps,  ap- 
pear tedious  in  dcfcription  ;  but  in 
practice  it  will  be  found  eafy.  And 
I  doubt  not  but  fome  particulars, 
which  have  been  here  defcribed, 
might  be  difpenied  with;  efpecially 
when  the  quantity  of  eggs  to  be 
hatched,  is  fmall.  Forindance,  in- 
llead  of  a  ftove  budt  on  purpofe,  any 
fmall  room  might  be  made  to  anfwer 
the  end.  Was  it  not  fo  abfolutely 
neceffary  to  guard  againd  a  clofe  fiif- 
focating  air,  a  room  with  a  Dutch 
ftove  would  ferve,  beyond  any  01  her 
contrivance,  for  keeping  up  an  equa- 
ble degree  of  warmth  ;  but  then  you 
could  not  have  any  change  of  circula- 
ting air.  Perhaps  a  room  with  a  fmall 
cannon  ftove  in  each  end,  might  an- 
fwer every  purpofe  ;  for,  by  that 
means,  you  might  have  a  Heady 
warmih,  and  yet  the  air  in  the  room 
would  be  gradually  changed.  And 
as  to  a  thermometer,  though  it  would 
certainly  be  very  ufcful,  yet  I  fancy 
one  might  venture  to  do  without  it. 
A  little  experience  would  give  one 
a  habit  of  judging  pretty  nearly  of 
thofe  degrees  of  warmth  which  are 
requifite  ;  and  it  is  certain,  that,  when 
the  egos  have  the  benefit  of  a  free  cir- 


i/Sg.]     Dire&ionifor  the  breeding  and  management  of  filk-vtorms  go; 


culating  dry  air,  they  will,  without 
hazard,  endure  a  degree  of  heat, 
which,  in  other  circumftances,  would 
be  pernicious, 

5.  With  regard  to  the  quantity  of 
eggs  to  be  fet,  it  may  be  worth  ob- 
ferving,  that  the  fmaller  your  brood  is, 
ihe  greater,  in  proportion,  is  your  har- 
veft  of  cocoons  or  filk  balls.  An  ounce 
of  eggs  is  called  a  very  fmall  quantity  ; 
this  yields  with  good  management, 
one  hundred  weight  of  cocoons  ;  arid 
from  ten  or  fifteen  ounces,  youfeldom 
reap  more  than  fifty  pounds  of  co- 
coons for  every  ounce  of  eggs.  The 
reafon  of  this  difference  is  doubtlefs 
this,  that  a  fmall  brood  is  more  eafily 
tended,  and  enjoys  a  fweeter  air,  than 
a  large  one  ;  and  is  therefore  lefs  lia- 
ble to  be  hurt  by  ficknefs  and  other 
difaOers. 

6.  1  obferve,  that,  in  a  late  article 
in  the  public  papers,  we  are  encou- 
raged to  expecl  from  our  climate  the 
advantage  of  raifing  two  broods  of 
worms  in  one  feafon.  But  I  find 
this  matter,  upon  repeated  trials,  gi- 
ven up  in  the  fouth  of  France,  and 
in  mod  parts  of  Italy,  where  the  cli- 
mate 4s  at  leall  as  favourable  to  fuch 
an  attempt,  as  it  can  be  imagined  to 
be  in  our  country. 

If  the  feafon,  when  the  eggs  are 
laid,  happens  to  be  pretty  warm,  it  is, 
indeed,  common  enough  to  obfsrve  a 
fmall  number  of  worms  come  out  in 
eight  or  ten  days  after.  But,  even 
fuppofing  the  whole  quantity  could 
be  brought  to  hatch  (which  would  be 
very  difficult,  if  not  impofljble)  yet 
as  great  a  difficulty  would  remain  in  the 
procuring  them  food  ;  for  the  leaves, 
which  would  have  put  out  a  fecond  or 
perhaps  a  third  time  in  the  fame  feafon , 
would  be  moflly  too  much  grown  for 
the  young  infefts  to  begin  to  feed  on 
them ;  and,  befides,  fuch  a  frequent 
firippingof  the  trees  would  greatly  da- 
mage their  future  growth  and  femlity, 
I  fpeak  not  this  with  a  defign  to  damp 
the  ardour  of  any  one  in  the  profecut- 
ing  fo  valuable  an  article  among  thofe 
which  this  country  is  fitted  to  pro- 
duce ;  but  to  guard  againft  the  mif- 
leading  of  the  reader  into  a  too  fan- 
guine  expeflation,  which  would  in  the 
«nd  only  ferve  to  vex  and  difcourage 
him  by  a  difagrceable  expcnfe  of  fruii- 
lefs  labour. 

I    would,    therefore,    flill  recom* 

Vol.  VI.  N«.IV. 


mend  it  as  the  fafeft  way,  to  follow 
the  method  pointed  out  in  thefirft  fee- 
tion,  as  foon  as  the  eggs  are  laid,  to 
put  them  away  in  the  cooled  place 
you  can  find  about  the  houfe  ;  and 
then,  if  any  worms  (hould  happen  to 
come  out,  it  may  not  b^  amifs  to  a* 
mufe  yourlelf  with  picking  them  up, 
and  trying  to  make  the  mort  of  their 
premature  and  unpromifing  labours, 

7.  The  reader  will  obferve,  that 
many  of  the  direftions  already  given, 
and  of  thofe  which  are  to  follow,  may 
be  partly  difpenfed  with,  when  the 
brood  is  very  fraall ;  but  when  it  it 
propofed  to  raife  a  brood  of  any  con» 
fequence,  it  will  not  only  be  more 
neceffaryjbut  it  will  alfo  be  very  well 
worth  while,  to  fpare  no  pains,  nor 
any  moderate  expenfe,  in  order  to  fe- 
cure  fuccefs.  It  cannot  lurely  be  ne- 
ceffary  to  ufe  many  arguments  with 
my  countrymen,  to  prevail  on  them 
to  endeavour   in  earneft   to   reap  fo 

f[reat  an  advantage,  as  the  produce  of 
ilk,  from  the  climate  in  which  we 
live.  It  is  prefumed,  and  that  upon 
very  good  grounds,  that  nothing  is  at 
prefent  wanted,  but  a  fufficient  ftocic 
of  mulberry-trees  (which  may  fooa 
be  propagated)  to  fecure  to  us  a  plenty 
of  this  moll  valuable  and  ufefui  cobj* 
modity. 

SECTIOW     III, 

Ofthejeveral  ages  of  the  Jilk-zvornt, 
THE  life  of  this  precious  infctt, 
while  it  continues  in  the  form  of  » 
worm  or  caterpillar,  is  divided  into 
five  periods  or  ages ;  the  firft  age  is 
the  time  included  between  the  hatch- 
ing of  the  egg  and  the  firfl;  moultinj^ 
or  cafting  of  the  Jkin  ;  the  fecond  age 
is  terminated  by  a  fecond  moulting  } 
the  third  and  fourth  ages  by  a  third 
and  fourth  moulting;  and  thg  fifth 
age  by  the  worm's  beginning  to  fpijj 
that  web  in  which  it  wraps  itfelf  asin 
a  fecond  egg..  There  it  undergoes  a 
kind  of  temporary  death,  from  whicli 
it  foon  revives  in  its  fixth  age  with  4 
new  form,  and  comes  out  a  moth- 
ily.  To  this  lait  flage  of  its  exift* 
ence,  nature  puts  a  final  period,  at 
foon  as  the  necelfary  provifion  is  mad@ 
for  the  propagation  of  the  ipecies, 
(To  be  continued.) 

Legal  decijion, 
N   the  court   of   common  pleas^ 
Londonj  (ke  following  caufe  iva$ 


I 


Q» 


:3o« 


Numf'er  of  thurches  in  New  York* 


[Oaober, 


lately  tried— One  Millingion  bad 
bought  goods  by  aiittim),  the  pro- 
p^rtv  ofmr.  Crown.  Having  the  next 
Ody  taken  away  his  j>urcha{e,  he  ten- 
dered, a:,  part  payment,  a  receipt  for 
money  due  to  hiin  by  mr.  Crown, 
whirh  was.refiiffd  by  the  aiittion'er, 
who  afterwards  rccoveicd  the  whole 
of  ihe  debt. 

This  action  was  to  fct  afide  the 
verdict,  upon  the  plea,  thai  the  auc- 
tionier  had  no  interelt  in  the  proper- 
ty iold,  and  therefore,  not  beinjj  a 
principal,  he  could  not  object  lo  the 
mode  of  pavment. 

Lord  Loughborough  totally  differ- 
ed fr-'m  this  doctrine,  and  rhercfore 
conhrmcd  the  former  verdict, 

......  .^^<S,.^^  ..^v 

Number  of  churches.  &c.  in  the  prO' 
vince  of  New  York,   1773- 

THE  colony  of  New-York  con- 
tained in  1773,  about  150,000 
inhabuants.  The  proportion,  the  dif- 
ferent denominations  wh;ch  compofcd 
this  number,  bore  to  each  other,  may 
begutUpdat  by  the  follow ing  table, 
formed  upon  the  bed  information  the 
writer  could  obtain,  and  after  con- 
rulerahle  pams  taken  f  )r  the  nurpofe, 
Duich  Ciilv;niil  niinifters,  hav- 
ing fixed  charges,  23 
; vacant  congre- 
gations, -  -  24 
Preifcyterian  m  niflers,  having 

fixed  charges,  -  -         45 

■ whhout  ditto,  3 

•  vacant  congre- 
gations, -  _  15 
JlpTcopal  minifters,  having  fix- 
ed charge"!,          -         -         -         18 

■ without  ditto,  3 

Small  m  Ihuns  vacant,  -  2 

Luiheran  miniliers,  having  fix- 
ed charges,  .  ,  o 

" •  without  ditto,  2 

-■  vacant  congre- 

gation^, -  -  -        10 

Anabapiitl    miniflers,    having 

fixed  'barges,  -  -  jo 
vacant  congre- 
gations,            -           .           .        ^ 
French  Protellant  vacant  con- 
gregations,            -               -  2 
Moravian  miniflers,  having  fix- 
ed charges,              -             .              2 


; ~  vacant  congre- 
gation, -  . 

Quaker  congregations,  having 
meeting- houfes, 


17 


There  were,hefidcs  thcfe,  about  12 
feparate  preacheis,  as  ihey  were  cal- 
led, fettled  in  the  colony,  who  wtie 
not  under  the  regular  government  of 
any  dcnominaiion,  though  forne  of 
them  called  iheinfelves  congreganou- 
alilts,  and  fomc  auabaptdls,  and  iome 
of  thefe  prcathf'rs  had  large  congre- 
gatiohs.  There  vyas  alfo  a  con^^re- 
gation  of  Jews  in  the  city  of  New- 
York,  who  had  a  fynagogu''. 

N.  B.  The  vacant  congreirarions 
in  the  new  counties  of  Cumberland, 
GlouceUer,  and  Charlotte,  wh'ch 
were  fetiled  almofl  entirely  by  prcfby- 
tenans,  were  not  included  in  the  a- 
bove  lifl,  as  they  could  not  be  aicer- 
tained  with  proper  exaflnefs. 

'•■<>•  <&^  ^*  '^S>  MV" 

On  Jcandal. 

"  Hetret  lateri  tethalis  arundo.^* 

AG AINST  llander  there  is  no 
defence.  Hell  cannot  boafl  ;>> 
foul  a  fiend  ;  nor  man  deplore  fo  fell 
a  foe  ;  it  Habs  with  a  word — with  a 
nod — with  a  flirug — with  a  look — . 
with  a  fmiie  ;  it  is  the  peflilence  ' 
walking  in  darknefs,  fpreading  con- 
tagion far  and  wide,  wh  ch  the  moft 
wary  traveller  cannot  avoid  :  it  is  the 
heart  fearching  dagger  of  the  dark 
alfdlhii  ;  it  is  the  poifoned  arrow, 
whofe  wound  is  incurable  :  it  is  the 
mortal  Uing  of  the  deadly  adder: 
murder  is  its  employment  ;  inno- 
cence its  prey — and  ruin  its  fport. 

Account  of  the  produce  of  differer.t 
kinds  of  grain^  plantidin  the  be- 
givning   of   September,     '788,    ty  . 
Jacob  HiUzkeimer,  efq, 

WINTER  barley— One  grain 
produced  fixty-five  heads, 
which  contained  thirty  nine  hundred 
grain*. 

Ci'.pe  wheat — one  grain  produced 
fixty-four  heads,  which  contained 
twenty-eight  hundred  and  fixteen 
grams. 

White  wheat — one  grain  produced 
forty  bead«,  which  contained  twenty- 
two  hundred  and  forty  grains. 

Yellow  bearded  wheat — one  grain 
produced  fifiy-eight  heads,  which  con- 
tained thirty  hundred  and  fixteen 
grains, 

Spel  7. — two  grains  trgeiher  pro» 
duced  one  hundred  and  lour  heads, 


l-rgg.]  Remarks  on  the  amendments  to  the  federal  conjiitudon.  303 

which  contained  forty-three  hundred 
and  fixtv-eight  grains. 

The  above  grains   were  planted  a- 
bout  fix  inches  apart. 


Remarks  on  the  amendments  to  the  fe- 
deral confi-ituiipn,  propof.d  by  the 
conventions  uf  MuJJachu/etts.,  Ntw- 
Ham/'JIiirc,  New  York,  l''tr/;tnia, 
South  and  North  Carolina^  with 
the  minorities  of  Pennfyhania  and 
Maryland,  by  the  rev.  Nicholas 
Collin,  JJ.'  D.—P.  236. 

NUMBER      X . 

WE  fiiall  now  confider  the  a- 
mendments  relative  to  the  re- 
gulation of  commerce.  The  convea- 
tions  of  Mjlfdchufefts,  New-Hampi 
ftire,  and  North- Carolina,  requell,^ 
*'  that  congrefs  cre'l  no  company  ot 
merchant',  wi:h  cxclufive  advantages 
of  commerce*,"  that  of  New  York 
extends  the  reflriaion+,  "  that  con- 
grefs do  nc  grant  monopolies,  or 
ercrt  any  company  with  exciufive  ad- 
vaiiiages  of  commerce." 

Monopolies  are  in  general  perni- 
ciou"!,  ahd  therefore  adopted  but  in 
extraoidinary  cafes,  by  ihe  politicians 
of  the  prefent  enlightened  era.  In 
thi-:,  as  in  many  other  political  max- 
ims, exceptions  muH  be  admuted.  It 
is  not  my  bufinefs  to  fhew  when  or 
how  they  may  be  ufeful  in  America  ; 
but  only  to  prove  that  an  abfoliuc 
prohibition  fliould  not  fetter  our  com- 
mercial operations.  I  beg  leave  then 
to  quote  a  celebrated  author  on  this 
fubjed,  as  his  reafoning  is  very  plain 
and  fenfible  :  "  When  a  company  of 
merchants  undertake,  at  their  own 
riik  and  expence,  to  edabl'lh  a  new 
trade  with  fom'^  remote  and  barbarous 
nation,  it  may  not  be  unreafonable  to 
incorporate  them  into  a  joint  Hock 
company,  atid  to  grant  them,  in  cafe 
of  their  fuccefs,  a  monopoly  of  the 
trade  for  a  certain  number  of  years. 
It  is  the  eafiell  and  moil  natural  way 
in  which  the  (late  can  recompence 
them  for  hazarding  a  dangcnnis  and 
expenfive  experiment,  of  which  the 
public  is  afif-rwaids  to  renp  the  bene- 
fu.     A  temporary   monopoly  of   this 

N  o  T  P.  s . 

*  5'^!  .5''"'  ^-"''  '■--''  '*'^^'  r-fp -lively. 
+  By  the  Ca  a'j. 


kind  may  be  vindicated  upon  the  fame 
principles  upon  which  a  1  ke  mono- 
poly of  a  new  machine  is  granted  to 
lis  inventor,  and  that  of  a  new  book 
to  its  author.  But  upon  the  expira- 
tion of  the  term,  the  monopoly  o'ight 
certainly  to  termmace, j;"  &c,  '"  to 
render  the  eflablilhi-nent  of  a  joint 
Hock  company  perfectly  reafonable, 
w !lh  the  circnnllance  of  beuvg  redu- 
cible to  liriCt  rule  and  method,  two 
other  circumftances  ought  to  concur, 
Firll,  it  ought  to  appear,  with  the 
ciearelt  evidence,  that  the  undenak- 
ing  is  of  greater  and  more  general  u- 
lil  ty,  than  the  gvea:er  part  of  com- 
mon tratles.  And  fecondiy,  that  it 
reijiires'a  greater  capital  than  can  ea- 
fily  be  collecled  into  a  private  co- 
partner) [|."  He  then  applies  this 
theory  to  four  particulartrades — banks, 
infurance  from  fire,  fea  rifk.  and  cap- 
ture in  time  of  war;  making  and 
maintaining  a  navigable  canal:  bring- 
ing water  for  the  fupplv  of  a  great  ci- 
ty. At  the  fame  time,  he  difapprovcs 
of  granting  any  other  privileges  to 
fuch  companies  than  what  are  iiidif- 
penfible  for  the  undertaking.  In  this 
young  and  exlenfivc  country,  few  in- 
dividuals have  large  capitals ;  yet  ma- 
ny great  fources  of  induHry  may  be 
opened  by  a  joint  flock,  as  manufac- 
tures, public  roads,  and  canals,  mines, 
fiOicries,  trade  with  the  interior  and 
flill  unexplored  regions.  As  10  thofe 
monopolies,  wh'ch,  by  way  of  premi- 
ums, are  granted  for  certain  years  to 
ingenious  dilcoveries  in  medicine,  ma- 
chines and  ufefularts;  they  are  com- 
mon in  all  countries,  and  more  necef- 
fary  in  this,  as  the  government  has 
no  refources  to  reward  extraordinary 
merit. 

The  convention  of  New  York  d?_- 
fires,  '•  that  the  power  of  _c<mgre{s 
to  pafs  uniform  laws  concerning  bank- 
ruptcy, (hall  only  extend  to  merchants 
and  other  traders  ;.  and  that  the  ftates 
refpeftivcly  may  pafs  laws  for  the  re- 
1  ef  of  oiher  infolvent  debtors.  V  U 
is  difficult  to  defcribe  with  accuracy 
the  clafs  of  traders  ;  every  m.^n  ih^t 
buys  and  fell-,  may  be  To  called,     lie- 

N  O  T  E  S . 

j;  Smith  on  ihe  wealth  of  nations, 
3^1  v.>l.  p.   M-*— 4- 

§  igthain. 


fimarks  dn  the  amendmtnts  to  the  fedetal  conjlitutton,        [Oft, 


go* 

fides,  if  a  general  diftinftion  between 
citizens  and  landed  proprietors  is  ne- 
ccflary,  it  may  be  drawn  by  congrefs, 
Vliich  reprefentJ  all  the  fiates,  and  all 
the  diRerent  clafTes  of  fociety.  Uni- 
farm  laws  of  this  kind  are  certainly 
very  fiecefiary,  becaufe  the  people  of 
the  united  Haies  will  have  as  much 
intercoiirfcj  as  if  they  formed  only  one 
empire;  and  bv  cd.  fett.  4th  art. 
"  the  citizens  of  each  (late  Ihall  be 
entitled  to  all  the  privileges  and  im* 
iTiufiities  of  citizens  in  the  feveral 
ftates."  The  evils  of  tender-laws 
will,  in  a  great  mcafure  remain,  while 
ti  debt  due  in  another  Hate  may  be 
cancelled,  reduced,  or  fufpended  by 
ti  fluctuating  local  fyllem*  Foreigners 
have  a  claim  to  equal  jiillice  with  do- 
meftic  creditors,  and  without  it  we 
can  expetl  no  beneficial  intercourfe 
with  thern. 

The  24th  am.  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina convention,  concerning  the  latter 
part  of  the  -5th  par.  of  9th  i&t.\.  of 
ill  art,  feems  to  be  only  an  explana- 
tion •,  as  the  exprelfion  in  that  place 
is  too  doncife  to  be  clear.  If  it 
means  to  guard  againft  duties  on  ex* 
portaiion,  it  is  needlels,  becaufe,  by 
the  hrd  part  of  that  par,  no  tax  or  du- 
ty fliall  be  laid  on  articles  exported 
from  any  Hate. 

The  fame  convention  prbpofes*, 
"  that  congrefs  (hall  not,  direflly  or 
indiretlly,  either  by  themfelves  or 
through  tbe  judiciary,  interfere  with 
arty  one  of  the  Hates  in  the  redemp- 
tion of  paper  money,  already  emitted, 
and  now  in  circulation,  or  in  liqui- 
dating and  difcharging  the  public  fc' 
rurities  of  any  one  of  the  Hates;  but 
each  and  every  Hate  (hall  have  the  ex- 
clufive  right  of  making  fuch  laws  and 
regulations,  for  the  above  purpofes, 
as  they  will  think  proper."  The 
perplexed  finances  of  fome  Hates  Will 
tiot  permit  them  to  Cancel  the  paper 
tiioney  before  the  new  government 
tommences.  Indeed  this  inveterate 
find  extenhve  evil  muH  be  aboliflied, 
With  luch  a  difcretion,  &s  (he  public 
f.ood  and  jiiHice  to  individsals  re- 
quire. At  the  fame  time,  jt  is  ne- 
lelTary  for  the  gf-neral  profj^rity  of 
the  union,  that  it  Hioilld  oe  done  with 
all    polbble   expcfiition  :  and  that  the 

NOtf., 

*  By  il)c  cjih  amendment. 


laws  and  regulations  made  in  any 
Hate,  Ihould  not  injure  other  Hates, 
nor  even  a  part  of  the  people  in  thac 
Hate.  I  have  no  doubt  but  this  bufi- 
nelsmay  be  fettled  with  a  moderation 
and  prudence  that  fliall  pkafe  all 
parties. 

The  convention  of  New  York  pro- 
pofest,  "  that  no  money  be  borrowed 
on  the  credit  of  the  united  Hates, 
without  the  affent  of  two  thirds  or 
the  fenators  and  reprefeutativei  pre- 
fent  in  each  houfe." 

Borrowing  is  not  a  more  important 
truH,  than  many  others,  which  mnft 
be  given   to  the  federal  government. 

Very  probably,  this  refource  v;ill 
not  be  confiderable  for  feveral  years ;, 
neither  foreign  nations,  nor  the  peo- 
ple of  this  country,  will  lend  until 
they  fee  the  confederacy  well  eHa- 
bliflied  ;  an  extraordinary  majority  is 
not  therefore  neceffary  in  this  cafe. 

The  conventions  of  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina  requeH  "  that  no  na- 
vigation laws,  or  law  regulating  com- 
merce, fliall  be  paifed  without  the 
confent  of  two-thirds  of  the  members 
prefent  in  both  houfest.  The  mi- 
nority of  Maryland^,  fignifies  the 
fame,  in  words  a  little  different.  Syf- 
tematic  regulations  of  commerce  em- 
brace many  objefls,and,  if  they  prove 
wrong  in  the  courfe  of  operations, 
cannot  be  changed  without  confufion, 
and  various  difadvantages  ;  they 
fliould,  therefore,  be  made  with  ma- 
ture deliberation  ;  efpecially  as  they 
do  not  require  a  prefling  expedition. 
It  appears  therefore  reafonable  to  Hi- 
pulaic  a  greater  majority  in  this  cafe. 
Yet  although  this  condition  is  not 
cxprelTed,  there  is  no  danger  that  any 
navigation  aft  will  be  paffed  without 
a  large  majority,  becaufe  it  will  aff^eft 
the  ftates  in  a  fenfible  and  permanent 
manner.  A  bare  majoriiy  will  cer- 
tainly never  dare  to  make  an  atl  of 
opprelTlon  againft  nearly  one  half  I 
no,  three- fourths  would  not  attack  the 
other  fourth.  The  federal  govern- 
ment, with  all  the  parade  of  powers, 
has  no  real  Hrength  without  a  very 
great  unanimity.  Any  twelve  wiMild 
never  prefume  to   affront  one  of  the 

NOTES. 

+  By  the  8th  amendmenf, 

+   Eighth  amendment  retp'  tliVcly, 

^  In  the  ill  i^incijdiiicr.i, 


1789.] 


Tablei  of  population. 


great  flafes.      As  for  the  fmall  ones, 

they  are  blended  with  the  others,  from 

north  to  fouth,  and  have  refpedively 

the  fame  commercial   inteicll   with   a 

powerful  neighbour ;  from  which  they     |vlale  blacks 

derive  an  additional  fecurity. 

Finally,  any  partiality  that  might  dif- 

frace  congrefs  is  coniiderably  checked 
y  the  exprefs  declaration||,  that 
*'  no  preference  fliall  be  given  by  any  fgniale  blacks 
regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue, 
to  the  ports  of  one  ftate  over  thofe  of 
another." 

Commercial  treaties  will  be  confi- 
dered  under  the  amendment  that  re- 
fpefis  the  fenate. 

Philadelphia^  Nov.  1,  1788. 


Blacks. 


Males,  under  20, 
Ditto,  above  20, 


Females,  under  20, 
Ditto,    above    20, 


335 


i,3«6 
1,572 


Indians, 


Males,  under  20, 
Ditto,  above  co, 

Male  Indians, 


NOTE. 

II  In  the  5th   par.  gth  fefl.  ift  art. 

— 4>-^5>^e><^— <  >~ 

Tables  of  population. 

No.  I. 

Numher  of  the  inhabitants  of  Connec- 
ticut,  as  returned  to  the  ajfcmbty  in 
1-56. 
"Whites,  126,97,5 

Negroes,  85°  19 

Indians,  617 

130,611 

No.  II. 
Number  of  the  inhabitants  of  Connec- 
ticut, as  returned  to  the  ajfembly  in 

n  kites. 

Males,  under  10  years,  ^  315114 
Do.  between  10  &  zo,  married,  222, 
Do.  between  ditto,  unmarried,  24,049 
Do.  between  20  &  70,  married,  28,866 
Do.  between  ditto,  unmarried,  9,941 
Do.  above  70,  married,  I5436 

Do.     ditto,     unmarried,  554 


Females,  undergo. 
Ditto,    above    20, 

Total  female  Indians, 

Total. 

t^ri  •.  fMales,  96.182 
^Vh.te  {  Femai;s,94'.,so3 
Hl.rk  /Males  2,878 
^^^^^  i  Females,  2,007- 
fMales.  635 


Indian 


\_Females,      728 i>363 


J  96,9  3  5 


No.  III. 


Number  of  inhabitants  in  the  Jlate  of 
ConneBicut,  as  taken  anno  1782, 
by  order  of  the  ajfembly. 

White  males,  under  16,  48:925 
Ditto,  between  16  and  50,  39,388 
Ditto,  above  50,     10,829 


White  males, 
White  females, 
Indians  and  negroes, 


99.142 
^5273 

200,150 


White  males, 


96,182 


Females,  under  10  years,  _  30,050 
Do,  between  iG  &  20.  married,  697 
Do.         ditto,  immarried,  2i,8Co 

Do.  between  20  &  70,  married,  29,026 
Do,         ditto,  untnarried,  ".0,486 

Do. above  70,  married,  922 

Do.     ditto,      unmarried,  1.264 


No.  IV. 

Number  of  inhabitants  in  Rhode 
IJland,  as  taken  in  the  year  1774, 
by  order  of  the  general  affembly. 

Whites, 

Males,  above  16,  M-^"'.') 

' ",  under  16,  1 2^733 


Wh'te  female', 


f)^,305     Total  male  whiles, 


e6,7;.^8 


Sefi- 

Females, 

fVhites^, 
above  16, 
under  i6, 

whiles. 

Total  female 

Males 

Indians^ 
above  16, 
under  16, 

ndians, 

> 
Total  male  I 

Females, 

above  iff, 
under  16, 

Indians, 

Total  female 

Males, 

Black 
above 

s. 

iS, 
16, 

> 
Total  male  bl 

lacks, 

Females, 

above 
under 

16, 

Tables  of  population* 


[Oaober, 


Indians,  . 

»5.349     Males,  under  16, 

^"''^4^     Ditto,  beaveen     16  and  22, 

Ditto,  between    22  and  50, 

"^  °97     Ditto,  above  50, 


25^4 


Total  male  Indians, 


Total  female  blacks, 
Total. 

•rirn_-         fMaleS,       26,738 

White      Tr._,.'.    „  'r"^. 


3')°     Females,  under  16, 

~"T7~     Ditto,  between     16  and  22, 

Ditto,  between    25;  and  50, 

„       Ditto,  above  ro, 

482  ^  ' 

320     Xotal  female  Indians, 

J^  Mulattocs. 

Males,  under  16, 

1  286     Ditto,  bij^^'een     16  and  22, 

^i6     Ditto,  between    22  and  50, 

Ditto,  above  50, 

S,O02 

», 1  otal  male  mulattoes, 

1=078     ^       , 
ggi      Females,  under  16, 

Ditto,  between     16  and  22, 


i,jr^g     Ditto,  between    aa  and  ^o, 
'        Ditto,  above  50, 


les,  27,697- 

6S0 

Females,       802- 

Malcs,       2,002 


^^"'^^  I  Female 
y  J.  /Males, 
Indian  ^p„„,u 

Black     i^penj^ies^     i.^^g 

Total  inhabitants  in  1774, 

No.  V 


-54>435 
— 1 


Total  fdmale  mulattoes, 
Blacks, 


2     Mal*5,  under  16, 
Ditto,  between  16  and  22, 
3,761     Ditto,  between  22  and  50, 
Ditto,  above    '  50, 


Ay-fi'/S 


Total  male  blacks, 


Retvrn  of  the  inhabitants  of  Rhode  Females    under  16, 

Iflandin  1783,  a.  taken   by   order  guto,  between  16  and  22, 

cf    the  general    ajfcmbly   of  the  gitto,  between  22  and  .50, 

Lu  Ditto,  above  50, 


flate. 

Whites, 
Males,  under  16, 

Ditto,  between  16  and  22, 
Ditto,  between  22  and  50, 
Ditto,  above         50, 

Total  mile  whites, 

Females,  under  16, 

Ditto,  between  16  and  22, 

Ditto,  between  22  and  50, 

Ditto,  above  50, 

Total  female  whites, 


ti>752 
2,296 
6,727 
2,563 

23)338 


1  1  ,  '>  1  o 
2.998 
8,131 

2-789 


Ditto,  above 
Total  female  blacks. 


Total. 


fMalt 


White  >  ^''"^>      '3.338 


34 
37 
34 

240 

122 

27 
78 

S8 
285 


i«9 

21 
42 
1,5 

E07 

41 
57 

957 


435 
153 
3.^9 


1,136 

467 
166 
398 

»75 

1.206 


Females,  25,228 48,566 


Vr'<'males,  285' 

Mnlat-  I  Males,  207 

to       X^^emnles,  9.5 

T>,     1      /'Males,  1,136 

\_lemales,  i,2ou 


2,5.228     Total  inhabitants  in  1783, 


■jygp.]        Ahjlra£l  of  the  report  of  the  fecretary  of  the  treafury*  gcj 

AbJlraEl  of  the  report  of  the  fecretary  of  the  treafury,  in  obedience   ta    the 
order  of  the  houfe  of  reprefcntatives^  of  the  x'jth  of  !i>eptember^   17^9' 

SCHEDULE,    No.  I. 

Eftimate  of  the  expenditure  for  the  civil  lift  of  the   united  flates,  for  ths 

year  1 789, 
I.  In  relation  to  the  late  government, 

Dolls,  gothst 

For  congrer<!,                        r                        -                    -  3j,582     1 

Department  of  the  trcafury,             -                    •■                 -  15544 «   77 

Department  of  war,                 -                     «                       -  *)555  5^ 

Thirteen  loan  officers  and  receivers  of  taxes,  6,225 

«  27,804  38 


'II.  In  relation  both  to  the  /ate  and  prefent  government. 

Dolls,  gotAs, 
For  the  department  of  foreign  affairs,  now  comprehended 

in  the  department  of  itaie,  -  -  -  495^04  3^ 

For  the  officers  emplo-.ed  to  fettle  the  accounts  between 

the  united  flatch  and  individual  flates,  - 

For  the  government  of  the  wellern  territory, 
Penfions  on  ihe  civil  lift. 


III.  In  relation  to  ihe prefent  government. 

For  the  compenfation  of  the  prefident  of  the  united  ftates, 
Vice  prefident,  -  -  -  . 

Members  of  congrefs,  fay  eighty-one,  at  fix  dollars   per 

day,  from  3d  March  to  22cl  September, 
Travellingexpenfes  of  ditto,  eftimated  at, 
Secretary  of  fenate,  at  1500  per  annum,  from  8ih  April  to 

i2d  September,  -  -  - 

Additional  allowance  to  ditto,  at  2  dollars  per  day, 
Principal  clerk  to  ditto,  at  3  dollars  per  day, 
Engroffing  ditto  to  ditto,  at  2  dollars  per  day. 
Chaplain  to  fenate,  at  500  dollars,  per  annum,  to  sad  Sepf. 
Doorkeeper  to  do,  from  3d  March  to  do.  at  3  dolls,  per  day, 
Meflenger  to  dit;o,  from  8th  April  to  ditto,  at  c  doll,  perday, 
Clerk  to  the  houfe  of  reprefentatives,  from    ift  April  to 

ditto,  at  1,500  dollars  perannum, 
Additional  allowance  to  d'tto,  at  2  dollars  per  day, 
principal  •.  lerk  to  ditto,  at  3  dollars  per  day, 
Engrolling  ditio  toditto,  at  2  dollars  per  day, 
Chaplain  to  reprefentatives,  at  500  dolls,  to  sad  Sept. 
Doorkeeper,  at  3  dollars  per  day,  to  ditto, 
AIR  Rant  doorkeeper,  at  2  dollars  per  day,  to  ditto, 
Serjeant  at  arms,  from  taih  May  to  22d  Sept.  at  4  dolls. 

For  the  department  of  the  treafury. 

Secretary  of  the  treafury,  from  11th  Sept.  to  31ft  Dec. 

3,500  dollars  per  annum, 
AliiHant  to  ditto,  fame  time,  at  1,500, 
Three  clerks  to  ditto,  fame  period,  at  450  each, 

©arried  over,  .,«,.-♦,  i,5io  81 


15;"59 
7,640 

4,CS2 

7< 
53 

75.8.26 

77 

Dolls.  : 

gc//{j, 

25.000 

5,000 

99;M1 

10,000 

687 
336 

5» 

414 

276 

221 

612 

,        336 

716  €S 

350 

525 

233 

197 

2i 

514 

344 
536 

M5-445 

47 

Dolls. 

90 /is. 

i,o6(j  63 

458 
419 

42 
66 

Dolh. 

90^^* 

1,940 

01 

45 

81 

611 

10 

244 

44 

611 

10 

183 

34 

4.5« 

42 

i»3 

84 

308  AbJlraSl  of  the  report  of  the  fecretary  of  the  treafury.         [Oft, 

Brought  over,  -  -  -  - 

Meflenger  and  officekeeper  to  ditto,  at  1,50, 
Comptroller  of  the  treafury,  from  12th  Sept.  to  31ft  Dec. 

at  2000  dollars  per  annum,  .  -  _ 

Principal  clerk  to  ditto,  fame  time  at  800  dolls,  per  annum, 
Treafurer,  from  J2ih  Sept.  to  31ft  Dec.  at  2000  dolls. 
Principal  clerk  to  ditto,  fame  time,  at  600  dolls. 
Auditor  of  the  treafury,  fame  time,  at  ij^oo, 
Principal  clerk  to  ditto,  at  600  dolls. 
Ten  clerks,  for  fettling  quartermafiers',  commilTaries',  &c, 

accounts,  which  fervices   devolve  on  the  auditor,  elti- 

niated  to  the  end  of  the  year,  at  450  dolls,  each,  15^75 

RegiUer  of  the  treafury,  from  12th  Sept.  at  1,250  dells. 

per  annum,  _  _  . 

Five  clerks  in  the  regifter's  office,  at  450  dolls. 


Department  of  war. 
Secretary,  from  12th  Sept.  to  the  end  of  the  year,  at  3000, 
Chief  clerk  to  ditto,  for  the  fame  time,  at  600  dolls. 
Two  clerks  to  ditto,  for  the  fame  time,  at  450  dolls. 
Doorkeeper  and  meflenger,  at  150  dolls. 


Judicial  department. 

Chief  juftlce,  at  4000  dollars  per  annum, 

Five  afTociate  judges,  at  3000  dollars  per  annum,  each, 

Judge  of  Maine  diftri£t,                  -                  -  - 

New  Hampfhire,              »              -  - 

MalTachufetts,                  .                 _  - 
Conneflicut,                 -                 - 

New  York,                 .                   »  - 
New  Jerfey,                    -            - 

Pennfylvania,                 >             -  • 

•Maryland,             •»                 »            •  - 
Virginia,             .                -             _ 

South  Carolina,            »                .  - 

Georgia,                -                -                -  - 

Kentucke,                    «,                 _  _ 

Attorney-general,               •-              -               •  - 


36,600  dolls.  eRimated  at  <i.  months,  to  the  end  of  the  year  1789, — 6,100  dolls^ 

Incidental  and  contingent  expenfes. 
Foreign    contingent   expenfes,    newfpapers  for  congrefs, 

printing,  Qationary,  wood,  office  rent,  &c.  &c.  of  the 

late  congrefs,  from  ift  January  to  3d  March, 
Treafury  department  for  one  yi'ar,  ellimated  at, 
Accomptant's  office  to  nth  September, 
Regifter's  ditto,  .  -  •  - 

Treafurer's  ditto,  „  -  -  - 

1j33S  59 

*  Delaware  dtflriEl  is  omitted  in  the  printed  copy  ^iut  it  is  prefumed  t«  ha 
a  typographical  crr^ar. 


381 

64 

687 

5a 

6,723 

00 

Dolls. 

got  As, 

916 

50 

183 

34 

275 

45 

59 

1,420 

44 

Dolls,  gc 

ths. 

4000 

15,000 

800 

1,000 

1,200 

1,009 

1.500 

l,coo 

1.600 

1,500 

1,800 

1,800 

J,  600 

800 

e,ooo 

36,600 

^9i — 6,100 

dolls; 

Dolls. 

goiAs* 

486 

59 

450 

150 

150 

100 

Dolls. 

got/iS 

»,336 

59 

126 

59 

isiS 

5? 

J5«> 

4.50 

76 

276 

31 
6* 

3.000 

350 
800 

ioo 

669 

5* 

7,862 

48 

1 789.  J        AbJlraS.  of  the  report  of  the  fecretary  of  the  trtafury.  309 

Incidental  and  contingent  expenfes  brought  forward, 

Commiiiioners  for  adjuUing  the  commiOaries' and  quarter- 
matters'  departments,  to  8th  May, 

Ditto  for  adjufting  accounts  of  the  marine,  clothing  and 
hofpital  departments,  to  8th  May, 

Elhmate  of  expenfe  fur  comptroller,  freafurer,  auditor, 
and  regifter's  office,  in  (tationary,  for  the  new  treafury 
department,  to  the  end  of  the  year, 

Commilhoners  of  the  general  board  tor  one  year, 

^itto  of  South  Caiolina  and  Georgia,  to  26th  July, 

Ditto  of  army  accounts  for  one  year, 

Foreign  contingencies,  eflimated  at. 

Secretary  of  foreign  atlairs,  now  comprehended  in  depart- 
ment of  Itate,  tor  one  year,  .  -  • 

Secretary  of  war,  for  uue  year,  »  -  - 

Stationary  and  contingencies  for  thirteen  loan  offices, 

Doorkeeper  of  houle  of  reprefetitatives,  his  elhmate  for 
wood,  &c.  &c.  for  the  fecond  fdfion, 


Taken  from  tkt  report^  dated  igiA  Sfpteml>er^   1789,  *nd  fgned  by 

Alexander  Hamilton,  Jecretary  of  the  trtafury ^ 
SCHEDULE,     No.  II. 
General  ejlimate  of  money  requifiiefor  the  war  department  for  the  year  1789* 
Pay  of  the  troops.  ^   "  ' 

Artillery, 

Infantry, 
Subfiftence  and  rations,  - 

Clothing  and  contingencies, 
Quartermafter's  department, 
Hofpital  department. 
Ordnance  department. 
Contingencies  of  war  department, 
Ditto  of  war-oftice, 
Salaries  of  officers, 

Dedufl:  the  amount  of  the  falaries  of  the  officers, 
Ditto  contingencies  of  war-office, 

Dollars,  -  -  - 

Taken  from  the  report,  dated  igtA  Septeviber,  1789,  endfgnedby 

Ht  Knox  and  Alexander  Hamilton, 
SCHEDULE,    No.  III. 
Statement  of  the  anticipation  of  monies  on  the  public   credit,  by  the  late  covt" 
mijfioners  of  the  board  of  treafury,  on  the  11th  September,   1789. 

Dolls,  qothsi 
Warrants  drawn  beyond  the  treafurer's  afliial  receipt^j  189,906  jiJ 

Of  this,  warrants  have  been  itTued  10  the  civil  hit, 

on  account  of  their  falaries,  34:657  67 

And  in  payment  of  clothing  and  rations,  2,5,575  34 

Likewif^  to  contraMors  for  provihons,  Indian  trea- 
ties, and  other  fervice;:,  129,673  27 

i?9,9o6  38 

V«j,.VI.  N.5.IV.  Rr 


^ 

Dolls,  goihs 
19,668 

39.-45^ 
46,84s 
24,440 
10,000 

- 

1,000 
18,666  G» 

„ 

3.000 
800 

- 

35950 

167,828  6» 

4-750 

- 

163,780  60 

gio  ABJlraB  of  the  report  of  the  Jtcrttary  of  the  treafury,        [0£l« 

Dolls,  9» 
With  refpecl  to  the  laft  fum  of  -  -      _  129567327 

The  regiiter  obferves,  that  certain  balances  remained  in  the 
hands  of  the  receivers  of  taxes,  &c.  &c.  it  is  therefore  pre- 
iuttied  that  the  anticipation  will  be  lellened,  the  amount  of 
thofe  balances,  about,  .  Ji  _  -         30,260  10 

There  will  ihen  remain  to  be  provided  for  (befides  the  antici- 
pations for  the  civil  lift  and  war  department  aforementioned) 
ihisfum,  ....  99>4i3  '7 

Taken  from  the  Jlattment  figned  by  jfofeph  Nourfe. 

EJ}.tmate  of  amoufd  ef  penfionsfor  invalids,  taken  from  returns  dated  in  1789. 

Dolls,  goths* 
New  Hampfhire,  _  -  -  3?i70 

MalTachufetis,  -  -  «  7:^99  3° 

Connetticut,  -  -  -  -  7iS°^  45 

New  York,  -  _  -  -  15»^46 

New  Jerfcy  -  -  -  -  4)733     ^ 

Peiinfylvania,  -  _  -  _  11,220  30 

Virginia,  _  .  -  -  9i^7^  6® 

58,647  8i 
Suppofe  Rhode  I  Hand  and  Delaware,  -  -  3j170 

States  from  which  there  are  no  returns,  Maryland,  North 

Carolina,  South  Carolina,    and  Georgia,         -  -         34,200 

Dollars,  -  -  -  -  96,017  81 

Taken  from  the  ejlimate,  dated  \']th  September,  iyBg,  etnd  fgned  by  H.  Knoxi 
Stale  of  the  anticipation  of  the  taxes  by   the  late  fuperintendant  of  finance* 
At  the  time  of  refigniiig  his  office  a  balance  appears  due 
for  unfatisfied  warrants,  the  chief  part  of  which  were 
granted  for  fupplies  furnifhed  to  the  American  prifoners  Dolls,  gothst 

during  the  war,  -  -  .  -  93>463  29 

The  total  amount  of  warrants  was,  153,896  15 

Dedu£l  fo  much  thereof  paid,  60,432  76 

Leaves  unpaid  as  above,  93,463  29 

Thefecretary  of  the  treafury  obferves  on  this  debt,  that  ithasbeenconftantif 
confideredjon  the  part  of  the  united  dates,  as  an  aftualfpecie  claim  ;  which  the 
low  Hate  of  the  treafury  has  hitherto  prevented  claimants  under  it,  from  re- 
ceiving. Ke  alfo  obferves,  the  chief  part  of  the  above  balance  was  intended 
to  have  been  pain  from  the  fpecie  quota  due  from  the  ftate  of  New  York,  but 
that  the  faid  Hate  had  difcharged  the  whole  fum  in  fpecie,  due  on  former  re- 
quifitions  ;  and  the  monies  arifing  therefrom  having  been  applied  to  the  more 
prefhng genera!  exigencies  of  the  union,  the  claimants  have  now  no  other  prof- 
peftof  relief  but  what  may  be  derived  from  the  national  treafury. 

Taken  frov:  the  report  of  thefecretary,  &c.  and  dated  the  Q.^th  of  September^ 
1789,  avd  figned  by  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Recapitulation,  Dolls,  gothi. 

Civil  lid,  in  relation  to  the  late  government,  27,804  38 

Ditto,        in  relation  both  to  the  late  and  prefent  government,   75,826  67 
Ditto,        in  relation  to  (he  prefent  government,  145,445  37 

D'pariment  of  the  treafury  -  .  -  6,723 

J  id'Cial  depart iiyent,  -  -  -  -  6,100  ^ 

liicidciudl  jjiJ  contingent  expenfes,  -  -         -  7,862  48 

Carried  over,  «  .  ^  -        869,762  lo 


17^'] 


Ingenious  toafts  given  at  York^  in  Pennfylvania. 


3»» 


General  total,  Dolls,  gotis. 

Brought  over,                _                -  «                    _  269,762  10 

War  department,                 -  _                .             _  163,078  60 

Secretary,  &c.  for  ditto,                 -  -                  -  1,420  44 

Anticipations  onn  the  public  credit,  -             -         -  99,^^3  17 

Penfions  for  invalids,                 -  -                 -             -  96,017  81 

Anticipation  of  the  taxes  of   the  late  fuperintendant  of 

finance,                -                -  -              -            _  93,463  29 


No,  and  tonnnage  ofvejfeli  cleared  out  of  the  ports  of  Majfachufetts  in  1787. 


Deftination, 


No. 
vefiels 


For  the  united  dates, 
Nova  Scotia, 
Wefl  Indies, 
Europe, 
Africa  and  the  Eaft  Indies, 


609 

552 

135 

46 


U97 


Tonsand  where  owned, I    No. 
Maffach   U.  St     For.   of  men 


20840 

1946 

38842 

12219 

4170 


78017 


8443 
126 
105 
120 
100 


171 
4624 
2230 
3214 


10239 


Leonard  Jarvis,  comptroller  general. 

Ingenious  toajis  given  at    VerA,   in  of  impartial  juftice,  infeparably  attach- 

'  Pennfylvania,  by  the  bearers  of  the  ed  by  the  cement  of  citizenfliip. 
fags,  in   the  procejjion  formed   to         Clock  and  watch  makers' fag.  May 

celebrate  the  progrefs  of  the  new  virtue  be  the  main  fpnne;  of  our  new 
confitution, 

Toaf  given    by   the    bearer   of  the 
united  fates  fag. 

MAY  our  powers  explore  every 
inlet  of  the  habitable    globe — 
our  flag  ride    triumphant   on    every    whofe  only  objefts  are    the   "  loaves 
ocean.     May  impartiality  wield  the     and  fiflies." 


government — patriotifm  keep  its  works 
in  order«  May  the  popular  voice  wind 
up  its  chain,  and  may  its  hand  point 
to  the  public  good. 

Bakers'.     May  an  oven  "  feven 
times    heated"   be    the  fate  of  him 


fword  of  jullice,  and  impetuofuy  the 
fword  of  war. 

Flag  of  the  fate  of  Pennfylvania. 
The  Hate  of  Pennfylvania — may  flie 
hold  the  federal  balance,  and  become 
the  arbitrefs  of  the  continent, 

Magif  rates'  fag.  May  juflice  by 
her  Iword  protett  her  fcales — may 
nothing  but  nghteoufnefs  turn  the 
beam,  and  may  Ihe  write  on  fophiflry. 


Stocking  weavers*.  May  he  who 
firft  broached  the  formation  of  a  new 
government,  have  a  wreath  of  lau- 
rels twilled  round  his  brow,  and  a  gar- 
land of  honorary  flowers  wove  for 
his  reward.  • 

Taylors'.  May  Fate  with  her  (liears 
cut  the  thread  of  that  man's  life, 
Fame  dilhonourhim  with  the  name  of 
Goofe,andfociety  balle  him,  who  en- 


what  convulfed  Beltefliazzar,  "thou    deavours  to  cabbage  from  his  country. 


art  weighed  in  the  balance,  and  art 
found  wanting." 

Farmers'  fag.  Perpetual  laurels 
to  the  men  who  have  *'  beaten  the 
fword  of  civil  dilTention  into  a  plough 
Ihare" — who  have  fown  the  feed  of 
good  government ;  may  it  fpring  up 
wlthoiit  tares,  and  may  each  revolving 
harvelt  witnefs  its  increafe. 

Mafons'  and  bricklayers'  fag. 
May  the  component  parts  of  the  fede- 
ral edi&ce  be  fquared  by  the  plummet 


Copper  fmiths  and  founders' .  May 
we  be  brazed  together  by  a  love  of 
country  as  by  borax  and  fpelter,  and 
rivetted  by  an  energetic  government. 

Potters'.  As  ofren  as  the  wheel 
of  time  revolves  this  day,  let  gratitude 
tell  of  the  heroes,  who  were  proven 
as  by  fire  ;  and  may  a  tear  of  remem- 
brance fall  for  fuch  as  were  cracked. 

Rough  carpenters'.  May  his  head 
be  divorced  from  his  body  by  the 
broad   axe   of  jullice,  who  does  not 


8i« 


The  fchool  for  hujbandi  and  wives. 


[Oflober, 


fquare   his  conduft  by   the    rule   of 
nght. 

Houje  carpenters'.  The  new  poli- 
tical iiiaiifion — May  its  apartments  be 
commodious — May  three  rafters  be 
added  to  ihe  ten  which  already  fup- 
pprt  its  roof:  and  may  its  lights  be 
great  and  many. 

Blackfmiths'.  May  the  thirteen 
ftates  be  welded  into  one  united  em- 
pire, by  the  hammer  of  conciliation, 
on  the  anvil  of  peace  ;  Hiid  may  the 
man,  who  attempts  to  blow  the  coals 
of  difrord,  be  hurried  by  thefparks. 

Naitors'.  May  our  governiinent  be 
well  pointed  and  have  a  good  head- 

Painters*.  The  new  conftltution 
in  its  true  colours,  neither  caricatured 
nor  flaitered  ;  and  may  the  brufli  of 
inveftigatlon  corretl  the  glare  of  light 
given  by  its  friends,  and  iheprofufion 
of  Ihade  thrown  ot)  it  by  its  enemies. 

Glaziers'.  May  the  Paine  remain  for 
ever  imcracked,  that  threw  light  on  the 
fubjcft  of  our  late  war,  and  may  the 
rays  of  truth  be  drawn  to  a  focus  by 
the  glafs  of  genius. 

Sadlers'.  A  curb  bit  and  a  fraverfe 
rein  to  the  importation  of  foreign 
luxuries  ;  and  may  the  man  who  de- 
nies his  encouragement  to  home  ma- 
rufartures  be  ftirruped  round  the 
■world. 

Hatters'.  May  he  who  twangs  the 
bow  of  tumult,  be  llripped  to  the  pelt, 
then  dipped  in  a  kettle  of  blacking ; 
may  his  head  be  brought  t©  the  block, 
and  their  union  conlhtute  his  cha- 
xatler. 

Shoe  and  bootmakers' .  May  we 
•wax  a  great  and  happy  nation,  be 
bound  by  principles  of  mutual  regard, 
aBuated  as  by  one  f<^1,  and  may  our 
profperity  as  a  people  laji  until  the 
end  of  time. 

Breeches  makers  andjiiinners' .  M^y 
be  be  (horn  againd  the  grain,  fmokcd 
and  welted,  who  has  not  brains  to 
Know  that  the  bands  of  ihe  old  go- 
vernment were  too  loofe. 

(Remainder  in  our  next, J 

The  fchool  for  hujbands   and  wives, 

T^HE  experience  of  all  times  has 
lb"wri,  thai  hiifbundN  Lave  fud- 
derily  K'll  the  alTectioiis  of  their  wives, 
and  women  ceafcd  to  poffffs  ihe  hearts 
of  their  hnfbands,  when  they  Ica'l  ap- 
prehended It,  without  either  one  tr 


the  other  being  able  to  trace  the  fource 
of  the  misfortune. 

Convinced,  that  inftruOion,  con- 
veyed by  example,  is,  of  all  other, 
the  molt  efficacious,  I  do  not  hefiiatt 
to  lay  the  following  llory  before  the 
married  gentry  of  our  days  ;  hoping, 
by  this  means,  to  bring  back  to  the 
duties  of  the  married  flaie,  fuch  per- 
fons  as  negleft  or  violate  them;  to 
abolifh,  or  at  leafl  to  bury  in  oblivion, 
that  difgraceful  title,  which  is  with 
reafon  bellowed  on  fomany  hulbands; 
to  infurc  to  them  the  pofTefTion  of  a 
happinefs,  which  religion  and  the  laws 
feem  to  have  referved  for  them  a- 
ione  ;  to  reinRate  peace  and  union  in 
families,  from  which  they  are  too  of- 
ten banifhed  by  inconllancy  ;  and  to 
reflore  the  gifts  of  fortune  to  thofe, 
to  whom  they  properly  belong,  which 
we  fee  frequently  lavilhed  on  wanton 
ftrangers. 

A  fenator,  defcended  from  one  of 
the  moft  noble  families  in  Venice, 
married  the  daughter  of  a  m.an  of  his 
own  rank,  equal  to  himfclf  in  birth 
and  fortune.  This  marriage  was  at 
firft  like  moft  others  ;  it  was  cement- 
ed as  flrongly  by  mutual  affetlion  as 
by  the  authority  of  their  parents ;  for 
three  years  they  bore  each  other  a  teii- 
dernefs  worthy  of  the  molt  delicate 
lovers,  and  two  children  were  the 
happy  fruits  of  their  miptisls. 

The  fourth  year  was  fcarcely  begun, 
when  their  felicity  was  diilurbcd  by 
fome  difgults.  The  wife,  though  re- 
markable for  the  moPi  diftinguilhed 
virtue  and  fidelity,  infenfibly  loll  that 
regard  and  afhduity  flie  had  formerly 
fliewn  to  pleaic  her  hulband,  and  did 
not  lavifli  on  hini  her  wonted  marks  of 
atiettion.  1  heir  frequent  intercourfc 
bfgai  a  certain  fiimil'.arity  between 
them,  which  the  hulband  regarded  as 
a  mark  of  indillerence  ;  he  therefore 
fought  in  another  woman  for  that  af- 
fefclion,  which  he  imagined  himielf 
unable  to  obtain  from  his  wife. 

The  time  at  length  arrived  which 
feemed  to  crown  his  wilhcs.  Nina,  a 
celebrated  couriezan  of  thofe  days, 
though  fix  years  older  than  his  wife, 
who  was  then  but  twenty-four,  was 
the  perfon  he  chofe  to  repair  the  lofs 
he  thought  he  had  lulta^ned.  Heac- 
colled  her  one  day,  and  entered  into 
converfation  ;  every  afiion,  every 
look  of  her's  promifcd  him  fuccefs. 


1789-] 


The  fcheol  for  hufoanii  and  wives. 


S'S 


He  refolved  to  make  an  open  declara- 
tion of  his  love,  and  to  offer  a  reward, 
deferving  of  ihofe  pleafures  and  that 
felicity,  which  his  affettion  for  her 
gave  him  room  to  exped. 

The  treaty,  as  may  be  imagined,  was 
foon  concluded  ;  the  fenator  ufed  fo 
little  precaution  to  keep  his  new  en- 
gagement a  fecret,  that  all  Venice 
was  foon  acquainted  with  it,  and  his 
wife  was  not  the  laft  to  hear  of  it. 
Her  affeclion,  which  had  always  re- 
mained the  fame,  and  had  only  chang- 
ed its  form,  ooiiged  her  to  complain 
to  her  hufband  of  coldnefs.  The  fe- 
nator, imagining  her  behaviour  pro- 
ceeded rather  from  a  principle  of  felf- 
love  humbled,  than  from  true  affec- 
tion, did  not  feem  in  the  leait  affefted 
by  it.  His  vifirs  to  Nina  became 
more  frequent,  and  his  expenfes  more 
confiderable, 

Defpair  took  pofTeffion  of  his  wife's 
mind  ;  whenever  he  came  home,  fhe 
loaded  him  with  the  keeneft  reproach- 
es, and  gave  him  fuch  treatment,  as 
the  moft  jealous  fury  could  alone  dic- 
tate. Exalperaied  at  ths  proceeding, 
he  determined  never  to  fee  her  any 
more.  Though  he  had  flept  apart 
from  her  ever  fince  the  beginning  of 
his  amour  with  Nina  ;  he  had  never 
failed  to  indulge  her  with  his  preience 
at  dinner,  to  which  he  always  invited 
fome  friend,  which  fcreened  him  from 
the  violent  eHetts  of  his  wife's  re- 
fentmeiit  :  but  he  now  entirely  de- 
prived her  of  this  happmefs. 

She  then  anxioufly  fought  to  de- 
vife  the  moft  infallible  way  to  rekin- 
dle the  flame  of  her  hufband's  conju- 
gal affethon.  Her  mind  fuggelled 
none  that  appeared  feafible  ;  fhe  ima- 
gined fhe  ought  to  confult  fome  wii'er 
and  more  experienced  perfon  than 
herielf.  No  one  appeared  better  able 
to  give  her  advice,  on  this  occafion, 
than  the  powerful  rival,  who  had  ef- 
tranged  her  hufband's  heart  from  her. 
She  went  one  morning  to  the  houfe  of 
Nina,  difguifed  in  fuch  a  manner  as 
not  to  be  known,  and  flie  addrefl'ed 
her,  by  faying,  fhe  was  a  perfon  of 
the  iame  profeflion.  Let  any  one 
conceive,  how  much  a  woman,  who 
•was  virtue  itfelf,  mull  fuller  in  the 
fupport  of  fo  unworthy  a  character. 
But  no  efforts  of  injured  love  can  be 
condemned,  if  intended  to  procure 
ihat  juliite  which  is  due  to  it,  "'  Be- 


hold," faid  the  wife  of  the  fenator, 
"  the  occafion  of  my  vifit.  Everfince 
I  have  known,  unhappily  for  me,  that 
I  have  a  heart  fufceptible  of  the  foft 
pafhon — I  fay  unhappily,  becaufe  it 
has  not  procured  me  thofe  advantages, 
which  it  ought  to  have  done — ever 
fince  that  time,  would  you  believe  it, 
beautiful  Nina,  I  have  not  yet  been 
able  to  find  out  the  fecret  of  keeping 
one  lover  to  myfelf  ?  they  ail  defert 
me,  at  the  very  inflant  I  imagine  they 
have  the  moft  reafon  to  be  attached  to 
me.  The  poffeflion  of  a  heart  has 
more  charms  for  me  than  every  other 
advantage  ;  I  believe  no  one  fo  capa- 
ble as  you,  to  teach  me  an  art,  of 
which  1  am  ignorant,  and  on  (he 
knowledge  of  which  the  happinefs  of 
my  life  effentially  depends.  Your 
beauty,  your  fhape,  your  charms, 
your  good  fenfe,  the  fplendid  fortune 
you  enjoy,  all  periuade  me  that  you 
polfefs  this  art  in  the  highefl  degree. 
How  much  fliall  I  be  obliged  to  you 
charming  Nina,  for  this  difcovery! 
Be  affured,  my  acknowledgment  fhall 
be  as  great  as  the  ferviceyou  do  me." 

The  courtezan  replied,  that  fhe  had 
confulted  her  in  a  matter,  in  which  it 
was  utterly  impoffibie  to  lay  down  in- 
fallible rules.  She  queftioned  her  on 
the  nature  ot  her  pafhon,  and  found  it 
the  mofl  confirmed  ;  from  (hence  fhe 
proceeded  to  fome  interrogations , 
which  conveyed  a  ffriking  idea  of  the 
bufinefs  fhe  followed,  and  at  which 
the  wife  of  the  fenator  could  not  re- 
frain from  blufliing.  At  length,  Ni- 
na, who  had  no  caufe  to  reproach  her- 
felf,  for  flie  had  done  all  in  her  power 
to  prevent  the  greatefl  part  of  her  pre- 
tended lovers,  who  had  been  allured 
by  her  charms,  from  deferting  her,  thus 
proceeded  :  ''  1  know  no  better  ex- 
pedient than  to  make  you  witnefs  of 
the  methods  I  ufe  to  keep  him  to  my- 
felf, who  has  the  greateft  empire  over 
my  heart.  The  hour  draws  near, 
when  his  pafTion  will  lead  him  hither  ; 
L  will  conceal  you  in  a  clofet,  where 
not  one  of  my  careffes  or  words  (hall 
efcape  your  eyes  or  your  ears :  if  you 
approve  of  my  advice,  make  ufe  of 
it." 

The  wife  of  the  fenator  embraced 
the  propofal  with  joy  ;  the  wonted 
time  for  the  courtezan  to  fee  her  lover, 
arrived  ;  his  wife  heard  him  on  the 
ilalrs,  and  flew   to  the  place  of  cob- 


S»4 


The  matrimonial  creed» 


ccalinent  appointed  by  Nina.  Her 
eyes  beheld  him  in  the  fame  inilant 
•with  thole  of  the  couriezan — it  was  the 
fenaior  himfelf. 

As  foon  as  he  entered  the  room, 
Nina  threw  her  arn?s  round  his  neck, 
and  clafpcd  him  for  a  confiderable 
time,  without  uttering  one  word  ; 
when  flie  thought  her  joy  fatiated,  her 
next  care  was  to  reach  him  an  eafy 
chair ;  to  take  out  of  a  cloihes-prefs, 
a  lighter  habit  ihan  that  which  he 
wore,  and  which  the  exceffive  fum- 
mer'?  heat  mutt  have  rendered  infup- 
portable  to  him  :  and,  while  Oie  cool- 
ed him  with  a  fan,  which  in  that 
country  is  ufed  by  both  fexes,  and 
■which  {he  had  fnatched  from  the  hands 
of  a  fervant,  defirous  of  faving  her 
that  trouble,  fiie  faid,  in  a  pafTionate 
voice,  "  how  I.,  hate  this  fenatonal 
office  ;  which,  at  the  fame  time  it  pre- 
fents  to  me  a  man  of  high  rank  and 
accomplifhments,  fubjefts  you  to  cares, 
which,  by  depriving  me  of  your  pre- 
fence,  takes  from  me  the  dearett  thing 
I  have  in  the  world,  and  on  which 
alone,  my  life,  my  pleafure,  my  hap- 
pinefs  depend  1  Muft  it  then  be  de- 
termined, that  general  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  private  good  ?'' 

"  How  tender  and  delicate  you  are, 
my  dear  Nina!"  replied  ihe  fenator ; 
*'  I  (liould  not  be  ambitious  of  this 
high  condition  of  life,  but  in  hopes  of 
appearing  inore  worthy  of  your  love  ; 
and  I  can  only  complain,  becaufe  it 
does  not  furnilli  me,  as  much  as  I 
could  wilh,  with  the  means  of  (hewing 
how  dear  you  are  to  me." 

The  wife  of  the   fenator  remained 


[Oclober, 


the  moft  tender  cxpretTions,  fuch  as 
are  made  ufe  of  by  lovers  who  are 
forced  to  part  for  whole  years.  Ni- 
na employed  every  means  (he  could 
invent,  to  prolong  the  pleafure  of  fee- 
ing him  ;  at  length  they  parted  to  their 
mutual  regret.         (To  be  continue 4.  j 


The  matrimonial  creed. 

WHOSOEVER  will  be  mar, 
ried,  before  all  things  it  is  ne- 
ceifary  that  he  hold  the  conjugal  faith  ; 
and  the  conjugal  faith  is  this ;  that 
there  were  two  rational  beings  created, 
both  equal,  and  yet  one  fuperior  to 
the  other  ;  and  the  inferior  ilial!  bear 
rule  over  the  fuperior;  which  faith, 
except  every  one  keep  whole,  and 
undefiled,  without  doubt,  he  fliall  be 
fcolded  at  everladingly. 

The  man  is  fuperior  to  the  woman, 
and  the  woman  is  inferior  to  the  man; 
yet  both  are  equal,  and  the  woman 
fnall  govern  the  man. 

The  woman  is  commanded  to  obey 
the  man,  and  the  man  ought  to  obey 
the  woman  ; 

And  yet  there  are  not  two  obe- 
dients,  but  one  obedient. 

For  there  is  one  dominion  nominal 
of  the  hufband,  and  another  domi- 
nion real  of  the  wife  : 

And  yet  there  are  not  two  dorai-  - 
nlons,  but  one  dominion. 

For,  like  as  we  are  compelled  by 
the  chridian  verity  to  acknowledge, 
that  wives  mull  fubmit  themfelves  to 
their  hufbands,  and  be  fubje£lto  them 
in  all  things ; 

So  are  we  forbidden  by  the  conju- 


eoncealed   in  the   clofet,  the  door  of    gal  faith  to  fay,  that  they  {hould  be  at 

which  was  a  little  a-jar,  and  did  not    all   influenced    by   their  wills,  or  pay 

lofe   a  fingle  glance  or  expredion  of    regard  to  iheir  commands. 

the  lovers ;  fhe  hid  the   mortification        The 

Jo  fee  their  carelFes — their    happinels 

— What  did  fhe  not  undergo  ?  She  vvas 

often  tempted  to   quit  her  retreat — lo 

interrupt  them — to  go  and  throw  hcr- 

fclf  at  the  feet  of  the  fenator,  and 

there    claim   the    reflitution    of    her 

rights.     However,  (he  thought  it  beft 

to  let  him  alone  for  the  prefent,   led 

the  prefence  of  her  rival  (liould  be  too 

jjreat  an  obftacle  to  the  fuccefs  of  her 

defign. 

The  fenator,  being  expefled  that 
day  to  dinner  with  one  of  his  bre- 
thren, madehis  vifu  fhorter  than  ufual. 
He   look  leave  of  h.s  midrefs  with 


man  was  not  created  for  the 
woman,  but  the  woman  for  the  man  ; 

Yet  i}ip  man  (hall  be  the  (lave  of 
the  woman,  and  the  woman  the  tyrant 
of  the  man : 

So  that  in  all  things,  as  aforefaid, 
the  fubjeclion  of  the  fuperior  to  the 
inferior  is  to  be  believed. 

He,  therefore,  that  will  be  mar- 
ried, mud  thus  think  of  the  woman 
and  the  man. 

Fnr;hennore,  it  is  neceffary  to  fub- 
milhve  muirnnony,  that  he  alfo  be- 
lieve rightly  the  infallibility  of  the 
wife. 

For  the  right  faith  is,  that  we  be- 


1789-1 


A  letter  to  a  very  good-natured  lady,  (3c, 


8*5 


lieve  and  confefs,  that  the  wife  is  fal- 
lible and  infallible  ; 

Perfedly  fallible  and  perfefUy  in- 
fallible ;  of  an  erring  foul  and  unerring 
mind  fubfifting  ;  fallible,  as  touching 
her  human  nature ;  aud  infallible,  as 
touching  her  female  fcx. 

Who,  although  Ihe  be  fallible  and 
infallible,  yei  (lie  is  not  two,  but  one 
woman  ;  who  fubtnitted  to  lawful 
marriage  to  acquire  unlawful  domi- 
nion ;  and  promifed  religiouOy  to 
obey,  that  Ihe  might  rule  with  un- 
controuled  fway. 

This  is  the  conjugal  faith  ;  which, 
except  a  man  believe  faithfully,  he 
cannot  be  married. 

A  letter  to  a  very  goad-natured  lady 
zoho  is  married  to  a  very  ill-na- 
tured man. 
I  Have  now  and  then  obferved,  my 
deareft  coufin  (through  all  your 
care  and  endeavours  to  conceal  it) 
that  fome  few  rufflings  happen  be- 
tween you  and  your  hufband  ;  which, 
I  fear,  muft  make  fome  moments  pafs 
with  more  uneafmefs  to  you,  than  a 
woman  of  fo  much  goodnefs  deferves. 
The  intimacy  that  has  fubfiUed  fo 
long  between  our  families,  and  the 
extreme  friendihip  1  have  for  you, 
makes  this  give  me  more  pain,  than 
it  may  perhaps  sjive  even  to  yourfelf ; 
for  I  know  the  fteadinefs  of  your 
mind,  and  the  prudence  you  have  in 
alleviating  every  thing  ^hat  would 
dillurb  a  lefs  fettled  temper  ;  ,and 
make  fome  wives  fly  out  into  violen- 
ces, that  would  render  them  ridiculous, 
as  well  as  wretched.  But  as  an  in- 
different ftander-by  may  fee  more, 
than  the  beff  gamefter,  when  engaged 
deep  in  a  difficult  party,  I  Ihall  veri- 
ture  to  give  you  fome  of  my  fenti- 
timents  ;  in  hopes  that  they  may  ftill 
more  awaken  your  own,  or  at  leaft  be 
improved  by  your  reflexions  upon 
them. 

'Twere  to  be  wiflied,  that  all  mar- 
ried people  would  lay  this  down  for 
their  firfl  and  great  principle  :  that 
they  can  never  be  happy  in  themfelves, 
iinlefs  they  are  well  with  their  con- 
forts.  The  contrary  notion  is  like  the 
odd  whim  of  that  man  in  the  play, 
who  talks  "of  cutting  himfelf  in  two, 
*'  and  going  to  fifly-cufFs  with   hira- 


"  feif."  Their  connexions,  views, 
and  interefts,  are  naturally  fo  united, 
that  the  one  cannot  be  happy,  if  the 
other  is  miferabiei  In  lo  llri£l  ari 
union,  if  you  are  not  well  with  one 
another,  what  can  you  do  to  avoid 
being  miferable  ?  You  mud  either  he 
perpetually  hunting  after  reafons  to 
flee  from  your  own  houfe  ;  or  elfe  you 
muR  fit  jarring  together,  like  a  couple 
of  badinilruments  that  are  always  out 
of  tune. 

The  moft  necefTary  thing  then  for  a 
married  woman,  to  makeherfelf  hap- 
py, is  to  endeavour  to  pieafe  her  con- 
fort  ;  and  one  comfort  is,  that  the 
very  endeavouring  to  pieafe,  goes  a 
great  way  towards  obtainmg  its  end. 
Complacency  naturally  begets  kuid- 
nefs,  as  a  difobliging  way  does  avcr- 
fion, 

' Tis  not  enough  to  avoid  doing  or 
faying  any  thing,  that  you  know 
would  be  difagreeible  to  your  huf- 
band ;  but  one  flioiild  be  apt  to  fay 
and  do  every  thing  that  is  likely  to 
he  agreeable  to  him.  A  woman  that 
thoroughly  confiders  this,  and  puts 
ithoneflly  in  pratlice,  caiifcarce  ever 
fail  to  make  both  hcrielf  and  her  huf- 
band happy. 

One  confiderable  help  and  advan- 
tage  that  you  have  towards  this,  is 
the  being  fo  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  one  another's  tempers  and  incli- 
nations. There  was  a  good  opportu- 
nity for  this  (as  your  match  was  not 
huddled  up  with  that  hade  that  fome 
people  are  in,  to  fettle  the  mofl  im- 
portant Hep  in  their  whole  lives)  dur- 
ing the  time  of  courtfhip,  and  much 
more  after.  Thefe  two  lights  are 
fo  very  different,  that  between  them 
you  may  fee  into  the  whole  charaBer 
of  a  man  ;  how  fair  he  is  apt  to  fub- 
mit,  and  how  far  to  domineer.  With 
a  proper  obfervation,  you  may  come, 
in  time,  to  difcover  every  little  bent 
of  his  temper,  and  to  open  all  the 
more  hidden  folds  of  his  heart.  Now, 
when  one  is  well  aware  of  every  thinj; 
that  may  difpleafe,  it  is  eafy  to  avoid 
it  ;  and  when  one  knows  what  is 
pleafing,  fcarce  any  thing  can  be 
wanting  but  the  will  to  plea'.e. 

I  would  particularly  defire  you  to 
look  on  no  one  thing  that  may  dii- 
pleafe,  asa  trifle.  However  unimpr;r- 
tant  the  thing    may   hi  in  itfelf,  thr 


3i6 


An  aJ'eBing  and  true  hijory^ 


[Oaober, 


(iifpleafing  and  difaj3[reeing  is  a  ferious 
evil  ;  and  married  people  ddagree  ten 
limes  oftner  about  trifles,  than  about 
things  of  weight. 

The  beft  way  for  a  married  woman 
to  carry  her  points  often,  is  to  yield 
fometimes.  Yielding  in  a  married 
woman,  is  as  ufeful  as  fleeing  is  to  an 
unmarried  owe  ;  for  both  of  thefe 
methods  moil  naturally  obtain  what 
they  leem  to  avoid.  And  if  a  wo- 
man has  any  vanity,  (as  every  human 
creature  mulf  have  more  or  lefs  of  it 
in  their  compofuion)  I  think  that 
palhon  might  be  gratified  this  way,  as 
well  as  any  other  ;  for  to  get  the  bet- 
ter of  oneielf,  is  at  le^it  as  glorious, 
as  to  get  the  better  of  any  other  per- 
fon  whatever  ;  and  yon  would,  be- 
fide,  have  the  inward  falisfaCtion  of 
conlidering,  that  in  all  fuch  cafes,  you 
do  not  yield  out  of  cowardice,  but 
prudence,  and  that  you  enjoyed  the 
fupcriority  of  knowing  what  you 
ought  to  do,  much  better  than  the 
obifinate  man,  who  teems  outwardly 
to  have  carried  his  point,  where  you 
have  really  carried  your's. 

I  do  not  mean  by  this  to  fet  you  on 
a  life  of  artifice  and  didimulation. 
1  rather  think  that  fuch  methods  as 
thefe,  and  fuch  a  fcherne  of  pleafing, 
would,  in  time,  grow  pleafing  to  your- 
felf,  and  that  it  would  be  the  mofl  apt 
of  any  either  to  introduce  or  increafe 
a  real  mutual  love  and  good-will  be- 
tween you  and  your  hufband.  But 
how,  my  dear  couhn,  have  I  thus 
forgot  myfelf  for  a  page  or  two  toge- 
ther !  and  while  I  am  writing  to  you, 
have  really  written  a  letter  for  the 
world.  For  you,  I  dare  fay,  have 
ro  occafion  for  my  rules ;  and  have 
thought  over  every  thing  that  I  have 
faid,  and  that  in  a  much  better  man- 
ner than  I  have  faid  it,  long  before  I 
fet  my  pen  to  paper.  You  will, 
however,  forgive  one  who  wifhes  you 
as  well  as  he  does  himfeif,  and  who 
would  extremely  rejoice,  to  fee  that 
ferenity  of  mind,  which  all  the 
■world  thinks  to  be  in  you,  and  all 
thofe  virtues  and  excellencies  which 
I  know  to  be  in  you,  unruiTled  by  any 
difturbances,  and  cleared  from  every 
little  cloud  that  may  hang  i^\z-  them. 
I  need  not  tell  you  how  much,  and 
how  truly,  I  am,  your  atfciHonate 
kinfman,  and  humble  ferviinf,     Z. 


An  affe5ti,ng  and  true  liijlory, 

A  Young  lady,  whole  name  it  i» 
uffclefs  to  mention,  was  on  the 
point  of  giving  her  hand  to  a  gentle- 
man of  the  fame  age.  Intereft  did 
not  prefide  at  this  engagement,  as  is 
but  too  commonly  the  cafe.  Their 
palhon  was  equally  ardent  and  reci- 
procal. 

In  the  very  moment  that  they  are 
preparing  to  approach  the  altar,  the 
young  man  recolletts  that  fome  nc- 
cefTary  papers  arc  wanting.  He  de- 
fires  that  the  ceremony  may  be  pofU 
poned  for  a  fortnight,  that  he  may  im- 
mediately fet  out,  and  have  time  fuf- 
ficient  to  return  with  thefe  papers* 
What  a  cruel  incident  !  But  he  will 
not  delay  a  moment  to  fJy  back  on  the 
wings  of  love  to  his  adorable  miftrefs. 
He  IS  impatient  to  conclude  the  cere- 
mony that  is  to  confirm  the  happinefs 
of  his  life  ;  and  that  life  itfelt  is  at- 
tached to  ties  that  can  never  be  to* 
clofely  formed. 

Women,  when  in  love,  are  per- 
haps more  paffionately,  more  deli- 
cately fenlible  to  the  foft  influence 
than  men.  Our  young  bride  paid  n» 
attention  to  the  reafons  that  were  al- 
leged. What  reafons,  indeed,  can 
be  urged  to  a  heart  replete  with  the 
tender  pafTion  ?  Shegives  way  to  com- 
plaints, and  to  all  the  alarms  that  fancy 
could  luggefl.  She  fees,  the  is  alive 
only  to  the  pain  of  being  torn  froni 
the  objecf  that  v/as  far  dearer  to  her 
than  herfelf.  And  thefe  are  the 
feelings — this  the  condutf  of  genuine 
love. 

But  it  isimpofTible  to  proceed  with 
the  ceremony  I'he  impatient  lover 
has  already  left  his  miflrefs,  whofe  too 
fiifceptible  heart  confults  not  the  lit- 
tle decorums  of  the  fex,  nor  the  re* 
prefentations  of  her  family.  In  a 
mind,  uncorrupted  Gy  refinement,  love 
afTumes  the  charafler,  the  noble  pride 
of  virtue  ;  and  it  feels  a  degree  of 
felf-complaccncy,  it  glories  in  its 
tranfports.  The  young  lady  hefitates 
not  to  lament  openly  a  delay,  which 
was,  however,  to  be  of  fuch  (hort 
duration.  But  the  hours  of  abfence 
are  years — are  ages  of  torture  to  her 
who  IS  truly  in  love. 

In  the  mean  nme,  however,  the 
young  lady  receives  a  letter  from  her 
lover,    which,    one   would  imagine. 


^7^9-1 


Regulations  of  the  Spaniards  refpe5thig  /laves. 


St7 


would  relieve  her  from  this  cruel  flate 
of  agitation  and  terror.  After  renew- 
ing a  thoufand  protellations  of  ever- 
lalHng  love,  he  dwells  with  tranfport 
on  his  approaching  felicity,  and  fixes 
the  day  of  his  arrival. 

It  may  be  fiippofed,  that  his  mif- 
trefs,  in  proportion  to  the  pleafure 
flie  derived  from  this  intellijjence,  an- 
ticipated the  happy  day,  and  that  {he 
was  at  the  place  w.^ere  her  lover  was 
to  alight,  even  fome  hours  before  he 
could  arrive.  Her  eye  was  conti- 
nually at  the  window.  At  the  lead 
noife,  '  It  is  he!  it  is  he!' — The 
moment  the  (lage  coach  appears,  flie 
is  the  firft  to  perceive  it.  She  has 
wings — fhe  flies — with  impatient  eyes 
{he  feeks  her  beloved — '  Where  is 
he  ?  where  is  he  ?  Is  not  mr. 
******  among  the  palTengers  ? 
Where — where  is  he  ?'  An  elderly 
gentleman  now  fleps  out  of  the  coach, 
with  a  deep  forrow  vifible  in  his 
face  :  '  Madam,  it  is  my  duty  to' — 
*  What  !  is  he  not  come,  fir  ?  He 
told  me — what,  what  prevents 
him?'  '  I  am  his  uncle,  madam,  and 
I  am  come  exprefs' — '  What  !  has 
he  changed  his  mind,  fir  ?  Does  he 
ceafe  to  love  me  ?  Do  his  rela- 
tions rcfufe — you  figh,  fir:  Muft  I 
never  then  be  his  i*  Speak,  fir! — tell 
me.' — '  Oh  I  marlam,  arm  yourfelf 
with  courage.  No — my  nephew  was 
not  capable  of  fuch  difiionourable  con- 
duft — but  a  violent  illnefs' — '  An 
illnefs  I — I  run — I  fly — my  parents 
■will  permit  me' — '  Stay,  madam — 
this  goodnefs  is  now  ufelefs.'  At 
thefe  words,  the  old  man  burfts  into 
tears.  The  young  lady  is  fpeechlefs 
and  immoveable.  '  Ah  !  madam,  you 
underftand  me  but  too  well  !' — '  He 
is  dead  !  he  is  dead  ! '  fcreams  the 
unhappy  lady.  Her  fears  are  but  too 
well  founded.  She  is  informed  that 
a  fudden  death  had  fnatched  her  lover 
from  her,  the  very  evening  before  he 
was  to  have  fet  out  on  his  return  ; 
and  that  he  had  only  time  to  requeil 
his  uncle  to  go  and  fee  his  intended 
bride,  to  affure  her,  that,  in  his  bft 
moments,  he  loved  her,  if  poffible, 
With  more  ardour  than  ever,  and  to 
do  every  thing  in  his  power  to  confole 
llif  r.  '  He  is  dead  ! — he  is  no  more  ! ' 
repeats  the  wretched  lady,  with  a 
{leady  voice,  that  feems  to  ilTue  fiom 
the    bottom    of  her   foul.       Alas   ! 

Vol.  VI.  No.  IV. 


her  mind  is  now  wandering;  her 
reafon  has  abandoned  her  ;  no  reme- 
dy can  cure  the  dreadful  affliction, 
nor  mitigate  fuch  hopelefs  woe. 

This  unfortunate  yitfim  furvived 
her  lover,  to  be  Icng — long  devoured 
by  the  excefs  of  calamity.  Can  it  be 
believed,  that  for  fity  years  pali, 
notwithftandmg  the  feverity  of  the 
feafons,  (he  goes  every  day  on  foot, 
about  two  leagues,  and  repairs  to  the 
place,  where  Ihe  had  hoped  to  fee  her 
lover  alighting  from  the  coach?  S' e 
only  utters  ;  "  He  is  not  come  yet  !  I 
will  return  to-morrow  !' 

Thele  are  all  the  words  flie  has 
fpoken  for  fifty  years  pad  ;  for  fhe  is 
buried  in  a  deep  and  unceafing  grief. 
Some  people,  who  know  not  what 
it  IS  to  feel  (and  fuch  barbarians  there 
are  !)  had  advif^d  to  have  her  confi--.- 
ed.  The  magiflrates,  more  compaf- 
fionate  than  ihefe  weak  and  hard- 
heaned  men,  have  determined  not  to 
deprive  her  of  her  liberty.  Her  mad- 
nefs,  they  fay,  is  not  prejudicial  to 
fociety,  but,  on  the  contrary,  is  wor- 
thy of  all  the  refpetl  and  veneration 
that  is  due  to  the  wretched.  And  is 
not  this  unhappy  lady,  who  is  ftill  liv- 
ing, among  the  number  of  thoie,  for 
whom  Tally  has  created,  if  I  may  fo 
exprefs  myfelf,  thefe  beautiful,  thefe 
admirable,  thefe  affetiing  exprelfions  : 
"  Res  ejljacra  mifer  P" 


Regulatipns  oj^  the  Spaniards  far  the 
gradual  enfranchifement  q/JlaveSy 
and  their  better  treatment. 

AS  foon  as  a  flave  is  landed,  his 
name,  price,  &c.  are  regitlered 
in  a  public  regifler,  and  the  mailer  is 
obliged  by  law  to  allow  him  one 
working  day  in  the  courfe  of  the  week 
to  himfelf.  befides  Sunday  ;  fo  that  if 
he  choofes  to  work  for  h:s  mafler  oa 
that  day,  he  receives  for  the  fame, 
the  wages  of  a  free  man,  as,  whatever 
he  earns  by  fuch  labour,  is  fo  fecured 
to  him  by  law,'«ltat  the  mailer  cannot 
deprive  him  of  it.  This  is  certainly 
a  fiep  tov/ards  abulifliii.g  abfolui'e  fla- 
very  ;  for  as  foon  as  the  flave  is  able 
to  purchafe  another  working  day,  the 
malteris  obliged  to  fell  it  him  at  one 
fifih  part  of  us  original  coll,  and  fo 
likewife,  the  remaining  four  days,  at 
the  fame  rate,  whenever  the  flave  is 
able  to  redeem  them  ;  after  which, 
Sf 


3i8 


Tlit  Lord's  prayer  in  Shawanefe,^Refiixions^  £?c.      [October, 


he  is  entirely  free.  This  is  fuch  an 
incentive  to  induOry,  that  even  the 
jtjjII     fi;pinc     are   teiiipted   to   exert 

tbeml'elves. 

Ti'/e  Lord's  prayer  in  Sliawanefe. 

COE-ihin-a,  fpim  i-key    yea-taw- 
yan-(c, 
O-wef-fa  yey  yea-fey-tho-yan-s  : 
Day-pdle-i-tiim-any  pay-itch- iha-kcy, 
Yea-iili-tay- hay-yon- s       iifi-nock-i- 

^^"ii  .       .  .      . 

Yoema  afiis-key-kie  pi-fey  fpim-i- 

key. 
Me-li-nakey   ce    noo-ki    cos-si-kie, 
Ta-wa  it  thin  oe-  yea-wapa-ki  tuck  - 

whan-a  ; 
Puck- i -turn- i-wa- loo     kne-won-ot-i- 

they-vvay 
Yea-fe-pack-i-tiim-a    ma-chil-i-tow- 

e-ta 
Thick -i     ma- chaw- ki     tuf- fy -neigh- 
puck  fin-a 
Wa-punhloo  waugh   po    won-oti- 

they  ya 
Key-la        ray  pale-i-tum-any       way 

wif  fa  kie 
Was-ficut-i-we-way        thay-pay-we 

way.  Amen. 

Rejlexions  on  the  miferies  of  human 
life:  and  the  virtue  of  humanity 
inculcated  by  a  Jinking  example. 

AMIDST  the  miferies,  to  which 
human  life  i^  liable,  nothing  is 
fo  generally  dreaded  as  poveny,  fince 
it  expofes  mankind  to  dillrefrcs,  that 
are  but  little  pitied,  and  to  the  con- 
tempt cif  thofe  who  have  no  natural 
endownipnts  fuperior  to  our  own. 
Every  oiher  difficulty  or  danger  a  man 
is  enabled  to  encounter  with  courage 
and  alacrity,  becaufe  he  knows  that 
his  fucrefs  will  meet  with  applaufe, 
for  bravery  v^iU  always  Hnd  its 
admirers  ;  but  in  poverty,  every  vir- 
tue is  obfcured,  and  no  condutl  can 
entirely  fecure  a  man  from  reproach. 
Chearfuinef";,  as  an  admirable  author 
obferves,  i?  1-iere  infeiiiibiliiy  ;  and  de- 
ieftioti,  fiillfniiefs  ;  its  hardfhips  are 
without  honour,  and  its  labours  with- 
out reward.  Notwuhllanding  this, 
there  is  peihaps  no  Haiion  more  fa- 
vourablf  to  the  growth  of  viriuf, 
whf  re  the  feeds  of  it  are  previoufly 
pLnifd  in  the  mind.  1  be  poor  man 
i<!,  Iroia  his  fiiuauo^n,  cut  o'i  from   a 


thoufand  temptations  to  vice  ;  and 
that  levity  and  dilFipation  of  thought, 
which  are  the  common  attendants  of 
cafe  and  ailluence,  are  obliged  to 
give  way  to  the  Heady  exercife  of 
reafon  and  cool  reflexion,  which  are  as 
clofeiy  connected  with  wifdom,  as 
vice  with  folly.  But  when  poverty 
is  felt  in  its  uimoll  extreme,  it  then 
becomes  excedively  dangerous,  and 
foine  deviations  from  reftitudc  arc 
with  difficulty  avoided. 

The  man,  who  can  fupport  with 
courage  the  proud  man's  contimiel) , 
may  (lirink  at  the  piofpeft  of  a  prifon  ; 
and  he,  who  can  chcarfuiiy  feed  on  the 
coarfefl  viands,  will  perhaps  be  un- 
able to  rehft  the  importunate  folicila- 
tions  of  hunger,  to  deviate  from  tb« 
ftrait  road  of  equity,  where  it  leads 
through  a  barren  wafle,  and  where 
there  are  fruits  at  a  diftance  to  tempt 
his  approach.  Where  this  is  the  cafe, 
we  muft  pity  the  unhappy  wretch, 
who  is  unable  to  withftand  ihe  power 
of  fuch  temptations — temptations  that 
may  be  doubled,  by  the  multiplied 
didrefs  of  feeing  a  family  ready  to 
perifli. 

The  learned  and  pious  Boerhaave 
obferves,  "  that  he  never  faw  a  cri- 
minal carried  to  execution,  without 
afking  his  own  heart,  who  know* 
whether  this  man  is  no»  lefs  guilty  than 
I  ?"  Were  all  mankind  to  afk  ihem- 
felves  the  famequeflion,  juftice  would 
frequently  be  executed  with  lefs  rigour, 
and  perhaps  fometimes  the  malefac- 
tor would  be  reflored  to  virtue  by  the 
hand  of  mercy,  ftretchedout  to  his  re- 
lief, inftead  of  being  deprived  of  life, 
for  a  crime  which  perhaps  few  would 
have  been  able  in  the  fame  circum- 
ftaiices  to  withfland. 

I  cannot  here  forbear  iljiifirating 
thefe  remarks,  by  relating  a  paffagc  in 
the  lifeof  monfier  de  Sallo,  agentle- 
man  to  whom  the  literary  world  is 
obliged  for  the  invention  of  the  jour- 
nals or  reviews  of  the  works  of  the 
learned,  in  all  parts  where  letters  are 
cultivated.  This  palTage  I  fiiall  take 
from  the  lives  of  the  eminent  French 
writers.  "  In  the  year  1662,  when 
Paris  was  alFiifted  with  a  long  and  fe- 
vere  famine,  monf.  de  Sallo,  return- 
ing from  a  fummer  evening's  walk 
with  only  a  little  footboy,  was  ac- 
coded  by  a  man,  who  nrefcnied  a 
piflol,  and  in  a  manacr  iar  from  the 


J789.]  Infcription  for  the  monument  of  the  baron  de  Kalb, 


S»9 


rcfoliitenefs  of  a  hardened  robber, 
aflced  himfor  hismoney.  M.de  Sallo 
obferving  that  he  came  to  the  wrong 
min,  and  that  he  could  get  httle  from 
him,  added,  '  1  have  only  three  pif- 
tolesahoiit  me,  which  are  not  worth 
a  fciiffle  ;  fo,  much  good  may  do  you 
•with  them,  but  let  me  tell  you,  you 
are  in  a  bad  way.'  The  man  took 
them,  and.  without  aPKing  him  for 
more,  walked  off  with  an  airof  de- 
jeftlon  and  terror.  The  fellow  was 
no  fooner  gone,  than  nionf.  de  Sallo 
ordered  his  boy  to  follow  him,  to  fee 
where  he  went,  and  to  give  him  an 
account  of  every  thing.  The  lad  o- 
beyed,  and  followed  him  through  fe- 
veral  obfcure  Ureets,  and  at  length  faw 
him  enter  a  baker's  Ihop,  where  he  ob- 
fervedhim  change  one  of  the  piHoIes, 
and  buy  a  large  brown  loaf.  With 
this  purchafe,  he  went  a  few  doors 
farther,  and  entering  an  alley ,  afcended 
a  pair  of  flairs.  The  boy  crept  up  af- 
ter him  to  the  fourth  llory,  where  he 
faw  him  go  into  a  room  that  had  no 
other  light  but  what  it  received  from 
the  moon,  and  through  a  crevice, 
perceived  him  thiow  the  loaf  on  the 
floor,  and  burft  into  tears,  faying, 
'  There,  eat  your  fill,  that's  the  dear- 
eft  loaf  I  ever  bo\ight.  I  have  robbed 
a  gentleman  of  three  piftoles  ;  let  us 
hulband  them  well,  and  let  me  have 
no  more  teafings,  for,  foon  or  late, 
thefe  doings  muft  bring  me  to  the 
gallows ;  and  all  to  fatisfy  your  cla- 
mours.' His  lamentations  were  an- 
fweredby  thofe  of  the  whole  family  ; 
and  his  wife,  having  at  length  calmed 
the  agony  of  his  mind,  took  up  the 
loaf,  and  cutting  it,  gave  four  pieces  to 
four  poor  ftarvmg  children. 

The  boy  having  thus  happily  per- 
formed his  commiflion,  returned  home, 
and  gave  his  mafter  an  account  of 
every  thing  he  had  feen  and  heard. 
M.  de  Sallo,  who  was  much  moved, 
ordered  the  boy  to  call  him  early 
in  the  morning.  This  humane  gen- 
tleman arofe  at  the  time  appointed, 
and  taking  the  boy  with  him  to  fliew 
him  the  way,  enquired  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, the  character  of  a  man  who 
lived  in  fach  a  garret,  with  a  wife  and 
fourchildren,  when  he  was  told  that 
he  was  a  very  indullrious  good  kind 
of  a  man  ;  thai  he  was  a  (hoe-maker, 
and  a  neat  workman,  but  was  over- 
burdened with  a   fami!/,   and   had  a 


hard  ftruggle  to  live  in  fiich  bad  times. 
Satisfied  with  this  account,  monf. 
de  Sallo  afcended  to  the  flioe-makei's 
garret,  and  knocking  at  the  door,  it 
was  opened  by  the  poor  man  himfe^lf, 
who  knowing  him,  at  the  firll  fighi, 
to  be  the  perfon  he  had  frobbed  the 
evening  before,  fell  at  his  feet,  and 
implored  his  mercy,  pleading  the 
diltrefs  of  his  familv,  and  begging  he 
would  forgive  his  iirft  crime.  M.de 
Sallo  defired  him  to  make  no  nolfe, 
for  he  had  not  the  leail  intention  to 
hurt  him,  "You  have  a  good  cha- 
racter among  your  neighbours,"  fnid 
he,  "  but  mull  expetl  that  your  life 
will  foon  be  cut  (hort,  if  you  are 
fo  wicked  as  to  continue  the  free- 
doms you  took  with  me.  Hold  your 
hand — here  are  thirty  piftoles  to  buy 
leather, liuftjand  them  well, and  fet  your 
children  a  commendable  example. 
To  put  you  out  of  farther  tempta- 
tions to  commit  fuch  ruinous  and  fa- 
tal aQions,  I  will  encourage  your  in- 
duftry  ;  I  hear  you  are  a  neat  work- 
man, and  you  fliall  take  meafure  of 
me  and  this  bov  for  two  pair  of  flioes 
each,  and  he  ftiall  call  upon  you  for 
them."  The  whole  family  appeared 
ftruck  with  joy,  amazement,  and  gra- 
titude, and  monf.  de  Sallo  departed 
greatly  moved,  and  with  a  mind  filled 
with  fatisfaflion  at  having  faved  a 
man,  and  perhaps  a  family,  from  the 
commilfion  of  guilt,  from  an  ignomi- 
ous  death,  and  perhaps  eternal  perdi- 
tion." Never  was  a  day  much  bet- 
ter begun  ;  the  confcioufnefs  of  hav- 
ing performed  fuch  an  atlion,  when- 
ever it  recurs  to  the  mind  of  a  reafon- 
able  being,  muft  be  attended  with 
pleafure,  and  that  felf-complacency, 
and  fecret  approbation,  which  are 
more  defirable  than  gold,  and  all  the 
pleafuresof  the  earth. 

Infcription  for  the  monument  of  ba- 
ron de  Kalb,  voted  by  congrtj'sy 
0£lober  14,   1780. 

Sacred  to  the  memory  of 
the  baron   de    K  A  L  B, 
knight  of   the   royal    order  of  Mili- 
tary Merit, 
brigadier  of  the  armies  of   France, 
and 
major-general    in    the    fervice  of  the 
united  ftatci  of  America. 


3C10  Addrefi  to  gen.  Wajhirigtonfrom  the  prov.  congnfs  of  New  York,   fOQ, 


Having  ferved  with  honour  and  repu- 
tation for  three  years, 
he   g^ve  a  lart    and  glorious   proof  of 
his  attachment  to  ihe  liberties 
of  mankind,  and  the  caufe 
of  America, 
in   the  aftion  near   C;imbden,  in   the 
flaie  of  South- Carolina, 
on  the  i6th  of  Aui^uft,    1780  ; 
where,   leading    on  the   troops  of  the 
Maryland  and  Delaware  lines 
agauill  iupenor  numbers, 
and  animating  them  by  his   example 

to  deeds  of  valour, 
he  was   pierced   with  many  wounds, 

and 
on   the    19th    following   expired,    in 

the  48th  year  of  his  age. 
The  CONGRESS  of   the  united  ftates 

of  America, 

in  gratitude  to  his  zeal,  fervices,  and 

merit, 

have  ereftcd  this  monument. 


Ivjcription  ordered  by  congrefs  to  be 
engraved  on  one  oj  the  cannon  be- 
longing to  the  Americans  at  the 
commencement  of  the  late  war. 

The  H  A  N  C  O  C  K. 

Sacred  to  Liberty. 

This  IS   one  of  four  cannon, 

■which  condituted  the  whole  train 

of  field  artillery 
pofleffed  by  the  BritiTh  colonies  of 
North- America, 
at  the  commencement  of  the 
war, 
on  the  19th  of  April,  m,dcc,lxxv. 
This   CANNON 
and  its  fellow, 
belonging  to  a  number  of  citizens  of 
Bofton,  were  ufed  in  many  en- 
gagements during  the  war. 
The  oiher  two,  I'le   property  of 
the  government  of  Maifachu- 
fetts,  were  taken  by  the 
enemy. 
By  orderof  the  united  fiates, 
in  congrefs  ailemhled. 
May  19,  1788. 
N.  B.     The   other  preferved  can- 
non    is    (lyled,    the     Adams;    and, 
except  the  name,  has  an  infcription 
fuiiilar  to  that  of  the  Hancock. 

Rtvolutional  papers. 
No.  I. 
Addrefs^  preferred  to  his  excellency 
i^tneral   Wajhington,  by   ihc  pro- 


vincial  congrefs    of    New    York^ 
June  26,   1775. 

May  it  plenfe your  excellency, 

AT  a  time,  when  themofljloyalofliis 
majelty's  fubjetts,  from  a  regard 
to  the  laws  and  conflitntion,by  which 
he  fits  on  the  throne,  feel  themfelvcs 
reduced  to  the  unhappy  neceffity  of 
taking  up  arms,  to  defend  their  deareft 
rights  and  privileges — while  we  de- 
plore the  calamities  cf  this  divided 
empire,  we  rejoice  in  the  appointment 
of  a  gentleman,  from  whofe  abihties 
and  virtue  we  are  taught  to  expeft 
both  feciirity  and  peace. 

"  Confiding  in  you,  fir,  and  in  the 
worthy  generals  immediately  under 
your  command,  we  have  themoft  flat- 
tering  hopes  of  fuccefs  in  the  glorious 
flruggle  for  American  liberty,  and  the 
fuUeft  affiirances,  that,  whenever  this 
important  conteft  fliall  be  decided,  by 
that  fondeft  wifli  of  each  American 
foul,  an  accommodation  with  our  mo- 
ther country,  you  will  chearfully  re- 
fign  the  important  depofit  committed 
intoyour hands,  and  reaffume  the  cha- 
ra6ler  of  our  worthieft  citizen. 
By  order, 

P.  V.  B.  Livingjlon,  prefident. 
New  York,  June  26,  1775. 


ANSWER. 
Gentlemen, 

AT  the  fame  time  that  with  you  I 
deplore  the  unhappy  neceffity  of 
fuch  an  appointment,  as  that  with 
which  I  am  now  honoured,  I  cannot 
but  feel  fentimenis  of  the  higheft  gra- 
titude, for  this  afteOing  inllance  of 
diltintHon  and  regard. 

May  your  warmeft  wilhes  be  re- 
alized in  the  fuccefs  of  America,  at 
this  important  and  interelling  period; 
and  be  afiured,  that  every  exertion  of 
my  worthy  colleagues  and  myfelf, 
will  be  equally  extended  to  the  re- 
eftablifliment  of  peace  and  harmony, 
between  the  mother  country  and-tJiefe 
colonies :  as  to  the  fatal  but  necelTary 
operations  of  war,  when  we  afi^umed 
the  foldier,  we  did  not  lay  afide  the 
citizen  ;  and  we  fliall  moll  fincerely 
rejoice  witii  you,  in  that  happy  hour 
when  the  eflabliihment  of  American 
liberty,  on  the  mofl  firm  and  folid 
foundations,  (hall  enable  us  to  return 
to   our    private   ilaticns,    in  the  bo- 


[789.]     Letter  froyn  general  Wa/hington  to  general  Gage.- 


fom  of  a  free,  peaceful,  and    happy 
country,  G.  Washington. 

NO.    III. 

Letter  from  his   excellency   general 
Wajliington  to  general  Gage. 

Head  quarters,  Cambridge, 
S  I  R,  Augujl  11,   1775. 

IUnderfland  that  the  officers,  en- 
gaged in  the  caufe  of  liberty  and 
their  country,  who,  by  the  fortune  of 
war,  have  fallen  into  your  hands, 
have  been  throv/nindifcriminat'ely  in- 
to a  common  jail,  appropriated  for 
felons — that  no  confideration  has  been 
had  for  thofe  of  the  moft  refpeflable 
rank,  when  languifhing  with  wounds 
and  ficknefs — that  fome  of  them  have 
been  even  amputated  in  this  unworthy 
lituation. 

Let  your  opinion,  fir,  of  the  prin- 
ciple which  aduates  them,  be  what  it 
may,  they  fuppofe  th«y  ati  from  the 
nobleft  of  all  principles,  a  love  of 
freedom  and  their  country.  But  po- 
litical opinions,  1  conceive,  are  fo- 
reign to  this  point..  The  obligations 
ariling  from  the  rights  of  humanity, 
and  claims  of  rank,  are  univerfally 
binding  and  exten-ljve,  except  m  cale 
of  retaliation.  Thefe,  I  ihouldhave 
hoped,  would  have  diflated  a  more 
tender  treatment  of  thofe  individuals, 
whom  chance  or  war  had  put  in  your 
power.  Nor  can  I  forbear  fuggeft- 
ing  its  fatal  tendency  to  widen  that 
unhappy  breach,  which  you,  and  thofe 
minilters  under  whom  you  aft,  have 
repeatedly  declared  you  wifh  to  fee 
forever  clofed. 

My  duty  now  makes  it  necelTary 
to  apprife  you,  that  for  the  future,  I 
fliall  regulate  my  conduft  towards 
thofe  gentlemen  of  your  army,  who 
are,  or  may  be  in  our  polTeliion,  ex- 
aftly  by  the  rule  you  fliall  obferve  to- 
wards thofe  of  ours  who  may  be  in 
your  cuftody. 

If  feverity  and  hardfliip  mark  the 
line  of  your  conduft  (painful  as  it 
may  be  to  me)  your  prifoners  will  feel 
its  effefts  ;  but  if  kindnefs  and  huma- 
nity aie  (hewn  to  ours,  I  fliall,  with 
pl.eafure,  confider  thofe  in  our  hands, 
only  as  unfortunate,  and  they  {hall  re- 
ceive from  me  that  treatment  to  which 
the  unfortunate  are  ever  entitled, 

i  beg  to  be  nvoured  with  an  an- 


fwer  as  foon  as  pofTible,  and  am,  (ir, 
your  very  humble  fervant, 

G.  Washin.gton, 
His  excellency  general  Gage. 

NO.    IV. 
ANSWER, 

Sir,      Sojion,  Augu/i  \^,  i-]j,^. 

TO  the  glory  of  civilized  nations, 
humanity  and  war  have  been 
compatible ;  and  compallion  to  the 
fubdued  is  become  almoft  a  general 
fyftem. 

Britons,  ever  pre-eminent  in  mer- 
cy, have  outgone  comaion  examples, 
and  overlooked  the  criminal  in  the 
captive.  Upon  thefe  principles,  your 
prifoners,  whofe  lives,  by  the  laws  of 
the  land,  are  dellined  to  the  cord, 
have  hitherto  been  treated  with  rare 
and  kindnefs,  and  more  comfortably 
lodged,  than  the  king's  troops,  in  the 
hofpitals ;  indiicriminately,.u  is  true, 
for  I  acknowled.ife  no  rank  that  is  not 
derived  from  ihe  king. 

My  intelligence  Irom  your  army 
would  juflify  fevere  recrimination.  I 
underlland  there  are  fome  of  the 
king's  faithful  fubjecls,  taken  fcmetim^ 
fince  by  the  rebels,  labouring  lil-e 
negro  Haves,  to  gain  their  daily  liib- 
fi Hence,  or  reduced  to  the  wretched 
alternative,  to  perifli  by  famine,  <ir 
take  arms  againft  their  king  and  coun- 
try. Thofe,  v/ho  have  made  the  treat- 
ment of  the  prifoners  in  my  hands,  or 
of  your  other  friends  m  rioilon,  a  pre- 
tence for  iuch  mealilres,  found  bar- 
barity upon  falfliood, 

I  would  willingly  hope,  fir,  that 
the  fentiments  of  liberality,  which  I 
have  always  believed  you  to  poflefs, 
will  be  exerted  to  correft  thefe  mif- 
doings.  Be  temperate  in  political  dif- 
quifitions ;  give  free  operation  10  truth, 
and  piinilh  thofe  who  deceive  anci  mii- 
reprefent;  and  not  only  the  effefts, 
but  the  caufes  of  this  unhappy  confitd 
will  foon  be  removed. 

Should  thofe,  under  whofe  uuirp- 
ed  authority  you  aft,  controul  fuch  a 
difpofition,  and  dare  to  call  feveritv 
retaliation,  to  God,  who  knows  all 
hearts,  be  the  appeal  for  the  deadful 
confequences.  I  trull,  that  Britifii 
foldiers,  aUerting  the  rights  of  the 
fiaie,the  laws  of  the  land,  the  being  of 
the  conflitution,  will  meet  all  events 
with  becoming  fortitude.     They  will 


59B 


Reply  of  general  Wajtiingten  to  general  Gage.  COfloebr,- 


eourt  vi£io',7  with  ihe  fpirit  their  caufc 
infpires,  and  from  the  fame  motive 
will  find  the  patience  of  martyrs  un- 
der misfortune- 

Till  I  read  your  infinuations  in  re- 
gard to  mmillers,  I  conceived  that  I 
had  afted  under  the  king ;  whofe 
wifties,  it  is  true,  as  well  as  thofe  of 
his  mlnifters,  and  of  every  honeft 
man,  have  been  to  fee  this  unhappy 
breach  forever  clofed  ;  but  unfortu- 
nately for  both  countries,  thofe,  who 
have  long  fince  projefted  the  prefent 
crifis,  and  influence  the  councils  of 
America,  have  views  very  diflant  from 
accommodation.      I  am,  fir. 

Your  moft  obedient  humble  fervant, 
Thomas  Gage. 

€eorge  WaJIitngton,  efq. 

REPLY. 
NO.  V. 

Head  Quarters,  Cambridge, 
S  I  K,  ''i'-ig'i/i  195   1775. 

I  Add  re  (Ted  you  on  the  nth  inft. 
in  terms  which  gave  the  faireft 
fcope  for  theexercife  of  that  humani- 
ty and  politenefs,  which  were  fip- 
pofed  to  form  a  part  of  your  charac- 
ter. I  remondrated  with  you  on  the 
unworthy  treatment  (hewn  to  the  offi- 
cers and  citizens  of  America,  whom 
the  fortune  of  war,  chance,  or  a  mif- 
taken  confidence,  had  thrown  into 
your  hands. 

WhetherBritifli  or  American  mercy, 
fortitude,  and  patience,  ate  moft  pre- 
eminent— whether  our  virtuous  citi- 
zens, whom  the  hand  of  tvranny  has 
forced  into  arms,  to  defend  their  wives, 
their  children,  and  their  property,  or 
the  mercenary  inltmments  of  lawlefs 
<iomination,  avarice,  and  reveng<'.  beft 
defervetheappellationnfrebels.andthe 
punifhmentoFthat  cord,  which  yo uraf- 
fefled  clemency  has  forborn  to  infiitl — 
whether  the  authority  under  which  1 
aft,isufurped,  or  founded  upon  the  ge- 
nuine principles  of  liberty — were  alK")- 
gether  foreign  to  the  fnbjed.  I  purpofe- 
ly  avoided  all  poiiticaldifrju-fition  ;  nor 
fiiall  I  now  avail  myfelf  of  thole  ad- 
vantages, which  the  facred  caufe  of 
»ny  country,  of  liberty,  and  hmnan 
nature,  give  me  over  you  ;  much  iefs 
fr.all  I  Hoop  to  retort  any  invettive. 
fjut  the  intelligence,  you  fay  you 
-Oavt  received  from  o;ix  army,  rcq'.'ires 


a  reply.  I  have  taken  time,  fir,  to 
make  a  ftn6l  enquiry,  and  find  it  has 
not  the  lead  foundation  in  truth.  Not  - 
only  your  officers  and  foldiers  have 
been  treated  with  a  tendernefs  due  to 
fellow-citizens  and  brethren,  but  even 
thole  execrable  parricides, whofc  coun- 
cils aad  aid  have  deluged  their  coun- 
try with  blood,  have  been  protefted 
from  the  fury  of  a  juflly  enraged  peo- 
ple. Far  from  compelling  or  per- 
mitting their  affiftance,  I  am  embar- 
rafled  with  the  numbers  who  croud  to 
our  camp,  animated  with  the  pureft 
principles  of  virtue  and  love  of  their 
country.  You  advife  me  to  give  free 
operation  to  truth;  to  punilh  mifre- 
prefentation  and  falfhood.  If  expe- 
rience ftamps  value  upon  counlel,  yours 
muft  have  a  weight  which  few  can 
claim.  You  beft  can  tell,  how  far 
the  convulfion,  which  has  brought 
fuch  ruin  on  both  countries,  and  fhaken 
the  mighty  empire  of  Britain  to  its 
foundation,  may  be  traced  to  thefe 
malignani  caufe';. 

You  aHetl,  fir,  to  defpife  all  rank, 
not  derived  from  the  fame  fource  with 
your  own.  1  cannot  conceive  one 
more  honourable,  than  that,  which 
flows  from  the  uncorrupted  choice  of 
a  brave  and  free  people,  the  purell 
fource  and  original  fountain  of  all 
power.  Far  from  making  it  a  plea 
for  crueltv,  a  mind  of  true  magnani- 
mity and  enlarged  ideas,  would  com- 
prehend and  refpeft  it. 

What  may  have  been  the  minifle- 
nal  views  which  ha\»e  precipitated  the 
prefent  crifis,  Lexington,  Concord, 
and  Charleftown,  can  beft  declare. 
May  that  God,  to  whom  you  then 
appealed,  judge  between  America  and 
you.  Under  his  providence,  thofe 
who  influence  the  councils  of  Ame- 
rica, and  all  the  other  inhabitants  of 
the  united  colonies,  at  the  hazard  of 
their  lives,  are  determined  to  hand 
down  to  pnllerity,  thofe  juft  and  in- 
valuable privileges  which  they  receiv- 
ed from  their  anceftor«. 

I  fl-iall  now,  fir,  clofe  my  corref- 
pondence  u  ith  you,  perhaps  for  ever. 
If  your  officer',  our  prifoiiers,  receive 
a  treatment  from  me,  different  from 
what  I  wiflied  to  lliew  them,  thcv  and 
you  will  remember  the  orcafion  of  it. 
I  am,  lir,  your  very  humble  lervant, 
G.  Wash  J  >;  giok. 

General  Ga^e, 


1789.] 


Letter  to  governor  C^mpicll.—Anftctr, 


S2§ 


NO.   VI. 
Letter  from  the  general  committee  of 
CharLeJlown  to  goz-ernor  Campbell, 
May  it  pleafe your  excellency, 

IT  is  with  great  concern  we  hnd, 
that,  for  fomc  days  pait,  your  ex- 
cellency has  been  pleafed  10  withdraw 
yoarfelf  from  Charlefiown,  the  leat  of 
your  government,  and  have  retired  on 
board  the  king's  Jhip,  The  inconve- 
niences which  muit  unavoidably  arife 
to  the  people,  deprived,  by  this  Hep, 
of  that  eafy  acceis  to  your  excellency, 
which  isabfolutely  neceliary  for  tranf- 
afting  public  affairs,  are  apparent  ; 
and  we  fubmit  to  your  excellency's 
confidcration,  whether  the  retirement 
of  our  governor  to  a  king's  (hip,  in 
this  general  difquietude,  when  the 
lainds  of  the  people  are  filled  with  the 
greateft  apprchenfions  for  their  lafety, 
may  not  increafe  their  alarm,  and  ex- 
cite jealoufies  of  fome  premeditated 
defijjn  againil  them.  We  therefore 
entreat,  that  your  excellency  will  hz 
pleafed  to  return  to  Charlertown,  the 
accuftomed  place  of  refidence  of  the 
governor  of  South  Carolina.  And 
your  excellency  may  be  afiured,  that, 
whilft,  agreeable  to  your  repeated 
and  folemn  declarations,  your  excel- 
lency {hall  take  no  active  part  againft 
the  good  people  of  this  colony,  in  the 
prelcnt  arduous  flruggle  for  the  pre- 
fervation  of  their  civil  liberties,  we 
will,  to  the  utmoft  of  our  power, 
feciire  to  your  excellency,  that  fafety 
and  refpeft  for  your  perfon  and  charac- 
ter, which  the  inhabitants  of  Carolina 
have  ever  wiflied  to  fhew  to  the  reprc- 
fentative  of  their  fovereign. 
By  order  of  the  general  committee, 

Henry   'L\\skz'h%,  chairman. 
Statehoufe,  Sept.  129,  1775. 
-<►•■  ^B>  <^  <S»  -<>- 
NO.  VII. 
A  N  S  V/  E  R  . 

Sir,         Tamar^Sept,  30,  1775. 

I  Have  received  amelTage  figned  by 
you  from  a  fet  of  people  who  ftile 
themfelves  a  general  committee.  Ihe 
prefnmption  of  fuch  an  addref-:,  from 
a  body  afTembied  by  no  legal  authori- 
ty, and  whom  I  mnft  conlider  as  in 
actual  and  open  rebellion  aoainft  their 
fovereign,  can  only  be  equalled  by  the 
ourragrs  which  obliged  me  ro  rake  re- 
fuge on  board  the  king's   fl^.ip   in  this 


harbour.  It  deferves  no  anfwer,  nor 
fhould  I  have  given  it  any,  but  to 
mark  the  hardmefs  with  which  you 
have  advanced,  that  I  could  fo  far  for- 
get my  duty  to  my  fovereign  and  to 
my  country,  as  to  promife  that  I  would 
take  noatiive  part  in  bringing  the  fub- 
vcrters  of  our  glorious  conftiiation, 
and  the  real  liberties  of  the  people,  to 
a  fenfe  of  their  duty.  The  unmanly 
arts  that  have  already  been  ufed  to 
prejudice  me  in  the  general  opinion, 
may  ftill  be  employed  by  that  com- 
mittee. 

But  I  never  will  return  to  Charles- 
town  till  I  can  fipport  the  king's  au- 
thority, and  proteft  his  faithful  and 
loyal  fubjefts.  Whenever  the  peo- 
ple of  this  province  will  put  it  in  my 
power  to  render  them  this  elfential 
iervice,  I  will  with  pleafure  embrace 
the  opponunity,  and  think  it  a  very 
happy  one, 

I  am,  fir,  your  humble  fervant, 
William  Camp  as  ll. 

To  Henry  Laurens,  efq. 

N  O .    VIII. 
Refolves  cf  the   convention  ef  Virgi- 
nia, agreed  to  May   15,   J776, /^rc- 
fei:t  1 12  members. 

FORASMUCH,  as  all  the  en. 
deavours  of  the  united  colonies, 
by  the  moft  decent  reprefentations 
and  petitions  to  the  king  and  parlia- 
ment of  Great  Britain,  to  reftore 
peace  and  fecurity  to  America  under 
the  Britifli  government,  and  a  re-uni- 
on with  that  people  uponjult  and  libe- 
ral term":,  inltead  of  a  redrefs  of  griev- 
ances, have  produced,  from  an  impe- 
rious and  vindiftive  adminiiiration, 
increafed  infult,  opprelTion,  and  a  vi- 
gorous attempt  to  effect  our  total  de- 
flruftion.  By  a  late  att,  all  ihefe  co- 
lonies are  declared  to  be  in  rebellion, 
afid  out  of  the  protection  of  the  Bri- 
tilh  crown,  our  properties  fubjeftedto 
confifcation,  our  people,  when  cap- 
tivated, compelled  to  join  in  the  mur- 
der and  plunder  of  their  relations  and 
countrymen,  and  all  formerrapine  and 
opprefiion  of  Americans  declared 
legal  and  juft.  Fleets  and  armies  are 
raifed,  and  the  aid  of  foreign  troops 
engaged  to  afuft  thefe  deftructivepnr- 
pofes.  The  king's  reprefentaiivc  in 
this  colony  harfh  not  only  withheld  all 
the  powers  of  government  from  opr- 


324 


InJlru£iions  to  the  reprefentativts  of  Bojlon, 


[Oaober, 


rating  for  our  fafety,  bat,  having  re- 
tired on  board  an  armed  fliip,  is  car- 
rving  on  a  piratical  and  lavage  war 
a^ainft  us,  tempting  our  flaves,  by 
every  artiiice,  to  refurt  to  him,  and 
training  and  employing  them  agamll 
their  mailers.  In  this  ilate  of  extreme 
danger,  we  have  no  alternative  left, 
but  an  abjefct  fubmilhon  to  the  will 
of  thole  overbearing  tyrants,  or  a 
total  fcparation  from  the  crown  and 
government  of  Great  Britam,  uniting 
and  exerting  the  (Irength  of  all  Ame- 
rica for  delence,  and  forming  alliances 
wirh  foreign  powers  for  commerce 
and  aid  in  war  :  wherefore,  appealing 
to  the  fearcher  of  hearts  for  the  hn- 
ceriiy  of  former  declarations,  expref- 
fing  our  defire  to  preferve  the  connex- 
ion with  that  nation,  and  that  we  are 
driven  from  that  inclination  by  their 
wicked  councils,  and  the  eternal  laws 
of  fclf-prefervation, 

Relolved  unanimouny,  that  the  de- 
legates, appointed  to  reprefent  this 
colony  in  general  congrefs,  be  in- 
itiutted  to  propofe  to  that  refpeftable 
body,  to  declare  the  united  colonies 
free  and  independent  ftates,  abfolved 
from  all  allegiance  to,  or  dependence 
upon,  the  crown  or  parliament  of 
Great  Brifain  ;  and  that  they  give  the 
alfent  of  this  colony  to  fuch  declara- 
tion, and  to  whatever  meafures  may 
be  thought  proper  and  necellary  by 
the  congref<,  for  forming  foreign  al- 
liances, and  a  confederation  of  the 
colonies,  at  fuch  time,  and  in  fuch 
manner,  as  to  them  {hall  feem  beft  : 
provided,  that  the  power  of  forming 
government  for,  and  the  regulation 
of  the  internal  concerns  of  each  co- 
lonv,  be  left  to  the  refpetlive  colonial 
legiflatures. 

Refolved  unanimoufly,  that  a  com- 
mittee be  appointed  to  prepare  a  de- 
claration of  rights,  and  fuch  apian  of 
government  as  will  be  mod  likely  to 
maintain  prace  and  order  in  this  colo- 
ny, and  iecure  fiibflantial  and  equal 
iibertv  lo  the  people. 

Edinmid  Pend/eton,   prefident, 
'John  Tazewell,  clerk  oj  the  conv- 
.••<v..<^  ^^  ..<>... 

NO.    IX. 
InP ruflions  to   the    rrprrfevtatives  of 
the  toztm  of  Bo/lor),  airreed    to   by 
th  e  frteholders  and  in  habitant  %  <f 
thia    town,  May  t^,   17;6« 


Gentlemen, 

AT  a  time,  when  In  all  probaba- 
lity  the  whole  united  colonies  of 
America  are  upon  the  verge  of  a  glo- 
rious revolution  :  and  when,  confe- 
quently,  the  moft  important  qucftions, 
that  were  ever  agitated  before  the  re- 
prefentative  bedy  of  this  colony, 
touching  its  internal  police,  will  de- 
mand your  attention  ;  your  conllitu- 
ents  think  it  necelTary  to  inftru6l  you 
in  feveral  matters  what  part  to  a£l, 
that  the  path  of  your  duty  may  be 
plain  before  you. 

We  have  leen  the  humble  petition* 
of  thefe  colonies  to  the  king  of  Great 
Britain  repeatedly  rejefled  with  dif- 
dain.  For  the  prayer  of  peace,  he 
has  tendered  the  fword  ;  for  liberty, 
chains  ;  and  for  fafety,  death.  He 
has  licenfed  the  inltruments  of  his 
hoilile  opprellions,  to  rob  us  of  our 
property,  to  burn  our  houfes,  and  to 
fpill  our  blood.  He  has  invited  every 
barbarous  nation,  whom  he  could 
hope  to  influence,  to  alfift  him  ill 
profecuting  thefe  inhuman  purpofes. 
The  prince,  therefore,  in  the  fupport 
of  whofe  crown  and  dignity,  not  ma- 
ny years  fince,  we  would  moft  chear- 
fuUy  have  expended  life  and  fortune, 
we  are  now  conftrained  to  confider  as 
the  worft  of  tyrants  :  loyalty  to  him 
is  now  treafon  to  our  country.  We 
have  feen  his  venal  parliament  fo 
bafely  proftitutcd  to  his  defigns,  that 
they  have  never  hefitated  to  enforce 
his  arbitrary  requifitions  with  the  moft 
fanguinary  laws.  We  have  feen  the 
people  of  Great  Britain  fo  loft  to 
every  fenfe  of  virtue  and  honour,  as 
to  pafs  over  the  moft  pathetic  and 
earneft  appeals  to  their  juftice,  with 
an  unfeeling  indifference.  The  hopes 
we  placed  on  their  exertions,  have 
long  fince  failed.  In  ftiort,  we  are 
convinced,  that  it  is  the  fixed  and  fet- 
tled determination  of  the  king,  mi- 
niflry,  and  parliament  of  that  ifland, 
to  conquer  and  fubjugate  the  colo- 
nies, and  that  the  people  there  have 
no  difpofuion  to  oppofe  them.  A 
reconciliation  with  them  appears  to 
us  to  be  as  dangerous,  as  it  is  abfurd. 
A  fpirit  of  rcfentment,  once  raifed, 
it  is  not  eafy  to  appeafe  :  the  recol- 
leftion  of  paft  injuries  will  perpetual- 
ly keep  alive  the  flame  of  jealoufv, 
which  will  ftimulate  to  new  impofi- 
tions  on  the  one  fide,  and  confequent 


1789-] 


Proclamation  of  lord  Dunmore, 


325 


refiftance  on  the  other ;  and  the 
whole  body  politic  will  be  conftantly 
fubjett  to  civil  commotions.  We 
therefore  think  it  abfolutely  impra6H- 
cable  for  thefe  colonies  to  be  ever 
again  fabjetl  to,  or  dependent  upon 
Great  Britain,  without  endangering 
the  very  exiftence  of  the  ftate":  plac- 
ing, however,  unbounded  confidence 
in  the  fuprenie  councils  of  the  con- 
grefs,  we  are  determined  to  wait, 
moft  patiently  to  wait,  'till  their  wif- 
dom  fliali  dictate  the  necedity  of  mak- 
in?^  a  declaration  of  independence. 
Nor  fliould  we  have  ventured  to  ck- 
prefs  our  fentiments  upon  this  fubjetl, 
but  from  the  prefumption,  that  the 
congrefs  would  choofe  to  feel  them- 
felves  fupported  by  the  people  of 
each  colony,  before  they  adopt  a  re- 
folution,  fo  interefting  to  the  whole. 
The  inhabitants  of  this  town,  there- 
fore, unanimoufly  inftruft  and  direct 
you,  that  at  the  approaching  teflion 
of  the  general  alFembly,  you  ufe  your 
endeavours,  that  the  delegates  of  this 
colony,  at  the  congrefs,  be  advifed, 
that  in  cafe  the  congrefs  fhould  think 
it  neceffary,  for  the  fafety  of  the  unit- 
ed colonies,  to  declare  them  indepen- 
dent of  Great  Britain,  the  inhabitants 
of  this  colony,  with  their  lives,  and 
the  remnant  of  their  fortunes,  will 
mo/l  chearfuUy  fupport  them  in  the 
meafure. 

Touching  the  internal  police  of  this 
colony,  it  is  effentially  neceflary,  in 
order  to  preferve  harmony  among 
ourfelves,  that  the  coiiHituent  body  , 
be  faiisfied  that  they  are  fairly  and 
fully  reprefented.  The  right  to  le- 
giflate  is  originally  in  every  member 
of  the  community  ;  which  right  is 
always  exercifed  in  the  infincy  of  a 
flate  :  but  v.-hen  the  inhabitants  are 
become  numerous,  'tis  not  only  in- 
convenient, but  imprafticable  for  all 
to  meet  in  one  affcmbly  ;  and  hence 
arofe  the  necefhty  and  practice  of 
legidating  by  a  few,  freely  chofen  by 
the  many.  When  this  choice  is  free, 
and  reprefentation  equal,  'tis  the  peo- 
ple's fault  if  they  are  not  happy:  we 
therefore  inftrutl  you  to  devife  fome 
means  to  obtain  an  equal  reprefenta- 
tion of  the  people  of  this  colony  in 
the  legiflatnre  :  but  care  fliould  be 
taken,  that  the  afTembly  be  not  un- 
wieldy ;  for  this  would  be  an  ap- 
proach to  the  evil  meant  to  be  cured 
Vol.  VI.  No.  IV. 


by  reprefentation.  The  largeft  bcdie® 
of  men  du  not  always  difpatch  bufi- 
nefs  with  the  greateft  expedition,  nor 
condurt  it  in  the  wifeft  manner. 

'Tis   eflential   to   liberty,  that   the 
legiflative,    judicial,     and    executive 
powers  of  government,  be,  as  nearly 
as  polTible,  independent  of  and  fepa- 
rate   from   each   other  ;    for,     where 
they  are  united  in  the  fameperfon,  or 
number   of  perfons,  there   v.-culd    be 
wanting  that   mutual   check  which  is 
the  principal  fecurlty  againft  the  mak- 
ing of  arbitrary  laws,  and   a    wanton 
exercife  of  power  in  the  execution  of 
them.     It  is  alio  of  the   highefl  im- 
portance, that  every  perfon  in  a  ju- 
diciary department  employ  the  greater 
part  of  his  time  and  attention  in  the 
duties  of  his  office  :  we  therefore  fur- 
ther inflrutl  youj  to  procure  the  enact- 
ing fuch  law  or  laws,  as  fliall  make  it 
incompatible  for  the  fame  perfon  to 
hold  a  feat  in  the   legdlative  and  exe- 
cutive departments  of  government,  at 
one  and  the  fame  time  :  that  fiiall  ren- 
der  the  judges,  in    every  judicatory 
through  the  colony,  dependent,  not  on 
the   uncertain   tenure  of     caprice  or 
pleafure,    but    on   an   unimpeachable 
deportment  in  the  important  duties  of 
their  ilation.  for  their  continuance  in 
office  :  and,  to  prevent  the  multiplici- 
ty of  offices  in  the  fame  perfon,  that 
fuch  falanes  be  lettled  upon  them,  as 
will  place  them  above  the  neceffityof 
Hooping  to  any  indirect  or  collateral 
means  for  fubliflence.       We  wilh  to 
avoid  a  profulion  of  the  public  mo- 
nies on  the  one  hand,  and  the    danger 
of  facrificing  our  liberties  to  a  fpnrit 
of   parfimony   on    the    other.       Not 
doubting  of  your  zeal  and  abilities  in 
the   common  caufe    of  our  country, 
we    leave    your  difcretion  to  prompt 
fuch  exertions,  in  promoting  any  mi- 
litary operations,  as  the  exigencies  of 
our  public  affairs  may  require  :  and  in 
the   fame  confidence  of  your  fervor 
and  artachmeni  to  the  public  weal,  we 
readily   fubmii   ail    other  matters    of 
public  moment,  that  may  require  your 
confideration,    to  your   own  wifdom 
and  difcretion. 


By  his  excellency  the  right  honourable 
John  earl  oj'  Dunmore,  his  majej- 
ty's  lieutenant  and  governor  g^nz" 

Tt 


3^6 


Proclamation  by  lord  Dunmore. 


[Oaober, 


ral  of  the  colony  and  dotninion   of 
Virginia,  and  vice  admiral  of  the 
lume, 
A  PROCLAMATION. 

AS  I  have  ever  entertained  hopes 
that  an  accommodation  might 
have  taken  place  between  Great 
Britain  and  this  colony,  without 
being  compelled,  by  my  duty,  to 
this  moft  dilagreeable,  but  now  abfo- 
lutely  necellary  ftep,  rendered  fo  by 
a  body  of  armed  men,  unlawfully  af- 
fembled,  firing  on  his  majeily's  ten- 
ders, and  the  formation  of  an  army, 
and  that  army  now  on  their  march  to 
attack  bis  majelty's  troops,  and  de- 
Itroy  the  well-difpofed  fubjetls  of  this 
colony.  To  defeat  fuch  treafonable 
purpofes,  and  that  all  fuch  traitors, 
and  their  abettors,  may  be  brought  to 
juilice,  and  that  the  peace  and  good 
order  of  this  colony  may  be  again  re- 
ilored,  which  the  ordinary  courfe  of 
the  civil  law  is  unable  to  efteft,  I 
have  thought  fit  to  iffue  this  my  pro- 
clamation, hereby  declaring,  that,  un- 
til the  afoiefaid  good  purpofes  can  be 
obtained,  I  do,  in  virtue  of  the  power 
and  authority  to  me  given  by  his  ma- 
ielly,  determine  to  execute  martial 
law,  and  caufe  the  fame  to  be  executed 
throughout  this  colony  ;  and  to  the 
e'-.d  that  peace  and  good  ordermaythe 
fooner  be  reilored,  I  do  require  every 
perfon  capable  r.f  bearing  arms,  to  re- 
fort  to  his  majcfty's  flandard,  or  be 
looi\ed  upon  as  traitors  to  his  m.ajefty's 
crown  and  government,  and  thereby 
become  liable  to  the  penalty  the  law 
jnfliHs  upon  fuch  offences ;  fuch  as, 
forfeiture  of  life,  conhfcation  of 
lands,  &c,  &c.  And  I  h«  hereby 
farther  declare  all  indented  fcrvants, 
negroes,  or  oihcrs  (apperiaining  to 
rebels)  free,  thai  are  able  and  willing 
to  bear  arms,  they  joining  his  majelty's 
troops,  as  foon  as  mav  be,  for  the 
more  fpeeddy  reducing  ihis  colony  to 
a  proper  fcnfe  of  their  duty  to  his  ma- 
jefty's  crown  ^nd  dignity.  I  do  far- 
ther order  and  require,  all  his  ma- 
jelly's  liege  fubjetis,  to  retain  their 
<juit-rents,  or  any  other  taxes,  due,  or 
that  may  become  due,  in  their  own 
ciillody,  (ill  fuch  times  as  peace  may 
he  again  reilored  to  this  at  prefent  molt 
unhappy  country,  or  demanded  of 
ihcm  for  their  former  falutary  pur- 
pofes. by  officers  properly  auihonfed 
,10  receive  the  fame. 


Given  under  my  hand,  on  board 
the  fliip  William,  at  Norfolk, 
the  feventh  day  of  November, 
in  the  fixteenth  year  of  his  ma- 
jelly's  reign. 

DUNMORE. 
Cod  fave  the  king. 

To  the  farmers  of  Pcnnfylvania  and 
elfewhere. 

BY  the  iateil  accounts  from  Eu- 
rope, there  is  reafon  to  expeft, 
that  there  will  be,  for  fome  time  to 
come,  a  demand  for  large  quantities  of 
wheat  and  flour,  for  exportation  from 
the  united  Hates.  At  the  fame  time, 
it  is  well  known,  that,  from  the  fe- 
vere  drought,  which  has  prevailed  for 
feveral  weeks  palt,  the  crops  of  wheat 
fown  this  year,  too  generally  wear  a 
very  unpromifing  afpeft. 

Thefe  confiderations  have  induced 
me  to  communicate  the  refult  of  an 
experiment,  which,  among  feveral 
others,  I  madelall  fall,  with  a  view  to 
afcertain  the  heft  method  of  guarding 
againfl  the  dellruftive  operations  of 
the  Helhan  fly,  which,  at  that  time, 
was  fuppofed  likely  to  come  forward 
from  the  eaflward,  upon  the  grain 
crops,  but  through  the  favour  of  Di- 
vine Providence,  our  apprehenfions 
on  that  account  feem  now  to  be  entirely 
removed. 

The  fifth  day  of  November  laft, 
which  was  about  two  months  after 
the  proper  time  of  fowl  ng  moft  kinds 
of  wheat,  I  fowed  a  piece  of  buck- 
wheat Hubble,  with  the  yellow  bearded 
wheat,  at  the  rate  of  five  pecks  per 
acre*.  When  the  winter  came  on. 
the  feed  had  fcarcely  vegetated,  and 
until  the  beginging  of  May,  the  whole 
appeared  exceedingly  backward  ;  but 
at  the  following  harveft  (the  i6th  of 
July)  I  had  the  unexpefted  fati'.fattion, 
of  reaping  as  fine  a  crop  as  I,  or  any 
of  my  neighbours,  had  from  an  equal 
quantity  of  ground  fown  in  the  month 
of  September.  The  foil,  a  loomy 
clay,  was  in  tolerable  heart,  but  had 
not  been  manured  for  many  years  ; 

N  o  T  E  . 

*  When  winier  grain  is  fown  later 
than  ufual,  a  greater  quaniuy  of  feed 
ihould  be  allowed,  as  it  is  apt  not  to 
tilk-r  or  llool  fo  well  as  when  fown 
cailicr. 


tySg.}     On  the  prcfeYvation  of  pumpkins, — Mifccllaneous  reflexiens,        327 


was  ploughed  about  eight  inchcj  deep  ; 
the  feed  iown  over  furrow,  and  har- 
rowed in  with  the  furrow,  and  a  few 
furrows  cut  with  the  plough,  to  carry 
off  any  excefs  of  water  :  the  ground 
had  two  other  plough! ngs  of  the  a- 
bove  depth,  the  fame  year,  viz.  in  the 
month  of  April  for  fpring  barley,  and 
in  July,  for  the  buckwheat  crop.  A 
heavy  roller  was  drawn  over  the 
buckwheat  ftubble,  in  order  to  break 
down  the  hard  clods  that  lay  on  the 
fuiface  of  the  ground,  v^hich  could 
not  be  reduced  by  the  plough  and 
harrow.  But  as  few  farmers  in  this 
Hate  are  provided  with  this  ufeful  ma- 
chine, it  may  be  obferved,  that  this 
operation,  though  of  fervice,  is  not 
elfentially  neceflary,  nor  will  it  be  ad- 
vifable  for  thofe  who  have  been  in 
the  too  common  pra£Uce  of  ploughing 
their  lands  from  three  to  four  inches 
deep,  to  plough  double  that  depth,  and 
immediately  fow  wheat  on  a  foil  which 
perhaps  has  never  before  been  expofed 
to  the  action  of  the  fun  and  air.  But 
yet,  a  fmall  portion  of  frefli  earth, 
turned  up  with  the  old  worn  out  loil, 
may  not  be  amifs. 

The  yellow  bearded  wheat  may  be 
had  of  feveral  perfons  whaprocured 
feed  laft  year  from  Long  I  (land  ;  but 
where  it  cannot  be  had,  fonse  other 
kinds  may  probably  anfwer  nearly  as 
well  ;  particularly  the  common  red  and 
yellow  wheat,  which  are  elteemed  the 
hardieft. 

As  the  earth  is  now  very  dry,  and 
confequently  in  a  good  condition  to 
receive  late  crops,  (more  efpecially  if 
rain  ftiould  follow  foon  after)  I  am 
about  fowing  all  my  buckwheat  ttub- 
bles  and  potatoe  fallows  with  yellow 
bearded  wheat,  (except  a  fmall  part 
with  the  other  forts  for  trial)  and  fome 
rye. 

Several  fields  of  wheat  and  rye 
-have  lately  been  ploughed  up,  and 
the  ground  fown  over  again,  from  be- 
ing much  injured  by  the  infeft  called 
the  loufe,  which  frequently  makes 
great  havock  in  dry  feafons ;  but  it  is 
doubtful,  whether  this  will  always  an- 
fwer, as  it  has  been  experienced,  that 
thefe  infefts  (many  of  which  (till  re- 
main alive,  if  the  drought  continues) 
have  often  devoured  the  {hoots  of 
even  a  fecond  fowing. 

Having  given    the  foregoing   cir- 
cumltanccs,   I    Ihall  not,  at   prefent. 


fpend  any  time  in  fpeculative  reafon- 
ing.  If  any  confiderable  quantity  of 
wheat  can  be  raifed  by  the  means  I 
have  ftated,  in  addition  to  what  may 
be  produced  from  that  already  fown, 
my  aim  will  be  anfwered. 

JosEPri  Miff  LIN'. 
Fountain  Green,  061.  24,  1789. 

To  preferve  pompions,   or  pumpkins^ 
tkro'  the  winter  and J'pring. 

WHEN  taken  from  the  vine,  o- 
pen  them  and  throw  away  the 
foft  contents  which  are  found  in  their 
infide.  Then  cut  them  into  fmall 
pieces,  and  dry  them  in  the  fun,  or  in 
an  oven.  Preferve  them  in  a  dry 
place.  They  may  be  either  pounded 
or  bf)iled  before  they  are  ufed. 

Prepared  in  this  manner,  they  make 
a  cheap  and  excellent  food  for  cattle — 
horfes — and  hogs.  Many  ihoufand 
pounds  might  be  faved  in  grain  to  our 
farmers,  and  to  our  country,  by  the  ge- 
neral ufe  of  this  whoiefome  and  nou- 
riftiing  food  for  domelhc  animals. — 
They  afford  more  nourifiiment  than 
the  potatoe  or  fcarcity-root  5—  they 
are  cultivated  with  lefs  trouble,  and 
yield  a  much  larger  increafe  from  the 
fame  labour. 

Mifcellaneoiii  reflexions, 

I  Know  of  no  great  man  in  hiftory 
but  has  had  the  misfortune  of  fee- 
ing his  laurels  blafled  by  the  impure 
breath  of  envy  and  prejudice  ;  but 
now  fhefe  fame  laurels  bloom  again  on 
their  tombs,  and  our  pofferity  will 
dill  admire  the  frelhnefs  of  their 
verdure. 

Little  evil  is  faid  of  a  man  who  has 
few  or  no  pretenfions  to  be  praifed  : 
the  reaibn  is,  that  revenge  is  fcarce 
ever  levelled  but  againll  fuperiorty  of 
merit. 

How  many  are  there  who  think 
only  when  they  fpeak  :  and  how  many 
more  ftill  there  are  who  fpeak  always 
without  thinking  ? 

Low  cunning  difgraces  politics,  as 
hypocrify  degrades  devotion. 

Need  we  be  aflonifiied  that  there 
isfo  little  concord  in  moil  families  ? 
They  have  too  clofe  a  view  not  to 
know  one  another,  and  it  is  hard  to 
love  where  people  are  fo  well  ac- 
quainted. 


328 


PiBure  of  African  dijlrefs, — The  African  boy,  [Oftober, 


PiBure  of  African  cliftrefs. 

By  Theodore  Bwifjif .  Jludent  of  law, 
Connecticut. 

The  diflrefs  zuhich  the  inhabitants  of 
Guinea  experience  at  the  Icfs  of 
their  children,  who  are  Jlolen 
from  them  by  the  peifons  employ- 
ed in  the  flave  trade,  is,  per- 
haps, more  thoroughly  felt  than 
d'fcribed.  But,  as  it  is  a  fubjeSi 
to  which  every  perfon  has  not  at- 
ed,  the  following  is  an  attempt  to 
reprcfent  the  angnifh  of  a  mother, 
Tnhofejonand  daughter  were  taken 
from  her  by  afliip's  crew  belonging 
to  a  country  where  the  God  of  juf 
tice  and  mercy  is  owned  and  wor- 
fluPl'cd. 

TIE  LP!  oh,  help!  thou  God  of 

irl  chrillians! 

Save  a  mother  from  defpair — 

Cruel  whue  men  ileal  my  children  ; 
God  of  chnd  ians !  hear  my  pray  'r. 

From  my  arms  bv  force  they're  rended, 
Sailors  drag  them  to  the  fea  ; 

Yonder  ihip  at  anchor  riding, 
Swift  will  carry  them  away. 

There  my  fon  lies,  pale  and  blecdinq; 

Fall,    wiih   thongs    his    hands   are 
bound  ; 
See  the  tyrants,  how  they  fcourge  him! 

See  his  fides  a  reeking  wound. 

See  his  little  fifter  by  him, 

Quaking,  trembling,   how  (he  lies, 
Drops  of  blood  her  fare  befprinkle ; 

Tears  of  anguifli  fill  her  eyes. 

Now  they  tear  her  brother  from  her, 
Down  below  the  deck  he's  thrown  ; 

Stitf  with  beating  ;  through  fear filent. 
Save  a  fingle  death-like  groan. 

Hear  the  little  daughter  begging, 
"  Take  me  white  men  for  yoiirown  ; 

*'  Spare,  oh  fpare  my  darling  brother  • 
"  He's  my  mother's  only  fon. 

*'  See  upon  the  (bore  (he's  raving  ; 

"  Down  file  falls  upon  the  fands ; 
"  Now  flie  tears  her  rlefli  withmadnefs, 

"  Now  (he  prays  with  lifted  hands. 

*'  I  am  young,  and  ftrong,  and  hardy  ; 

"  He's  a  fick  and  feeble  boy  ; 
"  Take  me,  whip  mc,  chain  me,  ftarve 
me ; 

"  All  my  life  I'll  toil  with  joy. 

* 'Chriftian-;,  who's  thcGod  ye  worfliip? 

"  Is  he  cruel,  fierce,  or  good  ? 
*'  Does  he  tnke  delight  in  mercv, 

*'  Or  in  fpiUing  human  blood  ? 


*'  Ah  !  my  poor  diftrafled  mother! 

"  Hear  her  fcream  upon  the  (bore" 
Down  the  lavage  captain  ftruck  her, 

Lifelefs,  on  the  veflel's  floor. 

Up  his  fails  he  quickly  hoified, 
To  the  ocean  bent  his  way  ; 

Headlong  plung'd  the  raving  mother 
From  a  high  rock,  in  the  fea. 


The  African  boy. 
"     AH!    tell   me,    little  mournful 
"  J\.      _     Moor, 
"  Why  flill  you  linger  on  the  ftiore  ? 
"  Haflcto  yourplaymatesjhadeaway, 
"  Nor  loirer  here  with   fond  delay  ; 
"  When  morn  unveil 'd  her  radient  eye, 
"  You  hail'd  me  as  I  wander'd  by, 
"  Returning  at  ih'  approach  of  eve, 
"  Your  meek  falute  I  Ilill  receive." 

Benign  enquirer,  thou  flialt  know. 
Why  hercmy  lonefome  moments  flow; 
'Tis  faid,  thy  countrymen  (no  more 
Like  rav'ning  fliarks  that   haunt  the 

flrore) 
Return  to  raife,  to  blefs,  to  cheer. 
And  pay  compaflion's  long  arrear  ; 
'Tis  faid  the  num'rous  captive  tram. 
Late  bound  by  the  degrading  chain. 
Triumphant  come  with  fwelling  fails, 
'Mid  fmiling  fkies  and  weftern  gales, 
They  come, with  feftive  heart  and  glee, 
Their  hands  un{hackled--minds  as  free  J 
They  come,at  mercy  'sgreat  command, 
To  repoficfs  their  native  land. 

The  gales  that  o'er  the  ocean  ftray, 
And  chace  the  waves  in  gentle  play  ; 
Methinks  they  whifperas  they  fly, 
Juellen  foon  will  meet  thine  eye  ; 
'Tis  this  that  fooths  her  little  fon. 
Blends  all  his  wifhes  into  one. 
Ah  !  were  I  clafp'd  in  her  embrace, 
I  could  forgive  her  paff  difgrace  ; 
Forgive  the  memorable  hour. 
She  fell  a  prey  to  tyrant  pow'r  ; 
Forgive  her  loff  diftrafled  air, 
Her   forrowing    voice,  her  kneeling 

pray'r. 
The  fuppi  iant  tear  that  gall  'd  her  check, 
And  lafi ,  her  agonizing  fhriek, 
l.ock'd  in  her  hair,  a  ruthlefs  hand, 
Trail'd  her  along  the  flinty  flrand  ; 
A  ruffian  train,  with  clamours  rude, 
Th'  impious  fpeftacle  purfii'd  ; 
Still  as  fhe  mov'd,  in  accents  wild, 
She  cried  aloud,  'my  child  !  my  child  !' 
'i'be  lofiy  bark  fhe  now  afcends, 
W  i  th  fcreams  of  woe,  the  air  fhe  rendsj; 
The  veiFcl  icfs'ning  from  the  fliore, 


lygp.]     Tht  happy  couple,— Adtict  from  a  matron  to  a  young  lady,  329 


Her  piteous  wails  I  heard  no  more, 
Now  as  I  ftretch'd  my  laft  furvey, 
Her  dillant  form  diirolv'd  away. — 
That  day  is  paR — I  ceafe  to  Hiourn — 
Succeeding  joy  fhall  have  its  turn. 
Befide  the  hoarfe  refovindinjj  deep, 
A  plcafing  anxious  watch  I  keep. 
For  when   the   morning  clouds  fliall 

break,  ,      1    1      r  n      i       If  aught  the  beauteous  nymph  annoys. 

And  darts  of  day  the  darknefs  ftreak,         ^^^^      ^^^^^  ^^  j^,-^  ^^J 

Perchance,  along  ihe  ghtt  ring  mam,     g^^^^^  ^^^^^^  j^^  ^^,j^^  ^;j  ^rt  employs, 


If  aught  the  happy  Ihepherd  pleafe, 

Joy  iparkles  in  her  face  ; 
Good- nature,  love,  and  fmiling  eafe. 

The  happy  couple  grace. 

If  ficknefs  doth  the  fwain  opprefs, 

lie  (inks  upon  the  fair, 
And  foon  he  thinks  his  pains  grow  lefs, 

And  foon  forgets  them  there. 


(Oh  !  may  this  hope  not  throb  in  vainj 
To  meet  thefe  long-defiring  eyes, 
Juellen  and  the  fun  may  rife. 

The  happy  couple. 

COLIN,  the  tend'reit  of  mankind. 
Was  bleft  with  ev'ry  art ; 
To  gain  the  wifliing  virgin's  mind, 
And  fix  the  am'rous  heart. 

Pha?be,  the  faired  of  the  fair, 
With  ev'ry  winning  grace, 

Thatcou'd  th'  admiring  eye  enfnare, 
Enjoy 'd  an  angel's  face. 

This  couple,  in  each  other blefs'd, 

Had  ev'ry  want  fupply'd, 
And  each,  of  mutual  blifs  poffefs'd. 

Look  down  on  all  befide. 
No  cares  prolong  the  fleeting  hour 

Nor  on  their  pleafures  wait ; 
Ambition  flies  the  peaceful  bow'r, 

They  with  not  to  be  great. 

But  while  their  flocks  together  feed, 

She  fings  an  am'rous  lay  ; 
Or  heattuues  his  warbling  reed. 

And  charms  the  time  away. 

The  birds,  attentive  to  her  fong, 
Return  their  warbling  notes, 

Of  his  fweet  melody  prolong 
With  imitating  throats. 

NowColin  plucks  the  bloomingflow'rs 

His  fair  one  to  adorn, 
And  foon  the  pride  of  all  the  bow  'rs 

In  Phjebe's  locks  are  worn. 

Now  fee  her  fnowy  breaft  expands. 
Which  with  new  fervour  glows 

"While  happy  Colin's  welcome  hands 
Infert  the  blufliing  rofe. 

Alike  the  happy  cotrpk-are 

By  equal  pieafure  mov'd  ; 
Alike  each  other's  grief  they  fliare, 

Each  loving  and  belov'd. 
When  any  pain  diflurb'd  her  reft, 

He  funk  his  penfive  head, 
When  he  a  mournful  (igh  exprefs'd, 

A  mournful  tear  (he  Qied. 


To  eafe  the  tortur'd  part 

And  when  ftie  fees  liim  rack'd  with 
fears 

She  fmiles  amidft  their  pain  ; 
And  flrives  to  flop  her  burliing  tears, 

Left  they  fhould  grieve  her  fwain. 

No  other  care  their  time  beguiles. 
But  fears  that  fpring  from  love  : 

All  love,  all  lendernefs,  all  fmiles, 
Their  mutual  pieafure  prove. 

Long  happy  may  the  pair  remain. 
No  gnef  their  breads  invade  ! 
Copy,  ye  fliepherds,  from  the  fwain. 
Ye  virgins,  from  the  maid. 
..<)..  <s>'^<S>-<>- 
Advice  from  a  matron  to  a  young  Im- 
dy,  concerning  wedlock, 

ER  E  you   read  this,   then  you'ii 
fuppofe, 
l^hat  fome  new  lifted  lover 
Thro'  means  of  poetry  have  chofe 
His  pailion  to  difcover. 

No,  fair  one,  I'm  a  matron  grave, 
Whom  time  and  care  hath  wafted  ; 

Who  would  thy  youth  from   forrow 
fave. 
Which  I  in  wedlock  tafted. 

Thy  tender  air,  thy  chearful  mien, 

Thy  temper  fo alluring, 
Thy  form  for  conqueft  welldefign'd, 

Give  torments  paft  enduring  : 

And  lovers  full  of  hope?  and  fears, 

Surround  thy  beauties  daily, 
Whilft  yet,  regardlefs  of    ihy  cares. 

Thy  moments  pafs  on  gayly. 
Then  pafs  them,  charmer,  gaylier  on, 

A  maiden  whilft  you  tarry  ; 
For,  troth,  your  golden  days  are  gone. 

The  moment  that  you  marry. 
In  courtfliip  we  are  all  divine, 

And  vows  and  pray'rs  purfie  us ; 
Darts,  flames,  and    tears   adorn  our 
flirine, 

And  artfully  men  woo  us. 

Then  who'd'the  darling  poiver  forego. 
Which  ignorance  hasgiv'n? 


8  3" 


A/ong. — An  ode  to/otitude. 


[Oaober, 


To  eafe  them  of  their  pain  and  woe, 
Muft  we  refign  our  heav'n  P 

No,  marriage  lets  the  vizard  fall, 
Then  ceal'e  they  to  adore  us  : 

The  goddefs  links  to  houfewife  Moll, 
And  they  rcign  tyrants  o'er  us. 

Then  let  no  man  imprefTion  make, 

Upon  thy  heart  fo  tender, 
»Nor  play  the  fool  for  pity's  fake, 

Thy  quiet  to  fui  render. 

Lead  apes  in  hell!  there's  no  fuch 
thmg, 
Thofe  tales  are  made  to  fool  us ; 
Though  there  we   had  better  hold  a 
Uring, 
Than  here  let  monkies  rule  us. 


Song,  extempore.  By  Nat.  Evans,  A.M. 
imj/ionary  for  Glouctjtcr  county  in 
I^etu  Jerjty. 

I. 

THE  fprightly  eye,  the  rofy  cheek, 
The  dimpled  chin,  and  look  fo 
meek, 
The  nainelefs  grace  and  air, 
The  ruby  lip  in  Iw:;ctners  drell, 
The  foftly-t'welling  angel  breall — 
All  thefe  adorn  my  iair  ! 
II. 
See,  what  unnumber'd  beauties  rove 
Around  each  feature  of  my  love, 

And  fire  my  rapi'rous  ioui ! 
Ten  tlioufand  fweets   her   looks  dif- 

clofe  ; 
At  ev'ry  look,  my  bofom  glows. 
And  yields  lo  love's  control. 
III. 
Juft  heav'ns !  why  gave  ye  charms  like 

thefe, 
With  ev'ry  graceful  art  to  pleafe, 

To  her,  whom  rigid  tate, 
Permits  me  not  my  pain  to  tell. 
And  makes  me  lacred  truth  conceal 
From  one  1  wilh  my  mate  ? 
IV. 
Curfe  on  the  fordid  third  of  gold, 
When  tend 'red  pailionsall  are  fold 

To  wm  the  world's  applaufe  ; 
When,  fordelirc,  and  love,  and  joy, 
Low  int'reft  flull  our  hours  employ, 
And  gain  th'  ignoble  caufc. 


An  ode  to  folitiide, 

H  !   Solitude  !  celcflal  maid! 
\\'r,ip'ne  in  thy  fcqieilei 'dlhade, 
,\nd  all  my  foul  employ  ! 


o 


From   folly,  ignorance,  and  ftrife. 
From  all  the  giddy  whirls  of  life  ! 
And  loud  unmeaning  joy  ! 

While    in  the    ftatefman's    glowing 

dream, 
Fancy    pourtrays    the    high-wrought 

fcheme, 

And  plans  a  future  fame  ; 
What  is  the  phantom  he  purfues  ! 
What  the  advantage  that  accrues  ! 

Alas !  an  empty  name  ! 

To  him,  the  grove  no  pleafure  yields, 
Nor  moffy  bank,  nor  verdant  fields, 

Nor  daify-painted  lawns ; 
In  vam  th'  ambrofial  gale  invites. 
In  vain  all  nature  (beds  delights, 
Her  genuine  charms  he  fcorns  ! 

Pleafure  allures  the  giddy  throng; 
The  gay,  the  vain,  the  fair,  the  young, 

All  bend  before  herllirine  ! 
She  fpreads  around  delufive  fnares. 
The  borrow 'd  garb  of  blifs  (lie  wears. 

And  tempts  in  form  divine  ! 

Fafhion,  with  wild  tyrannic  fway, 
Diretls  the  bufinefs  of  the  day, 

And  reigns  without  controul ; 
The  beaus  and  fparkling  belles  confefs, 
She  animates  the  modes  of  drefs. 

And  chains  the  yvilling  foul  ! 

Can  thefe,the  (laves  of  fafhion'spow'r, 
Enjoy  the  filcnt,  tranquil  hour. 

And  bloom  with  nature's  glow  ! 
Or  to  the  votaries  of  fenfe 
Can  folitude  her  fweets  difpenfe. 

And  happinefs  beftow  ? 

How  wretched  that  unfurni{h'd  mind. 
Which,  to  each  vain  purfuit  inclin'd. 

Is  ever  bent  to  roam  ! 
Oh  !  be  that  reftlefs  (late  abhor'd 
Seek  not  for  happinefs  abroad, 

She's  only  found  at  home ! 

Ye  fages,  who  with  anxious  care, 
Rov'd  thro'  the  fleetmg  tracks  of  air, 

A  vacuum  to  find  ; 
Wifer,  had  ye  employ'd  your  fkill, 
With  folid  fenfe,  and  worth  to  fill, 
The  vacuum  of  the  mind  ! 

Let  choice,not  wrinkled  fpleen  engage 
The  mind,  to  quit  the  world's  gay  ftage, 

Where  folly's  fcenes  are  play'd  ; 
Sour  difcontent,  and  pining  care. 
Attaint  the  fragrance  of  the  air, 

Didurb  the  (ilent  (hade. 

Not  wounded  by  misfortune's  dart, 
I  ieek  to  eafe  the  rankling  fmart 
O  f  ihornyfeit'ring  woe  ; 


1789.]       The  fox  without  a  tail. — An  ode, — The  retrofpcB  of  life. 

But  far  remote  from  crouds  and  noife, 
To  reap  fair  virtue's  placid  joys ; 
In  wlfdom's  foil  they   grow. 

I  afk  not  pageant  pomp  nor  wealth, 
For,  blelt  withcompetenceand  health, 

'Twere  folly  to  be  great  ! 
May  I  through  life  ferenely  Aide, 
As  yon  clear  ftreams,  which  filent  glide, 

Nor  quit  this  lov'd  retreat. 

Beneath  this  leafy  archreclin'd, 
I  tafte  more  true  content  of  mind, 

Than  frolic  mirth  can  give; 
Here,  to  the  bufy  world  unknown, 
1  feel  each  blifsful  hour  my  own, 

And  learn  the  art  to  hve  ! 

While' turning  nature's  volume  o'er, 
Frefli  beauties  rife,  unfeen  before. 

To  Itriketh'  aftonifh'd  foul  !' 
Our  mental  harmony  improves, 
To  mark  each  planet  how  it  moves. 

How  all  in  order  roll ! 
From  Nature's  fix'd,  unerring  laws, 
I'm  lifted  to  th'  Eternal  Caufe, 

Which  moves  this  lifelefs  clod  ! 
This  wond'rous  frame,  this  vaft  delign, 
Proclaims  the  workmanlhip  divine, 

The  architeft,  a  God, 

Oh!  facredblifs !  thy  paths  to  trace 
And  happieft  they  of  human  race. 

To  whom  this  pow'ris  giv'n, 
Each  day.  in  fome  delightful  Ihade, 
By  Contemplation's  foft'ring  aid, 

To  plume  the  foul  for  heaven ! 


331 


Application. 
Are  titles  bad,  when  thofe  forfwear 
'em, 
Who  never  can  expeft  to  wear  'em  ? 

Anacreon.    Ode  ^\\\, 
The  vanity  of  riches. 

IF  the  treafur'd  gold  could  give 
Man  a  longer  time  to  Lve, 
I'd  employ  my  ijtmoft  care 
Still  to  keep,  and  ftill  to  fpare  ; 
And,  when  death  approach'd,  would 

fay, 
'  Take  thy  fee,  and  walk  away.' 
But  lince  riches  cannot  lave 
Mortals  from  the  gloomy  grave, 
Why  (hould  I  myleif  deceive  ? 
Vainly  ugh,  and  vainly  grieve? 
Death  will  furely  be  my  lot, 
Whether  I  a.n  rich  or  not. 

Give  me  freely  whilll  I  live 
Generous  wines,  In  plenty  give 
Soothing  joys  my  life  to  ciiear, 
Beauty  kind,  and  friends  fincere; 
Happv,  could  I  ever  find 
Friends  fincere,  aad  beauty  kind. 


Tke  fox  without  a  tail. — A  fable. 

A  Fox,  while  Fortune  took  a  nap. 
His  bufliy  tail  loft  in  a  trap, 
His  brother-wits  to  help  the  flroke, 
Bor'd  him  with  many  a  cruel  joke  : 
But  he  to  tarn  it  oft,  in  padion. 
Swore    they  were  fools,  and   out  of 

falhion. 
Titles  and  tails  are  ufelefs  things, 
Baubles  of  nobles,  queens,  and  kings ; 
By  none  but  mufliroom  gentry  worn, 
And  are  of  gentlemen  the  fcorn. 

But  foftly,  cried  a  waggifh  fellow, 
Methought  I  heard  you  loudly  bellow. 
And  curfe  the  trap,  and  curfe  your  ftars. 
That  fioie  your  tail,  and  left  fuchlcars; 
Good  Renny,  fince  your  day  is  gone, 
Pray  let  us,  and  curtails  alone  ; 
Like  rudder  in  the  watry  wake, 
They  fteer  us  through  the  thorny  brake. 
We'll  keep  them,  as  we  keep  our  ears, 
They've    ferv'd    us    well   in  for  .Tier 
years. 


AfaSle. 

AS  Perfian  authors  fav,  the  main 
Receiv'd  a  falling  drop  of  rain. 
''  Amid  the  waves,  how  fmatlam  I," 
It  cry'd,  "  here  I  inuft  tvcr  lie, 
Unknown  ;" — an  oyiier  open'd  wide 
Her  mouth,  and  fuck'd  it  with  thetide  : 
Condenfing  there  full  many  a  year. 
It  was  at  length  a  pearly  fphere ; 
The  oyfter,  by  a  diver  caugiu, 
Was  to  the  Pcrlian  monarch  brought ; 
And  now,  exalted  to  a  gem, 
This  drop  adorns  the  diadem. 


TAe  retrofpeB.  of  life  ;  or,    the   one 
thing   valuable, 
ICHES,  chance  may  take  or 
give  ; 

Beauty  lives  a  day  and  dies  ; 
Honour  lulls  us  while  we  live, 

Mirth's  a  cheat,  and  pleafure  flies. 
Is  there  nothing  worth  our  care  i* 

Time  and  chance,and  death  our  foes; 
If  our  joys  fo  fleeting  are, 

Are  we  only  ty'd  to  woes  ? 
Let  religion  anfwer,  no  ; 

Her  eternal  powers  prevail, 
When  honours,  riches,  ceafe  to  flow, 

And  beauty,  mirth,  andpleafure  fail . 


333  Liberty  tree. — The  choice  of  a  hujbani.  [Oflobcr, 

Liberty  tree.     Tune — The  gods  of  the  Greeks» 

IN  a  chariot  of  light,  from  the  regions  of  day, 
The  goddefs  of  hberty  came  ; 
Ten  thoiifand  celeihaisdiretted  the  way, 

And  hither  condutted  the  dame. 
A  fair  budding  branch  from  the  gardens  above, 

Where  millions  with  millions  agree, 
She  brought  in  her  hand,  as  a  pledge  of  her  love, 
And  the  plant  flie  nain'd  Liberty  Tree. 

The  celeftial  exotic  (luck  deep  in  the  ground. 

Like  a  native  it  flounih'd  and  bore  ; 
The  fame  of  its  fruit  drew  the  nations  around, 

To  feek  out  this  peaceable  Ihore. 
Unmindful  of  names  or  diHintlions,  they  came, 

For  freemen  like  brothers  agree  ; 
With  one  fpirit  endu'd,  they  one  fnendfliip  purdi'd. 

And  the:r  temple  was  Liberty  Tree. 

Beneath  this  fair  tree,  like  the  patriarchs  of  old. 

Their  bread  in  contentment  they  ate, 
Unvex'd  with  the  troubles  of  filver  and  gold, 

The  cares  of  the  grand  and  the  great. 
With  timber  and  tar  ihey  Old  England  fupply'd, 

Andfupported  her  pow'r  on  the  lea  ; 
Her  battles  they  fought,  without  getting  a  groat, 

For  the  honour  of  Liberty  Tree. 

But  hear,  O  ye  fwains,  ('tis  a  tale  moft  profane) 

How  all  the  tyrannical  powers, 
Kings,  commons,  and  lords,  are  uniting  amain. 

To  cut  down  this  guardian  of  ours. 
From  the  eall  to  the  well,  blow  the  trumpet  to  arm 

Thro'  the  land  let  the  found  of  it  flee, 
Let  the  far  and  the  near — all  unite  with  a  cheer, 

In  defence  (if  our  Liberty  Tree. 

Philadelphia^  September  16,    1775. 

The  choice  of  a  hnf^and. — In  a  letter  to  a  friend. 

YO  U  alk,  if  the  thing  to  my  thoice  were  fubmitted, 
You  afk,  how  I'd  wifii  in  a  man  to  be  fitted  ? 
I'll  anfwer  you  freely,  and  beg  you  to  mmd  him, 
Your  friendfliip,  perhaps,  may  allift.  me  to  find  him. 

His  age  and  condition  muff  firfl  be  confider'd— 
The  rofc  on  his  cheek  fbould  be  blown,  but  not  wither'd; 
He  fhould  be — but  hark  you — a  word  in  your  ear— 
Don't  you  think  fiveaiid-twenty  would  fit  to  a  hair? 

His  fortune — from  debts  and  incumbrances  clear, 
Unfaddled  with  jointures,  a  thoufanda  year  ; 
Though,  to  fhew  you  at  once  my  good  fenfe  and  good  nature, 
i'd  not  quarrel  much,  fhould  it  chance  10  be  greater. 

The  qualities  next  of  his  heart  and  his  head— 
Good-natur'd  and  friendly,  finoereand  well-bred; 
W^ith  wit  when  he  pleafe,  on  all  fubjects  to  fliine, 
And  fenfe  not  too  fmall  to  fet  value  on  mme. 

No  coxcomb  who  boafts  of  his  knowledge  or  arts. 
Nor  flifFwith  his  learning  nor  proud  of  his  parts ; 
No  braggart  who  fwears  he  did  this  or  did  (hat, 
While  his  courage  all  liei  in — the  cock  of  hi?  hat. 


j9g,^  ^  charm  Jbr  Ennui.  j3j 

Let  his  knowledge  and  learning  but  feldom  appear, 
And  his  courage  be  fhewn  but  when  danger  ii  near  ; 
With  an  eye  that  can  melt  at  another  man's  woe, 
A  heart  to  forgive,  and  a  hand  to  beltow. 

Thus  I've  try'd  to  mark  out,  in  thofe  whimfical  lays, 
The  partner  1  wifti  for  the  refJ  of  my  days — 
Go  find  out  the  lad  that  is  form'd  to  my  plan, 
And  him  I  will  marry — I  mean  if  I  can. 

But,  if  it  ftiould  chance  (there's  a  proverb  you  know, 
That  marriage  and  hanging  by  deftiny  go) 
Should  It  happen  that  heav'n  has  fome  other  in  ftore. 
The  reverfe  of  the  pifture  I  gave  you  before— 

Should  I  chance  to  be  curft  with  a  fop  or  a  fool, 
Too  perverfe  to  be  mild,  yet  too  filly  to  rule, 
What  then  could  be  done  ? — without  fighting  or  arg'ing, 
I  think  1  would  e'en  make  the  bell  of  my  bargain  : 

I'd  fit  down  content  with  the  lot  that  was  mine. 
And  though  I  might  fmart,  yet  I  would  not  repme  ; 
You  may  laugh,  if  you  pleafe,  but  I'll  {wear  that  I  would 
Do  all  I  have  told  you — I  mean  if  I  could. 

A  charm  for  Ennui,     A  matrimonial  ballad, 

YE  couples,  who  meet  under  love's  fmiling  ftar, 
Too  gentle  to  (kirmifli,  too  foft  e'er  to  jar, 
Tho'  covcr'd  with  rofes  from  joy's  richeft  tree, 
Near  the  couch  of  delight  lurks  the  daemon  Ennui, 

Let  the  mufes'  gay  lyre,  like  Iihunel's  bright  fpear, 
Keep  this  fiend,  ye  fweet  brides,  from  approaching  your  ear  j 
Smce  you  know  the  fquat  toad's  infernal  efprit^ 
Never  liften,  like  Eve,  to  the  devil  Ennui. 

Let  no  gloom  of  your  hall,  no  fliade  of  your  bow'r, 
Make  you  think  you  behold  thismalevulentpow'r ; 
Like  a  child  in  the  dark,  what  you  fear  you  will  fee  j 
Take  courage,  away  flies  the  phantom  Ennui. 

O  truft  me,  the  pow'rs  both  of  perfon  and  mind 
To  defeat  this  fly  foe  full  fufficient  you'll  find  ; 
Should  your  eyes  fail  to  kill  him,  with  keen  repartee 
You  can  foon  put  to  flight  th'  invader  Ennui, 

If  a  cool  nonchalence  o'er  ^onr fpofo  fliould  fpread, 
For  vapours  will  rife  e'en  on  Jupuer's  head, 
O  ever  believe  It,  from  jealoufy  free, 
A  thin  paffing  cloud,  not  the  fog  of  Ennui. 

Of  tender  complainings,  though  love  be  the  theme, 
O  beware,  my  fweet  friends,  'tis  a  dangerous  fcheme  ; 
And  tho'  often  'tis  try'd,  mark  the  pauvre  mari 
Thus  by  kindnefsinclos'd  in  the  coop  of  Ennui. 

Let  confidence,  rifing  fuch  meannefs  above, 
Drown  the  difcordof  doubt  in  the  mufic  of  love  ; 
Your  duet  fhall  thus  charm  in  the  natura]  key, 
No  fliarps  from  vexation,  no  flats  from  Ennui. 

But  to  you,  happy  hufljands,  in  matters  more  nice, 
The  mufe,  tho'  a  maiden,  now  offers  advice, 
O  drink  MOt  too  keenly  your  bumber  of  glee, 
Ev'n  ecdacy'scup  has  fome  dregs  of  Eunui. 
Vol.  VI.  No- IV  Vv 


334  ^  pajloralfong.  [Oftobcr, 

Thou;rh  love  for  your  lips  fill  with  nefiar  his  bowT, 
Though  his  warm-bath  of  hleffings  infpirit  your  foul, 
O  fwim  not  too  far  on  rapture's  high  fca, 
Left  you  fink  unawares  in  thegulphof  Ennui, 

Impatient  of  law,  pafiion  oft  will  reply, 
•  Againfl  limitations  I'll  plead  till  I  die  ;' 
But  chief  juflice  Nature  reje£ls  the  vain  plea, 
And  fuch  culprits  are  doom'd  to  the  jail  of  Ennui, 

When  hufband  and  wife  are  of  honey  toofond. 
They're  like  poifon'd  carp  at  the  top  of  a  pond. 
Together  they  gape  o'er  a  colddifli  of  tea. 
Two  muddy  fickrilh  in  the  net  of  Ennui. 

Of  indolence  moll,  ye  mild  couples  beware, 
For  the  myrtles  of  love  often  hide  her  foft  fnare  ; 
The  fond  doves  in  their  nefts  from  his  pounce  cannot  flcCj 
But  the  lark  in  the  morn  'fcapes  the  aa:mon  Ennui, 

Let  chearful  good  humour,  that  funfhine  of  life. 
Which  fmiles  in  the  maiden,  illumine  the  wife, 
And  mutual  attention,  in  equal  degree. 
Keep  Hymen's  bright  chain  from  theruft  of  Ennui, 

To  the  graces  together,  O  fail  not  to  bend, 
And  both  to  the  voice  of  the  mufes  attend. 
So  Minerva  for  you  fliall  with  Cupid  agree, 
And  preferve  your  chafte  flame  from  the  fmoke  of  Ennui. 

A  pafloral  fong,    Afcrihed  to  W.  Bradford^  efj^m 

TH  E  (hepherd,  of  fortune  pofleft, 
May  icorn,  if  he  pleafe,  my  poor  cot. 
May  think  in  his  wealth  to  be  bleft, 

But  I  never  will  envy  his  lot — 
The  pleafures  which  riches  impart, 

Are  fleeting,  and  feeble,  when  knowR, 
They  never  give  peace  to  the  heart. 

It  fccrns  to  be  happy  alone. 
That  Ihepherd  true  happinefs  knows, 

Whofe  bofom  by  beauty  is  mov'd. 
Who  talles  the  pure  pleafure  that  flows. 

From  loving  and  being  belov'd, 
•Tis  a  joy  of  angelical  birth, 

And  when  to  poor  mortals  'tisgiv'nj 
It  chears  their  abode  upon  earth. 

And  fweetens  their  journey  to  heav'n. 
How  briflcly  my  fpirits  would  move ! 

What  peace  in  this  bofom  would  reign! 
Were  I  bleft  with  the  nymph  that  I  love. 

Sweet  Emma,  the  pride  of  the  plain  ! 
Ye  fliepherds,  ftie's  fair  as  the  light! 

The  critic  no  blemifli  can  find  ; 
And  all  the  foft  virtues  unite, 

And  glow  in  her  innocent  mind. 

Her  accents  are  fitted  to  pleafe. 

Her  manners  engagingly  free. 
Her  temper  is  ever  at  eafe, 

And  calm  as  an  angel's  can  be. 
Her  prefence  all  forrow  removes, 

She  enraptures  the  wit  and  th«  clown: 


tjig.]  Bryan  and  Pereene,  «^ 

Her  heart  is  as  mild  as  the  dove's, 

Her  hand  is  as  foft  as  its  down. 
Yon  lilly,  which  graces  the  field, 

And  throws  its  perfume  to  the  gale,  , 

In  fairnefs  and  fragrance  muft  yield 

To  Emma,  the  pride  of  the  vale. 
She's  pleafant,  as  yonder  cool  rill 

To  trav'llers  who  faint  on  the  way  ; 
She's  fweet,  as  the  rofe  on  the  hill, 

"When  it  opens  its  bofom  }o  day, 

I  afk  not  for  wealth,  or  for  pow'r  ; 

Kindheav'n!  I  thefe  can  refign; 
But  haflen,  O  haften  the  hour. 

When  Emma  (hall  deign  to  be  mine,  ' 

O  teach  her  to  pity  the  pain 

Of  a  heart,  that,  if  flighted,  muft  break  ; 
,0  teach  her  to  love  the  fond  fwain. 

That  would  lay  down  his  life  for  her  fake. 
Though  poor,  I  will  never  repine. 

Content  that  my  Emma  is  true  ; 
I'll  prefs  her  dear  bofom  to  mine, 

And  think  myfelf  rich  as  Peru. 
With  her  I  will  ftray  thro'  the  grove^ 

And  fondly  I'll  pour  out  my  foul, 
Indulge  my  effufions  of  love, 

And  find  myfelf  bleft  to  the  fuJl. 
And  oft  in  the  cool  of  the  day. 

We'll  ramble  to  hear  the  fweet  fong, 
That  vibrates  fo  foft  from  each  fpray. 

Where  Codorus  rolls  gently  along. 
With  flowers  I'll  crown  her  dear  hair. 

Then  gaze  on  her  beauties  ;  and  cry 
What  nymph  can  with  Emma  compare ! 

What  fliepherd  fo  happy  as  I  ! 
Thus  chearful  the  moments  ftiall  roll. 

Of  all  my  fond  wiflies  pofleft, 
And  peace  fiiall  defcend  on  my  foul. 

And  make  it  her  favourite  reft  : 
Contentment  my  life  ftiall  prolong, 

All  trouble  and  forrow  forgot^ 
And  time,  as  he  hurries  along, 

Shall  fmile  upon  Corydon's  cot. 

liryan   and  Pereene.    A  Wejl  Indian  ballad;  founded  on  a  real  fad    that 
happened  in  the  ijland  of  St.  Ckriftopher' i. 

THE  north-eaft  wind  did  bnflcly  blow, 
The  fliip  was  fafely  moor'd, 
\  oung  Bryan  thought  the  boat's  crew  flow. 
And  fo  leap'd  over-board. 

Pereene,  the  pride  of  Indian  dames. 

His  heart  long  held  in  thrall, 
And  whofo  his  impatience  blames, 

I  wot,  ne'er  lov'd  at  all. 

Along,  long  year,  one  month  and  day, 

He  dwelt  on  Englifli  land, 
Nor  once  in  thought  would  ever  ftray, 

Though  ladies  fought  his  hand. 


$36  The  libertine  repul/ed*  [OSober, 

For  Bryan  was  both  tall  and  ftrong. 

Right  blythforne  roll'd  his  een  ; 
Sweec  was  his  voice  whene'er  he  fung, 

He  fcant  had  twenty  feen. 

But  who  the  countlefs  charms  can  draw, 

That  grac'd  his  miflrefs  true  ? 
Such  charms  the  old  world  never faw. 

Nor  oft,  1  ween,  the    new. 
Her  raven  hair  plays  round  her  neck, 

Like  tendrils  of  the  vine  ; 
Her  cheeks  red  dewy  rofe  bud*  deck. 

Her  eyes  like  diamonds  fliine. 
Soon  as  his  well  known  fhip  flie  fpied. 

She  call  her  weeds  away, 
And  to  the  palmy  fhore  fhe  hied. 

All  in  her  bell  array. 
In  fea-green  filk  fo  neatly  clad. 

She  there  impatient  flood  ; 
The  crew  with  wonder  faw  the  lad 

Repel  the  foaming  flood. 

Her  hands  a  handkerchief  difplay'd, 

Which  he  at  parting  gave  ; 
"Well  pleas'd  the  token  he  furvey'd. 

And  manlier  beat  the  wave. 
Her  fair  companions,  one  and  all. 

Rejoicing,  croud  the  ftrand  ; 
For  now  her  lover  fwamin  call, 

Andalmoil  touch'd  the  land.  - 

Then  through  the  white  furf  did  flie  hafte, 

To  clafp  her  lovely  fwain  ; 
When,  ah  !  a  (hark  bit  through  his  waift  : 

His  bean's  blood  dy'd  the  main  ! 

He  fliriek'd  ;  his  half  fprang  from  the  wave. 

Streaming  with  purple  gore, 
And  foon  it  found  a  living  grave. 

And  ah  !  was  feen  no  more. 

|sjow  hafte,  now  hafte,  ye  maids,  I  pray. 

Fetch  water  from  the  fpring  ; 
She  falls,  Ihe  falls,  flie  dies  away, 

And  foon  her  knell  they  ring. 

Now  each  May  morning  round  her  tomb 

Ye  fair,  frefli  flow'rets  flrew, 
So  may  your  lovers  fcape  his  doom, 
,  Her  haplefs  fate  fcape  you. 

The  libertine  reputfed, 

HENCE,  Belmour,  perfidious  !  this inftant  retire. 
No  further  entreaties  employ, 
Nor  mearly  pretend  any  more  to  admire, 
What  bafely  you  wifti  to  deftroy. 

Say,  youth,  muft  I  madly  rufli  forward  on  fliame, 

If  a  traitor  but  artfully  fighs  ? 
And  eternally  par'  with  my  honour  and  fame 

For  a  complmicnt  paid  to  my  eyes  ? 


Thejlave. — The  public  goti. 

If  a  flame  all  dlQioneft  be  vilely  profeft, 

Thro'  tendernefs  muft  I  incline, 
And  feek  to  indulge  the  repofe  of  a  breaft, 

That  would  plant  endlefs  tortures  in  mine  f 

No,  Belmour — a  padion,  I  can't  but  defpife. 

Shall  never  find  way  to  my  ears  ; 
Nor  the  man  meet  a  glance  of  regard  from  thefe  eyes. 

That  would  drench  them  forever  in  tears. 

Can  the  lover  who  thinks,  nay,  who  wiflies  me  baf« 

Expeft  that  I  e'er  fliould  be  kind  ? 
Or  atone,  with  a  paltry  addrefs  to  my  face, 

For  the  injury  done  to  my  mind  ? 
Hence,  Belmour,  this  inftant,  and  ceafe  every  dreani. 

Which  your  hope  faw  fo  fooliflily  born ; 
Nor  Tainly  imagine  to  gain  my  efteem, 

By  deferving  my  hate  and  my  fcorn. 

The  Jlave, 

THE  fun,  declining,  pafs'd  the  weAern  hills, 
And  gentle  breezes  curl'd  the  winding  rills 
The  moon  in  filent  majefty  arofe, 
And  weary  negroes  fought  for  calm  repofe, 
Scorch'd  by  the  burning  fun's  meridian  ray. 
All  wilh'd  refrefliment  from  the  blaze  of  day— 
But  one  unhappy  flave,  opprefs'd  with  care, 
O'erwhelm'd  with  grief,  and  mad  with  fell   dgfpairj 
Forfook  the  grove.     On  Afric's  burning  Ihore 
He'd  left  his  friends  his  abfence  to  deplore  ; 
His  wife,  his  children,  in  their  native  land, 
(Subjefted  to  a  tyrant's  curs'd  command) 
In  poverty  and  wretchednefs  retire  ; 
Nor  know  the  friend,  the  hufband,or  the  fire* 
Suchfad  reflexions  never  left  his  breaft, 
His  eyes  forgot  the  balmy  fweets  of  reft  ; 
His  tongue  forgot  to  fingthe  fongs  of  joy, 
No  more  did  mirth  or  love  his  hours  employ  ; 
Far  from  his  country,  from  his  native  race, 
Far  from  his  little  children's  much  lov'd  face, 
And  doom'd  to  bear  forever  flav'ry's  chain. 
To  grieve,  to  figh,  alas  !  to  live  in  vain, 

O  chriftians  !  fiends  to  our  unhappy  race. 
Why  do  we  wear  thofe  enfigns  of  difgrace  ? 
Did  nature's  God  create  us  to  be  flaves, 
Or  is  it  pride,  which  God's  decree  outbraves  \ 
Had  hedefign'd  that  we  ftiould  not  be  free. 
Why  do  we  know  the  fweets  of  liberty  ? 

He  could  no  more  ;  but  mounting  on  a  rocjk, 
Whofe  ftiaggy  fides  o'erhung  the  filver  brook — 
Thence  tumbling  headlong  down  the  fteepeft  fide, 
He  plung'd,  determin'd,  in  the  foaming  tide. 
His  mangled  carcafe  floated  on  the  flood, 
And  ftain'd  the  filver  winding  ftreara  with  blood* 

The  public  good.     An  ode, 

DRIV'N  out  from    heav'n'setherial  domes, 
On  earth,  infatiatc  Difcord  roams, 


•gg^  'A  favourite  fong,  [Oflober, 

And  fpreads  her  baneful  influence  far  ; 
On  wretched  man  her  fcorpion  flings. 
Around  th'  afTiduous  fury  flings, 
Corroding  ev'ry  blifs,  and  fliarp'ning  ev'ry  care* 

Hence,  demon,  hence  ;  in  tenfold  night 
Thy  flygian  fpells  employ, 

Nor  with  thy  prefence  blaft  the  light 
Of  thataufpicious  day,  that  gives  Columbia  joy. 
But  come,  thou  fofter  deity, 
Faireft  unanimity  \ 
Not  more  fair  the  flar  that  leads 
Bright  Aurora's  glowing  fteeds, 
Or  on  Hefper's  front  that  fliines, 
"When the  garifli  day  declines; 
Bring  thy  ufual  train  along, 
Feftive  dance  and  choral  fong; 
Loofe-rob'd  fport,  from  folly  free. 
And  mirth,  reftrain'd  by  decency. 
United,  let  us  all  thofe  bleflings  find, 
The  God  of  nature  meant  mankind  ; 
Whatever  of  error,  ill  redreft, 
Whate'er  of  paffion,  ill  reprefl, 
"Whate'er  the  wicked  have  conceiv'd. 
And  folly's  heedlefs  fonsbeliev'd — 
Let  all  lie  buried  in  oblivion's  flood. 
And  our  great  cement  be  the  public  good. 
JEnough  of  war  the  penfive  mufe  has  fung, 
Enough  of  flaughter  trembled  on  her  tongue 
Then  fairer  profpefts  let  her  bring, 

Than  hoflile  fields  and  fcenes  of  blood  ; 
Since  happier  hours  are  on  the  wing, 

HaHe  let's  promote  the  public  good. 
No  more  our  tears  again  fliail  flow. 
Shut  are  the  portals  of  our  woe. 

Bright-ey'd  Hope,  thy  pleafing  pow'r 
Gilds  at  length  the  prefent  hour, 
Ev'ry  anxious  thought  beguiles, 
Dreff^es  every  face  in  fmiles : 
Nor  let  one  tranfient  cloud  the  blifs  deftroy 
Of  this  aufpicious  day,  that  gives  Columbia  joy. 

A  favour  it  e  fong.        Tune  "  The  fan  of  Alknomack, 

THE  power  that  created  the  night  and  the  day 
Gave  his  image  divine  to  each  model  of  clay  : 
Tho'  on  different  features  the  God  be  impreft. 
One  fpirit  immortal'pervades  ev'ry  breafl. 

And  nature's  great  charter  the  right  never  gave 
Thatone  mortal  another  fliould  dare  to  enflave. 

The  fame  genial  rays  that  the  lily  unfold 
Give  the  rofe  its  full  fragrance,  the  tulip  its  gold  ; 
That  Europe's  fond  bofoms  to  rapture  infpire, 
Warm  each  African  breaft  with  as  gen'rous  a  fire. 

And  nature's,  &c. 

May  the  head  be  correQed,  fubdu'dthe  proud  foul, 
That  would  fetter  free  limbs,  and  free  fpirits  controul  ! 
Be  the  gem  or  in  ebon  oriv'ry  cnihrin'd, 
The  fame  form  of  heart  warms  the  whole  human  kind. 

And  nature's,  &c. 


-_jg,  Cn  the  re/cue  of  a  redbreafit-'-A/ong^  g«v 

May  freedom,  wbofe  rays  we  are  taught  to  adore. 
Beam  bright  as  the  fun,  and  blefs  ev'ry  fhore  ; 
No  charter,  that  pleads  for  the  rights  of  mankind. 
To  inveft  thefe  with  gold,  thofe  in  fetters  can  bind. 

And  nature's,  &c» 

Cn  the  re/cue  cf  a  redbreajl  entangled  in  a  vine,  at  the  moment  a  hawk  w<M 
ready  to  Jirike  it  with  his  pounds^ 

TH  E  morning  was  fair  and  ferene, 
The  fields  clad  in  verdant  array: 
The  birds  added  life  to  the  fcene, 

As  they  fportively  fang  on  the  fpray. 

The  dew-drops  befpangled  each  tree, 

Each  herb,  and  each  flow'ret,  witn  gems^ 
The  eye  was  delighted  to  fee. 

How  they  fparkled  in  Phebus's  beams* 

All  nature  was  chearful  and  gay, 

Not  a  creature  appear'd  to  be  fad  : 
Hilarity  hail'd  the  new  day, 

For  heaven  bade  all  things  be  glad. 

As  I  travell'd  with  Socius  along, 

And,  with  him,  partook  of  the  blifs. 
In  an  inftant  my  joy  was  unftrung, 

By  a  warbler  that  fcream'd  in  dillrefs. 
In  a  vine  I  a  red-breaft  beheld, 

His  feet  in  the  tendrils  entwin'd  ;— 
By  pity's  foft  diftates  impell'd, 

To  relieve  him  my  foul  was  inclin'd. 
Oh  !  Socius !  I  cri'd — .quick  he  flew,  , 

Without  giving  time  to  fay  more  : 
For  Socius  by  fympathy  knew 

What  compaffion  but  meant  to  implore* 

That  inftant,  a  hawk  from  the  fky, 

Was  pouncing  to  feize  on  his  prey  ; 
But  pity  taught  Socius  to  fly,  ' 

And  he  fnatch'd  the  poor  captive  away. 

Then  prefling  him  clofe  to  his  Breaft, 

With  meltings  of  joy  in  his  eye. 
Go,  captive,  he  cry'd,  and  be  bleu  ! 

Whilft  the  bird  he  reftor'd  to  the  fky, 

A  fong. 

WHEN  clouds  that  angel  face  deform, 
Anxious  I  view  the  growing  ftorm  • 
^When  angry  lightnings  arm  thine  eye. 
And  tell  the  gathering  tempeft  nigh; 
I  curfe  the  f*"  x,  and  bid  adieu 
To  *''*c.iiie  triendfliip.  love,  and  you. 

But  when  foft  paflionsrule  your  breaft. 
And  each  kind  look  fome  Love  has  dreft  j 
When  cloudlels  fmiles  around  you  play. 
And  give  the  world  a  holiday  ; 
I  bleft  the  hour  when  firft  I  knew 
Dear  female  friendfliip,  love,  and  you. 


S4« 

FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE. 

Conjlantinople,   May  25. 

THE  charafterofSsl.m  at  length 
begins  to  develope  itfelF;  and 
feenns,  unfortunately  for  the  TurkiQi 
empire,  to  refembie  that  of  his  two 
predecefTorsof  the  iame  name. 

Within  thefe  few  days,  no  lefs 
than  four  executions  have  taken  place. 
The  fulian  feems  determined  to  extir- 
pate all  the  favourites  of  his  late  un- 
cle ;  and  to  treat  thofe  of  his  fubjetls, 
w!)o  are  not  of  the  Mahometan  faith, 
with  the  grcatefl  cruelty. 

After  the  manner  of  fome  of  the 
former  fulians,  he  now  faliies  out  in- 
cogm'to,  followed  by  an  executioner  ; 
aiid  lately  ordered  this  minifler  of  his 
vengeance  to  cut  off  the  head  of  a 
poor  Jew,  for  no  other  reafon,  than 
becaule  fome  part  of  his  drefs  refem- 
bled  that  of  a  muflelman's  robe. 
Hague,    Auguftni. 

Accounts  have  been  juft  received 
here  from  Liege,  that,  on  the  i8ih 
inftant,  a  tumultuous  affembly  of  the 
inhabitants  of  that  city,  and  its  dif- 
trid,  had  furrounded  the  palace  of  the 
prince  bifliop,  and  extorted  his  afTent 
to  different  demands;  one  of  which 
was,  that  the  ftates  general  of  that 
principality  Ihould  be  forthwith  aflem- 
bled. 

An  exprefs  arrived'  here  alfo  this 
morning  from  Maeftricht,  with  in- 
telligence that  a  body  of  feveral  thou- 
fand  rioters  had  affembled  in  the 
neighbourhood  ot  Verviers,  and  com- 
mitted various  outrages ;  but  it  docs 
not  appear  what  was  the  immediate 
motive  or  pretext  for  thisinfurre£lion. 

From  Liege  we  learn,  that  they 
have  followed  on  their  late  revolu- 
tion there,  with  embodying  a  band  of 
patrician  guards,  to  which  a  compa- 
«y  of  cavalry  has  been  added. 
Paris,  Augujl  23. 

Three  of  the  Swifs  cantons  have 
declared  thofe  of  their  troops  traitors, 
who  deferted  theircolours,  utidermar- 
Ihai  Broglio.  Some  of  them  found 
their  way  back  into  Switzerland,  but 
have  been  refufed  to  be  received  into 
any  of  the  cantons. 

Augujl  26.  Ihis  day,  being  the  an- 
nivcriary  of  St.  Louis,  and  kept  as 
the  king's  birth  day,  the  national 
affcmhly  fent  a  deputation  of  fixty 
members,  headed  by   their   prehdent, 


Foreign  intelligence. 


[Oaober, 


to  compliment  his  m^efty  in  the  fol- 
lowing fpeech ; 

"  Sire,  the  monarch,  whofe  re- 
vered name  is  borne  by  your  majefty, 
whofe  virtues  are  this  day  celebrated 
by  religion,  was,  like  you,  the  friend 
of  his  people. 

"  Like  you,  fire,  he  was  friendly  to 
French  liberty  ;  he  protefted  it  by 
laATs  which  do  honour  to  our  annals  ; 
but  it  was  not  in  his  power  to  be  its 
rellorer. 

"  This  glory,  referved  for  your 
majefty,  gives  you  an  immortal  right 
to  the  gratitude  and  tender  veneration 
of  the  French. 

"  Accordingly,  the  names  of  two 
kings  (hall  be  forever  united,  who,  In 
the  diftance  of  ages,  are  approximated 
by  the  molt  fignal  a£h  of  juftice,  in 
favour  of  their  people. 

"  Sire,  the  national  affembly  has 
fufpended  its  operations  for  a  moment, 
to  fatisfy  a  duty  which  is  dear  to  it,  or 
rather,  it  does  not  deviate  from  th« 
object  of  its  miffion.  To  fpeak  to  Its 
king  of  the  love  and  fidelity  of  the 
French,  is  a  bufinefs  of  truly  national 
Intereft,  It  is  fulfilling  the  mod  ardent 
of  their  wKhes." 

His  majefty  made  the  following  an- 
fwer  to  the  prefident ; 

"  I  receive  with  fenfibllity  the  tef- 
tiraonials  of  the  attachment  of  the  na- 
tional affembly  ;  it  may  always  recko» 
on  my  confidence  and  my    atfettion.** 
London,  July  1. 

The  Romulus  of  America,  gen. 
Wafhington,  paffed,  on  the  aift 
of  April  laft,  under  a  triumphal 
arch  ereded  on  Trenton  bridge.  He 
was  attended  by  a  proceffion,  part  of 
which,  confifting  of  females,  dreffed 
in  white,  preceded  him,  ftrewing 
rofes,  and  finglngan  ode. 

Sir  William  Howe,  when  he  left 
Philidelphia,  caufed  a  ^triumphal  arch 
to  be  eretted,  under  which  he  walked 
with  his  brother  lord  Howe,  both 
crowned  with  laurel.  We  never 
heard  why  ? 

The  national  affembly  of  France, 
and  the  citizens  at  large,  totally  dif- 
claim  any  countenance  to  the  late  ri- 
ots ;  and  have  ftrictlv  prohibited  any 
perfon,  orfet  of  perfons,  whatever,  to 
decide  on  the  fate  of  thofe  who  may 
be  fufpetted  of  high  treafon,  by  tak- 
ing the  law  into  their  own  hands. 
Such  per-fons  are,  in  future,  to  be  judg- 


J789.3 


Feretgn   intelligence. 


341 


ed  iy  a  committee  of  the  reprefenta- 
tives  of  the  nation,  till  fuch  time  as 
a  proper  tribunal  is  fixed. 

All  the  principal  towns  in  France 
are  incorporating  a  militia  of  their 
own  citizens,  inftead  of  the  military, 
who  ufed  to  protect  them. 

^'^gnft  3-  1  he  people  in  Franche 
Comte  have  deflroyed  all  the  title- 
deeds  and  archives  of  the  nobles. 

At  Strafbiirg,  great  violence  has 
been  commtted.  The  chief  magif- 
trate  was  obliged  to  efcape  in  a  load 
cf  tanner's  bark.  The  populace  forced 
the  townhoufe,  and  demolifhed  all 
the  furniiiire,  took  poffcllion  of  4000I. 
fterling  of  the  public  cafh,  and  de- 
flroyed many  of  the  archives.  The 
citizens  required  leave  from  the  comte 
de  Rochambeau  to  arm,  which  he  re- 
fufed,  as  well  as  to  call  on  (he  mili- 
tary. The  prince  de  Heffe  Darm- 
fladt,  colonel  of  a  regiment  in  garri- 
fon,  took  this  on  himfelf,  and  with 
four  thoufand  armed  citizens,  difperfed 
the  mob,  fcveral  of  whom  were  hang- 
ed. In  their  violence,  they  got  to 
the  vaft  tons  of  RheniQi  wine,  which 
Were  preferved  there,  en  depot^  and 
waded  up  to  their  knees  in  it. 

Aug,  g,  The-ftriiggle  for  liberty 
in  France  is  become  almoft  general  j 
at  Dijon,  the  capital  of  Burgundy,  as 
well  a  sat  Dauphinyand  Britanny,  the 
people  are  in  arms;  the  flame  has  al- 
fo  reached  Anjou;  and  the  people  of 
that  province  have  feized  the  citadel 
of  Angers,  their  capital.  The  due 
de  Brifac,  who  wa';  governor  of  it, 
had  hardly  time  to  efcape  with  his  life. 

The  city  of  Roan,  the  capital  of 
the  province,  from  the  12th  to  the 
15th  of  July,  was  mofl  dreadfully 
convulfed.  The  fcarcity  of  corn  was 
the  firft  caufe  of  the  rifitig. 

The  troops  were  ordered  to  fire, 
and  were  but  too  obedient  ;  feveral 
lives  were  loft,  and  many  people 
wounded. 

The  regiment  de  Navarre  did  great 
execution  upon  the  people,  and  was 
too  fatally  feconded  by  the  mare- 
chauflee,  or  police  guards,  whopif- 
toled  a  great  many,  and  cut  down 
more  with  their  fabres,  whilft  their 
horfes  trampled  feveral  to  death. 

It  is  true,  that  many  perfons  of 
infamous  charatler  had  mixed  with 
the  citizens,  and  were  guilty  of  the 
greatelt  excefTes — they  went  about  to 

Vol.  VI.  No.  IV. 


the  rooms  of  all  the  cotton  weavers, 
and  infilled  that  the\  fiiould  work  no 
more,  but,  letting  their  looms  Hand 
flill,  join  in  plundering  the  houfes  of 
corn  faftors  and  all  oihers,  where  they 
fufpefted  there  was  grain  or  flour. 

The  news  of  the  revolution,  that 
had  taken  place  in  Paris  on  the  13th, 
had  a  confiderable  effed  upon  thofe 
who  were  in  power  at  Roan  :  and 
neither  the  troops  or  the  marechanf- 
fee  received  any  more  orders  to  (Led 
blood. 

The  people  finding  by  this  time 
that  they  were  feared,  refolved  to 
give  a  loofe  to  their  vengeance. 
They  fwore  ihey  would  have  ihe  life 
of  the  kii  g's  at^orne^y  gerera'  of  the 
parliament  at  Roan,  rhofe  who  in- 
tended to  deal  moft  mercifully  with 
him,  declared  ihey  would  throw  him 
into  the  Se  ne,  and  drown  him. 

He  had  the  jidod  luck,  however,  to 
efcape  to  a  guard  houfe,  which  would 
not  have  been  the  cafe,  if  the  people 
had  kept  their  intentions  to  them  lei ves. 

The  vengeance  which  could  no 
longer  affecl  his  perfon,  they  refolved 
to  let  loofe  upon  hisprnpeny.  They 
accordingly  repaired  to  his  houie, 
whicli  they  completely  deilroyed. 

In  the  midll  of  the  confufion,  a 
meflenger  arrived  wiih  advice,  that 
fix  thoufand  peafants,  from  the  neigh- 
bouring  province  of  Picardy,  were  on 
the  march  to  the  afliflance  of  their 
brethren  of  Roan. 

There  are  at  this  moment  15,000 
citizens  in  arms  at  Roan,  who  regu- 
larly mount  guard  every  day.  They 
have  fent  an  offer  to  the  committee 
at  the  town-houle  of  Paris,  to  fend 
off  4000  men  completely  armed,  to 
the  afhlfance  of  that  capital,  at  a  mo- 
ment's warning. 

Augvfi  6.  To  the  marquis  de  !a 
Fayette  may  the  prefent  emancipation 
of  the  citizens  of  the  commonwealth 
of  France  be  more  jnflly  attributed, 
than  to  any  other  of  their  patriotic 
charafters.  His  long  refidence  in 
England  and  America  gave  him  jufl 
ideas  of  governmenr — and  he  has  been 
taught  the  relative  rights  of  the  ruler 
and  the  ruled,  in  ihe  continual  co- 
refpondence  he  has  kept  up  with  his 
adopted  father,  general  Wafhington, 
— -the  hero  and  llatelman, 
"  Who  with  the  enlighten'd  patriots 
met. 


3^9  Foreign  intelligence. 

On  Schuylkill's  banks,  in  clofe  di 


[Oaober, 


And  wing'd  that  arrow,  fure  as  fate, 
Which    "  afcertain'd    the    iacrcd 
rights  of  man," 

A  letter  from  Boulogne,  dated  Au- 
gull  2.  fays,  "  We  have  han  great 
commoti  )ns  here.  Four  houles  were 
totally  delhoyedj'and  the  commandant 
of  the  tosvn,  with  fome  general  offi- 
cers. &c.  have  been  very  roughly 
handled  by  the  populace.  The  com- 
mandant is  now  confined  to  his  bed, 
in  confequence  of  the  wounds  he  re- 
ceived from  ibme  floues  which  were 
thrown  at  him, 

"  i  have  been  witnefs  to  many  afts 
of  ferocity  in  the  populate  i  but  this 
i*!  ever  the  confequence  of  (heir  reta- 
liating on  thofe  who  hav^  long  ty- 
rannized over  them. 

'•  The  intendant  had  4  narrow  ef- 
cape  ;  he  was  overtaken  near  Orchio 
on  his  fight  to  Douay,  and  obliged  to 
make  a  precipitate  recreat  from  his 
carr'age,  and  flielter  hnnfelf,  with  a 
fervant  who  accompanied  him,  among 
the  growing  corn  ;  when,  mgh'.  coming 
on,  the  fearch  for  him  was  difconti- 
nucd.  Hiii  d'^puty  *s  houfe  was  de- 
fir*  yrd,  and  his  own  chateau  had  af- 
terwards the  lame  fate.  He  is  faid  t-o 
have  returned  thither,  and  penihed  in 
the- ruins  I 

■'  The  foldiers  here  efpoufed  the 
popular  caufe,  and  contributed  much 
to  the  deftruriion  of  buildings,  &c. 
belonging  to  thofe  who  had  rendered 
themfelves  obnoxious.  Among  thefe, 
the  houfe  of  M,  Manel,  who  was 
reckonei  immenfely  rich,  is  razed  to 
the  ground  ;  his  books,  papers,  and 
even  his  money,  were  fcatiered  about 
the  firects,  or  thrown  into  the  river. 

"  W^e  have  all  enlifted,  and  it  was 
happy  we  did  ii  ihatvery  nighi,  or  all 
the  town  would  have  been  in  flames 
the  very  next  day.  The  arfenal  hav- 
ing fupplied  us  wiih  arms  and  ammu- 
nition, we  are  at  liberty  to  do  as  we 
pleafe.  The  foldiers  are  mixed  among 
lis,  and  are  unanimous  for  the  third 
eflarc.  We  treat  them  well  in  return. 
Every  one  here,  even  the  monks  and 
priells,  have  the  national  cockades, 
•white,  blue,  and  red,  and  the  com- 
panies of  miliiia  have  a  diHinftive 
riband  at  their  button  hole.  About 
fifteen  thoufand  men  are  raifed  ;  the 


country  is  well  fupplied  witti  arms 
from  the  arfenal,  and  probably  we 
(hall  continue  embodied  till  the  na- 
tional alTembly  has  fettled  the  great 
bufinefs  they  have  in  hand. 

Augujl  7.  A  letter  from  mr.  Fen- 
wick,  Britifliconfulat  Elfineur,  dated 
Augull  1,  17^59,  fays,  *'  The  Swedifti 
and  Ruffian  fleets  had  a  very  fevere 
engagement  off  Oland,  the  26th  ultimo; 
and  by  all  accounts  the  Ruffians  made 
a  running  fight  of  it.  Eight  of  the 
Swedifh  ffiips,  failing badiv,  could  not 
get  into  the  line,  which  they  fay  the 
Swedes  broke  for  the  Ruffians,  and 
yet  two  of  the  Swedes  are  reported  td 
have  been  difmalled  by  the  enemy. 
It  lafted  from  one  o'clock  P.  M.  un- 
til eight  o'clock  at  night,  but  no  ac- 
counts are  received  how  it  ended.  The 
Ruffian  fquadron  quitted  Kioge  Bay 
the  aoth,  and  went  in  queft  of  their 
coniorts  in  the  battle,  fo  that  a  frelh 
one  is  daily  expetW  between  the  two 
fleets.  The  Danifh  fleet  ran  up  the 
Baltic  from  Kioge  bay  yefterday." 

Augujl  10.  The  following  official 
accounts  of  the  tumults  at  Stralburg, 
has  been  fent  to  the  prefident  of  the 
committee  of  eleftors  at  Paris,  figned 
by  the  commanding  officer  at  that 
place,  dated  Auguft  4,   1789. 

For  fome  time  paft  the  burghers  of 
the  town  had  fliewn  a  fullen  difcon- 
tent  at  feveral  hardffiips  which  they 
fuppofed  themfelves  to  labour  under, 
and  to  remove  which,  they  had  feve- 
ral times  petitioned  the  magiftrate* 
without  relief. 

The  news  of  the  taking  of  the  Baf- 
tile,  and  the  riots  in  Paris,  feemed  to 
be  the  fignal  for  the  people  to  imitate 
their  example.  On  the  night  of  re- 
ceiving the  information,  the  town  was 
partially  illuminated;  of  thofe  houfes 
which  did  not  imitate  the  example, 
the  windows  were  {battered  to  pieces. 

On  the  2olh  ultimo,  the  magiflrates 
were  informed,  that  if  they  did  not 
immediately  lower  the  price  of  pro- 
vihons,  there  would  be  a  riot. 

In  the  afternoon  of  the  fame  day, 
while  they  were  deliberating  on  this 
inf>rmation,  the  townhoufe  was  at- 
tacked by  a  large  volley  of  ftones, 
thrown  at  the  windows,  the  pieces  of 
which  fcattered  among  the  maglf- 
tratcs.  to  their  great  pcrfonal  rifque, 
and  obliged  them  to  retire. 

The  riot  appearifig  to  incrcafe,  all 


1789-] 


Foreign  intelligence. 


343 


the  chambers  of  the  city  were  con- 
vened, and  it  was  unanimoufly  refolv- 
ed  to  agree  to  all  the  demands  of  the 
populace  without  referve. 

This  refolution  was  read  aloud,  and 
feemed  to  give  very  great  fatisfaction. 
A  committee  of  the  people  was  in 
the  evening  deputed  wuh  an  addrefs 
of  thanks  to  the  magillrates,  praying 
them  at  the  fame  time  to  join  in  a  ge- 
neral petition  to  the  king  to  confirm 
the  compaft  entered  into  between 
them. 

The  next  morning,  the  refolutions 
of  the  preceding  day  were  again  con- 
firmed, and  the  magiftrates  figned 
them. 

A  large  party  of  defperate  vaga- 
bonds, however,  with  an  eye  to  plun- 
der, circulated  at  the  fame  moment, 
a  report,  that  the  magiftrates  had  re- 
fclnded  their  refolutions,  and  were  a- 
gain  attempting  to  raife  the  price  of 
provifions. 

The  mob  inftantly  aflembled  before 
the  townhoufe.  In  vain  did  the  coun- 
cil endeavour  to  undeceive  them, 
by  flicking  up  public  notices  of  the 
falfity  of  the  report.  The  fermenta- 
tton  became  general,  and  nothing  could 
lefift  it. 

At  fix  o'clock  in  the  evening,  a 
number  of  workmen,  armed  with 
hatchets,  hammers,  &c.  appeared  be- 
fore the  townhoufe ;  another  party 
forced  the  doors  open  ;  while  a  third 
fet  entered  the  windows  by  ladders. 
In  a  few  minutes,  every  thing  valu- 
able was  either  pillaged  or  dellroyed, 
the  public  cheft  was  broke  open,  and 
the  archives  of  the  city  torn  and 
thrown  into  the  ftreet.  Before  the 
mob  left  the  townhoufe,  the  cel- 
lars were  emptied  of  the  valuable 
wine  in  them,  feme  of  which  was 
drank,  and  the  reft  left  running  from 
the  calks.  In  Ihort,  the  townhoufe 
was  completely  untiled,  and  nothing 
left  but  the  bare  walls. 

On  the  night  fucceeding,  the  pri- 
vate houfes  of  the  magiftrates  were 
deflroyed  in  ihe  fame  manner,  and  the 
pillage  would  have  become  general, 
but  for  the  arrival  of  a  party  of  foU, 
diers,  who  foon  arrefted  about  one 
hundred  of  the  moft  outrageous,  and 
fecured  them  in  prifon.  Near  two 
hundred  more  have  fince  been  taken 
up  by  the  armed  citizens,  who  were 
pcrfedly  fatisfied  with  the  refolutions 


of  the  magiftrates,  and  are   fjncerely 
for  the  plunder  commiited. 

The  town  is  now  quiet,  and  the  ut- 
moft  harmony  prevails,  and  ;he  mili- 
tary give  very  powerful  aftiHance  to 
fecure  the  public  tranqii'luy  irom  the 
attempts  of  thefe  defp  rate  rnRans. 
(Siyned)  Baron  de  Dietrich. 

Avguli  11.  Accounts  are  inuchex- 
aggera(ed  refpe^ting  the  bandifti  that 
infeft  the  French  roads — no  informa- 
tion has  been  received  refpeaing  de- 
predations commuted  between  Paris 
and  Calais,  by  any  of  the  refugees 
that  have  come  over  by  that  route, 

Aug.  13.  It  is  with  much  concern 
we  hear,  that  the  valuable  fouthern 
whale  fifliery  has  been  greatly  inrer- 
rupted,  and  is  likely  to  be  wholly  o- 
ver-fet,  by  the  king  of  Spam  having 
ordered  the  commander  of  his  fqiia- 
dron  in  thofe  feas  to  remove  all  {hips 
fifhing  on  thofe  coafts,  and  not  to  per- 
mit them  either  to  kill  whales  or 
feals. 

Thefe  orders  were  given  to  the  fifh- 
ermen  with  the  greateft  civility,  but 
at  the  fame  in  the  moft  pofitive  and 
decided  manner,  and  wuh  orders  to 
quit  the  coaft  in  a  fliort,  but  limited 
time  ;  ofi'ering  his  afliflame  to  expe- 
dite their  departure,  and  with  pofi- 
tive injunftions  for  them  not  to  re- 
turn again  into  thofe  fea";,  claiming 
them  as  the  fole  right  of  the  king  his 
mailer, 

Augujl  27,  By  the  returns  madefrom 
theditterent  provinces,  of  the  number 
of  troops  now  m  France,  confifting  of 
military  bouryeoife  and  mercenaries, 
the  whole  is  faid  to  amount  to  one 
million  and  a  half 

Aug, '2.%,  The  Swedes  are  preparing 
for  the  aftault  of  Fredenckfham  both 
by  feaand  land.  The  attack  wil!  pro- 
bably be  decifive,  one  way  or  other. 
The  king  is  to  command  in  perfon. 

Frederickfham  is  the  capital  of  Pv-uf- 
fian  Finland,  and  a  garrifon  of  ihe  ut  - 
moft  importance. 

In  the  late  running  fight  between 
the  Swedes  and  Ruiiians,  two  fr  gates 
of  the  formerpowerabloliiteiy  fiienced 
two  fixtv-foiirs  of  the  la,(cr.  The 
duke  of  Sudermania,  wih  two  other 
Ihi ps,  were  attacked  clofely  by  five 
of  the  largeft  RuHian  men  c,f  wnr; 
during  which  time,  the  duke  made  fif- 
teen different  fignals  to  the  vice  admi- 
ral to  aitackiuch  ftiips  as  were  pointed 


344 


American  intelligence » 


[Oaobot, 


out  before  the  ens;agernent,  but  the 
arlmiral  did  not  obey  (he  fignals,  nor 
fire  a  fingle  gun  :  if  he  had,  the  diike 
av'er<,  that  he  fliould  molt  afTiiredly 
have  been  mader  of  at  lead  five  Ruf- 
fian men  of  wai. 

In  the  national  afTembly  at  Paris, 
on  Monday  fe'ennight,  two  very  mate- 
rial articles  palFed  ;  ihe  one  propofed 
by  M.  Target,  the  other  by  the  cointe 
de  Mirabeau  . 

The  former  was  to  the  following 
effect  ; 

"  That  no  citizen  can  be  flopped, 
detained,  arcufed,  or  puniQied,  but  in 
the  name  of  the  law,  and  with  the 
forms  necedary  to  ii." 

The  latter elldbl  Ihed,  "  that  every 
accufed  perfon  (houJd  be  prefumed 
innocent,  until  he  was  proved  guiliy." 

Sept.  1.  Let  thofe  who  indulge 
theinfeives  in  ridicule  of  the  French 
alfemblv,  confider,  firft. 

That  they  have  aboliflied  the  game 
laws,  that  ilill  difgrace  Britain. 

That    they    have   abollflied  tythes 

that   in  every  part    of   the   fouthern 

•  kingdoms,    as    well    as     in    Ireland, 

grind  the    indiiflrious  yeomanry,   and 

opprefs  agriculture. 

That  they  have  abolifhed  all  pen- 
fions,  except  thofe  conferred  for  ac- 
tual fervices  rendered  to   the  country. 

That  they  have  made  it  an  article, 
that  no  minifler  nor  civil  placeman 
fhall  be  permitted  to  fit  and  vote  in 
the  national  alfembly. 

That  they  have  abolifhed  all  heri- 
ots,  fines,  recoveries,  and  oiher  rights 
of  fiiperiority,  which  are  ftill  in  this 
kingdom  the  fubjett  of  incelTant  hard- 
fliip  and  litigation. 

That  they  have  declared  every  ci- 
tizen, whatever  may  be  his  religious 
peifiiafion,  eligible  to  every  office  of 
ftate,  and  to  every  honour  in  the 
gift  of  the  crown. 

Without  referring  to  the  grand  re- 
volution which  they  have  accomplifli- 
ed,  who  will  afifert  that  thefe  things 
are  frivolous  ? 

Sept.  2,  The  late  viflory  obtained 
by  the  Auflrians,  under  the  prince  de 
Cobourg,  over  the  Turks,  has  given 
to  the  former  the  entire  mafierfliip 
over  Moldavia  and  Wallachia. 

It  is  determined  that  the  fiege  of 
Belgrade  fliall  be  undertaken  imme- 
diately. The  preparations  are  im- 
menfe  which  are  now  making  for  this 


purpofe.  Amongfl  others,  are  nolefs 
than  9o,ooo  pioneers,  for  the  neceffa- 
ry   labours  ot  the  ficge. 

In  the  report  made  by  M.  Bergafle, 
of  the  plan  for  the  inditu  tion  of  the  ju- 
dicial power  of  France, it  is  propofed, 
that  all  torture  fhall  be  abolifhed; 
and  that  fimple  death,  by  hanging, 
fliall  be  the  fevereft  punifhment  to 
be  inflifted  by  law. 

The  punifhment  of  death  to  he  in- 
flifted only  in  cafes  of  murder  and 
treafon. 

Confifcafion  [of  property,  on  con- 
viction of  felony,  to  be  abolifhed.  If 
any  perfon  fhall  complain  of  lofs  by 
the  condemned  felon,  he  fhall,  upon 
proof,  have  compenfation  made  him, 
either  from  the  goods  of  the  convi£i, 
or  from  the  province. 

All  the  code  of  criminal  laws  to  be 
revifed,  and  punifhmentsin  every  cafe 
to  be  accurately  proportioned  to  the 
offence. 

A  letter  from  Paris,  dated  Auguft 
27,  fays,  "  Notwithflanding  the  great 
quantity  of  wheat,  which  is  daily 
coming  to  market,  bread  is  flill  fo 
fcarce,  that  for  thefe  three  d«ys  part, 
there  has  not  been  fufficient  to  fupply 
half  the  inhabitants  of  Paris.  The 
caufe  is,  that  for  want  of  wind  and 
water  none  of  the  mills  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood have  been  tble  to  work." 

AMERICAN  INTELLIGENCE. 
Worcejler,  ( MaJ.)  Oaober  8. 

The  military  fpiritof  this  common- 
wealth was  never  known  fo  prevalent 
fince  the  war,  as  at  the  prefent  pe- 
riod. A  regiment  of  horfe,  all  com- 
pletely equipped,  and  in  perfe£t  uni- 
form, belong  to  this  county.  They 
confifl  of  about  five  hundred  men. 
New  York,    OElober  10. 

A  letter  from  Paris,  dated  Auguff  8, 
fays,  "  The  national  affembly  have  if- 
fued  a  declaration,  enjoining  the  pay- 
ments of  all  taxes,  duties,  and  pecu- 
niary charges  in  the  ancient  form,  un- 
til the  feudal  fyllem  and  all  the  fifcal 
and  local  abufes  fhall  have  been  abo- 
lifhed by  the  afTembly,  and  a  new  or- 
der of  things  eflablifhed. 

"  Great  ravages  are  committing  in 
Normandy,  Franche  Comtc,  and  ma- 
ny other  provinces ;  the  country  feats 
of  the  nobles  are  every  where  attatk- 
ed,  all  their  records  deftroyed,   &c. 


>7890 


American  inteUigence, 


945 


*'  Th«  grand  qiieftion  refpecting  the 
necefTuy  of  a  decUration  of  rights  to 
precede  the  new  coi)ihtution,  haspaff- 
ed  in  the  affirmative  by  a  very  great 
majority;  ihelalt  amendment  offered, 
was  to  accompany  it  with  a  declara- 
ration  of  the  duties  of  the  citizen, 
which  was  rejected  by  570  againit  453. 

"  ExprelTions  are  wanting  to  point 
out  to  you  ihe  rapture  of  the  happy 
people  of  this  country,  at  io  rapid,  lo 
glorious  a  fucceffion  of  events  as  have 
taken  place  wiihin  thefe  three  days, 
and  crowned  all  their  noble  eiforis. 

"Anew  adinmirtration,  taken  from 
the  national  affembly,  with  the  decla- 
ration of  thefe  miniftersj  that  they 
are  devoted  to  us  orders : 

"  A  declaration  of  the  rights  of  man 
to  be  prefixed  to  the  new  conflitution  ; 
and, 

"  The  ever  memorable  decifion  of 
the  national  aflf^mbly,  of  Tuefday 
night,  the  4th  of  Aiiguft,  which  gives 
complete  freedom  to  this  country. 

"  The  following  among  other  arti- 
cles have  been  unahimoufly  agreed  up- 
on in  the  national  afTemWy.  Noble 
facrifices  to  freedom  ! — 

"  1.  Equality  of  taxes.  2.  Re- 
nunciation of  all  privileges  for  orders, 
cities,  provinces  and  individuals.  7. 
The  abolition  of  feignorial  jurifdic- 
tions.  8.  The  abolition  of  the  vena- 
lity of  offices.  9.  Julhce  to  be  ren- 
dered gratuitoudy  to  the  people.  10. 
The  abolition  of  privileged  dove- 
cotes and  warrens  (a  dreadful  and  fe- 
rious  grievance  to  the  French  pea- 
fant.)  45.  The  fuppreffion  of  ihe 
droits  d'annales.  or  tiril  fruits.  The 
fum  paid  by  France  to  the  pope 
on  this  head,  amounted  annually  to 
SS^-'aS'*  fieri.  16.  The  admiifion 
of  all  rank";  of  citizens  to  civil  and  mi- 
litary emphnmenis.  19.  Ihe  fip- 
prcffion  of  the  pliiraliiv  of  livings. 
25.  A  medal  to  be  (Iruck  to  confe- 
crate  tins  memorable  day,  exprelhve 
of  the  abolition  of  all  privileges,  and 
of  the  complete  union  of  all  the  pro- 
vinces and  all  the  citizens.  51.  Te 
Deum  to  be  fung  in  the  king's  chapel, 
and  throughout  all  France.  S'j.  Louis 
XVI.  proclaimed  the  reftorer  of  pub- 
lic liberty." 

Philadelphia,    OBober  24. 

The  important  ohjefl  of  mak- 
ing   provilion    for    the  payment  of 


the  public  creditors,  lay  with  great 
weight  on  the  minds  of  congrefs  ;  but 
ihe  variety  of  other  bufinels  that 
claimed  an  immediate  attention — and 
the  uncertainty  that  relied  upon  the 
operation  of  the  revenue  fyflem,  as  to 
Its  competency  and  produce,  rendered 
It  highly  iiielgible  to  take  up  fo  com- 
plicated, and  important  a  fubjefl,  when 
matters  were  fo  fuuated,  that  no  ade- 
quate plans  could  be  adopted  ;  howe- 
ver, to  give  the  mod  polnive  and  un- 
equivocal aflurances  of  their  future 
determination,  on  the  10th  of  Sep- 
tember, the  houfe  of  reprefentatives 
palltd  a  rtfoliition,  to  the  following 
purport,  v;z.  1  hat  it  highly  concerns 
the  honour  and  intereil  of  the  united 
Hates,  to  make  fume  early  and  eiJec- 
tual  provifion  in  favour  of  the  pub- 
lic creditors  cf  the  union — and  that 
the  houfe  would,  early  in  the  next  fef- 
fion,  lake  this  lubjett-inro  confidera- 
tion — and  the  fecresary  of  the  trea- 
fury  v.'as  direfled  to  prepare  and  digeft, 
in  the  recefs,  the  neceflary  plans  for 
this  purpofe,  to  bt  laid  before  the 
houle  at  thefelfion  in  January. 

OBober  31.  The  prefident  of  the 
united  ilates  arrived  at  Cambridge, 
MalTachufetts,  on  Saturday  laft — 
where  he  was  received  by  a  third  di- 
vifion  of  the  Middlefex  militia,  con- 
filling  of  1000  men,  in  complete  uni- 
form, under  the  command  of  the 
honourable  major  general  Brooks. 

The  lieutenant  governor  and  coun- 
cil of  the  commonwealth  (the  go- 
vernor being  indifpofed)  efcorted  by 
colonel  Tyler's  light  dragoon^  with  a 
number  of  gentlemen,  met  the  prefi- 
dent at  Cambridge,  from  whence 
they  attended  him  to  the  metropol  s. 

Between  the  honrsofiwoand  three 
P.  M.  he  arrived  at  Boflon — it  is 
faid  his  iiiiention  was  to  have  entered 
the  town  by  the  way  of  Charleftown 
bridge  ;  but  at  the  reqiieft  of  a  re- 
fpt  Hable  committee  from  the  inhabi- 
tants, and  to  coincide  with  the  wiffies 
of  ihe  people,  and  the  arrangements 
made  for  his  reccpiion,  he  was  pleafed 
to  alter  his  route,  and  accordingly 
made  his  entry  at  the  foiiih  part  of  the 
town,  amidff  the  pliudits  of  an  ira- 
merife  mulfitudc  of  grateful,  free  and 
loyal  cit'zens.  The  bells  immediately 
began  a  joyful  peal.  A  grand  pro- 
cciiion  was  formed,  confiftlng  of  the 
civil,  ckrical,  and  military  profeiFicns, 


346 


.American  {ntelligtnce* 


[Oaober, 


vrith  the  various  tranches  of  trade, 
arts,  and  manufactures — which,  wah  a 
furrounding  coricourfe,faid  to  amount 
to  upwards  of  gOjOoo  perfons,  attend- 
ed the  prefident  to  (he  Uaiehoufe— 
where  the  whole  proceflion  palled  in 
review  hefore  him. 

The  independent  miliary  compa 
nies,  from  thence,  efcorted  him  to  his 
lodgings  in  Court--(treet — where  they 
fired  a  falute,  and  were  difmi lied. 
The  tranfaciioiis  of  this  joyous  day 
were conduded  without  the  Icalt  acci- 
dent, or  confuhon.     , 

L'Aftive,  and  le  Senfible,  two  fri- 
gates belonging  to  the  divifion  of  his 
Bioft  chnOian  majelty's  navy,  under 
the  command  of  ihe  righi  hon.  the 
vifcountde  Ponieves,  were  beautiful- 
ly illuminated  in  the  evening— and 
fireworks  exhibited  from  on  board. 

The  public  buildings  of  ihe  town 
were  likewife  ilhuninaied,  and  fire- 
works dilplayed  in  the  mod  public 
flreets. 

TliefhipMafTachufetts  India-man, 
of  8o»  tons,  has  been  furnifhed  wiih 
the  whole  of  her  canvas  from  the  ma- 
hufaBory  of  BoRon. 

From  a  computation  of  the  amount 
ofimpoft  for  two  or  three  years  laft 
pad,  and  from  the  proceeds  of  the 
cuftomhoufes,  it  is  eHimated  that  the 
impoil  will  nett  2.500,000  dollars 
per  annum.  The  c\^\\  liil  expenfes, 
including  the  executive,  legiflative, 
and  judicial,  are  eflimated  at  330.000 
dollars  per  anaum. 

Account  of  the  late  murders  and  de- 
predations commiti.ed  by  the  Indi- 
ans^ in  Marrifon  county^  Virginia. 

September  ig,  1789 — William 
Johnlon's  family,  4  killed  and  fcalp- 
ed  ;  4  killed,  4  captives,  horfes  taken, 
cattle,  Iheep,  and  hogs,  kuled. 

September  22 — Mr.  Mauck's  wife 
and  two  children  killed  and  fcalped. 
Cattle  and  hogs  killed,  and  houfe 
burnt. 

September     e2. Mr.     Stafzer's 

houfe  burnt,  wiih  all  his  houlhald 
fluff.     The   family  narrowly  efcaped, 

September  23 — Jethro  Thomp- 
fon's  houfe    biinit,    and  cattle  killed. 

CieptcnibersS — John  Simm's  houfe 
burnt,  with  part  of  his  houdiold  fluff, 
and  horfes  taken. 
/Copy)      T«lf— B.  Wilson,  col. 


MARRIED. 

Massachusetts.  At  Kitteny, 
Captain  Triftrara  Jordan  to  Mif$ 
Polly   Ferrald. 

In  Bojlon,  Mr.  John  Lopaus  to 
mifs  Hannah  Tuckerman.- — Mr.  Eli- 
jah Adams  to  mifs  Judith  Townfend, 

Rhode  Island.  In  Providence, 
Metcalf  Bowler,  efq. 

New  YORK.  In  New  York.  Mr. 
Jofeph  Dubois  to  mifs  Durie. — Mr. 
William  Armftrong  to  mifs  Elizabeth 
Roiamond. 

Maryland,  In  Ba/timore.MonT, 
Francis  Belloc  to  mifs  Polly  Barney. 

De  laware.  In  Wilmington.  Mr, 
William  Loughead  to  mifs  Peggy 
Dunlap. 

DIED. 

Vermont.  At  Hartland,  The 
hon.  Paul  Spooner,  elq. 

Massachusetts.  In  Bojlon, 
Mr.  Thomas  Gardner. — Mrs.  Agnes 
Bradlee. — Mr.  Thomas  Saunderfon. 

Connecticut.  In  New  London, 
Mrs.  Dowiett,  aged  102. 

New  york./«  New  York.  Shef- 
field Howard,  efq.  aged  82. — Job 
Sumner,  efq. — Mr.  John  Loudon, 
Ihot  ai  a  review. — Mr.  John  Kenney. 
— R.  G.Livingflon,  elq. — Mr.  John 
Noiirfe. 

Near  the  city  of  New  York.  Mr, 
Abraham  Beekman. 

On  Long  IJland.  Mr.  Hendrick 
Wynkoop. 

New  Jersey.  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
W^itherfpoon. 

Georgia.  At  Savannah.  Joh« 
Barilett,  efq. 

North  Carolina.  Near  New 
bern.    Colonel  Jacob  Blount. 

Virginia.  In  Frederijhurg^  Au- 
gujl  25.  Mrs.  Mary  Walhmgton, 
mother  of  the  prefident  of  the  united 
ftates,  aged  82  years. 

Maryland. /«  Annapolis.  John 
Rogers,  efq.  chancellor. 

In  Baltimore.  Mrs  Mary  Killen. 
— Mr.  Francis  Smith.  Rev.  Mr. 
Vanhorne. 

In  Frederictown.  Mr.  Samuel 
Liggat. — 

Delaware.  In  Wilmington, 
Mr.  Thomas  Fleefon. 

Pennsylv.^nia.  In  Philadel' 
phia.  John  Lukens,  efq. —  Dr.  John 
MorgaH, — Mr.  John  Bringhurft, 


CONTENTS. 

Interejling  tabUs. 

f.  Number  of  churches  in  New  York,  1773,  3^* 
«.  Number  of  inhabitants  in  Connefticut,  in  1756,  305 
3,  Ditto  ditto  in  ditto,  in  1774,  ihid, 
A.  Ditto  ditto  in  ditto,  in  1782,  ibid, 
K.  Number  of  inhabitants  in  Rhode  Ifland,  in  17741  ibid. 

6.  Ditto            ditto            in  ditto,                  in  1783,  306 

7.  Number  of  vefTels  cleared  out  of  MafTachufetts  in  1787,  311 

Sentimental  and  moral  pieces, 

8.  The  fchool  for  hufbands  and  wives,                 -  -                31a 

g.  The  matrimonial  creed,                 -                    •  -                 314 
JO.  Letter  to  a  good-natured  lady,               -                 -  ,                 315 

11.  An  afFefting  and  true  hiflory,                 -               »  ,                 316 

12.  Reflexions  on  the  miferies  of  human  life,              -  -                318 

13.  Milcellaneous  reflexions,             -             -             -  -                 327 

14.  Piety  the  bafis  of  virtue,  -  -  -  -  2.6g 
#5.  Religion  patronized  by  government,                -            -  -           ibid, 

16.  Reflexions  upon  fortitude,                -                -  •                     271 

17.  On  courage  ind  magnanimity,       -            -            •  •                27^ 

18.  Thoughts  on  duelling,                    _                    »  .                aSt 

19.  Refignation,  -  -  -  «  sSss 
fio.  Remarks   on  candour,    liberality,  and   prejudice — By  the 

reverend  T.  D wight,       -                -                -  -                283 

41,  On  fcandal,                -                    -     ^               -  -                30s 

Mifcellanies, 

E2.  Eflay  on  the  caufes  of  the  variety    of  complexion  and 

figure  in  the  human  fpecies,         .            -            -  -                27a 

23.  Anecdote  of  Blackbeard,                  -                  -  -                S95 

24.  Account  of  a  tumor  on  the  liver,            -              -  -                 sgj 

25.  Speech  of  dr.  Mitchill  to  an  Indian  warrior,  -  -  299 
«6.  Legal  decifion,                 -                   -                   -  -                 301 

27.  Toafls  given  at  York  in  Pennfylvania,                -  -                311 

28.  Regulation  of  the  Spaniards  for  the  enfranchifement  of  flaves,  317 
99.  The  Lord's  prayer  in  Shawanefe,  _  .  -  318 
JO.  Letter  from  William  Penn  to  the  commlflioners  of  ftate,  291 

Humour. 

31,  Scheme  for  paying  off  the  continental  debt,             -  -                886 

32.  Diftreffes  and  complaints  of  a  bachelor,  -  -  -  292 
23.  Account  of  the  court  of  Jhe  prefs — By  dr,  Franklin,  tg^ 

Politics, 

34.  Remarks  on  the  amendments  propofed  to  the  federal  conflitution,        303 

35.  Abftraft  of  the  report  of  the  fecretary  of  the  treafury  of  the 

united  ftates,                 -                 -                 -             *  -             307 

36.  Lnportance  of  a  proper  fyftem  of  education,  ago 

37.  Thoughts  on  the  finances  of  America,                -  -                C94 

Receipts, 

38.  To  make  bread  without  yeaft,               -               -  »               ega 

39.  To  compofe  a  mixture  for  producing  ice,              -  •                sgS 

Rural  concerns. 

40.  Direftions  for  the  breeding  and  management  of  filk-worms,  300 

41.  Account  of  the  produce  of  feveral  kinds  of  grain,  3*** 

42.  Letter  refpefting  late  fowing  of  wheat,         -            -  -                 326 

43.  Mode  of  preferving  pumpkins,             -                 «  -                 327 

Infcriptions, 

44.  Lifcription  for  the  monument  of  baron  de  Kalb,  3^9 

45.  for  the  Hancock,  a  cannon,          -          «  »          -      32* 

Revolutional  papers, 

46.  Addrefs  to  his  excellency  general  Walhington,        -  -                3f° 

47.  Anfwer  of  general  Wafhmgton,                 -             -  ir                  ibid* 

48.  Letter  from  ditto  to  general  Gage,             -            -  •                 3?* 

49.  Anfwer  of  general  Gage,                    -                 -  •                 ibed, 

50.  Reply  of  general  Walhington,            -                ■•  "               32» 


;  Contents, 

jt.   Letter  to  governor  Campbell  froip  the  committee  of  Charleflown,      343 

52.  Anlwer,  -  '  -  _      .  '        .  .  ^■^_,^^ 

^3.  Refolves  of  the  convention  of  Virginia,  -  -  ii/it/, 

^4.   Inllructions  to  the  reprefeniatives  of  Boilon,  024 

^5.  proclamation  by  lord  Duninore,  -  -  .  226 

Poetry 

56.  Piflure  of  African  diflrefs,  -  -  -  geS 

57.  The  African  boy,  -  -  -  -  ti>id, 
^8.  Ihe  happy  couple,  -  -  -  329 
J9.  Advice  iiom  a  matron  to  a  young  lady,         -          -             -              il/id. 

60.  Song — extempore,  -  -  _  «  ggo 

61.  Ode  (o  ioljiuue,  .  -  -  .  ii>id. 
6i.    1  he  fox  wiihoui  a  fail,              -               -                  -                  -  331 

63.  Anacrcon's  Xlllih  cde,  -  •  -  -  iii/l. 

64.  A  fable,  -  -  -  -  i6zd, 

65.  Reirofptfl  of  life,  -  -  -  .  ^^<jf, 

66.  Liberty  tree,  -  -  -  -  gg£ 

67.  The  choice  of  a  hulband,  -  -  -  Hid, 

68.  A  chaiin  for  Ennui,  >  _  _  »  ggg 

69.  Bryan  and  Pereene  -  -  -  3;J3 

70.  1  he  libertine  repulfed,  -  -  -  336 

71.  The  Have,  -  -  -  337 

72.  Afong,  -  -  -  -  33R,  339 

73.  1  he  puDlc  good,  -  -  -  *  '   337 

74.  A  palloial  fong,  -  -  -  -  334 

75.  On  the  refcue  of  a  redbreaft,  -  -  -  009 

T  O    C  O  R  R  E  S  P  O  N  D  E  N  T  S. 

MR.  David's  account  of  an  extraordinary  lulus  naturae— Mr.  Lucas's 
letter  on  t  e  mode  of  dtftroymg  caierpiilar-- — IVeatife  on  the  virtues  of  the 
red  elm  tree,  by  dr.  Samuel  Latham  Mitchill,  fhail  appear  next  month.  A 
continual  on  of  the  correlpondence  of  theie  gentlemen  isrequefled. 

The  following  piece-!  are  alfo  intended  for  the  next  number — Account  of 
Naihm'el  Evan*. — EfTay  on  poetry — Characler  of  the  Egyptians — Remarks 
on  the  debt  of  the  united  flates — Elfay  on  the  political  advantages  of  America 
— Oration  in  praife  of  diunkennefs — Protelt  againll  wearing  long  hair— State- 
ment of  Am-r^can  exports  and  imports  for  eleven  years — Eflav  on  pride  of 
character — Eday  on  duelling — Advice  to  hufbands — Ellimaie  of  furs  export- 
ed from  Canada,  in  1786,  1787,  and  1788 — ElTay  on  temperance — Effay  on 
republican  governmeni — Letter  on  the  ufe  of  plaifler  of  Paris,  as  a  manure. 

Original  ode  on  the  American  alliance  with  France — Eflay  oii  the 
liberty  of  the  prefs — Edimate  of  the  value  of  the  exports  of  New  York  for  the 
year  1788 — Lewis  and  Emilia,  or  the  triumph  of  innocence — Effay  on  the 
diverfity  of  inierefl<;  in  the  united  dates — Letter  on  the  advantages  of  raifing 
fheep,  Ihall  be  inferted  as  foon  as  poffible. 

1  F  Academicus  will  be  fo  kind  as  to  contra£l  his  eflay,  and  diveft  it  of  its 
locality,  in  order  to  render  it  more  generally  ufeful,  it  fhail  hare  a  ready 
infertion. 

The  "  charaGer  of  the  Mary  landers,"  requires  fome  flight  alteration, 
which  if  the  author  allows,  it  fliall  appear  in  the  enfuing  number.  The 
performance  of  his  promife  of  future  communications  fhail  be  regarded  as  a 
particular  favour. 

Crito  is  inadmlffible.  The  American  Mufeum  fhail  never  be  made  a 
▼ehicle  for  the  gratification  of  Ipleen  or  malevolence. 

The  fame  reafons  which  induced  the  writer  of  a  "letter  from  a  tra- 
veller" to  defire  h'S  name  to  be  concealed,  operate  with  the  printer  to  declne 
the  infertion  of  the  firit  part  of  it.  If  the  writer  chooies  to  have  it  beoin 
at  "  Every  form  of  jjovcrnment  has^^its  conveniences,"  and  allows  a  fjw 
other  omilTions,  it  Ihall  appear  in  next  number,  or  thai  for  December. 
R.  W's.  remarks  on  flave  keeping,  require  retouching. 

Had  the  gentleman  who  fent  the  "  cxtraft  of  a  letter  froin  dr.  Wilfam- 
fon,  to  dr.  Johnfon,"  delayed  its  iiifeniou  in  a  newfpaper,  until  after  its  ap- 
pearance in  the  Mufeum,  the  communication  would  have  been  elleenied  a 
favour. 


THE 


AMERICAN    MUSEU 


M, 


For    NOVEMBER,    17J 


CONTENTS. 

Original  ejfays, 

1.  Account  of  a  lufus  naturai,  350 
B.  Mode  of  dellroying  cater- 
pillars,        -         -         -      352 
g.  Thoughts  on  fences,  hedges, 

ditches,  &c.         -         -  ibid. 

4.  Short  account  of  dr.  Mor- 

gan>         -         -         -  353 

5.  Oration  on  drunkennefs.         357 

Natural  ki(lory. 

6.  Of  the  falamander,  357 

7.  Of  the  cameleon,  -  ibid. 

8.  Of  8  lithophagus,         -  358 

9.  Decrepitude  inherited.  ibid. 
National  charaBers,  manners,  &c. 

10.  Creoles  of  St.  Domingo,  359 

11.  Chmefe  fuperftition,       -  361 

12.  The  ancient  Welfh,       -  362 

13.  The  Spaniards.  -  365 

Talcs,  &c. 

14.  School    for  hulbands  and 

wives,  -  -  368 

15.  A  Perfian  tale,  -  370 
j6.  Zimeo.             -            -          371 

Moral  andfentimental  ejfays. 

17.  Folly  of  feif-tormenting,         373 

18.  On  marriage,  -  -  375 
ig.  Advice  to  hufbands,  -  376 
so.  On  love,  -        -  377 

81.  On  death,  -         -  378 

82.  On  temperance.  -  379 

Public  papers, 
$3.  Addrefs  to  the  prefident,  381 

«4.  Anfwer,  -  -  382 

25.  Aft  of  the  ftate  of  Con- 

neftlcut,         -         -  ibid. 

26.  Education  of   negro    chil- 

dren,        -         -         -        1:583 

27.  Addrefs  to  the  public,  ibid. 
a8.  Plan  refpefting  free  blacks,      384 

29.  Affociation    againft    fpirit- 

ous  liquors.         -  -       385 

Political  ejfays. 

30.  On  republican  government,  ibid. 
%\.  On  the  American  debt,  387 

32.  Advantages  of  America,         389 

33.  On  national  pride  of  cha- 

rafter.         -  -391 

Law  information, 

34.  Refpefting  a  parole  gift,  393 
3j.  Refpefting    cultivation    of 

land,        -         _         ,  ibid. 
Vol,  VI.  No.  V. 


36. 
37. 

38. 
39- 
40. 


41. 
42, 

44. 
45- 

46. 


49. 
50- 
51. 


52. 
53- 
54. 
bb' 
56. 
57. 

58. 

59- 
60. 

61. 
62. 
63. 

64. 
6,5. 
66. 
6-. 
68. 
69. 

70. 

71- 
72. 

73- 
74' 

75- 
76. 

77- 
<i 


Refpefting  intereft,           -  595 

Refpefting  a  will.           -  394 

Rural  concerns. 

To  deflroy  worms,           -  396 

On  filk  worms.        -       -  ibid. 

On  plaifterof  Paris.         -  399 
See  alfo  paae  352. 
TabUs. 

Imports  into  KingRon,  401 

Exports  from  Roamiak,  ibid, 

'  from  Edenton,  ibid. 

Clearances  from  Baltimore,  ibid. 
Exports   from   England  to 

Americaforeleven  years,  400 
Imports  into  England  from 

ditto,         -         -         -  ibid. 

Furs  exported  from  Canada,  403 

Value  of  ditto.         -       -  ibid. 

Biography. 

Account  of  lord  Baltimore,  ibid. 

of  John  Ledyard,  40,5 

of  Naih.  Evans,  ibid. 

See  alfo  page^,^^. 

The  hijlorical  colleBor, 

Horrid  barbarity,            -  406 

A  monfler  of  cruelty,  ibid. 

Revenge,      -         -         -  ibid. 

Magnanimity,          -         -  ibid, 

Difcovery  of  murder,      -  407 

Extraordinary  adventure.  ibid. 

The  gleaner  oj  fcraps. 

Slave's  muzzle,         -        -  408 

Fate  of  genius,         -      -  ibid. 

Foibles  of  great  men.      -  ibid. 

Fragments. 

Unfeeling  father,       -       -  409 

Stroke  oi  death,       -       -  ibid. 

Ingenious  toafts.         -       -  410 

Anecdotes. 

Of  two  foldiers,      -        -  411 

Of  Frederic  III.      -       -  ibid. 

Of  a  lover,          -         -  ibid. 

Of  general  Nafh,           -  ibid. 

Of  general  Wayne,       -  ibid. 

Of  a  French  tutor.     -      -  ibid. 

Poetry. 

Impromptu,           -          -  412 

Ode,  by  a  lady,         -       -  ibid, 

Defcription  of  Maryland,  413 

Pifture  of  human  life,       -  4n'> 

Belinda's   Canary  bird,  417 

On  ficknefs,       -       -       -  ibid. 

To  a  ladv,         -         -       -  ibid. 

Woman's  hard  fate,       -  ibid. 


78. 


Contents. 


fNovemfeerf 


?6. 

87. 


The  anfwer ,          -         -  418 

70.  To  a  yonnn  gentleman,     -  ibid. 

So.  The  rival  beauties,         -  ibid. 

81.  On  parties,          -            -  ibid. 

82.  On  a  bee  llifl^cl  in  honey,  ibid. 

83.  A  picture  (00  true,          -  ibid. 

84.  The  frank  lover,           -  419 
tJ^.  Defcription,.         -         -  ibid. 


A  fong,         -        .  _       thid,. 

To  a  young  lady,  -        ibid, 

S8,  Ode  to  fafluon,  -  -  420 
89.  Song,           ...         ib?d. 

f;o.  To  a  gentleman,       -  -      ibid. 

91.  The  timorous  lover,  -        ibid. 

92.  On  lilence.         -  -         ibid. 


ORIGINAL  ESSAYS. 
Account  of  an   extraordinary    IvJ'us 
naturae, 
S  I  R,  _ 

AN  opportunity  now  offers,  or 
tran[rniiting  to  you  (attelled, 
accord ing  to  your  requeft)  a  d«fcrip- 
tion  of  Prince,  a  black  boy,  without 
arm's,  belonging  to  mr<;.  Alexander ,  of 
this  pUce.  "I'he  annexed  drawing 
will  give  you  a  juft  idea  of  his  figure  ; 
but  to  del'cribe  accurately  his  various 
defetts  and  diRortions,  would  require 
a  degree  of  anatomical  knowledge,,  to 
which  1  have  no  pretenfions,. 


Out  of  the  left  fiioulder  projefls  m 
finger,  fig.  A.  from  which  depends  a 
piece  of  flefh,  fig.  B.  obvioufly  dc- 
figned  by  nature  for  another  finger, 
as,  juft  above  the  junction,  may  be  feen 
the  palm  of  the  hand,  C.  The  finger 
is  perfcftly  formed,  but  longer  and 
larger  than  is  proportionate  to  his  fize. 
When  he  raifes  and  extends  it,  which 
he  can  do  at  pieaiure.  it  would  feem, 
from  the  complex  motion  of  the  fiioul- 
der,  as  if  the  embryo  arm  was  en-  ' 
clofed  under  the  {kin,  and  moved  with 
it.  On  the  other  ihoulder,  if  a 
Ihoulder  it  may  be  called,  when  there 
is  neither  arm  nor  fcapula,  there  is  a: 
fmall  mark,  fig.  D.  relembling  awen» 
His  back,  although  originally  as 
llrait  as  that  of  any  other  child,  is 
now  much  diftorted,  the  fpine  rifing 
in  d  curve  towards  the  left  fhoulder«, 
His  diflortions  daily  increafe. 

I'rince  is  now  four  years  old,  and' 
is  as  lively  and  aftive  a  boy  as  any  of 
that  age.  The  want  of  hands  he  fup* 
plies  in  a  furprizing  degree,  by  the 
dexterity  with  which  he  ufes  his  feet. 
With  them  he  conveys  his  food  to 
his  mouth — he  fups  with  a  fpoon  held- 
between  his  toes- — pennies,  thrown  on 
the  ground,  he  will  coUeft  with  his 
toes,  and  carry  them  with  fafety  and 
eafe  wherever  he  pleafes — with  his 
toes,  when  offended,  he  will  feize  a 
ftick  or  a  flone,  and  attack  his  adver- 
fary.  And,  what  is  very  remarkable, 
he  can  climb  the  higheft  fences.  This 
he  effe£is,  by  placing  his  chin  on  the 
rails,  and  by  it  fupporting  his  weight, 
until  he  raifes  his  feet,  by  one  of 
which  he  keeps  himfelf  fvom  falling 
backwards,  until  he  again  raifes  his 
chin.  By  repeating  this  procefs,  he 
at  length  arrives  at  the  top,  from 
whence  he  defcends  in  a  fimilar  man- 
ner. 

His  mother  can  give  no  account  of 
any  fright  received  during  her  preg- 
nancy. She  is  old,  and  has  borne 
fourteen  children,  of  whom  Prince  i> 


I 789-] 


Mode  ef  dejtroying  eaterpillars» 


551 


the  youngeft.      Whether  this    liifus 
naturar  can  be    accounted   for,  from 
the  debility  of  the  fuperannuated  pa- 
rent, let  philofophy  determine, 
I  am,  fir, 
your  moft  obedient,  humble  fervant, 
DAVIDSON  DAVID. 
Llkton,  Cecil  county,  Maryland^ 

Okober  24'h,    1789. 
Mr.  Mathew  Carey. 

WE,  the  fubfcribers,  inhabitants 
-of  Eikion,  do  hereby  certify  the  truth 
«f  the  foregoing  relation. 

George  Wallace^ 
Samuel  Smith, 
Samuel  Rohinfon^ 
^ofeph  Baxter^ 
John  Murray, 
Tobias  Rudolph, 
I..  Holling/wortk^  jun, 
••<»•■  ^5>'^S><^  ••<>••• 
Mode  of  dejlroying  caterpillart. 
Mr.  Carey, 

IN  reading  your  Mufeum  for  May 
1788,  page  411, 1  met  v/ith  a  mode, 
pointed  out  by  a  correfpondent,  of 
:deftroying  caterpillars  which  infell 
fruit  trees.  1  received  this  informa- 
tion juft  after  I  had  been  making  ex- 
periments of  this  nature  iit  Brookhne, 
five  miles  from  this.  I  firll  tried  brim- 
;flone,  without  charcoal  dull,  as  recom- 
Tnended,  which  had  not  the  defired 
.cfteft.  I  then  provided  a  long  reed, 
and  a  fponge  at  the  .end  of  it.  This  I 
dipt  in  fpirits  of  turpentine,  and  con- 
-dutled  it  to  the  neft,  and  with  a  fmall 
touch  of  the  fponge,  thus  charged, 
the  fpirits  penetrated  the  neft,  and  af- 
fefted  the  vermin  to  fuch  a  degree, 
that,  in  fundry  inllances,  on  cutting 
©IF  large  nefts,  I  found  by  my  watch, 
that  in  fifteen  minutes,  they  were 
wholly  deftroyed.  With  one  gallon  of 
fpirits  of  turpentine,  I  went  through 
three  hundred  trees.  I  will  not  pre- 
tend to  fay  that  this  kind  of  vermin 
will  never  infetl  the  trees  again;  but 
this  I  can  fay  by  obfcrvation,  that 
the  vermin  were  dellroyed  for  that 
feafon,  and  that  the  trees  received  no 
injury  by  the  fpirits.  Some  fmall 
faplings  were  highly  charged,  on  pur- 
pofe  to  fee  the  efFefts.  The  earlier 
thofe  vermin  are  attended  to,  the 
better,  after  they  form  their  web. 
Here  they  repair  for  fafety,  and  it 
has  been  obferved,  that  they  are  ^Tteld- 
ed  completely  from  rain,  whilft  en- 
^kffed  ia  their  nells,  and  to  this  they 


always  return,  before  the  fetting  fun. 

Experiments  of  this  kind  nrjy  be 
of  great  utility  to  the  Annerican  na- 
tion, and  render  elFential  iervices  to 
individuals.  There  is  room  to  hope 
that  experimental  philofopheis  will 
have  encouragement  enough  to  con- 
tinue their  lludies,  fmce  we  neither 
want  people  nor  induftry  to  bring 
their  defigns  into  praftice.  I  doubt 
not  but  improvement  may  be  made 
from  thofe  hints,  which  are  communi- 
cated by 

your  humble  fervant, 

John  Lucas, 

Bojlon^  Sept,   23,  17851. 

Addrefs  to    the    Philadelphia  fociety 
for  proinoting  agriculture. 
Gentlemen, 

A  Scarcity  of  timber  fenfibly  af- 
fects the  hufbandmen  in  many 
parts  of  the  country  ;  ai.d  is  an  evil 
which  increafes  rapidly.  They  may 
afk  themfelves,  how  ihey  are  to  in- 
clofe  and  divide  their  held?,  when, 
in  a  few  years  more,  timber  Ihall  be 
exhauUed.  Inclination  to  plant  and 
ralfe  trees  from  feeds,  is  not  enough 
felt  :  and  yet  planting  is  the  incnl  im- 
portant meafure  to  be  obfervt-d  for 
reftoring  timber  to  our  farii.^-,  for  all 
purpofes.  This  bufinefs  is  avoided  by 
fome  people,  from  an  affurance  that 
they  cannot  live  to  fee  the  plantanoa 
grown  up  into  timber;  or  if  it  might 
be  expefted,  yet,  "  there  is  enough  to 
laft  their  time.  Let  thofe  plant  who 
come  after  them."  Others  delay  it 
•from  lefs  blameable  motives — the  auk- 
wardnefs  and  doubt  how  to  begm  it, 
in  what  method,  where,  &c.  Let 
them,  however,  begin  it  any  how,  ra- 
therthanhefitate,  as  they  Jo,  year  after 
year. 

Fifteen  or  twenty  years  ago,  I  was 
flruck  with  the  endeavours  of  fome 
fanners  in  Kent  county,  Maryland, 
to  have  fences  requiring  iitrle  o--  no 
timber.  They  cut  turf,  laid  it  ji 
edge,  and  Hiied  with  earth  fcooped 
up,  fo  as  to  foi  m  a  bank  without  a 
ditch  :  they  told  me,  this  work  was 
quicker  done,  than  they  could  make 
a  common  worm-fence,  from  the  tree, 
going  to  the  woods,  falling,  cutting 
olf,  mauling,  carting,  and  putting  up. 
There  was  then  a  ipint  for  this  fort 
of  banking  improvement.  But  the 
pretty  green  fides  of  the  banks  were 
ibon  cut  do'AU  by  hoofs   cf  horfef. 


Thoughts  on/enceSf  hedges^  Cc. 


[November, 


&c.  and  droughts  penetrated  the 
mafs  of  earth;  and  killed  the  grafs 
on  both  fides  ; — ihefe  all  crumbled  a- 
way,  and  the  palhon  for  banking  was 
no  more.  Thefe  people  had  merit 
from  the  attempt.  And  I  am  thank- 
ful for  the  infight  given  me  and  o- 
thcrs  at  the  expenfe  uf  thofe  few  far- 
jners,  who  weje  fo  nobly  poffefled 
with  a  fpirit  of  eiidfeavour  to  point 
out  a  great  good.  The  dull — the 
lignt — ihe  envious — and  narrow- 
nuiided,  feit  malicious  fatisfa£tion  on 
the  failure — wiiliii«s  had  a  iine  time 
of  it — "  we  did  not  run  into  the  fool- 
iflibufiuefs — ihcy  ought  to  have  known 
it  would  not  anfwer — zve  ct5uld  have 
told  them  fo,"  &c.  Nevenhelefs  thofe 
fanners,  who  made  banks,  were  va- 
lued and  refpef.lcd  by  thinking  peo- 
ple, for  their  welt-meant  efforts. 

The  next  dcfign  was  to  lave  con- 
fumption  of  timber  by  eretting  pofts 
Avith  rails  inllead  of  the  common 
worm  fence.  Jt  may  fave  fome  tim- 
ber. They  look  well,  and  they  are 
not  vet  out  of  fdfliion  ;  though,  being 
chiefly  of  oak,  the  polls  ftand  but  a 
few  year<;,  and  the  fence  frequently 
wants  repairs.  Fleafed  with  the  ap- 
pearance, I  completed  a  few  hun- 
dred yards  of  poll  and  rail  fence  : 
when,  reile61ing  how  foon  it  would 
require  to  be  renewed,  and  that  tim- 
ber then  would  Icarcely  be  at  com- 
mand, the  mind  flew  to  the  old 
countries  of  Europe,  where  want  of 
timber  mult  hai'e  long  iince  driven 
hufbaiidmen  to  the  experience  of 
fome  other  modes.  On  enquiry,  I 
preferred  their  hedge  and  diichfences. 

In  England  there  are  fences  form- 
ed by  hedges,  without,  as  well  as 
wiih  ditches:  the  lall  are  greatly  pre- 
f- rred.  Their  bell  farmers  fay,  a 
hedge,  without  a  ditch,  is  no  fence. 
Now  it  was,  that  it  became  an  objefct 
to  procure  thorns.  Firm  in  the  per- 
fuafion  that  port  and  rail  muH,  ere 
long,  give  way  to  the  more  perma- 
nent ditch  and  hedge,  and  that  it  was 
bed  to  take  to  thefe  at  once,  I  loft 
no  opportuni.y  of  gaining  informa- 
tion concern  ng  them  ;  elpecially,  it 
was  a  quell lon  how  to  obtain  the 
thorns  rcquifite  and  abundant  for  mak- 
ing all  my  inclofures.  In  the  mean 
while,  I  made  diiches  wiih  intention 
to  place  pods  on  the  banks,  v/ith 
three  rails,  in  lieu  of  five,  as  is  ufaal^ 


without  a  ditch,  until  young  thorns, 
meant  to  be  ralfed,  (hould  be  fit  to 
plant  on  the  banks.  Having  whlt» 
thorns  from  England,  which  give 
fruit,  a  quantity  of  their  haws  were 
fown,  not  one  of  which  ever  grew. 
In  different  years  and  methods,  they 
were  afterwards  fown,  as  were  fweet 
briar  feeds,  to  no  purpofe.  The 
late  general  Cadwallader  likewlfe 
fowed  haws,  of  the  country  thorn, 
without  efteft ;  until  a  pcrfon  In- 
formed him,  that,  as  he  was  riding 
from  Newcaftle,  he  obferved  feveral 
young  thorns  grown  through  a  cow- 
dung.  The  general  improved  the 
hint,  penned  up  a  number  of  cattle, 
in  the  fall,  and  gave  them  haws  mix- 
ed with  bran.  The  ground  within 
the  pen  was  ploughed  up,  and  the 
haws  covered  with  earth.  With  great 
pleafure  I  viewed  the  place  in  the 
next  fummer,  with  the  feedling  thorns 
growing  in  good  plenty. 

I  have  now  the  like  fuccefs,  from 
imitating,  clofe  as  I  could,  the  pre- 
paration given  to  feed  in  the  cow's 
flomach  and  maw,  a  method  which,  I 
apprehend,  will  be  attended  with  ma- 
ny advantages.  Early  in  March  1786, 
a  quantity  of  the  frefheft  cow- dung 
was  put  into  a  tub — warm  water  was 
poured  on  It  for  reducing  it  to  the 
confiftence  and  warmth,  as  when  in 
a  heart's  maw — the  haws  were  then 
thrown  in,  and  all  was  ftirred  up  and 
placed  near  a  conftant  fire  for  keeping 
warm  as  blood  (in  which  no  great  ex- 
afctnefs  was  obferved,)  fometimes  it 
was  cooler  than  was  wlfhed  :  as  it 
ftood  three  days,  more  warm  water 
was  added,  at  times,  to  replace  the 
evaporated  water,  and  to  take  off  from 
the  coolnefs.  It  was  every  day  ftir- 
red. This  preparation,  although  far 
difterent  from  that  which  would  have 
been  given  to  the  haws  by  the  aftion 
of  a  beaft's  ftomach,  yet  anfwered 
well.  A  clean,  well-drefffd  piece  of 
ground  was  then  opened  with  a  hoe, 
as  for  peafe,  and  the  whole  mafs  of 
diluted  dung  and  haws,  was  drilled 
in  a  row,  and  covered.  Now,  on  the 
26th  of  March,  1787,  the  young  thorn 
plants  are  puflitd  through  the  ground 
plentifully  and  vigoroufly.  If  they 
had  been  fo  prepared  and  fown  in 
the  fall  of  their  ripening,  1785,  it  is 
probable  they  would  have  grown  up 
m    the   next  fuimncr,    17SG.     VUlth 


1789'1 


Account  of  dr.  Morgan, 


25% 


the  like  preparation,  it  is  hoped,  pop- 
lar, afh,  fweet-briar,  &c.  may  be 
raifed  from  feeds.  I  have  fowed  afti- 
keys,  without  any  preparation,  with- 
out the  leaft  fuccefs.  In  the  fandy 
foil  of  Annapolis,  the  haws  of  Eng- 
lifh  white  thorn  grow  well,  without 
more  than  covering  them  with  the 
foil.  It  is  a  comfort  to  be  affured, 
that,  when  defigning  to  have  thorn 
fences,  we  can  readily  procure  any 
number  of  plants  from  haws.  The 
ground  where  they  are  fown,  ought 
to  be  good,  and  previoufly  well  pre- 
pared by  many  ploughingsordrelFings, 
that  it  may  be  perfectly  clean  and 
mellow  ; — without  it,  the  feeds  may 
come  up,  but  the  farmer  will  fall  far 
fhort  of  the  benefit  he  looks  for. 
Sowing  in  rows  admits  of  weeding 
the  plants  perfeftly. 

I  revere  the  memory  of  the  huf- 
bandman,  who  has  left  to  travel- 
lers the  handfome  legacy,  on  the  poll 
road  below  Newcaftle,  the  firfl  pat- 
tern of  an  excellent  thorn  hedgefence  ; 
and  have  wilhed  to  fee  fome  fort  of 
monument  on  the  fpot,  erefted  by  the 
public  for  perpetuating  the  memory 
of  him,  who  lo  early  inftituted  the 
important  leffon.  It  is  good  econo- 
my in  Gates,  to  reward  and  encour- 
zgt  thofe  who  introduce  the  know- 
ledge of  advantageous  pratlices  in 
huibandry  ;  which  is  the  moft  gener- 
al and  moft  neceffary  employment  of 
their  citizens. 

The  ingenious  dr.  Hart  obferves, 
*  the  true  genius  of  animating  agricul- 
ture, muft  refide  in  thofe  who  hold 
the  reins  of  government,  and  in  gen- 
tlemen of  all  denominat'.ons  :  nor 
Ihould  rewards  be  wanting,  nor  pub- 
lic premiums,  nor  marks  of  favour, 
for,  as  agriculture  is  the  moil  ufeful, 
fo  wasit  the  firii  employment  of  man.' 
I  am,  gentlemen. 
Your  obedient  fervant.       O. 

March  9.Gt/i,  1787, 

P.  S.  My  ditches  are  j^  feet  wide 
at  top,  1  foot  at  bottom,  and  3  feet 
deep  (to  3^).  The  cornmoi)  labourers 
on  a  farm,  men  with  fpades,  wo- 
men with  dirt  fhovcis  and  hoes,  af- 
ter a  few  days  of  aukward  work, 
will  rid  oft  thefe  ditches  at  a  good 
rate  ;  thus  by  digging  only  3  feet 
deep,  bevelling  from  a  width  of  4^ 
feet  to  one  foot,  we  hive  a  perma- 
nent bank  near  6  feet  high.  Three 
rails    on    this,    v/hile   th<j    hedge   is 


growing,  will  make  a  good  fence, 
and  when  the  hedge  has  grown  flout, 
we  then  have  a  perfetl  fence,  with- 
out rails,  which  is  neither  liable  to 
rot,  or  be  pulled  down. 

Publiflied  by  order  of  the  Phila- 
delphia fociety  for  promoting  agricul- 
ture. 

Samuel  P.  Grifvitts,  fee. 

November  lOy   1785. 

An  account  of  the  late  dr.  John  Mor- 
gan,  delivered  before  the  trujiets 
andjludents  of  medicine  in  the  col- 
lege of  Philadelphia,  o?i  the  znd  nf 
November,  lj^(),  by  Benjamin  Ru/A, 
M.  D. 

Gentlemen, 

IT  would  be  unpardonable  to  enter 
upon  the  duties  of  the  chair  of  the 
late  profeflbr  of  the  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  without  paying  a 
tribute  of  refpeft  to  his  memory. 

Dr.  John  Morgan,  whofc  place  I 
have  been  called  upon  to  fill,  was  born 
in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  He  dif- 
covered  in  early  life  a  ftrong  propen- 
fity  for  learning,  and  an  uncommon 
application  to  books.  He  acquired 
the  rudiments  of  his  claOica)  learning 
at  the  rev.  dr.  Finley's  academy,  in 
Nottingham,  and  fiiiifhed  his  ftudies 
in  this  C'>llcge  under  the  prefent  pro- 
voft ,  and  the  late  rev.  dr.  Allifon. 
In  both  of  thefe  feminaries,  he  ac- 
quired the  elteem  and  affctlion  of  his 
preceptors,  by  his  fingular  diligence 
and  proficiency  in  his  ftudies.  In  the 
year  1757,  he  was  admitted  to  the  fir.l 
literary  honours  that  were  conferred 
by  the  college  of  Philadelphia. 

During  the  lail  years  of  his  attend- 
ance upon  the  college,  he  began  the 
lludy  of  phyfic  under  the  direction  of 
dr.  John  Redman,  of  this  city.  His 
conduct,  as  an  apprentice,  was  fuch  as 
gained  him  the  elleem  and  confidence 
of  his  mailer,  and  the  affeftions  of  all 
his  patients.  After  he  had  finifned 
his  ftudies  under  dr.  Redman,  he  en- 
tered into  the  fervice  of  his  country, 
ar.  a  fiirgeon  and  lieutenant  in  the 
provincial  troops  of  Pennfylvania,  in 
the  laft  war  which  Britain  and  Ame- 
rica carried  on  againft  the  French  na- 
tion. As  a  furgeon,  in  which  capa- 
city only,  he  aftcd  in  the  army,  he  ac- 
quired both  knowledge  and  reputa- 
tion. He  was  rcfpe£ted  by  the  offi- 
cersj   and  beloved  by  the  foldiers  of 


Account  of  dr.  Morgan* 


the  army  ;  and  fo  great  were  his  dili- 
gence and  humanity  in  attending  the 
fick  and  wounded,  who  were  the  fub- 
jeftsof  hiR  care,  that  I  well  remember 
to  have  heard  it  faid,  "  that  if  it  were 
ponible  for  any  man  to  merit  heaven 
by  his  good  works,  dr.  Morgan  would 
^cferve  it  for  his  faithful  attendance 
upon  his  patients." 

In  the  year  1760,  he  left  the  army, 
and  failed  for  Europe,  with  a  view  of 
profecuting  his   ftudies  in  medicine. 

He  attended  the  leflures  and  diffec- 
tions  of  the  late  celebrated  dr.  Wil- 
liam Hunter,  and  afterwards  fpcnt 
two  years  in  attending  the  leftures  of 
•the  profeflors  in  Edinburgh.  Here, 
both  the  Monroes,  Cullen,  Ruther- 
ford, V/hyt,  and  Hope,  were  his  maf- 
ters,  with  each  of  whom  he  lived  in 
the  mofi  familiar  intercourfe,  and  all 
■of  whom  fpoke  of  him  with  affection 
and  refpefcU  At  the  end  of  two 
years,  he  publilhed  an  elaborate  thefts 
«pon  the  formation  of  pus,  and  after 
publicly  defending  it,  was  admitted 
to  the  honour  of  doftor  of  medicine 
in  the  univerTity^ 

From  Edinburgh,  he  went  to  Pai^is, 
where  he  fpent  a  winter  in  attending 
the  anatomical  leflures  and  didef  tions 
of  mr.  Sue.  In  this  city,  he  injefcted 
a  kidney  in  fo  curious  and  elegant  a 
iTianner,  that  it  procured  bis  admilTion 
into  the  academy  of  furgery  in  Pans. 
W^hile  on  the  continent  of  Europe, 
lie  vilited  Flolland  and  Italy.  In 
both  thefe  countries  he  was  intro- 
<luced  to  the  firft  medical  and  literary 
charaQers.  He  fpent  fevera!  hours 
in  company  with  Voltaire  at  Geneva, 
and  he  had  theTionour  of  a  long  cnn- 
feience  with  the  celebrated  Mor- 
gagni  at  Padua,  when  he  was  in 
she  80th  year  of  his  age.  This  vene- 
rable phyfician,  who  was  the  light  and 
ornament  of  two  or  three  fuccelFive 
{[enerations  of  phyPicians,  was  fo 
pleafed  with  the  dofior,  that  he  claim- 
ed kindred  with  him,  from  the  re- 
femblance  of  their  names,  and  on  the 
blank  leaf  of  a  copy  of  his  works, 
which  he  prefented  to  him,  he  in- 
fcribed  with  his  own  hand  the  follow- 
ing words,  "  /ijftnijho,  medico  prae- 
clarijjimo,  Johanni  Morgan,  donat 
cii6lor."  Upon  the  doctor's  return  to 
London,  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  royal  fociety.  He  was  likewlfe 
adiriitted  as  a  hcentiate  of  the  coileiie 


{November, 


of  phyficians  in  London,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  college  of  phyficians  in 
Edinburgh. 

It  was  during  his  ah  fence  from 
home,  that  he  conceJ'ted  with  dr. 
Shippen,  the  plan  of  eftabliftiing  % 
medcal  fchool  in  this  city.  He  re- 
turned to  Philadelphia,  in  the  year 
1765,  loaded  with  b'terary  honours, 
and  was  received  with  open  arms  by 
his  fellow  citizens.  They  fell  an  Ln- 
tereil  in  him,  for  having  advanced 
in  every  part  of  Europe  the  honour 
of  the  American  name*  Immedi- 
ately after  his  arrival,  he  was  elefted 
profeiTor  of  the  theory  and  praBice 
of  medicine,  and  delivered,  foon  af- 
terwards, at  a  public  commencement, 
his  plan  for  conneQing  a  medical 
fchool  with  the  college  of  this  city. 
This  difcourfe  was  compofed  with 
talle  and  judgment,  and  contained 
many  of  the  true  principles  of  liberal 
medical  fcience. 

In  the  year  1769,  he  had  the  plea- 
fure  of  feeing  the  firfl  fruits  of  his  la- 
bours for  the  advancement  of  medi- 
cine. Five  young  gentlemen  received 
in  that  yearfrom  the  hands  of  the  pre- 
fent  provofl,  the  firft  honours  in  medi- 
cine that  ever  were  conferred  ia 
America. 

The  hiflorian,  who  fhall  hereafter 
relate  the  progrefs  of  medical  fcience 
in  America,  will  be  deficient  in  candor 
and  juflice,  if  he  does  not  conneft 
the  name  of  dr.  Morgan  with  that 
aufpicious  era  in  which  medicine  was 
firll  taught  and  fludied  as  a  fcience  in 
this  country*  But  the  zeal  of  dr. 
Morgan  was  not  confined  to  the 
advancement  of  medical  fcience 
alone.  He  had  an  atlive  hand  in  the 
ellablifliment  of  the  American  philo- 
fophical  fociety,  and  he  undertook,  in 
the  year  1773,  a  voyage  to  Jamaica  on 
purpoie  to  lolicit  benefactions  for  the 
advancement  of  general  literature  in 
the  collep?. 

He  pofieffed  an  uncommon  capaci- 
ty fui"  acqiiirmg  knowledge.  His  me- 
mory was  extcnfive  and  accurate  :  he 
was  iniir!iat<*ly  acquainted  with  the 
Laiin  and  Greek  claflics.  He  had 
read  much  in  medicine.  In  all  his 
purluiis,  he  was  perfevenrg  and  inde- 
fatig;;ble.  He  was  Capable  of  fnend- 
fliip,  and  in  his  intercourfe  with  his 
patients,  difcovered  the  moil  amiable 
and  exemplary  tendernefs,     1  never 


»7«'5/-l 


Crafi'sn  in  praifc  of  drunkennefj. 


U» 


knew  a  perfon  who  had  baen  attended 
by  him,  that  did  not  Tpcak  of  his  fym- 
pathy  and  attention  with  gratiiude 
and  refpert.  Such  was  the  man  who 
onCe  filled  the  chair  of  the  theory  and 
praftice  of  medicine  in  our  college. 
He  is  now  no  more.*  His  remains 
now  deep  in  the  filent  grave — but  not 
lb  his  virtuous  aftions.  Every  act  of 
benevolence  which heperformed,  eve- 
ry public-fpirited  enterprife  which  he 
planned,  or  executed,  and  every  tear 
of  fympathy  which  he  fli»d,  are  faith- 
fully recorded,  and  Ihall  be  preferved 
forever. 

Oration  in  praife  of  drnnkcnnefs.— 
Delivered  by  ajiudevt  of  Princeton 
college,  at  a  late  commtncement. 

I  Am  neither  infenfible  of  your 
dgnitynormy  own  weaknefs;  yet, 
if  you  were  better,  and  I  worfe,  as  I 
am  doomed  to  fpeak,  I  expect  you 
will  fpare  me  the  trouble  of  making 
any  apology  for  my  prefumption.  I 
am  fure  that  I  may  make  large  allow- 
ances for  your  goodncfs  and  generofi- 
ty  ;  yet  I  muft  confefs  that  I  rather 
wifli  than  hope  to  pleafe.  What  I 
*TO  about  to  trouble  you  with,  Is,  a  few 
reflexions  on  deep  di  inking  and  drunk- 
snnefs,  the  utility  of  which  I  mean 
to  point  out.  A  fubjeft  that  the  pre- 
fcnt  depravity  of  our  age  renders  pe- 
culiarly interefting. 

Any  man,  who  is  in  the  lead  de- 
gree converfant  in  public  life,  muft  be 
fcnfible  of  this.  It  is  no  uncharitable 
calculation  to  fuppofe,  that  one-half 
©f  the  human  race  have  in  a  great 
meafure  deferted  the  caufe  of  Bac- 
chus ;  have  Qiamefully  turned  their 
Backs  on  the  fparklingglafs,  and  flow- 
ing bowl  ;  and  gone,  in  common  with 
the  beafts  of  the  field,  to  quench  their 
thirft  at  the  purling  ftream  or  bubbling 
fountain,  or  if  at  any  time  they  are 
prevailed  upon  to  tafte  the  nec^areous 
juice,  it  is  done  in  fuch  a  fparingand 
timid  manner,  as  does  diflionour  to  the 
profelTion  of  drinking.  If  we  look 
back  inio  the  early  ages  of  the  world, 
we  will  find  Noah  more  than  middling 
Well  fuddled  with  the  produce  of  his 
pew  vineyard  ;  but    as  we  never  hear 


*  HediedOftober  13,  1789,  in  the 
44,th  year  of  his  age. 


of  his  repeating  it  the  fecond  time^ 
and  feeing  that  all  his  other  aftions  arc 
far  from  befpeaking  him  a  good  ful>- 
jetl  of  Bacchus,  we  cannot  recorrr- 
mend  him  for  an  example.  Any  mar* 
may  ftumble  upon  a  good  aftion,  bu4 
it  is  perfeverance  alone  that  merus  ap- 
plauie.  Encouraged  by  wine,  an- 
cient Lot  laid  the  foundation  of  two» 
great  and  populous  nations — Moab- 
and  the  children  of  Ammon,  AntJ 
I  doubt  not,  but  many  honourable  and 
ufefiil  families,  of  more  recent  times, 
owe  their  origin  to  the  nofturnal  ex- 
Gurfions  of  fome  adventurous  and  in- 
triguing bacchanal.  Alexander  the 
Great  had  natural  ferocity  enough,  to- 
deal  death  and  deftrutlion  through  the 
world,  among  thofe  he  called  hi^  ene- 
mies :  but  to  wine  alone  he  was  indebt- 
ed for  that  generous  ardour  which  en- 
abled him  to  ftab  and  murder  his  moft 
faithful  and  afetlionate  friends.  To- 
wine  at  laft  he  furrendered  his  pretend- 
ed immortality,  which  was  nothing 
more  than  a  particular  kind  of  drunk- 
ennefs.  But  we  need  not  fearch  ths- 
pages  of  antiquity  for  examples  to  re- 
commend this  water  of  life.  The 
many  advantages  arifing  fromafult 
flomach  and  rocking  head,  will  be  e- 
vident  enough  to  any  who  will  but 
make  the  experiment.  Nay,  lefa 
than  experience,  oblervation  alone 
may  ferve  our  turn.  We  can  eafily 
difcover  that  words  are  altogether  in- 
fufficient  to  give  us  an  idea  of  the 
gladnefs  of  the  drunkard's  heart.  His 
ineffable  raptures  are  either  exprefTed 
by  wry  faces,  winking  eyes,  or  loud 
and  ina'rticulate  roars.  What  inward 
ftrength  of  mind,  and  greatnefs  of 
foul'muft  he  fuck  from  his  bottle,  when 
he  can  wallow  in  the  mire,  or  perhaps 
in  fomeihing  fouler,  without  the  leaft 
difcompofure  ;  can  fv/eetly  kifs  his 
mother  earth,  embrace  the  filth  of  the 
dunghill,  or  bathe  in  the  loathlome 
dregs  of  a  common  fewer,  fliall  I  fay 
without  repining — nav  even  with  com- 
placency and  delight  !  How  often  do 
we  fee  him  from  fome  internal  heart- 
felt joy,  extending  his  jaws,  and  burft-- 
ing  into  thundering  laughter,  without 
any  of  thofe  exterior  caufes  which  ge- 
nerally provoke  the  fober  fool  to 
m'rih  !  But  this  is  not  all :  drunken- 
nc'fs  will  alfo  effetlually  purge  away 
that  foolifh  fympathy,  which  aperfon 
would  otherwife  feel  for  humaa  n»- 


S56 


Thoughts  on  various fubjeBs, 


[November,^ 


ture  in  dlftrefs;  fo  that  if  a  man  find 
it  neceffary  for  the  good  order  of  his 
houfe,  that  his  wife  lliould  be  kiclied 
out  of  doors — or,  for  the  fupport  of 
his  funds,  that  his  neighbour's  throat 
fhould  be  cut,  and  his  money  transfer- 
red into  his  own  cheft,  a  plentiful 
draught  of  good  Welt  Indian  will  en- 
able him  to  perform  either  the  one  or 
the  oiher,  with  as  much  bravery  and 
unrelenting  fury,  as  if  he  had  been  bred 
amongft  the  infernals.  And  after  all 
this,  how  little  need  he  regard  law, 
juftice,  or  the  worft  confequences  that 
can  poflibly  enfue  !  A  plentiful  po- 
tion of  the  fame  liquor,  which  ena- 
bled him  to  comma  this  a6tion,  will 
a! fo  embolden  him  undauntedly  to  en- 
counter the  punifliment,  to  which  it 
may  expole  him.  And  if  it  Ihould 
even  coll  him  his  life,  death  is  an  evil 
we  have  all  to  combat,  and  perhaps 
few  of  us  will  make  our  exit  like  him, 
with  pomp  and  parade.  Foryouren- 
eouragement,  ye  heroes  of  the  bottle, 
attend  to  the  liTue  of  this  fortunate 
man.  He  fliall  be  endowed,  as  it 
were,  with  the  fpirit  of  prophecy,  and 
be  able  to  predift  the  very  day  and 
manner  of  his  death.  At  his  lail 
hour  he  fliall  be  punttually  waited  up- 
on by  the  officers  of  the  ftate,  and  a 
numerous  train  of  a  lower  order. 
While  others  are  walking  on  foot,  he 
{hall  be  borne  in  a  vehicle,  with  a 
particular  badge  of  honour  about  his 
neck  ;  and  laiUy,  he  Ihall  fwing  away 
his  life  in  airy  circles,  without  agroan, 
or  a  figh,  raifed  from  the  earth  above 
the  gaping  and  admiring,  not  to  fay 
envying  world. 

When  the  foft  pafTion  of  love, 
with  all  its  cares  and  anxieties,  takes 
polFeffion  of  the  aching  breaft,  it  re- 
duces the  man,  who  is  not  wife  enough 
to  feek  confolaiion  from  his  bowl, 
to  the  condition  of  a  fawning  fpani- 
el,  ready  to  lick  the  dull  of  his  mlf- 
trefs's  feer,  and  willing  to  receive  a 
fingle  kifs,  as   an    eternal  obligation. 

But  the  fon  of  Bacchus  approaches 
his  fair  with  a  bold  front  and  re- 
folute  mien,  as  if  determined  to  in- 
fill on  an  immediate  furrender  ;  dif- 
regarding  foolilh  forms  and  ceremo- 
uies,  he  comes  at  once  to  the  point, 
without  hrlitation  or  circumlocution. 
His  loud,  and  confequenily  perfua- 
five  eloquence,  added  bvihefhower 
»)f    nectar  blown   from  his  liquorifh 


mouth,  at  every  emphatical  word,  to- 
gether with  the  fragrance  proceeding 
from  his  ftomach,  furcharged  with 
wholefome  brandy,  cannot  fail  to 
foften  the  moft  obdurate  nymph. 

Horace,  the  great  mafter  of  lyrie 
poetry  among  the  Latins,  has  difcover- 
ed  the  high  value  he  fet  upon  drunken- 
nefs,  in  words  to  this  effett.  "What  is 
beyond  the  power  of  drunkennefs  ? 
It  dlfcovers  the  moft  important  fe- 
crets,  thrufts  the  coward  into  battle, 
and  removes  the  burden  of  anxiety 
from  the  mind."  But  we  are  all  as  feii- 
fible  as  Horace  was,  what  extraordi- 
nary effetl  it  produces  in  moft  of  thofe 
cafes.  How  often  do  we  fee  the 
drunkard  fo  full  of  bravery,  that  he 
will  nobly  rufh  into  the  moft  immi- 
nent danger,  without  the  leaft  necef- 
fity  ?  I  have  known  a  man,  who, 
when  drunk,  would  ftrip  himfelf  as 
naked  as  Adam  in  his  innocence,  and 
run  headlong  into  thickets  of  briars 
and  thorns,  to  the  great  admiration  of 
every  beholder.  What  more  need  I 
fay,  to  recommend  it  ?  how  amiable 
does  this  fet  of  men  always  appear! 
view  them  in  the  ftreets,  and  you  will 
find  them  attended  by  a  numerous 
train  of  fhouting  applauders.  View 
them  in  their  hoafes,  and  you  wijl 
find  them  bufied,  inftrufting  their 
children  in  the  ufeful  fcience  of  fing- 
ing  lafcivious  fongs  ;  but  if  words 
{hould  be  wanting,  the  voice  is  ftill 
kept  up,  and  their  melodious  notes 
may  fitly  be  compared  to  the  enchant- 
ing voice  of  the  crow  or  jackdaw, 
thofe  matters  of  harmony,  among  the 
feathered  tribe. 

Thoughts  on  various  fubjeBs. 

'OOLS  are  oftentimes  not  fo 
X  much  contemned  for  their  ftupi- 
dity,  as  for  being  held  incapable  of 
judging  of  our  own  merits. 

It  is  fcarce  in  Fortune's  power  to 
make  a  coxcomb  unhappy  :  his  good 
opinion  of  himfelf  will  fupport  him  in 
moft  conditions.  Is  it  not  a  reproach 
to  philofophy,  that  vanity  can  anfwer 
fo  well  the  end  propofed  by  it? 

Ceremony  is  the  alfeftation  of  good 
breeding,  as  cunning  is  the  ape  of 
wifdom. 

The  world's  contempt  for  fome  fort 
of  people  ferves  only  to  reconcile 
them  the  better  to  themfelves. 


F' 


1789.] 


Offalamanders, — Of  cameleons. 


NATURAL   HISTORY. 
Dtfcription  of  the  Jalamander* , 

THE  form  of  the  falamaiider  and 
that  of  the  crocodile  are  nearly 
the  fame.  It  is  chiefly  among  the  rocks 
and  mountains  of  India,  that  thefe 
retired  aunnais  live.  The  colour  of 
their  fkin  is  of  a  deep  green,  (lightly 
fpotted  with  darker  Ihades  ;  iheir 
length  IS  three  or  four  feet  at  the  molt. 
There  is  alfo  a  fpecies  that  inhabits 
the  borders  of  lonely  ponds,  of  a 
lighter  green,  rather  uncommonj  and 
in  no  reqiielh 

Thefe  creatures  are  timid,  and  al- 
moll  without  defence  ;  their  bite  only 
occafions  a  gentle  inflammation  ;  nei- 
ther is  it  very  deep,  for  though  the 
mouth  is  full  of  teeth,  they  are  fmall, 
and  planted  in  fockets  that  are  not 
oiTiSed.  Little  particles  of  herbs  are 
found  in  their  ftomachs,  though  in- 
fefls,  frogs,  and  even  fmall  quadru- 
peds, are  their  ufual  food. 

Theflelhof  thefe  reptiles  (I  fpeak 
only  of  the  firfl  kind)  is  agreeable  to 
the  tai'e  ;  they  are  fometimes  ftewed 
with  fpice  ;  and,  as  they  abound  with 
a  penetrating  alkaline  fait,  if  taken 
for  feveral  days,  are  faid  to  be  a  good 
reilorative  for  a  vvaRed  conftitution. 
They  are  alfo  mixed  in  the  food  of 
valuable  horfes,  when  they  have  been 
too  much  fatigued. 

I  know  not  if  the  fcink  ought  to  be 
regarded  as  a  fmall  fpecies  of  the  fala- 
roander.  This  is  a  kind  of  lizard, 
very  common  in  feveral  cantons  of 
Arabia,  aboutnineorten  inches  long  : 
and.  when  failed  and  dried,  are  fent  to 
Perliaand  the  Indies,  where  the  rich 
Mahometans  ufe  them  in  their  refto- 
ratives.  We  may  add,  that  reptiles, 
whether  creeping  or  quadruped,  appa- 
rently contain  more  or  lefs  the  aphro- 
difiacal  particles. 

It  was,  perhaps,  obfervations  on 
thefe  heatin<{  properties  of  the  fala- 
mandcr,  that  firft  induced  fome  tra- 
vellers, from  a  kind  of  farfetched 
analogy,  to  fuppoie,  that  in  it  they 
beheld  aheing  endowed  with  a  virtue, 
capable,  at  leall  for  a  certain  time,  of 
refilling  the  action  of  fire  ;  but  it  is 

NOTE. 

*  Philofophic  etTayson  the  manners 
•''F  various  f.ireign  animals.  By  M. 
Foiicher  D'Obfonville. 

Vol.  VI.  No.  IV.  Z  z 


357 

cerfain,  that  fire  will  a£l  as  efFeftively, 
and  as  loon,  upon  .his  animal,  as  up- 
on any  other  with  a  Ikin  of  an  equal 
denfity. 

Defcription  of  the  camdcon-^-. 

CArvlELEONS,  of  abouta  foot 
long,  are  common  in  Aha  ailid 
Africa  ;  their  chatig.iable  tints,  of 
green,  blue,  and  yellow,  fufceptible 
too  of  various  combinations,  often 
prefent  very  fingnlar  elfccts  to  the  eye 
of  the  beholder;  but  in  a  flaie  of  li- 
berty and  health,  the  firfl  of  thefe  co- 
lours is  ufually  predominant.  It  is 
well  kiunvn,  that  without  moving 
from  then  place,  they  have  a  fingnlar 
manner  of  catching  the  infccls  on 
which  they  feed  :  they  can  expend 
their  tongue  Irveral  in^ches  out  of  the 
mouth,  which,  and  efpeciaily  the 
cefophagus,  being  always  fupplied 
with  a  vifcous  humour,  retains  their 
prey.  Neither  is  it  neceflary  to  en- 
large on  their  form,  or  their  eyes, 
which  la'ter,  by  (heir  mobility,  conic 
fihape,  j^nd  projetlion,  are  capahle  of 
receiving  the  iniprelfions  of  light  in 
every  duettipn.  Several  travellers 
have  already  given  details  on  thefe 
ditterent  lubjetts  :  but  the  mcchanifm 
by  which  the  camelcon  appears  to 
change  his  colour,  in  cunfequcnce  of 
certain  fenfations,  feems  to  me  to  be 
capable  of  farther  invefiigation  and 
diicovery. 

The  flcinof  the  cameleon,confider- 
ed  as  it  were  ifolated,  refletts  only  the 
colour  of  the  bodies  by  which  it  is 
furrounded,  as  do  all  other  bodies 
that  are  a  little  polifhed.  Thefe rno- 
mentary  variations,  however,  which 
are  become  the  emblems  of  a  con«' 
temptible  adulation,  are  not  mere  li- 
lufions.  Let  us,  in  a  few  words,  en- 
deavour to  defcnbe  how  this  is  per- 
formed. 

I'he  colour  of  the  animal  is  natural- 
ly  green,  but  fufceptible  of  many,  and 
particularly  of  tfiree  very  diltinct 
fliade'' ;  that  is  to  fay,  the  Saxon  green, 
the  deep  green,  bordering  on  blue, 
and  the  yellow  green.  When  free, 
in  health  and  at  eafe,  it  is  a  beauti- 
ful green,  fome  parts  excepted,  where 
the  fkin,  thicker  and   rougher,  prw- 


N  o  T  K « 


f  Idem, 


35« 


Account  of  a  lithophagus. 


[Nov. 


duces  gradations  of  a  brown,  red,  or 
light  grey.  When  the  animal  ispro- 
voked  in  open  air,  and  w;ll  fed,  it  be- 
comes bin?-  preen  ;  but  when  feeble, or 
deprived  of  Irec  air,  the  prevailing  tint 
is  the  yellow  green.  Under  fome  o- 
ther  circumllances,  and  efpecially  at 
the  approach  of  oneof  itsownfpecies, 
no  matterof  which  fex,  or  when  fur- 
rounded  and  teazed  by  a  number  of 
infecfs,  thrown  upon  him,  he  then  al- 
m.nl.  in  a  moment,  takes  alternately, 
the  three  different  tims  of  green.  If 
he  is  dying,  particularly  of  hunger, 
the  yellow  is  at  firlt  predominant  ; 
butjin  thefirft  ftage  of  putrefaction,  it 
changes  to  the  colour  ot  dead  leaves. 

It  feems,  rhat  the  caufes  of  thefe 
different  varieties  are  feveral  :  and 
firft,  the  blood  of  the  cameleoii  is  of 
a  violet  blue,  which  colour  it  will 
preferve  forfone  minutes  on  linen  or 
paper,  efpecially  that  which  has  been 
lleeped  in  allum  water.  In  the  fecond 
place,  theditierent  tunicles  of  the  vef- 
fels  are  yellow,  as  well  in  their  trunks 
as  in  their  ramifications.  The  epi- 
dermis, or  exterior  fltin,  whenfepa-' 
rated  from  the  other,  is  tranfparent, 
without  any  colour  ;  and  the  fecond 
flcin  is  yellow,  as  well  as  all  the  little 
veffelsthat  touch  it.  Hence,  it  is  pro- 
bable, that  the  change  of  colour  de- 
pends upon  the  mixture  of  blue  and 
yellow,  and  from  which  refult  diffe- 
rent fliadesof  gieen.  Thus,  when  the 
animal,  healihy  and  well  fed,  is  pro- 
voked, its  blood  is  carried  in  great 
abundance  from  the  heart  towards  ihe 
extremities,  and  fwelling  the  vellels 
that  are  fpread  over  the  fkin,  its  blue 
colour  fubdues  the  yellow  of  the  vef- 
fels,  and  produces  a  blue  green,  that 
is  feen  through  the  epidermis  ;  when, 
on  the  contrary,  the  animal  is  impo- 
verilhed  and  deprived  of  free  air,  the 
exterior  velfels  being  emptier,  their 
colour  prevails,  and  the  animal  be- 
comes a  yellow-green  till  it  recovers 
its  liberty,  is  well  nouriflied,  and  with- 
out pain  ;  when  it  regains  the  colour 
which  is  theconfequence  of  an  equi- 
librium in  the  liquids,  and  of  a  due 
proponion  of  rhem  in  the  velfcls. 

.    Account,  of  a  lithopha<ius'*, 

THE  heginuMig  of   May,    1760, 
was  brought  10  Avignon,  a  true 
N  o  T  K  . 
*  D,/l  onnaiie^ihyfiquede  Pnulian. 


lithopagus,  or  ftone  cater.  He  not 
only  fwallowed  flints  of  an  inch  and 
a  half  long,  a  full  inch  broad,  and 
half  an  inch  thick  ;  but  fuch  floncs  as 
he  could  reduce  to  powder,  as  mar- 
bles, pebbles,  &c  .  he  made  up  into 
parte,  which  was  to  him  a  mofl  agree- 
able and  wholefome  food.  I  exa- 
mined this  man  with  .all  the  attention 
1  pollibly  could.  I  found  his  gullet 
very  large,  his  teeth  exceedingly  flrong, 
his  faliva  very  corrofive,  and  his  flo- 
mach  lower  than  ordinary,  which  I 
imputed  to  the  vaft  number  of  flints 
he  had  fwallowed,  being  about  five- 
and-twenty,  one  day  with  another. 

Upon  interrogating  his  keeper,  he 
told  me  the  follo'.ving  particulars ; 
this  flone-eater,  fays  he,  was  found 
three  years  ago  in  a  northern  uninha- 
bued  ifland,  by  fome  of  the  crew  of  a 
Dutch  fhip,  on  Good  Friday.  Since 
1  have  had  him,  I  make  him  eat  raw 
flefli  with  his  Hones :  I  could  never 
get  him  to  fwallow  bread.  He  will 
drink  water,  wine,  and  brandy  ;  which 
lalf  liquor  gives  him  infinite  pleafure. 
He  fleeps  at  leaft  twelve  hours  in  a 
day,  fitting  on  the  ground  with  one 
knee  over  the  other,  and  his  chin  relf- 
ing  on  his  right  knee.  He  fmokes 
almofl  all  the  time  he  is  not  afleep,  or 
eating.  The  flints  he  has  fwallowed, 
he  voids  fomewhat  corroded,  and  di- 
miniflied  in  weight ;  the  reft  of  his  sx- 
crements  reiemble  mortar. 

The  keeper  alfo  tells  me,  that  fome 
phyficians  at  Paris  got  him  blooded  : 
that  the  blood  had  little  or  no  ferum, 
and  in  two  hours  became  as  fragile  as 
coral.  If  this  faft  be  true,  it  is  mani- 
feflthat  the  moff  diluted  partofthefto- 
ny  juice  rauft  be  converted  into  chyle. 
This  flone-eater  hitherto  is  unable  to 
pronounce  more  than  avery  few  words, 
Oat.  von  caittoVf  ban,  I  fliewed  him 
a  fly  ihrougha  microfcope  ;  he  was  af- 
tonifned  at  the  fize  of  the  animal, 
and  could  not  be  induced  to  examine 
it.  He  has  been  taught  to  make  the 
fign  of  the  crofs,  and  was  baptized 
fome  months  ago  in  the  church  of  St, 
Come,  at  Paris. 

Rtviarkahle  injlance  of  a  decrepitude 
tranfmitled  from  parenti  to  chil' 
dren, 

IN  the  Warfaw  gazette,  of  the  13th 
May,  1703,  IS  the    following  ex- 
traordinary lelition  : 


I7^9-] 


CkaraHer  of  the   Creoles  of  St,  Domingo. 


"  One  Marstaret  Krafionadied  late- 
ly in  the  village  of    Koninia  aged  one 
hundred  and   eight,    being    born   Fe- 
bruary    12,    1655.     At    the    age    of 
ninety-four,  (he  married,  for  her  third 
huflaand,    Gafpard    Raykou,   of    the 
village  of   Ciwoufzin,  then    aged  one 
hundred  and  five.     During  the   four- 
teen years  they    lived    together,    they 
had  two  boys  and  one  girl ;  and  what 
is  very  remarkable,  thefe   three  chil- 
dren bear  evident  marks   of  the  old 
age  of  iheirfather  and  mother.     Their 
hair  is  alicady  grey,    and  they  have  a 
vacuity  in  their  gums,  like  that  which 
appears  after  the  lofs  of  teeth,  though 
they  never  had  any   teeth  ;  they   have 
not  (Irength  enough  to  chew  folid  food, 
but  live    on    bread    and    vegetables. 
They  arc  of  a  proper   fize  for   their 
age  ;  but  their  backs   are   bent,    their 
complexions  are  lallow.and  thevhave 
all   the  other  fymptoms    of  decrepi- 
tude.    Their    father    is    ftill  alive." 
Thefe  particulars  are  certified  by   the 
parifh  regiflers. 

NATIONAL  CHARACTERS, 
MANNERS,  CUSTOMS,  &c. 

CharaEler  of  the   Creoles  of  St.  Do- 
jiiingo*. 

TH  E  influence  of  climate  and 
phyfical  caufes  on  morals,  is  fo 
generally  acknowledged,  that  it  is 
unneceffary  to  enter  farther  into  the 
fubjefl  at  prefent,  than  merely  to  ob- 
ferve,  that  the  burning  heat  of  the 
fun  in  the  torrid  zone,  mull  produce 
fuch  effefts  on  the  organs  of  the  in- 
habitants, as  to  make  them  confider- 
ably  ditter  from  thofe  of  the  people 
of  more  moderate  climes. 

Accordingly,  thofe  who  are  born 
in  the  French  Caribbee  iflands,  not- 
withflanding  their  connexion  and  m- 
tercourfe  with  the  mother-country, 
preferve  certain  features  which  dillin- 
guifli  them  from  the  natives  of  Eu-** 
rope.  T(5)  thele  we  mean  to  turn  our 
'attention,  while  we  delineate  the  cha- 
rafterof  the  iflanders  of  St.  Domin- 
go. 

The  Americans  who  are  born  in 
this  ifland,  and  who  are  called  Cre- 
oles (a  name  common  to  all  that  have 
their   birth  in    the  colonies,)   are  ge_ 

NOTE. 

*   By  M.   Moreau  de    St.  Mery. 


3S9 

nerally  well  made  and  of  an  elegant 
fliape.  Their  features  are  fufficieni- 
ly  regular,  but  the  colour  that  em- 
bellifhes  the  complexion  in  coid 
countries,  is  wanting.  They  have  an 
exprefhve  look,  with  a  fort  of  haugh- 
tinefs  which  at  firfi  fight  gives  an  un- 
favourable idea  of  them.  As  they 
are  never  incommoded  v«;iih  fwad- 
dling  clothes  in  infancy,  their  limbs 
rarely  fufter  any  defonr.ity,  but  re- 
ceive from  the  temperature  of  the 
climate,  an  activity  and  fupplcnefs, 
which  fit  them  for  the  exercifes  they 
are  naturally  inclined  to. 

They  have  a  lively  imagination 
and  a  q'.uck  apprehei^lion,  occafion- 
ed  by  the  rapid  developemcnt  of  their 
phyfical  powers,  by  the  perpetual 
fight  of  thofe  produtlions  with  which 
an  evei-a^ive  and  fruitful  caufe  en- 
riches their  country,  and  perhaps  by 
the  continual  proipefct  of  that  ele- 
ment which  fcparates,  without  ex-. 
eluding  them  from  the.reil  of  the 
world.  Thefe  natural  advantages 
would  infure  them  fuccefs  in  what- 
ever ihey  might  undertake,  if  ihey 
were  not  counterafled  by  a  love  of 
variety,  foilercd  by  thefe  very  advan- 
tages ;  and,  if  thofe  gifts,  which,  in 
infancy,  they  enjoy  fo  liberally,  d'd 
not  often  become  a  fource  of  misfor- 
tune to  themfelves,  and  a  fubjeci  of 
aftonifliment  to  theobferver. 

Many  caufes  concur  to  make  the 
young  Creoles  lofe  the  advantages 
which  they  at  firfl  enjoy  over  the 
children  of  other  climates.  In  the 
firfl  place,  with  blind  and  exccflivc 
alFeflion,  their  parents  humour  them 
in  all  their  follies.  There  is  no  ca- 
price, which  they  do  not  flatter,  no 
extravagance,  they  do  not  excufe,  no  - 
wifli,  they  do  not  fatisfy  ;  in  fliort, 
there  is  no  fault  which  they  do  not 
leave  to  the  correction  of  time,  as  if 
time  were  net  likely  to  make  it  llill 
more  incorrigible.  But  happy  is 
that  chdd,  whonra  firm  confiitution 
piote^is  from  experiencing  the  fa- 
tal fenfibility  of  his  parents  :  for,  if 
his  health  Hs  infum,  and  his  life  is  in 
danger,  he  is  doomed  to  he  an  objecl 
of  parental  idolatry.  Every  com- 
plaint, occalioned  by  his  difcafe,  is 
interpreted,  into  a  v.'ifli  which  he  is 
unable  to  cxpreP  ;  ev-ry  lot.k  is  ex- 
plained into  a  di'lire  which  muft  be  ' 
g'atincd  •,  and  if  the  conftitution  of 


•iCo 


CharaBer  cf  the  Creoles  of  St.  Domingt. 


[Nov. 


the  child  gets  the  better  of  his  phy- 
fical  evil,  there  are  generally  lown 
the  indeltrutlible  feeds  of  a  mc'ral 
evil  that  threatens  to  attend  him  dur- 
ing the  rell  of  his  life. 

To  ihefe  iiiconveniencc!!,  we  muft 
add,  the  cufiom  of  being  furrounded 
by  llaves,  Vs'ho  are  obliged  to  ohierve 
every  nod,  and  to  obey  it.  Ncde- 
fpot  was  ever  more  alliduoiifly  lerv- 
edjOrinore  conllantly  llaitered.  Each 
ll.ive  is  fubjetled  to  the  capricioufneis 
of  his  huiTiour,  which,  but  too  often, 
diiturbs  (he  dotnellic  tranquility  ;  for 
his  will,  however  unjuil,  mult  be  o- 
beyed, 

Lalily,  even  in  his  play,  the  Cre- 
ole child  is  trained  up  to  be  a  tyrant ; 
he  domineers  over  a  troop  of  little 
llaves,  from  whom  he  will  bear  no 
contradiction,  and  who  are  obliged  to 
forego  the  pleafurcs  oftheir  own  age, 
that  they  may  minifler  to  the  follies  of 
his.  Whatever  he  fees,  he  covets  ; 
whatever  is  fliewn  him,  he  demands  ; 
and  if,  unfortunately,  any  of  the  little 
train  rcfufes  to  fubmit,  the  cries  of 
the  poor  iuft^rer,  whole  colour  has 
doomed  him  to  fubjetLon,  before  he 
has  acquired  the  inRinttof  it,  foon  in- 
form his  companions,  that  puiiifhment 
is  the  immediate  confequciice  ot  ciif- 
obidiencc. 

It  is,  however,  to  thcfe  verv  afis 
of  thameful  defjiotifm  that  feme  (laves 
owe  their  good  iortune.  The  young 
Creole  ofien  fliews  a  predilctlion  for 
fome  one  of  his  train  whom  accident 
has  fujtplied  with  congenial  difpoli- 
tions ;  and  if  he  is  of  the  fame  age, 
and  grows  up  with  his  mailer,  he  is 
dellined  to  become  the  minifler  of  his 
pleafures,  a  fort  of  black  vizier  to 
this  white  fultan. 

But  thefe  circnmriances,  which 
feein  able  to  eradicate  every  principle 
of  virtue  from  the  mind  of  the  Creole, 
and  to  which  mult  be  added,  the  temp- 
tations which  accompany  the  polF.?f- 
fion  of  riches,  might,  liowever,  be 
cnunleraC.tcd  by  the  rellrainis  of  a 
vigilant  education'  His  early  vices 
might  be  changed,  by  an  mteli'gent 
preceptor,  into  virtues  ;  and  he  i;-  ght 
be  made  to  retain  noih:ng  of  his  ha- 
bits of  tyranny,  bni  a  ftn-|  of  energy 
and  elevation  of  mind. 

On  this  hrad,  however,  we  muft 
deplore  the  unha))py  fate  of  (he  Cre- 
pLs.     VVheii  ia  i'rancc,  they  arc  of- 


ten entrufted  to  the  care  of  mercena- 
ry people,  who  are  utter  Urangers 
to  them  ;  and  there  is  not  the  leaft 
hope  of  their  profiting  by  the  im- 
perfert  education  of  our  colleges. 
Nobody  incites  or  encourages  theto 
to  virtue  ;  they  are  incapable  of  de- 
hring  improvement,  for  us  own  fake; 
the  time  of  their  exile  from  home 
palfes  tedioully  away,  and  they  look 
forward  with  impatience  to  the  mo- 
ment of  their  return.  Their  parents 
are  never  mentioned,  except  to  flat- 
ter that  felf-love  which  tells  them 
they  are  the  objects  of  parental  affec- 
tion, without  exciting  them  todeferve 
it  by  thofe  accomplifliments  which  it 
is  their  duty  to  acquire. 

It  is  thus  that  the  greater  number 
of  them  arrive  at  the  period  of  their 
entrance  into  the  world,  when  they 
are  but  too  often  conftrained  in  the 
choice  oftheir  fituation  in  life,  which 
is  dittated  to  them  by  the  vanity  of 
their  parents,  without  the  confent  of 
their  own  inclinations.  But,  if  their 
inclinations  and  difpolitions  were  flu- 
died,  many  of  them  would  fatisfy 
the  hopes  entertained  of  them  ;  for 
there  have  been  Inflances  of  their 
furmounting  innumerable  obllacles. 

It  is  for  want  of  attending  to  thefe 
circumflances,  that  weaccufe  the  Cre- 
oles of  incapacity  ;  but  we  oui/ht, 
in  the  firft  place,  to  confider  from 
whence  this  proceeds,  and  to  remem- 
ber, that  for  the  fake  of  literature  and 
fcience,  they  fuller  a  voluntary  ba- 
nillinient  from  their  native  country. 
We  will  then  perceive,  that  they  are 
by  thi'^  means  placed  in  a  fituation, 
the  dlfadvantages  of  which  cannot  be 
counterbalanced  by  the  influence  of 
climate^  whi^h  is  accufed  of  favour- 
ing their  confl'tiitions,  at  the  experfc 
of  their  moraliiy. 

That  Creole,  who  has  never  left 
St.  Dommgo,  where  he  can  receive 
no  f(Kt  of  ediiraiion.  and  he  who  has 
returned  (hiihcr  from  France,  where 
his  ediicat'on  has  been  neglected, 
give  theinfeh'Cs  im>  entirely  to  the 
guidance  of  that  lively  and  active  i- 
niagina'ion,  which  ^^'e  have  fai'd  na- 
ture endows  them  with  under  a  burn- 
ing flty ;  to  the  dangerous  confe- 
(;iieiices  of  parental  indulgence  ;  aii^ 
to  (he  palhon  of  arbitrary  dominion 
over  liave<;,  which  fo  calily  takes  pof- 
felTion   of   ihcm.     They    now    iofe 


1789.] 


Chinefe  fuperJUtion, 


*.6i 


fight  of  every  thing  that  is  not  qualifi- 
ed to  fatisfy  defire  ;  they  difdain  eve- 
ry thing  that  does  not  wear  the  afpetl 
of  pleafure,  and  yield  to  the  attacks 
and  the  tumuhs  of  paffion.  They 
feem  to  exiU  but  for  voluptuous  en- 
joyment. Dancing,  and  mufic,  and 
feafting,  they  are  fond  of  to  excels  ; 
and  every  thing  that  charms  or  che- 
rifties  the  delirium  that  hurries  them 
away. 

How  fatal  muft  fuch  difpofitions 
become  in  a  country  where  the  man- 
ners are  calculated  toencourage  them  ! 
How  can  the  ardour  of  fuch  impe- 
tuous tranfport?  be  reflrained,  where 
a  multitude  of  women  are  flaves,  and 
who  are  perfuaded,  that  by  compli- 
ance they  avenge  their  own  wrongs, 
and  ihofe  of  their  kindred  ? 

Thus,  the  paluons  reign  uncontroll- 
ed over  the  heart  of  the  Creole  ;  and 
■when,  at  length,  the  evils,  of  wh.ch 
they  are  the  fource,  or  the  frigidity 
of  age  difmifs  them  from  their  throne, 
they  leave  it  a  prey  to  the  cruel  ai^.d 
continual  inlligations  of  impotent  de- 
fire. 

Every  thing,  then,  confpires  to 
form  the  imperious  character  of  the 
Creole,  and  to  give  it  that  lively  and 
fickle  bias  which  alienates  its  difpo- 
lition  to  the  matrimonial  yoke,  the 
charm  of  which  is  maintained  by  mu- 
tual conftancy.  Self-love  makes  him 
iealous,  and  he  is  tormented  with  the 
fear  of  that  infidelity,  of  which  he 
fets  the  example.  His  unhappy  wife, 
■while  {he  fufi'ers  the  injury  of  fufpi- 
cion,  is  forced  to  endure,  even  in  her 
prefence,  the  objett  for  whom  (lie 
hcrfelf  is  forfaken. 

The  vices  of  the  Creoles,  amongft 
which  mult  be  reckoned  their  palhon 
for  gaming,  are  yet  counterbalanced 
by  a  number  of  good  qualities.  1  hey 
are  open,  generous,  and  affable  ;  they 
are  hofpiiable  to  a  fault  ;  they  are 
4;raveand  unfufpicious  ;  they  are  firm 
friends  and  tender  fathers  ;  and  they 
are  not  adaified  to  the  crimes  that 
degrade  humaniiv.  1  he  record';  of  a 
colony  fo  extenlu'e  a-;  St.  Domingo, 
cannot,  perhaps,  fnrnini  a  liR  of  more 
than  two  criminals  deierving  capital 
punifiiment.  How  eafy  then  would 
jr  be  to  render  the  inhabiiants  of  this 
fine  colony  equally  refpettable  with 
thofe  v/hom  tney  are  defired  to  look 
up  tOj  as  objefls  of  imUaLioii  t' 


The  inhabitant?  of  this  ifland  are 
lefs  fubjetlthan  Europeans  10  the  dif- 
eafes  of  their  climate  :  but  their  early 
maturity,  and  theconfequences  ofun- 
reltrained  indulgence,  too  often  de- 
ftroy  the  mod  robuft  conftitiuionS'  " 
(To  be  continued.) 

'•■*r- ^^<S><S>  ■■■<>■• 

Chinefe  fuperftition  *. 

APerfon,  whofe  only  daughter 
was  ill,  and  given  over  by  ih^ 
phylicians,  bethought  himfelf  of  im- 
ploring the  allillance  of  the  gods. 
Prayers,  offerings,  alms,  facnfices — 
every  thing,  in  fine,  was  employed  to 
obtain  her  cure.  The  bonzes,  wh>»m 
thefe  gifts  enrich,  anfwered  for  her 
recovery,  on  the  faith  of  an  idol,  of 
whofe  power  they  had  boaited  much. 
Neverthelefs,  this  daughter  died,  and 
the  father,  enraged  and  inconfolable, 
rcfolved  to  avenge  her  death,  and  to 
profecute  the  idol  in  due  form  of  law. 
He  lodged  his  cornplaint,  therefore, 
before  the  judge  of  the  place.  After 
having  llrongly  reprefenied  in  his  de- 
claration, the  treacherous  condud  of 
this  unjuft  (divinity,  he  urged  the: 
judge  to  infiift  an  exemplary  punifh- 
inent  upon  him,  for  his  breach  of 
faith.  "  If  the  fpirit,'  added  he, 
'  were  able  to  cure  my  daughter,  it 
was  an  abTdute  fraud,  to  la'ke  my 
money,  and  fuffer  her  to  die.  If  he 
had  not  this  power,  why  did  he  inter- 
fere in  it?  What  right  had  he  to  af- 
fuine  the  quality  of  a  god  ?  Is  it  for 
nothing  that  we  adore  him,  and  that 
the  whnle  province  offer  facnfices 
to  him?'  In  a  word,  he  contended, 
that,  confidering  the  impotence,  or 
the  malice  of  this  idol,  his  temple 
(hould  be demolilhed,  his  priefts driven 
ignominioufiy  from  it,  and  he  himiclf 
undergo  forne  fcvere  corporal  punilh- 
ment. 

The  affair  appeared  important  to 
the  judge,  and  he  referred  it  to  the 
governor,  who,  unwilling  to  have  a- 
ny  conteit  with  the  gods,  requelled 
the  viceroy  to  examine  into  the  me- 
rits of  the  cafe.  The  latter,  after  ha- 
ving heard  the  bonzes,  who  appear- 
ed much  alarmed,  called  the  plain- 
tiff, and  advifed  him  to  defift  from 
theprofecution.     '  You  are  not  wife,' 


NOTE. 

*  Defcr'ptiongeneraledcla  Chine* 


3^2 


Modes  of  life  and  private  manners  of  the  ancient  Welfh,       [Nov, 


faid  he,  *  to  embroil  yourfelf  with 
tl>eie  fpirits ;  they  are  naturally  ma- 
li^rant,  and,  I  fear,  may  play  you  a 
fcurvy  trick.  Be  adviled  by  me:  ac- 
cept the  propofals  of  compromife 
which  the  bonzes  will  make  you. 
They  adure  me,  that  the  idol,  on  his 
part,  fliall  lillen  to  reafon  ;  provided, 
t>n  the  other  hand,  that  you  do  not 
pijfh  matters  to  extremity.' 

Bin  this  man,  who  was  inconfola- 
ble  for  the  death  of  his  daughter,  Itill 
pc'rUlled  in  declaring,  that  he  would 
rather  periQi,  than  recede  in  the  lealt 
jnftance  from  his  rights:  '  My  lord,' 
aiifwered  he,  '  my  refolution  is  taken  : 
the  idol  is  perfuaded,  that  he  can  com- 
mit all  manner  of  injuflice  with  mi- 
punity  :  he  imagines  that  no  one  will 
he  hardy  enough  to  attack  him  :  but 
he  is  millaken  ;  and  wefhallfoon  fee, 
■whether  he  or  I  be  the  mod  inirafta- 
ble  of  the  two.' 

The  viceroy,  perceivinjr  that  all 
farther  expoftulation  would  be  in 
vain,  permitted  the  caufe  to  proceed, 
and  fent  information  of  it,  in  the 
mean  time,  to  the  fovereign  council 
at  Pekin,  who  ordered  it  to  be  remov- 
ed, by  appeal,  to  their  tribunal,  be- 
fore which,  both  parties  foon  appear- 
ed. The  idol  did  not  fa;l  to  find  ve- 
ry able  pleaders  at  the  bar.  The 
fonnfel,  to  whom  the  bonzes  gave 
a  fee  to  defend  him,  were  clear  that 
his  right  was  incontedabie,  and  they 
fpoke  with  fuch  eloquence  on  the  fub- 
■jeft,  that  the  god  in  perfon  could  not 
have  excelled  them.  But  they  had 
to  contend  with  a  much  more  able 
ynan,  who  had  already  had  the  pre- 
caution to  have  his  arguments  preced- 
ed by  a  round  fum  of  money,  in  order 
to  give  hi;  judges  a  cle.irer  inlight  into 
the  merits  of  the  cafe  ;  betng  perfua- 
ded, that  the  devil  mufl  be  very  cun- 
ning, if  he  could  withfland  this  lad 
argument.  In  reality,  after  many 
eloquent  pleadmgs,  he  gamed  a  com- 
plete viflory.  The  idol  was  con- 
demned, as  ufelefs,  in  the  empire,  to 
perpetual  exile  ;  his  temple-  v;as  de- 
molifhed  ;  and  the  bonzes,  that  re- 
prefented  his  perfon,  met  with  ex- 
emplary punifhment. 

The  fuperflitious  credulity  of  the 
Chinefeis  ailiduoufly  kej^f  up  by  thefo 
honzcs ;  who  are  vagabonds,  brought 
up  from  their  infancy  in  elleminacy, 
idlenefsj  and  averfion  to  labour ;  and 


the  greatell  part  of  whom  devott 
themfelvcs  to  this  profeffion  for  mere 
fubfillcnce.  There  is,  confequently, 
no  kind  ol  artifice  which  they  do  not 
employ,  to  exiort  prefents  from  the 
devout  worfiiippcrs  of  Fo.  Nothing 
is  more  common  in  China,  than  re- 
citals of  the  artful  tricks  ofthefe  pious 
cheats.  The  following  inftance  of 
this  may  divert  our  readers  : 

,  Two  ot  ihefe  bonzes,  roving  about 
the  country,  perceived  two  or  three 
large  ducks  in  the  farm-yard  of  a  rich 
peafant.  They  inRantly  prodraied 
themfclves  before  the  gate,  and  be- 
gan to  groan  and  weep  very  bitterly. 
The  farmer's  wife,  who  faw  them  from 
her  chamber,  went  out.  to  know  the 
fubjecl:  of  their  grief.  '  We  know,* 
fa  d  they,  '  that  the  fouls  of  our  fa- 
thers have  palled  into  "^he  bodies  of 
thofe  ducks ;  and  our  fears,  left  you 
fliould  kill  them,  will  inevitably  make 
usdie,  ourfelves,  withgrief.'  '  .It  is 
true,'  anfwered  the  farmer's  wife,  '  it 
was  our  intention  to  fell  them  ;  but 
fincethey  are  your  fathers,  I  will  give 
you  my  word  to  keep  them.'  This 
was  not  what  the  bonzes  wiflied  for  : 
'  Ah  !'  faid  ihey,  '  yourhulband  may 
not  be  fo  charitable;  and  we  (hall  cer- 
tainly die,  ifany  accidcntbetide  them.' 
In  fine,  afier  a  longconverfation,  the 
good  woman  was  fo  affefted  by  their 
apparent  grief,  that  fliejcommitted  the 
ducks  to  their  filial  care.  They  re- 
ceived them  with  great  refpeft,  after 
having  twenty  times  prodrated  ihem- 
felves  before  them  ;  but,  that  very 
evening,  they  put  their  pretended  fa- 
thers on  th?  fpit,  and  very  handfome- 
ly  regaled  their  little  community. 


Modes  of  life  and  private  manners  of 
ttic  ancient  Welfi* , 

THE  Weldi  (according  to  Giral- 
dus  Cambrenfis,  who  was  him- 
felf  a  native  of  that  country,  and 
wrote  in  a'period  when  their  native 
manners  were  pure  and  unadulterated 
by  foreign  intercourfe)  were  a  nation 
light  and  nimble,  and  more  fierce 
than  drong  ;  from  the  lowed  to  the 
hi^^hed  of  the  peoplethey  weredevoted 
to  arms,  which  the  ploughman  as  well 
as  the  cotirtier  was  prepared  to  feize 
on  the  iird  fummons. 

NOTE. 

*  V/arrington. 


1789.]       Modes  of  life  and  private  manners  of  the  ancient  V/elfh, 


Z^>'i 


As  they  were  not  engaged  in  the 
occupations  of  traffic,  either  by  fea  or 
land,  their  time  was  entirely  employed 
in  military  affairs.  They  were  fo 
anxious  for  the  prefervaiion  of  their 
country  and  its  liberties,  that  they  ef- 
teemed  it  delightful  tvot  only  to  fight 
for  them,  but  even  to  facrifice  their 
lives ;  and  agreeable  to  this  fpirit,  they 
eniertained  an  idea,  that  it  was  a  dif- 
grace  to  die  in  their  \>zA%^  but  an  honour 
to  fall  in  the  field. 

In  the  time  of  peace,  the  young 
men  accultomed  themfelves  to  pene- 
trate the  woods  and  thickets,  and  to 
run  over  the  tops  of  mouniams ;  and 
by  continung  this  exercife  through 
the  day  and  night,  they  prepared 
themfelves  for  the  fatigues  and  em- 
ployments of  war. 

There  was  not  a  beggar  to  be  feen 
among  thefe  people  ;  for  the  tables  of 
all  were  common  to  all  :  and  with 
them  bounty,  and  particularly  hof- 
pitable  entertainment,  were  in  higher 
eftimation  than  any  of  the  other  vir- 
tues. Hofpitality,  indeed,  was  fo 
much  the  habit  of  this  nation,  by  a 
mutual  return  of  fuch  civilities,  that  it 
was  neither  offered  to,  nor  requeued 
by  travellers.  As  foon  as  they  entered 
any  houfe,  they  immediately  delivered 
their  arms  into  the  cuHodv  of  fome 
perfon  ;  then,  if  they  fuffered  their 
feet  to  be  waflied  by  thofe  who  for 
that  purpofe  direftly  offered  them  wa- 
ter, they  were  confidered  as  lodgers 
for  the  night.  The  refufal  of  this  of- 
fered civility,  intimated  their  denre 
of  a  morning's  refrefliment  only.  The 
offer  of  water  for  the  purpofe  of 
wadiing  the  feet,  was  confidered  as  an 
invitation  to  accept  of  hofpita-le  en- 
tertainment. 

In  the  evening,  when  the  vifitors 
were  all  come,  an  entertainment  v/as 
provided  according  to  the  number  and 
dignity  of  the  perlons,  and  the  wealth 
of  the  houfe  ;  on  wh:ch  occafion  the 
cook  was  not  fatigued  with  dreffing 
many  difhes,  nor  fuch  as  were  highly 
feafoned,  as  ftimulatives  to  gluttony  ; 
nor  was  the  houfe  fet  off  with  tables, 
napkins,  or  towels  ;  for  in  all  thefe 
things  they  ftudied  nature  more  than 
fliew.  The  giieRs  were  placed  by 
threes  at  fupper,  and  the  difnes  at  the  ' 
fame  time  were  put  on  rallies,  in  large 
and  ample  platters  made  of  cle^n  grafs, 
with  thin  and  broad  cakes  of  bread 


baked  every  day.  At  the  fame  time 
that  the  whole  family,  with  a  kind  of 
emulation  in  their  civilities,  were  in 
waiting,  the  mailer  and  rniiirels  la 
particular  were  always  fiaiiduig,  very 
attentively  overlooking  the  whole. 
At  length,  when  the  hour  of  deep  ap- 
proached, they  all  lay  down  in  com- 
mon on  the  public  bed,  ranged  length- 
wife  along  tiie  fides  ot  the  room  ;  a 
few  rufhes  being  ilrowed  on  the  floor, 
and  covered  only  with  a  coarfe  hard 
cloth.  The  fame  garb  that  the  peo- 
ple were  iifed  to  wear  in  the  day, 
ferved  them  al fo  in  the  night  ;  and 
this  confifled  of  a  thin  maniie.  and  a 
garment  or  ffiirt  worn  next  to  the  fkin. 
1  he  fire  was  kept  burning  at  their  feet 
throughout  the  night  as  well  as  in  the 
day. 

The  women  of  this  nation,  as  well 
as  the  men,  had  their  hair  cut  round 
at  the  ears  and  eyes.  The  women 
alfo,  as  a  head-drefs,  wore  a  large 
white  robe,  folding  round,  and  nlmg 
by  degrees  into  a  graceful  tuft  or 
crown.  The  men  were  accullomed 
tojhave  the  whole  beard,  leaving  only 
a  whifker  on  the  upper  lip  ;  they  like- 
wile  cut  fhort  or  fhavcd  the  hair  of 
their  heads,  that  it  might  be  no  impe- 
diment to  their  atlivity  in  pailing 
through  the  thick  woods  and  foreits 
that  covered  their  country. 

There  were  among  the  WelPn.  what 
were  not  to  be  found  amongother  nati- 
ons, certain  perfons  whom  they  callcl 
Awenydkion{i  word  expielhve  of  po- 
etical rapture^),  who  appear  to  have 
been  foiely  under  the  influence  of  the 
imagination.  Thefe  perfons,  when 
they  were  confulted  about  any  thing 
doubtf.il,  inflamed  with  a  h:i;h  degree 
of  enthufiaim,  were  carried  out  of 
themfelves,  and  ieemed  as  if  they 
were  poffeffed  by  an  invifibie  fpirit. 
Yet  they  did  not  immediately  declare 
a  folution  of  the  difficulty  required, 
but  by  the  power  of  wild  and  incnn- 
fiftent  circumlocution,  in  which  they 
abounded,  any  perfon  Vvho  diligently 
obferved  the  anfwer,  would  at  length, 
by  fome  turn  or  digreffion  in  the 
fpeech,  receive  an  explanation  of  what 
he  fought.  From  this  flate  of  ecflacy 
they  were  at  laft  roufed,  as  from  a 
deep  fleep  ;  and  were  compelled,  as  it 
were,  by  the  violence  of  others,  to  re- 
turn to  themfelves.  Two  things  were 
peculiar  10  thefe  perfons  ;    that  afier 


;:j!4  Mcdcs  cf  life  andpriaatc  manners  of  the  ancient  Wefk,        [Noy« 


(he  anfwer  was  given,  they  did  not 
come  U)  tlieinlelves  urilefs  recalled  by 
fcrce  from  (his  apparent  Ipecies  of 
nvddnefs  ;  and,  when  they  recovered 
their  reaion,  tiiey  did  not,  it  is  faid, 
recollect  any  of  thofe  things  vvhich  in 
their  ecilacy  they  had  uttered.  And 
if  it  happened  that  they  were  again 
confiilied  about  the  lai-ne  or  any  other 
thinjT,  they  would  (peak,  it  is  true, 
but  would  exprefs  theiufelves  in  other 
and  fir  cldferent  words.  1  his  proper- 
ty was  bellowed  upon  them,  as  they 
fancied,  in  their  flcep  ;  at  which  time 
it  appeared  to  fome  of  them  as  if  new 
milk  or  honey  was  poured  into  their 
mouths ;  to  oihers  as  if  a  written  fcroU 
hid  been  put  into  iheir  mouths  ;  and 
on  their  awaking,  they  publicly  pro- 
feffed  that  they  had  been  endowed 
with  thefe  extraordinary  gifts.  This 
imagiriary  tpiritof  divmatuin  has  been 
in  much  ufe  in  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland,  and  there  known  under  the 
exprcHive  term  of  fecond  light. 

Pride  of  ancedry  and  nobility  of 
family  were  points  held  m  the  highell 
ellimation  among  the  Welfh  ;  and  of 
coiirfe  they  were  far  more  defirous  of 
noble  than  of  rich  and  fplendd  mar- 
riages. So  deeply  rooted  was  this 
Ipirit,  that  even  the  very  lo.veft  of 
the  people  carefully  preierved  the  ge- 
neal(>'j;y<)f  their  famdies,  and  were 
able  from  memory  readily  to  recite 
the  names,  not  only  cf  their  imme- 
diate anceilors,  but  even  to  the  fixth 
and  feventh  generations,  and  even  to 
trace  them  lliU  farther  back,  in  this 
manner,  Rhys  ap  Grytiydh,  ap  Rhys, 
ap  Tewdur,  ap  Enion,  ap  Owen,  ap 
Howel,  ap  Cadwal,  ap  Roderic  the 
great. 

A  Welfhman  was  confidered  as 
honoiirahle,  if  among  his  anceftors 
there  had  been  neither  Have,  nor  fo- 
reigner, nor  infamous  perfon.  Yet 
if  any  foreigner  had  favcd  ilie  life  of 
a  Vv'cllTiman,  or  delivered  him  from 
captivity,  he  might  be  naturalifed,  and 
was  entiiled  to  the  rights  of  Wellh- 
inrn.  And  any  foreign  family,  hav- 
ing refided  in  Wales  for  four  genera- 
tions, was  alfo  admitted  to  the  fan^e 
privileges. 

The  Welfli  did  not  uaially  refide 
in  cities,  villages  or  camps  ;  but  led  a 
foltary  life  in  the  woods. 

I'Vomafpirit  of  fup'^rllitioiis  piety, 
vny  peculiar  privileges  of  fanciuary 


have  been  given  to  the  Welfh 
churches.  Not  only  in  cemetaries  or 
burial  places,  but  within  the  precinfts 
ot  certain  bounds  appointed  by  the 
bifliop,  all  animals  had  the  liberty  of 
feeding  in  perfett  fecurity.  The 
larger  churches,  endowed  with  greater 
privileges,  on  account  of  their  anti- 
quity, extended  thei.r  bounds  of  fanc- 
taary  fliU  farther,  as  far  a^s  the  cattle 
go  111  the  monungand  return  at  night. 
So  facred  were  the  privileges  of  fanc- 
tuary,  that  if  any  perlon  at  mortal  en- 
miiy  with  his  prince,  fought  the  re- 
fuge of  the  church,  his  own  perfon, 
his  family,  and  all  his  property,  re- 
mained in  the  rnofl  perfect  fecurity. 
If  any  attempt  was  made  to  violate 
the  fanctuary,  the  parties  under  its 
protection  marched  out  with  great 
boldnefs,  and  not  only  molefted  the 
prince  himfelf,  but  grievoufly  infefted 
the  country. 

If  the  king  granted  a  licence  to 
build  a  church  in  any  village  whofe 
inhabitants  were  villains,  to  which  a 
ccmetary  was  afhgned,  and  priefts 
were  appointed  to  celebrate  mats,  the 
village  from  that  time  became  fr€e. 
The  hermits  and  other  afcetics  in  this 
country  w^erc  in  a  peculiar  degree 
auflere  in  the  habits  of  mortification, 
and  in  their  piety  more  fpiritualifed 
than  the  religious  in  any  other  nation. 
As  it  was  the  difpofuion  of  this  peo- 
ple to  purfue  every  objeft  with  vehe- 
mence, none  were  elfewhere  to  be 
found  fo  bad  as  the  woril,  por  any 
betterthan  the  good  among  the  Welfh. 

The  flag  was  hunted  with  hounds 
and  grey-hounds  ;  and  this  was  called 
a  common  diverfion,  becaufe  every 
perfon,  who  was  at  his  death,  had  a 
right  to  a  (hare.  Even  if  a  man  on 
his  journey  happened  to  pafs  by  at  the 
time  the  flag  was  killed,  he  was  enti- 
tled, by  the  game  laws,  to  a  fliare 
in  common  with  thoTe  who  had  hunt- 
ed him  down.  A  fwarm  of  bees  was 
likewife  a  common  property  ;  for, 
whoever  found  them  on  his  own,  or 
other  people's  lands,  unlefs  the  finder 
fhould  have  put  a  mark  that  he  firfl 
found  them,  every  one  who  pafTed  by 
had  a  right  to  enjoy  a  fhare;  but  a 
fourth  part  went  to  the  owner  of  the 
ground.  Salmon  were  alfo  confidered 
in  the  fame  light ;  for  when  ihey  were 
caught  with  a  net,  or  flruck  with  a 
fpear,   or  taken  in   any   other  way, 


1789.] 


On  the  national  ckaraBer  of  the  Spaniards, 


305 


whoever  (hould  come  to  the  place  be- 
fore a  divifion  was  made,  was  en- 
titled to  a  part,  provided  the  lal- 
iron  was  taken  out  ot  a  common  water. 

It  was  neceffary,  that  every  perfon 
who  carried  a  horn,  fiioiild  be  acquaint- 
ed with  the  nine  game-laws.  If  he 
could  not  give  an  account  of  them,  he 
forfeited  his  horn.  Whoever  went  a 
hunting  wiih  couples,  forfeued  thofe, 
hkewile,  if  he  could  not  properly  give 
an  explanation  of  them.  No  one  was 
allowed  to  flioot  a  bead  that  was  ap- 
propriated for  the  chace,  when  at  rell, 
on  pain  of  forfeiting  his  bow  and  ar- 
rows to  the  lord  of  the  manor  ;  though 
he  might  fhoot  at,  and  kill  any  fuch, 
if  he  could,  when  the  dogs  were  in 
full  cry  ;  but  he  was  not  allowed  to 
flioot  among  the  dogs. 

The  tenants  of  bond-lands  and  vil- 
lages, being  inferior  to  freeholders, 
were  bound  to  fervile  employments, 
and  in  many  things  were  at  the  difpo- 
fa!  of  their  princes  or  lords.  A  lord  had 
the  privilege  of  parting  with  his  vaflal, 
either  by  fale  or  donation.  There 
was,  however,  a  didinclion  in  point 
of  privilege,  between  fuch  tenants. 
The  free  natives  were  thofe  who  pof- 
felTcd  fome  degree  of  freedom,  who 
might  go  where  they  pleafed,  might 
buy  and  fell,  and  enjoyed  many  other 
immunities.  The  pure  natives  were 
confidered  as  the  entire  property  of 
their  princes  or  lords — were  fold  along 
with  the  cllate,  and  confined  wirhin 
its  limits;  out  of  which,  if  they  hap- 
pened to  wander,  they  were  liable  to 
be  driven  back,  like  brutes,  with 
great  feverity.  The  profeffion  of 
any  of  the  mechanical  or  liberal 
arts  made  a  vadal  free  ;  but  no  valTal 
could  acquire  them  without  the  per- 
milfion  of  his  lord. 

On  the  national  charaBer  of  the  Spa- 
niards*. 
THE  modern  Spaniard  preferves 
ftill  in  his  mien,  the  marks  of  his 
former  confequence.  Whether  he 
fpeaks  or  writes,  his  expreffions  have 
a  peculiar  turn  of  exaggeration;  he  en- 
tertains a  high  idea  of  his  nation,  and 


*  From    Nouveau  voyage  en  Ef- 
pagne. 

Vol.  VI.  No.  V. 


of  himfelf,   and  exprciTes  th's  fenti- 
ment  openly    and  without  relerve, 

1  he  gravity  of  the  Spaniards,  which 
is  now  become  proverbial,  is  far  from 
being  what  it  is  rommoniy  ihou.t;ht  ;  it 
iriideed,  generally  bai'i{he«  from  among 
them  what  we  call  aflMbility  and  pre- 
poiielTing  manners.  i  hey  do  not  go 
to  meet  you  ;  they  wait  for  you.  liut 
tins  external  feverity  conceals  ofien 
a  good  and  oblging  difpofuior;,  which 
may  be  eafiiy  d:icovered  by  thole  who 
give  themfelves  the  ieaft  tronlle  to 
fearch  for  it.  Strangers  to  the  vain 
grimaces  of  French  politenef^,  they 
are  very  fparing  of  demon!! rations. 
Their  fnule  of  benevolence  i'?  noi  ihe 
mafk  of  duphcity,  and  their  hearts 
expand,  for  ihe  mofl  part,  at  the  fame 
time  as  their  features.  Ofien  have  I 
been  difcouraged  by  the  exteiior  of 
a  Spaniard,  and  remaned  a  long  time 
without  venturing  to  accoll  him  ;  but 
having  at  length  overcome  my  repug- 
nance, I  have  found  him  complaifant, 
not  in  words,  but  111  aflion-^jand  oblig- 
ing,not  in  promifing, but  in  performing. 
The  Spaniards,  perhaps,  are  deiiitute 
of  that  urbanity  which  is  the  effeft  of 
a  refined  education,  and  which  often 
ferves  as  acloke  f.)r  faifliood  and  con- 
tempt :  but  they  make  ample  amends 
for  this  want,  by  that  franknefs  which 
is  not  feigned,  and  bv  that  benevolence 
which  both  announces  and  infpires  con- 
fidence. Their  great  lords  aredelHtute 
ofdi!Jnity,if  wecall  dignity  that  haugh- 
tinefs  which  is  always  circumfpecl  in 
its  advances,  for  fear  of  producing  fa- 
milianiy,  and  which  cares  little  for 
being  loved,  provided  it  be  refpeHed. 
Without  forgetting  what  they  are,  ihey 
do  not  fliew  in  an  oftenfive  manner 
thedilFerenceof  rank,  and  they  do  not 
difdain  to  form  connexions  in  thofe 
which  are  below  their  own. 

Tojudge,  whether  the  Spaniards  are 
fprightly,  I  fliall  conduB  the  reader 
into  their  circles  when  thev  are  there 
at  their  eafe  ;  to  their  repafls,  before 
the  vapours  of  their  food  and  wine 
have  difturbed  their  brains  ;  I  fliall 
make  him  take  a  fliare  in  their  conver- 
fation,  full  (if  lively  fallics,  pleafantry 
and  quibbling,  a?l  children,  either  law- 
ful orillegitmiate,  of  mirth,  and  I  fhail 
afK  hmi,  if  iiappears  lefs  freeor  worf-^ 
fiippf»rted  than  in  our  clubs  and /.v'.-;? 
Jov[^ers?  1  (hall  be  dcnibtief'^  told,  that 
this  gaiety  is  too  noify  and  difagreeu- 
3A 


366 


On  the  national  ckaraSer  of  the  Spaniards, 


[November, 


ble ;  but,  however  it  may  be  con- 
demiied,  u  is  ceiiain,  that  it  exiils, 
in  Ipiie  of  every  prejudice  to  the  con- 
trary. 

The  cafe  is  almoft  the  fame  re- 
fpetUng  other  faults  which  are  cofl- 
tinuilly  aitrilnued  to  the  Spaniards. 
It  1  do  not  acquit  them  altogether  of 
the  charge  of  lazinefs,  1,  however, 
take  the  Lberty  of  afferting,  that  it  is 
owutg  to  changeable  circumliances, 
and  with  them  u  may  difappear.  In- 
dc'id,  whenoiie  fees  the  attivity  wh  ch 
reigfis  alon.iJ  the  coalh  of  Catalonia, 
in  ail  the  kingdoms  of  Valencia,  in  the 
mountains  of  iiiicay,  and,  in  a  word, 
in  every  part  u here  induUry  is  en- 
coiiraged,  where prcvifiDns  are  cheap, 
and  can  be  readily  procured  ;  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  when  one  confi- 
ders  the  hard  and  laborious  life  of  ihoie 
mule-dnvers  and  carters,  who  coura- 
geoiifly  climb  the  lleepcft  roads — thofe 
hufbandmen,  who,  in  the  plains  of 
Andalufia  and  la  Mancha,  inure 
themfelves  to  the  labours  of  the  field, 
which  the  nature  of  the  foil,  the  dif- 
taiice  of  their  habitations,  and  the 
fcorching  heat  of  the  warmeR  climate 
in  Europe,  render  more  painful  than 
they  are  elfewhere  ;  when  one  confi- 
ders  that  quantity  of  Gallicians  and 
Afturians,  who,  like  the  inhabitants 
of  Auvergne,  and  Limoufin  inFrance, 
go  to  a  great  diftance  to  feek  for  the 
tedious  and  painful  means  of  fubfilt- 
ence;  and  lallly,  when  one  fees  that 
lazinefs  with  which  the  Spaniards  are 
fo  much  reproached,  confined  within 
the  bounds  of  the  two  Cafiiles,  that 
part  of  Spain  which  has  the  fewelt 
roads,  canals,  or  navigable  rivers — has 
not  one  a  right  to  conclude,  that  this 
vice  is  not  an  indelible  feature  in 
the  national  charafler  of  the  Spani- 
ards ;  that  it  depends  upon  circum- 
ftances,  and  that  tke  goverment,  aftive 
and  enlightened  as  it  is  at  prefent, 
may  make  it  foon   difappear  entirely  ? 

There  is  another  fault,  which  has 
much  affinity  to  lazinefs,  or  which  at 
ieaft  difcovers  itfelf  by  the  fame  fym.p- 
toms,  and  from  which  it  would  be  d  f- 
ficnlt  to  exculpate  the  Spaniards. 
This  fault  is  flownefs.  Enhghtened 
knowledjje,  it  mull  bi-confelTcd,  makes 
a  very  flow  proi^r^fs among  them.  In 
politics,  in  war,  and  the  other  opera- 
tK>ns  of  govnniient,  and  in  thofecten 
which  oci-ur  in  the  ordinary  courfe  of 


life,  when  others  are  in  aftion,  they 
are  (till  deliberating.  Diftruilful  and 
circumfpeH,  they  ruin  as  many  affairs 
by  flownefs  as  other  nations  by  preci- 
pitation ;  and  this  is  the  more  furprif- 
ing,  as  their  imagination,  fo  lively, 
ought  rather  to  be  irritated  by  delay. 
But  among  nations,  as  among  indivi- 
duals, there  is  not  a  hngle  qual  ty 
which  IS  not  often  modified  by  a  con- 
trary quality,  and  in  this  conteft,  the 
triumph  inclines  to  that  fide  to  which 
the  mmd  is  carried  with  the  greateft 
force  by  the  circumftance  of  the  mo- 
ment. Thus  the  Spaniard,  naturally 
cool  and  collefted,  when  agitated  by 
nothing;  extraordinary, is  inflamed  even 
to  enthufiafm,  when  his  pride,  his 
refentment,  or  any  of  thofe  palhons 
which  compofe  his  charafler,  are  rouf- 
ed  by  infult  or  contradiftion.  Hence, 
therefore,  this  nation,  the  graved,  the 
coolell,  and  apparently  the  floweft  in 
Europe,  becomes  fometimes  the  moft 
violent,  when  particular  circumftances 
take  them  from  their  ftate  of  habitual 
tranquility,  and  deliver  them  over  to 
the  empire  of  their  imagination.  The 
moft  formidable  animals  are  not  thofe 
which  are  fubjeft  to  the  moft  Yiolent 
agitations.  When  we  look  at  the 
lion,  his  vifage  appears  as  grave  as  his 
ftep,  his  motions  have  all  fome  objeft, 
and  his  voice  is  not  fpent  in  vain 
noife.  As  long  as  one  refpefts  his 
inaf.hon,  he  loves  filence  and  peace  ; 
but  if  provoked,  he  fhakes  his  mane, 
his  eyes  dart  forth  fire,  he  roars,  and 
is  immediately  acknowledged  as  the 
king  of  animals. 

It  is  this  coinbination  of  flownefi 
and  violence,  which  conftitutes,  per- 
haps, the  moft  formidable  fpecies  of 
courage,  and  fuch  is,  in  my  opinion, 
that  of  the  Spaniards.  Thofe  caufei 
which  kept  it  in  continual  aftivity, 
have  difappeared.  For  a  long  time 
they  have  not  had  as  neighbours,  the 
Moors,  who  daily  added  fuel  to  it; 
nor  have  they  been  fo  much  aftuated 
by  hatred,  jealoufy,  and  fanaticifm, , 
three  united  motives,  which  increaf- 
ed  its  intenfity.  The  wars  of  the  iaft 
century,  and  thofe  of  the  fiiccelfiort, 
have  not  been  fufficient  to  preferve  it 
in  the  fame  degree  of  fermentation 
in  which  it  was  formerly.  The  cou- 
rage of  the  Spaniards  feems,  there- 
fore, to  be  dormant ;  but  it  may  be 
eafily  rouled,  atid  it  is  indeed  roufed 


J-Sg.J 


On  the  national  ckaraBer  of  the  Spaniards, 


867 


on  the  leaft  fignal.  The  revolution, 
which  has  been  brought  about,  in 
this  refpeft,  is  not  fenfible,  but  in 
circumltances,  where  courage,  ufe- 
lefs,  and  fometimes  fatal,  is  rather 
the  vice  of  a  ferocious  people,  than 
the  virtue  of  a  poiiflied  nation.  The 
times,  when  the  name  only  of  the 
infidels  excited  fury,  and  the  age  of 
a  Pizarro,  and  an  Almagro,  have  dif- 
appeared,  much  for  the  happinefs  of 
Spain  and  of  humanity.  The  inha- 
bitants of  the  colonies  in  Spanifli 
America,  and  thofe  natives  who  are 
ftill  preferved,  no  longer  groan  under 
the  yoke  of  the  mother  country.  If 
religious  intolerance  fubfiils  ilill  in 
Spain,  it  appears  only  in  declama- 
tion, and  the  fpirit  of  perfecution  is 
much  abated.  People  have  even  be- 
gun to  perceive,  that  religion  may 
allow  policy  to  confider  as  ufeful 
neighbours,  thofe  in  whom  they  have 
hitherto  beheld  irreconcileable  ene- 
mies. In  Spain,  as  clfewhere,  the 
progrefs  of  knowledge  and  philofo- 
phy,  though  flow,  has  fenhbly  foft- 
ened  the  manners  of  the  inhabitants, 
and  the  traces  of  ancient  barbarity 
fuccelFively  difappear.  Formerly, 
affalhnations  were  very  common  in 
Spain  :  every  man  of  the  leaft  dif- 
tinftion  kept  affallms  in  his  pay,  and 
ihey  where  hired  in  the  province  of 
Valencia,  as  falfe  witncffes  are  hired 
in  fome  of  our  provinces  in  France. 
The  weapon  ufed  in  this  horrid  cuf- 
tom,  was  a  triangular  poignard,  which, 
concealed  under  the  cloke,  was  taken 
forth  with  impunity,  on  the  firft  fit  of 
refentment,  the  wounds  of  which  were 
more  dangerous  than  thofe  of  a  fword, 
as  the  latter  cannot  be  ufed  privately, 
and  as  the  management  of  it  requires 
fome  dexterity.  The  ufe  of  this  per- 
fidious weapon  is  not  abolifhed  en- 
tirely, and  leaves  room  for  fome  of 
thofe  inculpations,  with  which  foreign 
nations  are  continually  blackening  the 
Spaniards.  The  manners  of  a  peo- 
ple are  not  correfted  by  violent  and 
fudden  means :  a  minifter,  under  the 
late  reign,  experienced  this  to  his  cofl. 
Long  clokes  and  floiiched  hats  fa- 
voured every  diiorder,  and  in  parti- 
cular, thofe  which  endangered  the 
fafety  of  the  citizen.  Defirous  of 
reforming  fuch  abufes,he  hadrecourfe 
to  coercive  laws,  and  even  to  force, 
in  order  to  abolilli    thefe   modes  in 


the  capital  ;  but  the  people  mutinied, 
and  the  minifler  v/as  facrificed.  Fa- 
fhion,  rudely  attacked,  furvived  him 
in  part  ;  but  milder  and  flower  means, 
the  example  of  the  court,  and  of  thofe 
whodepended  on  it,  and  the  aHiviiy  of 
a  vigilant  police,  have  greatly  re- 
moved thefe  inconveniences.  That 
kind  of  mafk,  which  under  the  name 
of  hat,  encouraged  infolence,  by  in- 
furing  impunity,  has  entirely  difap- 
peared,  and  the  cloke,  a  veflment  ve- 
ry convenient  for  thofe  who  know 
how  to  ufe  it,  no  longer  favours  any 
thing  but  lazinefs. 

1  he  ufe  of  the  fatal  poignard  fub- 
fifts  yet  in  fome  parts  of  Spain,  and 
above  all,  in  the  fouthern  provinccsjbut 
only  among  the  loweft  of  the  people. 
There  are  ftill  bravadoes,  who  make 
it  the  terror  of  the  weak,  and  violent 
men,  to  whom  it  is,the  inftriimeiit 
of  fpeedy  vengeance.  The  ccclefi- 
aftics  have  exerted  themfelves  much 
to  difarm  their  hearers,  by  their  in- 
fluence, and  by  charity.  The  arch- 
bifliop  of  Grenada,  in  particular,  has 
employed  preaching  v^ith  great  fuc- 
cefs  for  this  purpofe.  1  he  poignard 
and  alTaffination  are  ft  ill,  however, 
very  common  in  Andalufia,  and  one 
may  there  fee  how  powerful  the  in- 
fluence of  climate  is,  when  it  is  not 
counterafled  by  moral  remedies.  Din- 
ing fummer,  a  certain  wind  in  that 
province  caufes  a  fpecies  of  phrenzy, 
which  renders  thofe  excelles  much 
more  common  than  at  any  other 
time  of  the  year.  But  let  the  phy- 
fical  face  of  Spain  be  changed  :  let 
canals  and  roads  be  formed,  in  places 
which  have  hithertobeen  inaccelLble; 
let  readier  means  of  communication 
faciliiate  and  render  more  a£l;ve  the 
watchful  care  of  the  agents  of  go- 
vernment;  let  a  more  extenlive  po- 
pulation keep  under  the  eye  of  public 
vengeance,  thofe  villains  whofe  foli- 
tude  proves  their  fecuritv,  as  wild 
beafts  reign  only  with  impunity  in 
the  defart;  let  the  progrefs  of  agri- 
culture, induflry  and  commerce,  give 
employment  to  idiencfs,  which  is  the 
fource  of  all  mifchief ;  in  a  word,  let 
the  plan,  formed  by  the  prefcnt  go- 
vernment, be  put  in  execution  ;  and 
we  fliall  fee  in  this  refpeft,  as  in 
others,  the  influence  of  climate  yield 
to  thefe  powerful  caufes.  The  revo- 
lution   which  has  been   operated   ii* 


368 


Tilt  fchool  for  kujliands  and  wives. 


[November, 


the  rmnners  of  the  Spaniards,  within 
ihefd  hfiy  years,  attefls  the  certainty 
of  this  prognoliic.  It  is  in  the  pre- 
fent  century,  that  t<\'n  barharous  cuf- 
toins  have  been  almoft  gradu-.lly  abo- 
lidied,  the  rondalla  and  the  pedre- 
adcs,  which  reafon  and  humanity 
ought  to  have  prolcnbcd  long 
a.i.;o.  One  of  them  was  a  kind  of  chal- 
lenge given  by  two  bands  of  mufici- 
ans,  one  to  another,  wiihout  any  other 
monve  than  that  of  trying  their  valour. 
They  prefented  themfe Ives  before  one 
another,  wiih  fire-arms  and  fwords, 
and  after  having  difcharged  their  fu- 
fees,  they  commenced  the  attack  with 
their  fide  weapons.  Will  anyone  be- 
litn'e  that  ihis  cuftom  Hill  fubfifts  in 
Kavarreand  Arragon?  That  of  the  pe- 
dveades  has  not  difappeared  long. 
This  was  alfo  a  kind  of  combat,  be- 
tween two  bodies  of  people,  armed 
with  flings,  who  attacked  each  other 
with  ftones.  Such  manners  un- 
doubtedly equally  impeach  thofe  who 
picferve  them,  and  the  government 
which  tolerates   them. 

STORIES,  TALES,  &c. 
The  fchoot  for  hujbands  and   wives. 

-P.  ;ji.i. 
'"r^HE  wife  of  the  lenator  no  foon- 
-i.  er  iavv  her  hufband  gone,  than 
flic  (piitted  her  retreat,  and  ran  to  em- 
brace Nina,  thank'ug  her  in  the  molt 
]).ii''!onate  terms,  for  the  fervice  (he 
had  done  her;  and  remembermg  her 
proiiuie  of  recoinpcnfe,  Ihe  preiented 
hcrivuhagold  bracelet  to  wear,  ac- 
cording to  the  culloin  of  the  Vene- 
tian ladies  It  was  one  »f  the  moll 
coHly  that  could  be  bought,  and  was 
worth  near  fix  thoufand  crowns,  on 
ncciMiut  of  its  beauty,  and  the  great 
number  of  jewels  with  which  it  was 
enriched.  There  needed  not  many 
words  to  perfuade  the  courtezan  to 
accept  this  precious  gift;  befides  her 
natural  avidity,  the  afilnenl  circum- 
ilanres  the  giver  appeared  in,  not- 
wiihdanding  the  ill  reiurn  her  love 
b  I'l  met  with,  did  not  allow  her  to 
jr.akc  the  flighted  refiiCal.  They  cjuit- 
ted  each  other,  and  the  lady  went  to 
the  houle  of  one  of  herfnends,  whom 
(he  acquainted  with  her  griefs,  and 
her  whole  hiflory,  and  beg.i»;ed  her  to 
invite  herfelfto  dinner  with  her  huf- 
band the  next  day,  well  alluied   that 


he  would  not  feek  any  excufc,  or 
fail  to  receive  her  himfelf  at  his 
houfe.  Her  friend  promifed  to  com- 
ply with  her  dcfire,  and  went  in  the 
aftetnoon,  as  by  accident,  to  the  place 
where  Ihe  knew  the  fenator  had  dined, 
and  drawing  hnn  a  moment  afide,  ac- 
quainted him  with  the  plan,  private- 
ly agreed  on  between  her  and  his  wife. 

Her  difcourfe  introduced  a  conver- 
fation  on  his  fpoufe's  humour ;  he 
faid  he  feared  to  expofe  himfelf  to  it  ; 
that  for  almoft  three  years,  he  had 
feen  her  but  feldom,  and  that  this 
retreat  had  procured  him  an  unin- 
terrupted tranquility.  "  You  can- 
not with  any  colour  of  reafon  de- 
cline granting  me  the  favour  I  alk," 
anfwered  the  lady  ;  "  how  do  you 
know  but  my  prefence  may  flielter 
you  from  her  ill  temper  ?  confider 
that  it  is  rather  to  pleafe  me,  than  to 
gratify  her,  you  take  this  Hep  ;  is  it 
lb  difficult  a  thing  to  facrifice  to  your 
wife  an  hour  or  two  of  your  time, 
once  In  three  years,  you,  who  daily 
pafs  many,  with  perfons  who  are  in- 
fupportable  to  you  ?" 

The  fenator,  overcome  by  her 
intreaties,  confented,  and  caufed  his 
wife  to  be  told,  that  her  friend  would 
dine  with  her  the  next  day.  The 
exceflTive  joy  of  the  lady  cannot  be 
conceived.  She  took  care  to  pro- 
vide an  entertainment,  with  which 
her  two  guells  could  not  but  be  fa- 
.  tisiied;  how  impatient  flie  was  till 
thev  came  ! — flie  at  lall  favv  them  en- 
ter the  houfe. 

The  fenator,  defirous  of  avoiding 
being  one  moment  alone  with  his 
wife,  had  thought  proper  to  go  him- 
felf for  the  lady,  and  not  to  return 
without  her.  His  wife,  as  foon  as 
flie  faw  him,  began  to  aft  the  fame 
part  flie  had  ieen  fo  well  performed 
by  Nina,  the  preceding  day  ;  and  Ihe 
foon  perceived  that  her  behaviour 
was  highly  agreeable  to  her  hulband. 
Dinner-time  being  come,  they  fat 
down  to  table. 

The  fenaior  remarked,  with  ap- 
parent fdiisfaflion,  a  gaiety  hitherto 
unknown  to  him,  in  the  heart  of  his 
wife  ;  he  faw  in  her  eyes,  with  fome 
emotion,  that  love  which  had  diflin- 
giiiflied  the  firit  three  years  of  his 
mariiage.  Her  conflant  afliduity  to 
pleafe  him,  during  the  repail,  at  once 
alloniihed  and  delighted  him  ;  he  of- 


1789-] 


The  Jchool  for  hujbands  and  wives. 


3% 


ten  faid  to  himfelf,  "  how  great  has 
been  my  miHake  ?  Can  I  deny  that  I 
pofFels  the  handfomeft  woman  in  Ve- 
nice ?  Has  fhe  not  beauty,  wit,  viva- 
city— in  a  word,  all  the  accomplifh- 
nients  which  pleafe  me  in  Nina  ?" 
The  pafTionate,  delicate  lover,  the 
honeft  man,  and  the  chriftian,  were 
all  roufed  in  him.    . 

When  the  lady  who  had  been  in- 
vited, complimented  her  friend  on  the 
entertainment,  which  was  very  ele- 
gant, the  fenator,  with  the  greateft 
fatisfaftion,  heard  his  wife  reply, 
"  that  whatever  pleafure  (he  found 
in  receiving  her  as  fne  merited,  Ihe 
could  not  but  own,  her  hulhand  had 
the  greateft  fliare  in  her  endeavours 
to  make  it  agreeable,  hoping,  at  the 
fame  time,  both  werefatisfied."  She 
befought  her  to  pardon  this  avowal, 
which  was  rendered  excufable  by  fo 
long  an  abfence  as  the  fenator  had 
made  her  endure,  and  the  fentiments 
fhe  now  entertained.  She  faw  her 
hufband's  happy  lituation  ;  (he  had 
too  much  intereft  in  the  difcovery,  to 
let  it  efcape  her. 

She  feized  this  opportunity  to  pre- 
fent  his  children  to  him,  whofe  edu- 
cation had  been  committed  to  the 
care  of  an  accomplifiied  governefs, 
and  who  had  dined  in  a  feparate  a- 
parfment.  Their  natural  tendernefs, 
and  the  infl ructions  they  had  re- 
ceived, previous  to  this  interview, 
made  (hem  run  into  the  arms  of  their 
father,  who  gave  ihem  an  equally 
cordial  reception.  .  His  wife,  who 
did  not  omit  (me  afliduiiy  or  polite- 
nefs.  as  if  flie  had  feared  left  their 
/Dndiiefs  Ihould  be  troublefome  to  her 
Wiufband,  ordered  them  10 retire.  The 
fenator,  who  peneiraied  into  the  mo- 
tive of  her  giving  that  order,  faid  in 
a  tender  tone  of  voice,  "  why  do  you 
force  them  to  leave  me  thus?  you 
cannot  furely  fuppufe  I  have  any  re- 
pugnance at  feemg  them."  Tins  an- 
fwer,  which  infpirtdthe  two  ladies 
v.'bo  were  prefent  ai  this  moving  fcene, 
Willi  hopes  that  the  love  lOr  his  chil- 
dren would  aroufe  in  h'm  that  which 
he  had  f;rmerly  had  for  his  wife, 
forced  them  to  let  fall  fome  tears 
which  they  could  not  refrain. 

The  fenator  was  obliged  to  bear  them 
company.  As  foonas  they  arofe  from 
table,  a  converfation,  which  laded  a- 
fcove  an  houi,  enfued.     The  hufband 


appeared  extremely  well  fatisfied  and 
tranquil  :  he  gave  anfwers  to  every 
one  of  his  wife's  queftions,  with- 
out any  apparent,  irkiomenefs.  His 
bufinefs  requiring  him  to  go  out  foon, 
he  took  his  leave  of  the  two  ladies, 
and  having  embraced  his  wife's  friend, 
he  with  the  like  complaifance  kiffed 
his  fpoufe,  to  the  aftonifliment  of 
both.  This  prompted  her  to  alk  him, 
when  he  would  return.  After  hav- 
ing mufed  fome  time,  he  faid,  in  the 
evening.  The  joy  this  aniwer  gave 
his  wife  was  fo  great,  that  fhe  fell  into 
the  arms  of  her  friend  in  a  fwoon. 
The  two  witneffes  of  this  adeeming 
fcene  now  wept  alrefti,  and  the  fena- 
tor, as  foon  as  his  wife  was  recover- 
ed, took  his  leave  a  fecond  time, 
giving  her  a  tender  fqueeze  by  the 
hand.  He  kept  his  word,  and  return- 
ed home  early.  His  wile  now,  not 
fatisfied  with  imitating  the  courtezan, 
endeavoured  to  the  uimoft  of  her 
power  to  outdo  her,  and  her  hiif- 
band  gave  her  the  fame  tokens  of  af- 
fection as  he  had  the  day  before  given 
to  Nina  ;  in  fhort,  he  who  but  a  fewr 
hours  before  would  have  yielded  his 
whole  life  an  entire  lacrifice  to  his 
miilrefs,  now  thought  of  nothing  but 
the  fond  carelfcs  of  an  alTiduous  wife. 

Nina,  furprifed  that  a  day  had  e- 
lapfed  without  feeing  him,  was  fo  un- 
eafy,  that  ftie  fent  to  him  early  ihe 
next  m.orning.  to  deiire  his  company 
as  foon  as  poifibie.  The  plealure  he 
received,  from  the  reconciliation  with 
his  wife,  was  fo  great,  that  this  mef- 
fage  was  abfolutely  necellary  to  re- 
mind him  that  luch  a  woman  as  Nina 
exiAed.  Being,  however,  firmly  de- 
termined to  put  a  final  period  to  this 
commerce,  he  ordered  the  emifiary 
of  the  courtezan  to  tell  her  millrefs, 
that  he  would  go  to  her  imm.ediately. 
As  foon  as  he  was  drelTed,  he  repaired 
to  her  houfe. 

When  the  ufual  carefles  were  over, 
he  perceived  fhe  wore  the  bracelet 
which  had  for  a  long  time  adorned 
Ins  wife's  arm — furprifed  at  feeing  it 
in  the  polTellion  of  another,  he  alked 
who  had  made  her  that  prefent  ?  "  a 
female  magician,"  replied  fhe,  "who 
with  all  her  cunning,  has  not  found 
out  the  way  of  making  herfelf  belov- 
ed. I  have  the  greateft  reafon  to 
think  ihat  this  ornament  entails  mif- 
toriune  on  all  Us  wearers ;  1  be^in  f 


37* 


A  Perfian  tale. 


[November, 


feel  it ;  I  did  not  fee  you  all  day  yef- 
terday,  and  you  receive  to-day  the 
marks  of  my  love  with  an  unwonted 
coldnefs."  The  fenator  prayed  her 
to  be  feriousj  and  to  own  by  what 
means  (he  came  by  that  bracelet. 
She  contented  herfelf  with  faying, 
that  (he  received  it  from  an  unknown 
lady,  as  a  recon:ipence  for  fome  ad- 
vice fhe  gave  her,  not  thinking  pro- 
per to  tell  him  how  flie  had  acquired 
It,  fearing  led  he  fhould  take  luribrage 
at  her  complalfance  to  an  inco.<;nua, 
in  making  her  a  wiinefs  of  his  beha- 
viour while  he  was  at  her  hnule. 
*'  Nothing,"  faid  (he,  "  fliali  ever 
make  me  rejeQ  the  idea  I  have  con- 
ceived of  the  fatal  power  I  attribute 
to  it ;  I  am  even  ready  to  part  with 
it." 

The  fenator,  pretending  to  believe 
thefe  were  her  real  feniimcnts,  prefT- 
cd  her  to  give  him  the  prefererce  o- 
ver  all  thofeto  whom  (he  would  choofe 
to  give  it.  "  From  this  moment  it 
u  yours,"  faid  (he,  prefenting  it  to 
him.  He  accepted  it,  and  having 
but  a  fmali  fum  of  money  about  him, 
he  gave  her  his  note  for  its  value, 
thinking  to  trace  the  bottom  of  this 
adventure,  by  his  wifes's  finceri- 
ty.  A  pretended  indirporiti(m  ferved 
him  as  an  excufc  f4>r  retiring.  lie 
flaid  only  an  hour  with  Nina,  and 
during  his  vifii  he  did  all  he  could  to 
hinder  her  from  being  certain  of  her 
approaching  nusfortune.  Heat  length 
quitted  her,  refolving  to  fee  her  as 
feldom  as  pofTible. 

He  returned  home  immediately, 
and  found  all  the  charms  of  Nina, 
in  his  wife,  whoconfefTed  to  him  by 
-what  accident  the  bracelet,  which  he 
had  brought  back,  had  belonged  to 
the  courtezan.  He  was  well  pleafcd 
with  the  (lep  flie  bad  taken,  which 
xvas  a  flriking  proof  of  her  love, 
and  the  great  regret  the  lofs  of  him 
had  given  her.  He  fent  the  muney 
that  night  for  which  he  had  given  his 
note  to  Nina  in  the  mornitig ;  and 
from  that  time,  he  delliicd  from  his 
vifits.  When  he  faw  her,  by  acci- 
dent, her  downcaft  look  and  appa- 
rent grief  only  reminded  him  of  the 
forrows  his  wife  had  experienced,  be- 
fore he  was  reclaimed. 

Our  happy  pair  continued  to  live 
ih  love  and  harmony  to  the  end  of 
their  days,  and  heaven  crowned  ihoir 


union  with  five  more  children,  who, 
bice  the  former,  prc^nifed  fair  to  in- 
herit their  parents'  virtues. 


A    Perfian   tale. 

A  Certain  rich  man  of  Arabia  was 
fitting  down  to  his  repaft,  at  a 
plentiful  table,  when  a  poor  country- 
man, opprelTed  with  hunger,  unex- 
pededly  arrived  from  the  place  of  his 
abode.  The  rich  Arabian  indantly 
eiKjiiires,  whence  come  you  ?  Not  far, 
he  replies,  from  the  neighbourhood  of 
your  family.  What  news  do  you 
bring  ?  Ha  !  fays  the  other,  I  can  un- 
dertake to  anfwer  all  your  quellions, 
be  they  ever  fo  many.  ,  Well,  began 
the  rich  Arab,  did  you  fee  a  boy  of 
mine,  that  goes  by  the  name  of  Khu- 
lid  ?  Yes,  your  fon  was  at  fchool, 
reading  the  Koran  :  Khulid,  I  can 
tell  you,  has  a  clear  pipe  of  his  own. 
Did  you  fee  Khulid's  mother  ?  By 
my  troth,  a  lady  of  fuch  exquifue 
beauty,  the  world  holds  not  her  ecjual. 
Did  you  obferve  my  great  houfe  ? 
the  roof  of  your  houfe,  I  remember, 
touched  the  flcies.  Did  you  fee  my 
camel  ?  a  fat  young  bead  it  is,  and 
eats  plenty  of  grafs.  And  did  you 
fee  my  honed  dog  ?  In  troth,  it  is  an 
honed  dog,  and  the  creature  watches 
the  houfe  with  fuch  fidelity  !  The 
rich  man,  having  heard  the  good  news 
of  his  family,  again  fell  to  eating,  and 
cad  the  bones  to  a  dog  that  lay  under 
the  table  ;  but  he  requited  not  the 
poor  Arab  with  the  fmalled  gratifica- 
tion. The  hungry  wretch,  at  this 
uCige,  reflefled  in  his  own  mind,  of 
all  this  good  news  I  have  been  the 
bearer  ;  yet  he  has  not  relieved  my 
hunger  wiih  a  morfel  of  bread.  A- 
las  !  faid  he,  giving  a  deep  figh, 
would  to  God  your  honed  dog  were 
living,  who  was  fo  much  belter  than 
this  cur  !  The  rich  man,  who  had 
been  wholly  engaged  m  eatin;^,  dopt 
in  an  indant  ;  what  .'  cried  he,  my 
boned  dog  dead  ?  why  nothing  would 
go  down  with  him  but  the  camel's 
carcafe.  Is  the  camel  dead  then  ? 
the  head  died  <f  puregrief  for  Khu- 
lid's mother.  The  mother  of  Khulid  ! 
is  die  dead  ?  alas  !  too  true  ;  in  the 
diflraflion  of  her  mind  for  the  lofs  of 
Khulid,  fhe  dalbed  her  head  againll 
'*<'-  Hones,  fratiured  her  flcull,  and  pe- 
riihed.     What  has  happened  to  Khu- 


J789'] 


Zimto, — A  lalft 


S7i 


lid  ?  at  the  time  your  great  houfe  fell, 
Khulld  was  prefeiit,  and  now  lies 
buried  under  its  ruins.  What  mif- 
chief  befel  the  great  houfe  P  fuch  a 
hurricane  came  on,  that  your  great 
houfe  {hook  like  a  reed,  was  levelled 
with  the  ground,  and  not  one  ftone  left 
upon  another.  The  rich  Arab,  who, 
at  the  recital  of  thefe  events,  had 
given  over  eating,  now  wept  and  wail- 
ed, rent  his  garmenis,  and  beat  his 
bread,  and,  at  lad,  wound  up  to  mad- 
nefs,  rulhed  forth  in  the  wildnefs  of 
(iefpair.  The  hungry  Arab,  leeing 
the  place  clear,  feized  the  golden  op- 
portunity, failenctl  on  the  viands, 
and  regaled  to  his  heart's  content. 


Zimeo. — A  tale, 

SOME  years  ago,  Paul  Wilmot,  a 
quaker,  native  of  Philadelphia, 
having  fettled  in  Jamaica,  retired  to  a 
plantation  beautifully  fiiuated  on  the 
declivity  of  a  mountain,  near  the 
centre  of  the  ifland.  His  family  con- 
fided of  a  wife  and  three  young  chil- 
dren. He  poflefTed  a  number  of 
flaves,  whofe  looks  and  whole  ap- 
pearance beiokened  ihat  their  fervi- 
tude  was  not  grievous.  Indeed  Wil- 
mot was  one  of  thofe  benevolent  cha- 
raflers,  that  confider  the  wide  world  as 
their  country,  and  the  whole  human 
race  as  their  brethren.  His  negroes 
were  diftributed  into  lutle  fain. lies. 
Among  them  were  no  dilTentions,  no 
jealoufies,  no  thefts,  no  fuicides,  no 
confpiracies :  the  labours  of  the  day 
gave  place  in  the  evening  to  the  fong 
and  the  dance  ;  and  they  retired  to  relt, 
with  hearts  full  of  gratitude,  fatisfac- 
tion,  and  content. 

About  this  time,  a  negro  of  Benin, 
know  by  the  name  of  John,  had  in- 
fligatcd  the  (laves  of  two  rich  planta- 
tions to  revolt,  to  maffacre  their  maf- 
ters,  and  to  fly  to  the  mountain.  This 
mountain  is  in  the  middle  of  the 
ifland  ;  it  is  almoft  inaccelTible,  and  is 
furrounded  with  fruitful  valleys,  which 
are  inhabited  by  negroes,  called  the 
wild  negroes.  Thefe,  having  for- 
merly deferted  their  fervices,  fettled 
in  thofe  valleys,  from  whence  they 
often  made  cruel  fallies  upon  their 
former  mafters ;  but  now  they  feldom 
rife,  except  to  revenge  their  brethren, 
who  fly  to  them  for  refuge,  from  in- 
lupportable   perfecutlcn.     John   had 


been  chofen  chief  of  thofe  negroes, 
and  had  iflued  from  the  vallies  with  a 
conluierable  body  of  followers.  The 
alarm  was  foon  Iprcad  in  the  colony  ; 
tro(>ps  were  marched  to  the  mountain, 
and  ioldiers  diilributed  in  thofe  planta- 
tions that  were  defenfible. 

Wilmoiaffembled  his  flaves.  "My 
friends,"  faid  he,  "  there  are  arms  ; 
if  I  have  been  a  hard  mafter  to  you, 
ufe  them  againll  me  ;  but  if  I  have 
behaved  to  you  as  an  afte6lionate  fa- 
ther, take  them  and  afliil  me  in  defend- 
ing my  wife  and  my  children."  The 
negroes  feized  upon  the  arms,  and 
fwore  they  would  die  in  his  defence, 
and  in  the  defence  of  thofe  that  were 
dear  to  him. 

Amongft  his  flaves  there  was  one, 
named  Francifco,  whom  a  friend  of 
Vv'ilmot's,  called  Fihner,  had  found 
abandoned  on  the  fliore  of  a  Spanifli 
colony,  he  had  been  barbaroufly 
maimed,  and  one  of  his  legs  was  new- 
ly cut  oif ;  a  young  negro  woman  was 
employed  in  flopping  the  blood,  and 
in  weeping  the  inefficacy  of  her  cares. 
She  had  befide  her  a  child  but  a  few 
days  old.  They  belonged  to  a  Spa- 
niard, who  had  taken  this  revenge  on 
the  negro,  for  abetting  Marianne,  the 
woman,  in  her  rejeftion  of  fome  dif- 
honourable  propofals  which  her  mailer 
had  made  to  her.  Filmer  purchafed 
them  of  the  Spaniard,  who  pretended 
that  he  had  thus  treated  the  negro, 
bccaufe  he  had  furprifed  him  per- 
forming the  abominable  ceremonies 
of  the  religion  of  Benin.  Wilmot 
received  them  of  his  friend,  who  now 
alfo  lived  in  his  family.  Marianne 
became  the  favourite  of  his  wife  ;  and 
Francifco,  by  his  good  fenfe  and  his 
knowledge  of  agriculture,  acquired 
the  confidence  of  Wilmot,  and  the 
efteem  of  everyone. 
'  This  man  came  to  his  matter  at  the 
beginning  of  the  night.  ''  The  chief 
of  the  blacks,"  fays  he,  "  is  a  native 
of  Benin  ;  he  adores  the  Great  Orifla, 
the  Lord  of  life,  and  the  Father  of 
mankind  ;  he  mud,  therefore,  be 
guided  by  judice  and  benevolence  :  he 
comes  to  punifli  the  enemies  of  the 
children  of  Orlda  ;  but  you  who  have 
confoied  them  m  their  mifery,  he  will 
refpeQ.  l-et  him  know  by  one  of 
our  brethren  of  Benin,  how  yon  have 
treated  your  flaves,  and  you  will  fee 
thofe  warriors  hre  their  mufltets  in  the 


37* 


Zimeo. — A  tale. 


[November 


air,  and  throw  their  fpears  at  your 
feet."  His  advice  was  fallowed,  and 
a  meffenger  difpatched  to  John. 

When  day  appeared,  it  difcovered 
a  fcene  of  defolation.  MoJl  of  the 
houfcs  within  view,  were  on  fire,  and 
the  plantations  laid  watte.  In  a  few 
j)la«es,  the  cattle  were  feen  feeding 
in  fecnrity  ;  but  in  moft,  the  men  and 
animals  were  difcovered  Hying  acrofs 
the  country,  puriued  by  the  exafpe- 
rated  negroes.  John  had  given  or- 
ders to  Ipare  neither  m.an,  woman,  or 
child,  in  the  places  where  his  brethren 
had  been  harfhiy  treated  ;  in  the  others, 
he  contented  hicifc'.f  with  giving  liber- 
ty to  the  flaves,  but  he  fet  fire  to  eve- 
ry houfe  that  was  deferted.  In  his 
courfe  he  proceeded  to  the  planta- 
tion of  Wilmot,  with  a  detachment 
of  thirty  men. 

John,  or  rather  Zimeo,  (for  the  re- 
voked negroes  quit  the  names  they 
have  received  on  their  arrival  in  the 
colonies,)  was  a  young  man,  about 
two  and  twenty  years  of  age  ;  the  tta- 
tues  of  Apollo  and  Antinous  do  not 
fiiew  more  regular  features,  or  more 
beautiful  proportions.  He  had  an 
air  of  grandeur,  and  feemed  born  for 
command.  He  was  ttiil  warm  from 
\\\z  fight  ;  but,  in  accotting  Wilmot 
•*.  and  Filmer,  his  eyes  expreffed  allec- 
tion  and  good-will  ;  the  moil  oppo- 
(ite  fentiments  fhewed  themfelves  by 
turns  in  his  countenance  ;  he  was  al- 
mott,  m  the  fame  moment,  forrowful 
and  gay,  furious  and  tender,  "  I 
have  avenged  my  race,"  faid  he, 
"andmyfelf;  think  not  hardly,  ve 
men  of  peace,  of  the  unfortunate  Zi- 
meo ;  fhrink  not  at  the  blood  with 
which  he  is  covered  ;  it  is  that  of  the 
inhuman  ;  it  is  to  terrify  the  wicked 
that  I  fet  no  bounds  to  my  vengeance." 
Then  turning  to  the  flaves,  "choofe," 
fays  he,  "whether  you  will  follov/  me 
to  the  mountain,  or  remain  with  your 
mafler."  But  the  negroes  falling  at 
the  feet  of  Wilmot,  fwore,  with  one 
voice,  that  they  would  rather  die 
than  leave  him  ;  that  he  had  been  a 
father  to  them,  rather  than  a  matter  ; 
and  that  their  fervitude  had  been  a 
blefTing,  rather  than  a  bondage. 

At  this  fcene  Zimeo  was  affefled 
and  ag  rated  with  various  emotions; 
lifting  up  to  heaven  his  eyes,  that  were 
ready  to  overflow,  *'  OCrreat  Orlf- 
fi!" cried  he.  "thou  whohatt  formed 


the  heart,  look  down  on  thefe  grate- 
ful men,  thefe  true  men.  and  punitti 
the  barbarians  that  defpife  us,  and 
treat  us  as  we  do  not  treat  the  beatts 
that  thou  haft  made  for  our  ufe  \" 

After  this  exclamation,  he  gave  the 
hand  of  friendlhip  to  Wilmot  and 
Filmer  ;  "  thanks  to  Oriffa,"  fays 
he,  "  I  have  found  fome  whites 
that  I  can  love  !  my  dettiny  is  in  your 
power,  and  all  the  riches  1  have  made 
myfelf  matter  of,  fiiall  be  yours,  in 
return  for  the  favour  I  have  to  afk 
of  you." 

Wilmot  afliired  him  that  he  would, 
without  recompence,  do  him  any  fer- 
vice  that  was  in  his  power  :  he  in- 
vited him  to  repofe  himfelf,  and  or- 
dered refrettiments  to  be  brought  for 
his  aftendanis. 

'•  My  friend,"  faid  he,  "  the  great 
Onda  knows  that  Zimeo  is  not  natu- 
rally cruel  ;  but  the  whites  have  fe- 
parated  me  from  all  I  hold  dear; 
from  the  wife  Matomba,  who  was 
the  friend  and  the  guide  of  my  youth; 
and  from  the  young  beauty,  who  was 
my  heart's  whole  treafure.  Think 
not  hardly,  ye  men  of  peace,  of  the 
unfortunate  Zimeo.  You  can  pro- 
cure him  a  fhip,  and  you  can  conduft 
him  to  the  place  where  thofe  are  de- 
tained, who  are  neceflary  to  his  ex- 
iftence." 

At  this  moment,  a  young  flave,  a 
native  of  Benin,  coming  to  fpeak 
with  Wilmot,  no  fooner  caft  his 
eyes  on  Zimeo,  than  he  gave  a  fliriek, 
and  retired  with  the  grealett  precipi- 
tation. Zimeo  was  blent  for  a  mo- 
ment, when,  turning  to  Wilmot  and 
his  friend,  "  liften,  ye  men  of  peace," 
faid  he,  "  to  theflory  of  my  misfor- 
tunes ;  and  acknowledge  that  I  de- 
ferve  your  pity  rather  than  your  de- 
tettation. 

"  The  great  Damel,  fovereign  of 
Benin,  whofe  heir  I  am,  fent  me,  ac- 
cording to  the  ancient  cuftom  of  the 
kingdom,  to  be  educated  by  the  huf- 
bandmen  of  Onebo.  I  was  given  in 
charge  to  Matomba,  the  wifett  among 
them,  the  wifett  of  men.  At  the 
court  of  my  father,  his  counfel  had 
often  prevented  evil,  and  been  pro- 
duftive  of  good,  W'hile  he  was  yet 
young,  he  retired  to  that  village,  in 
which,  for  ages,  the  heirs  of  the  em- 
pire have  been  educated.  1  here  Ma- 
tomba enjoyed  all  the   pleafures  that  a 


1789-] 


The- folly  offel/ tormenting. 


37S 


benign  ficy,  a  bountiful  foil,  and  a 
good  con{cience  can  beHovv.  In  the 
village  of  Onebo  there  were  no  ani- 
molities,  no  idlenef'!,  no  deceit,  no 
dcligningpnefts,  no  hardnefs  of  heart. 
The  young  princes  had  none  but  the 
moil  excellent  examples  before  their 
eyes.  The  wife  Matomlia  made  me 
lofe  thofe  fentiments  of  pride,  and  of 
indolence,  that  the  coun  and  my  eap- 
lier  inlirudors  had  mfpirtd  me  with. 
I  laboured  the  ground,  tike  my  maf- 
ter  and  his  fervants  :  1  was  inftrutl- 
ed  in  the  operations  of  agriculture, 
which  makes  all  our  riches:  I  was 
taught  the  necelFuy  of  being  juft,  a 
duty  incumbent  on  all  men,  that  they 
may  be  able  to  educate  the-r  children, 
and  culiivate  their  fields  in  peace  ; 
and  I  was  fliewn,  that  princes,  like 
the  labourers  of  Onebo,  muli  be  juft 
towards  one  anoiher,  that  they  and 
their  fubjefts  may  live  happy  and  con- 
tented. 

"  My  matter  had  a  daughter,  the 
young  Ellaroe  ;  I  loved  her,  and  foon 
found  that  my  palFion  was  returned. 
We  had  both  of  us  preferved  our  in- 
nocence inviolate  ;  1  law  no  other  in 
the  creation  but  her  ;  (lie  faw  no  other 
but  me,  and  we  were  happy.  Her 
parents  turned  this  pallion  to  our  mu- 
tual advantage.  I  was  obedient  to 
every  command  of  Matornba,  in  the 
hope  of  making  my  felf  worthy  of  El- 
laroe ;  and  the  hope  of  prefcrving  her 
place  in  my  heart,  made  every  duty 
delightful  to  her.  My  attainments 
were  all  due  to  her,  and  hers  to  me. 
Five  years  had  we  thus  fpent,  with 
increafing  attachment,  when  I  de- 
manded permifTion  of  my  father  to 
efpoufe  Ellaroe.  O  how  I  cherifh- 
ed  the  thought,  that  (he  would  be  my 
companion  on  the  throne,  and  my 
friend  in  every  period  of  life  ! 

"  I  was  expecting  the  anfwer  of  my 
father,  when  two  merchants  of  Portu- 
gal arrived  at  Onebo.  They  brought, 
for  fale,  fome  implements  of  hufban- 
dry,  feveral  articles  for  domeflic  ufe, 
and  fome  trifles  of  drefs,  for  women 
and  children.  We  gave  them  ivory 
in  exchange,  and  gold  duR.  They 
would  have  purchafcd  flave^,  but 
none,  except  cnmmah,  are  fold  in 
Benin  ;  and  there  were  none  of  thofe 
in  the  village  of  Onebo.  I  qacftion- 
ed  them  with  regard  to  the  arts  and 
the  manners  of  Europe.     1  found  in 

Vol.  VI.  No.  V. 


your  arts  many  fuperflulties,  and  in 
your  manners  much  contraditiion. 
You  know  the  paffion  which  the 
blacks  have  for  mufic  and  dancing. 
The  Portuguefe  had  many  inlltuinents 
unknown  to  us;  and  every  evenin^j 
they  played  on  them  the  gayeft  and 
moll  en^ihanling  airs.  The  young 
people  of  the  village  gathered  toge- 
ther, and  danced  around  them  ;  and 
there  I  danced  wiih  Ellaroe.  The 
ttrangers  brought  us  from  their  {hips 
the  moft  e.'cqviiiite  wines,  wiih  liquors 
and  fruits  that  were  delicious  to  our 
tafte.  They  fought  our  friend  Ship, 
and  we  loved  them  truly.  They  in- 
formed us,  one  day.  that  they  were 
now  obliged  to  leave  us,  and  to  re- 
turn to  rheir  country  :  ihe  news  af- 
fected the  whole  village,  but  no  one 
more  than  Eilaroe.  They  told  us, 
with  tears,  the  day  of  their  departure  ; 
they  faid  they  would  leave  us  with 
lefs  regret,  if  we  would  give  ihcTn  an 
opponunity  to  teftify  their  regard,  by 
eniertaining  us  on  board  their  ihips  : 
they  pre  fled  us  to  repair  to  them  the 
next  morning,  with  the  young  men 
ard  the  prettieli  girls  of  the  village. 
Accordingly,  conduced  by  Matom- 
1"-,  and  by  fome  old  people  for  the 
lane  of  decency,  we  let  off  tor  the 
fhips. 

''  Onebo  is  but  five  miles  from  the 
fea,  and  we  were  upon  the  Ihore  an 
hour  after  funrife.  W^e  faw  two  vel- 
fels  at  a  little  diftance  from  each  o- 
ther  :  they  were  covered  with  branches 
of  trees,  the  fails  and  the  cordage  were 
loaded  with  flowers.  As  foon  as  Our 
friends  perceived  us,  they  founded 
their  indruments,  and  welcomed  us 
with  fongs.  The  concert  and  the  de- 
corations promifed  a  delightful  enter- 
tainment. The  Portuguefe  came  to 
receive  us  ;  they  divided  our  compa- 
ny, and  an  equal  number  went  on 
board  each  flup.  Two  guns  were  fired; 
the  concert  ceafed ;  we  were  loaded 
with  irons :  and  the  veffels  fet  fail. 
(To  be  continued.) 


MORAL     AND    SENTI- 
MENTAL    ESSAYS. 
The  folly  of  felf-tormenting. 

MR.    Addifon  "  fays,    that   when 
people  coaiplain  of  wearinefs 
or    iiidifpoGlbn  in    good   company j 


874 


The  folly  of  felf- tormenting. 


[November^ 


they  ilionld  immediately  be  prefented 
wiih  a  night-cap,  as  a  hint,  that  it 
would  be  befl  for  rheni  to  retire.  I 
own,  I  am  one  of  thaCe,  that  have  no 
idea  of  carrying  either  my  cares,  or 
my  infirmities  out  of  my  own  habi- 
tati'Mi,  except  in  fuch  inftances  as  I 
am  fenfible  they  can  receive  relief,  or 
mitigation — why  ihould  I  unneccffa- 
rily  wound  the  gtjod-nature  of  my 
friend,  or  make  my feU' contemptible 
to  iny  enemies  ?  if  the  communica- 
tion of  my  grievances  really  interrupts 
the  fai  islaction  oi  thofe  amongil  whom 
I  am  call,  I  have  hurt  ihem  vvithoiit 
beneliting  myieif ;  and,  on  the  con- 
fi-ary,  ifthey  only  dilFemble  with  m?, 
it  is  a  fpecies  of  ridicule,  which  my 
mln.d  is  not  calculated  to  fuilain — but 
you  will  allow  me  to  oblerve,  that  I 
confine  myfelf  on  this  occalion  to 
the  valcliiclinarian,  and  the  ma^jn  fier 
of  trifles  into  calamities — for  to  deny 
the  feverely  aitickcd,  whether  men- 
tally or  corporally,  the  rehefof  com- 
p!^inin;j,  would  be  to  llrike  at  the  root 
of  humanity,  and  forfeit  the  charac- 
tenllics  of  our  nature. 

To  come,  however,  more  immedi- 
ately to  the  point,  I  muft  tell  you, 
that  I  have,  perhap;;,  the  moll  cunou* 
fet  of  relations  you  ever  heard  of.  Mi 
mother,  poor  woman,  her  affltflions 
are  fanrtioned  by  their  poignancy  and 
fincerity — the  lofs  of  the  man  (he  lov- 
ed, and  a  confcquential  decay  of  con- 
ftitution — but  then  I  have  an  aunt  that 
is  evermore  upon  the  rack  of  her  own 
imagination  ;  not  a  change  of  wea- 
ther, or  a  change  of  fituation,  that 
does  not  produce  fome  prefent  or 
profpecHve  agonv.  If  the  day  is  fine, 
her  corns  inform  her,  that  we  fliall 
have  rain  to-morrow — if  the  fun  is  to- 
lerably powerful,  fhe  expires  with 
heat;  or,  if  temperate,  flie  anticipates 
the  inconveniences  of  approaching 
winter — if  file  perceives  a  cloud,  fhe 
is  for  running  into  an  obfcure  corner, 
topreferve  her  eyes  from  lightning — 
and,  when  fhe  beholds  a  clear  horizon, 
trembles  for  the  confeqnences  of  a 
drought.  Not  a  melancholy  intima- 
tion is  dropt  in  her  hearing,  but  (he 
indantly  recollefts  a  ihoufand  dread- 
ful difaflers,  fhe  has  cither  experien- 
ced or  efcaped  ;  and,  when  fhe  is 
told  ofanv  exiraord'nary  piece  of  <.'ond 
fortune  reaching  people  im^^xp-^rledlv, 
(he  repines   at  the  ungraciouin^fs  of 


her  (lars,  'that   withholds  every  fuch 
blcfTiiigfrom  falling  lo  her  (hare. 

A  brother  of  this  lady,  confequently 
an  uncle  of  mine,  who  had  met  with  a 
cruel  difappointment  in  love,  at  a 
very  early  period  of  his  life,  was  fo 
morofe  as  to  infill  upon  it,  that  wo- 
men were  univerlally  unworthy,  and 
univerfally  unfaithful — tell  a  (lory  to 
their  advantage,  and  he  was  petulant ; 
mention  them  with  feverity,  and  you 
apparently  tore  open  his  old  wounds — • 
if  he  was  treated  refpertfuUy  by  them, 
they  were  deceitful ;  and,  if  they  be- 
haved cooUy,  he  complained  of  being 
defpifed — when  the  younger  part  of 
his  relations  were  difpofed  to  be  mer- 
ry, his  head  ached,  and  when  they 
were  ferious,  they  treated  him  as  if  he 
was  a  bug- bear — when  he  was  con- 
fulted  what  he  would  choofe  for  din- 
ner, he  was  teazed,  and  when  uncon- 
fulted,  he  was  neglected.  But  to  fum 
up  all — after  years  of  aihduity  and  at- 
tention, on  the  part  of  all  his  relations, 
excepting  your  humble  fervant,  whofe 
independent  fpirit  frequently  incited 
him  to  raillery,  he  d;ed,  and  left  me 
every  ihiUing  of  his  fortune,  as  a  re- 
ward for  my  fincerity, 

A  young  fellow,  who  (lands  in  the 
relationOiip  of-eoufin-german  to  me, 
is  what  may  jullly  be  entitled  a  conlli- 
tut'onal  ielf-tormentor— for  he  was 
fo  from  hjs  infancy.  Wheti  a  fchool- 
boy,  whatever  was  in  another's,  pof- 
felfion,  was  always  confidered  by  htm 
as  much  better  than  his  own — his  top 
never  fpun  fo  well,  nor  his  marbles 
rolled  fo  dexteroufly.  as  thofe  of 
his  companions — his  talk  was  always 
harder  than  any  body  elfe's,  and  his 
repetition  of  it,  lilfened  to  with  pre- 
judiced ears  by  our  mader. 

On  entering  into  life,  this  (Irange 
humour  increafed  upon  him  ;  he  con- 
ceived every  dinner  he  was  not  a  par- 
taker of.  much  more  excellent  than 
the  one  he  participated  of.  Every  tay- 
lor,  if  he  changed  a  dozen  times  in  a 
month,  was  fmarter  than  thofe  he  cm- 
ployed  ;  and  every  eOale  he  heard  of, 
happier  fituated,  and  better  improved, 
than  his  own,  though  the  income 
was  abfolutely  inferior  to  what  he 
was  in  the  receipt  of.  lie  attached 
hiinfelf  toa  fine  accomplilhed  girl,  but 
foon  found  out  that  her  filler  v/as 
much  more  charming.  The  filler  had 
a  young  friend,  who  had  as  much  the 


1789.] 


Thoughts  on  marriage. 


3?S 


advantage  of  her ;  and  that  friend  a  re- 
laLion,  that  furpalK-d  ihe,n  all.  His 
iLraoge  humour  and  incondrtency,  foon 
marked  him  for  an  object  of  contempt  ; 
and,  however,  out  of  refpeti  to  his 
family,  he  is  10  this  day  received  in 
fome  tew  houfes ;  he  is  tolerated,  not 
approved  ;  pitied,  not  honoured  ;  not- 
wthHaiidiiig  his  birth,  education,  and 
eltaie. 

1  have  a  filler,  who  is  the  laft  od- 
dity I  Ihall  introduce  at  this  period, 
'that  is  evf-rmore  labouring  under 
fome  imaginary  difeale.  She  fas 
down  10  table  without  an  appetite,  it 
is  true — but  liien  flie  has  b^en  eating 
all  the  morning — her  complexion  is 
extremely  hnc — but  the  bloom  of  na- 
ture is  called  a  hectic — her  voice,  that 
is  naturally  Iweet,  is  changed  into  an 
affected  whine — and  her  nerves  are  fo 
delicaie,  that  one  of  my  honeil  laughs 
is  lurlScient  to  throw  her  into  hylle- 
i.ics — 1  have  taken  great  pains  to  con- 
vince her  of  her  folly,  but  if  I  attempt 
to  rally,  (lie  burlls  into  tears,  and  I 
am  hurried  out  of  ihe  room,  as  the 
greateft  of  all  barbarians.  1  make 
daily  refolutions  to  renounce  all  con- 
nexion with  fo  ridiculous  a  groupe 
of  wretches  ;  my  refolutions,  nevcr- 
thelefs.  (barbarian  as  I  aiTi)  arediffolv- 
ed  by  their  applications  to  return  to 
them,  though  the  infallible  confe- 
qiience  of  our  re-un:on,  is  an  abrupt 
fcpaiation. 

Is  It  not  aftonifliing,  that  people 
in  no  degree  deft'  irni  in  underlland- 
ing,  and  bleflld  with  allluence,  fiiouid 
be  fuch  enemies  to  their  repofe,  that 
inllead  of  attending  to  the  diilrelTes  of 
others,  which  they  have  the  power  fo 
amply  to  relieve,  they  thus  defeat  all 
the  gracious  piirpofes  of  providence, 
where  ihcir  own  haupinefs  is  con- 
cerned, and  negletl  all  iheoppiriuni- 
ties  of  doing  good,  that  he  before 
them  ? 

George  Good-fellow. 

Thovjrhts  on  marriage,  addrejfcd  to 
a  lady,  who  difcovcred  an  attacli- 
rricnc  to  a  perjon  very  much  litr  in- 
ferior. 

ARRI  AGEdetermines,  in  this 
world,  the  bappuiefs  tir  mitery 
of  thofe  who  engage  in  it.  There  is 
no  medium  in  this  connexion.  Af- 
fedion,  fandioiiedby  reafon,  gives  the 


one  :  pafTion,  blinding, perverting paf- 
fion,  will,  moil  alTuredly,  caufc  thi 
other. 

The  qneftion,  therefore,  which 
(hould  be  appl  ed  to  the  heart  of  any 
woman  whole  thoughts  addrefs  tham- 
felves  to  the  nuptial  flate,  are  thefe  : 
Is  the  objetl  virtuous  ?  Is  he  fuiia-< 
ble  ? — If  he  IS  not  virtuous,  there  \% 
an  end  of  all  reafonable  hopes  of 
happinefs  ;  and  the  woman,  who 
marries  a  man,  knowing  him  to  be 
VICIOUS — is  a  wedded  harlot,  whofe 
bafe  motives,  or  incontinent  dedres, 
impel  her  to  a  future  and  certain 
wretchednefs. 

As  to  fuitablenefs,  confult  your  iin- 
dertlanding  in  the  following  manner. 
Is  his  temper  and  turn  of  mind,  in  any 
degree,  finiilar  to  my  own  ?  Has  his 
education  been  luch  as  to  qualify  him 
to  be  a  pleafing  companion  to  me  ? 
Or,  if  not,  can  I  fo  far  furget  my  e- 
diication  as  to  dcfcend  to  a  level  with 
hiin,  that  he  may  be  fo  ? 

Is  his  fortune  fufficient  to  fupport 
me  as  I  could  wilh  ?  Or,  is  his  pro- 
felfion  and  induflry  equal  to  the 
maintenance  of  a  family  ?  or  will  it 
be  necelFary  for  a  wife  to  alTill  him 
in  it  ;  and,  if  fo,  am  I  qualified  and 
willing  to  do  It  ? 

If  you  can  anfwer  thefe  qnellions, 
with  an  unprejudiced  and  deliberate 
affirmative,  you  may  marry  the  per- 
ibn  who  is  the  objeft  of  your  prefe- 
rence, with  every  reafonable  expec- 
tation of  being  happy. 

A  perfett  limiJitude  of  difpofition 
is  not  to  be  found,  nor  is  it  necef- 
fary  ;  but  fome  degree  of  it,  nay,  a 
confiderable  degree  of  it,  in  leading 
principles,  is  cficiitial  to  married  hap- 
pinefs. A  wuman  of  poliflicd  edu- 
cation will  find  It  very  difficult,  in- 
deed, to  be  happy  with  a  hufband, 
who  has  received  little  or  no  educa- 
tion at  all. 

A  great  fortune  is  by  no  means  ne- 
ceflary  to  happmefs  ;  but  fome  means 
of   fupport  are  abfolutely  requiiite. 

Suitablenefs  in  temper,  education, 
and  the  means  of  living,  arc  folid 
foundations  of  happinefs  ;  but  "the 
h  gh-flown  romantic  fancies,  the  un- 
relirained  liberty,  the  love  of  fwav, 
&c.  &c.  wluch  are  fo  commonly 
made  the  chief  objefls  of  matrimo- 
nial engagements,  will  prove  vain 
and  empty  illuhons. 


27S 


Advue  te  hyjhands. 


[November, 


An  illiterate  man,  however  virtu- 
ous, cannot  be  fuitable  to  you.  A 
man  without  education  and  refined 
fentiment,  may  love  you,  I  will  con- 
fcfs  ;  but  not  in  a  manner  that  is  a- 
greeahle  to  you  ;  for,  as  he  will  not 
be  able  to  comprehend  the  extent  of 
your  excellence,  he  cannot  love  you, 
a^  you  merit  to  be  loved.  Tender- 
tiefs  may  be  his  ;  but  not  ihat  teiider- 
nefs  which  "  fighs  and  looks  unutter- 
able things." 

If  you  poflefs  fentiments  difierent 
from  thefe,  you  niufl  be  under  the 
influence  of  a  paflion  which  will  be 
fatal  to  you.  The  heart  is  never  lo 
deceitful  to  itfcif,  as  when  it  is  warm- 
ed with  the  tender  palhon,  nor  ever 
fo  inattentive  to  the  cool  admoni- 
tions of  fiiendfliip.  But  remember, 
that  marriage,  like  death,  excludes 
all  poihbility  of  bentfitmg  by  expe- 
rience. In  this  cafe,  expent-nce 
ceafes  to  be  a  director.  The  fcourge 
is  in  his  hand,  and  it  may  become  a 
fevere   executioner. 

•••<►••  ^e>^e><S>  ••■<>- 

Advice  to  hiijbands.     By  a  lady. 

COULD  thai  kind  of  love  be  kept 
alive,  through  the  marriage  Ikte, 
which  makes  tlie  charm  of  a  fingle 
one,  the  fovereign  good  would  no 
longer  be  fought  for  ;  in  the  union 
of  two  faithful  lovers  it  would  be 
found  :  but  reafon  Ihews  us  that  this 
is  impoffible,  and  experience  mforms 
us,  that  it  ever  was  lo  ;  we  mult  pre- 
ferve  it  as  long,  and  fupply  it  as  hap- 
pily, as  we  can. 

When  your  prefent  violence  of 
paffion,  however,  fublides,  and  a  more 
cool  and  tranquil  aftedion  takes  its 
place,  be  not  haily  to  cenfiire  your- 
fclfas  ind:flerent,  or  to  lament  your- 
Yelf  as  unhappy  ;  you  have  loll  that 
only  which  it  was  impollible  to  re- 
tain, and  it  were  gracck'ls,  amid  the 
pleafures  of  a  profjierous  fummer,  to 
regret  the  bloffoins  of  a  traniient 
fpr'ng.  Neither  unwarily  condemn 
your  bride's  infipidiiv,  till  you  have 
recoUctted.  that  no  object,  however 
fublirne,  no  found,  however  charm- 
ing, can  continue  to  iranfport  us  with 
delight,  when  they  no  longer  linke 
tis  with  novelty.  The  Ikill  to  reno- 
vate (he  powers  of  pleafing,  is  laid, 
indeed,  to  be  polfefled  by  fome  wo- 
ijien  in  an  cinineni  degree,    but   the 


artifices  of  maturity  are  feldom  feen 
to  adorn  the  innocence  of  youth  ;  you 
have  made  your  choice,  and  ought  to 
approve  it. 

Satiety  follows  quick  upon  the  heels 
of  polFelhon  :  and  to  be  happy,  we 
muli  always  have  fomething  in  view. 
The  perfon  of  your  lady  is  already  all 
your  own,  and  will  not  grow  more 
pleahng  in  vour  eyes,  I  doubt,  though 
the  rett  of  your  fex  will  think  her 
handfomer  for  thefe  dozen  years. 
Turn,  therefore,  all  your  attention  to 
her  mind,  which  will  daily  grow 
brighter  by  polifliing.  Study  fome 
eafy  fcience  together,  and  acquire  a 
fimilarity  of  talles,  while  you  enjoy 
a  community  of  pleafures.  You  will, 
by  thefe  means,  have  many  images  in 
common,  and  be  freed  from  the  ne- 
ceihty  of  feparating,  to  find  amufe- 
ment ;  nothing  is  fo  dangerous  to 
wedded  love,  as  the  poflibility  of  ei- 
ther being  happy  out  of  the  comj>any 
of  the  other  ;  endeavour,  therefore, 
to  cement  the  preient  intimacy  on 
every  fide  ;  let  your  wife  never  be 
kept  ignorant  of  your  income,  your 
expenles,  your  fnendfliips,  or  aver- 
fions ;  let  her  know  your  very  faults, 
but  make  them  amiable  by  your  vir- 
tues ;  confider  all  concealment  as  a 
breach  of  fidelity  ;  let  her  never  have 
any  thing  to  find  out  in  your  charac- 
ter, and  remember,  that  from  the  mo- 
ment one  of  the  partners  turns  fpy 
upon  the  other,  they  have  commenc- 
ed a  Hate  of  hoUiliiy, 

Seek  not  for  happinefs  in  fingula- 
rity,  and  dread  a  refinement  of  wif- 
dom  as  a  deviation  into  folly.  Lif- 
ten  not  to  thofe  fages,  who  advife 
you  always  to  fcorn  the  counfel  of 
a  womaH,  and,  if  you  comply  with 
her  requefls,  pronounce  you  to  be 
wife-r'(iden.  Think  not  any  priva- 
tion, except  of  politive  evil,  an  ex- 
cellence, and  do  not  congratulate 
yourfcif  that  your  wife  is  not  a  learn- 
ed lady,  that  flie  never  touches  a 
card,  or  is  wholly  ignorant  how  to 
make  a  pudding.  Cains,  cookery, 
a'ld  learning,  are  all  good  in  their 
places,  and  may  all  be  ufed  with  ad- 
vantage. 

I  faid,  that  the  perfon  of  your  lady 
would  not  grow  morepleafing  to  you  ; 
but  pray  let  her  never  fufpe£t  that  it 
grows  tefs  fo  ;  that  a  woman  will  par- 
dou  an  affront  to  her   ui;derllanding, 


1789.] 


Sentimental  rejlexions  on  love. 


much  fooner  than  one  to  her  perfon, 
is  well  known  ;  nor  will  any  of  us 
coiitraditt  the  affertioii.  All  our  at- 
tainments, all  our  aits,  are  employ- 
ed to  gain  and  keep  the  heart  of  man  ; 
and  what  mortihcation  can  exceed  the 
diiappomtment,  if  the  end  be  not 
ohtaiiied  ?  There  is  no  reproof,  how- 
ever poinied,  no  punilhment,  however 
fevere,  that  a  woman  of  fpirit  will 
not  prefer  to  neglect  ;  and  if  file  can 
enduie  it  without  complaint,  it  only 
proves  that  flie  means  to  make  her- 
felf  amends,  by  the  attention  of  o- 
ihers,  for  the  (lights  of  her  hu{band. 
For  this,  and  for  every  reafon,  it 
behoves  a  married  man  not  to  let  his 
pol'tenefs  fail,  though  h's  ardour  may 
abate,  but  ro  retain,  ai  leafl,  that  ge- 
neral civility  towards  his  own  lady, 
winch  he  is  fo  willmg  to  pay  to  every 
other,  and  not  fliew  his  wife,  that 
every  man  irr  company  can  treat  her 
with  more  complaifance,  than  he  who 
fo  often  vowed  to  her  eternal  fondiiefs. 

It  is  not  my  opinion  tliat  a  young 
woman  fliould  be  indulged  in  every 
wild  widi  of  her  k^v  heart,  or  giddy 
head  ;  but  con.radiclion  may  beloften- 
ed  by  domeftic  kindiiels,  and  (iiiiet 
pleafures  lubRituted  in  the  place  of 
noify  ones.  Public  amufements  are 
not,  indeed,  fo  cxpendve  as  is  fome- 
times  imaojined,  but  they  tend  to  alie- 
nate the  minds  of  marr.cd  people  from 
each  other.  A  well  chofen  fociety 
of  friends  and  acquaintance,  mors  e- 
muient  for  virtue  and  good  fenfc  than 
for  gaiety  and  fplendor,  where  the 
converfation  of  the  day  may  afford 
comment  for  the  eveninj;,  feems  the 
moft  rational  pleafure  we  can  enjoy  ; 
and  to  this,  a  game  at  cards  now 
and    then  gives  an    additional    relilh. 

A  word  or  two  on  jealoufy  may 
not  be  anifs ;  for  though  not  a  fail- 
ing of  the  prefent  age's  growth,  yet 
the  feeds  ot  it  are  too  certainly  fown 
in  every  warm  bofom,  for  us  to  ne- 
glect It  as  a  fault  of  no  confequence. 
If  you  are  ever  tempted  to  be  jea- 
lous, warch  your  wife  narrowly,  hut 
never  teaze  her  :  tell  her  your  jt-a- 
loiilV,  but  conceal  your  fufpicion  ; 
let  her,  in  fliort,  be  faiisfied  that  it  is 
only  your  odd  temper,  and  even  trou- 
blefomc  attachment,  that  makes  you 
follow  her  ;  but  let  her  not  dream 
that  you  ever  doubted  feriouflv  of  her 
virtue,  even  for  a  moment.     If  (lie  is 


877 

difpofed  towards  jealoufy  of  you,  let 
me  befeech  you  to  be  always  explicit 
v;!ih  her,  and  never  myllerious;  be 
above  delighting  m  her  pain,  nor  do 
your  buhnefs,  nor  pay  your  vifiis 
wuh  an  air  of  concealment,  when  all 
you  are  doing  might  as  well  be  pro- 
cldimed,  through    tire  city. 

Sentimental  rrjlcxions  on  love. 


—————Infolitude 
What  happincfs  ?  who  can  enjoy  alone  f 
Or^   all  enjoying^   what    contentment 
find?  Milton, 

THAT  afFeftion,  or  reciprocal 
palFion,  which  unites  two  per- 
fcns,  is  called  love.  Love  is  a  paf- 
fion  fo  neceffary  among  mankind, 
that  without  it,  they  would  foon  be 
reduced  to  nothing.  The  deiire  of 
the  one  fex  for  the  other,  ferves  to 
perfett  them  both  ;  it  makes  happy 
unions  and  amiable  focieties ;  but  tin* 
is  only  the  cafe  when  reafon  prehdcs 
over  and  direHs  it.  Guided  by  a 
wicked  paffion,  it  every  day  caiifcs 
adulteries,  incells,  peijunes,  and  ma- 
ny other  evils  of  the  fame  call.  It' 
you  have  naturally  a  tender,  affection- 
ate heart,  do  not  endeavour  to  make 
it  infenhble  ;  but  hx  your  affections 
upon  proper  objects — upon  fuch  as 
may  not  endanger  the  lols  of  your  vir- 
tue; or  rather  love  only  thole  who 
arc  virtuous,  and  thereby  your  pro- 
pciiluy  tor  love  will  be  no  lefs  fatif- 
ticd.  What  am  1  faying  ?  It  could 
exift  but  iinperfedly,  without  that 
precaution.  There  is  no  fnendOiip 
without  virtue.  The  union  of  two 
lovers,  without  virtue  and  good  mo- 
rals, is  not  love,  but  an  odious  allo- 
ciation,  which  engages  them  in  a  com- 
merce of  vices,  and  eftablilhes  be- 
tween them  a  reciprocal  participation 
of  infiimy.  Morals  need  fear  no- 
thin;r  from  love:  it  cannot  but  perfett 
and  belter  them.  Love  renders  the 
heart  lefs  fierce,  the  temper  more  ea- 
fy,  and  the  difpofitton  more  complai- 
fant.  Moft  people  are  accuftomed  to 
fubmit  to  the  inclination  or  will  of  the 
perfon  beloved  ;  they  contraft  by  this, 
the  glorious  habit  of  curbing  their  de- 
fires,  to  conform  their  inclinations  to 
places,  occahons,  and  perfons.  But 
morals  are  not  equally  fafe,  when  we 
are  troubled  with  thofe  fenfual  de- 


378 


lieflexions  on  death. 


[November, 


fires,  whicli  are  fometimes  con- 
founded with  love.  Love  is  a  vice 
only  in  vicious  hearts.  Pire,  a  lub- 
ilance  pure  in  itlelf,  emits  fetid  va- 
pours, while  it  is  conruining  mfefled 
matter;  in  the  fame  manner,  if  love 
)s  nounlhed  by  vices,  it  only  produces 
fhameful  d^fires  ;  it  only  forms  crimi- 
nal dcfigns;  and  is  only  followed  by 
troubles,  cares,  and  misfortunes ;  but 
let  It  be  produced  in  an  tioneli,  up- 
right, and  virtuous  heart,  and  kindled 
by  an  objetl  adorned  as  well  with 
virtues  as  charms ;  fuch  love  is  not 
at  all  deferviiig  of  cenfure.  God, 
far  from  being  angry  at  it,  approves 
of  It  :  he  has  made  objei  ts  ainiable 
only  that  they  (liould  be  beloved. 

A  certain  per  Ton  once  afked  Zeno, 
if  wife  men  ought  to  love  ?  A  very 
curious  que{i:on  this ;  but  Zeno,  with- 
out helitaiion,  immediately  replied, 
*'ifthe  wife  did  not  love,  the  hue 
{adies  would  be  very  unhappy."  The 
viiiion  of  love  and  innocence  feeisns  to 
be  a  paiadiieon  earth  :  it  is  ihe  great- 
cR  felicity  and  the  raoll  happy  fiate 
of  life. 

The  advantages  arifing  from  love 
are,  i.  llie  propagation  of  the  Ipe- 
ties.  2,  Happy  unions.  3.  Ad- 
vantageous alliances.  4.  Hanpinels, 
if  rightly  managed.  5.  Amiable  fo- 
cieties.  And,  6.  The  taming  or  curb- 
ing the  palhons. 

PiRure  of  fcnjual  love, 

DAMON  has  upright  intentions  ; 
he  isdeeply  fmitten  and  fincercly  in 
love  with  Phyllis ;  this  may  be  eafily 
feen  by  the  defcnption  he  gives  of  her 
accompliflunenis.  One  thing  is  yet 
wanting;  he  mentions  noihmg  con* 
cerr.ing  her  virtue  or  morals,  her  tem- 
per or  behaviour  :  but  thele  are  not 
the  objects  of  his  love  :  Ihe  is  endued 
With  a  giace  and  ariraction  that  en- 
chant him  ;  (he  is  full  of  fprighilinefs 
and  humour  ;  that  is  enough  for  him  ; 
he  knows  no  greater  hanpinels  than 
that  of  polTelTing  her.  L:g'ucd  and 
illuminated  by  her  fparkling  eyes,  he 
is  in  raptures ;  abfent  from  her,  he 
languifhes  and  is  confumed  with  cares. 
Would  you  think  that  this  eagernefs 
and  ardour  are  nothing  lefs  than  love  ? 
Damon  docs  not  fufpetl  it ;  he  thinks 
really  that  he  is  deeply  in  love  with 
her.  But  you  may  caiily  perceive 
whence  his  error  proceeds ;  that  which 
lid  takes  for  love,  is  only  fcnfuality. 


PiElure  0/  true  love, 
CLARA  is  young,  handlome,  and 
virtuous;  Corydon  is  about  the  fame 
Ege  with  her,  genteelly  made,  brave, 
".vitty,  and  well  behaved.  They  faw 
each  oiher  at  a  neighbour's;  they 
immediately,  by  a  powerful  charm,  as 
it  weic,  fixed  their  eyes  and  minds 
upon  one  another.  Ihe  hour  of 
departing  f:>on  came  ;  they  faluled 
each  other  refpefifuily  and  (poke  iome 
obliging  thiuj^s.  Three  days  palled 
before  they  met  again;  Corydon  be- 
came bolder  ;  and  ventured  10  enter 
into  difcourfe  wuhher;  he  had  be- 
fore only  a  gbmpie  of  her  virtues  ;  lie 
now  faw  the  beauties  of  her  mind, 
the  honeftyoJ  her  heart,  and  the  fim- 
plicity  of  her  manners.  He  was  fen- 
fible  of  the  love  he  had  fur  her,  and 
did  not  defpair  of  one  day  calling  her 
his  own.  iHe  declared  his  paihon 
to  her  in  thefe  words:  *'  amiable 
Clara!  the  fentiment  which  attaches 
me  to  you,  is  not  mere  cHeem  ;  it  is 
love,  the  moil  1  vely,  and  the  moil 
ardent  love.  I  find  1  cannot  live 
without  you  ;  could  you,  without  re- 
luttancy,  refolve  to  make  me  happy  ?" 
A  enqueue  would  have  atlc^K'd 
anger  at  fuch  a  declaration  as  this, 
Clara  heard  her  lover  without  inter- 
rupting him  ;  anfwered  him  withgood- 
nature,  and  permitted  h:m  to  hope. 
She  did  not  even  put  his  conflancy  to 
a  long  trial.  The  happinefs  for  which 
he  longed,  was  only  dcferied  till  they 
could  make  the  neceffary  preparations. 
The  articles  of  ihe  contrafi  were  ea- 
fily fettled  between  the  parties:  inte- 
reft  had  no  fharein  it :  the  chief  thing 
was  the  muiual  gift  of  their  hearts, 
and  that  condi'ion  wasfulhlled  before 
hand.  What  will  be  the  fate  of  this 
new  married  pair  ?  the  happiell  that 
mortals  can  find  on  earth.  No  plea- 
fure  is  to  be  com[)ared  wiih  thofe 
which  aiTeft  ihe  heart,  and  there  is 
none  which  afFefls  it  lo  agieeahly,  as 
the  blifs  of  loving  and  being  beloved. 
D.  M. 

Rejltxiomon  death. 

Sure  'tis  ajeriovs  thing  to  die. 

H  Death  !   how  dcfpotic   is  thy 

power  !  yet  how  impartial  ! 

The   rich,  the    poor,    the  ptafant, 

and   the  prince — ihc  beauteous,  and 


1789-] 


The  W or ceCicr /peculator. 


279 


the  deform'd — muft  all  fubmit  to  thee : 
(hou  knowell  no  difference  ! 

In  caiTips,  in  cities,  in  cottages,  and 
courts,  thy  bow  fJrikes  fure. 

The  hero,  who  this  morninn;  boaRs 
his    valour — ere  noon    becomes    thy 

Thou  throwell  down  alldifiin^ions 
in  the  grave. 

The  mighty  monarch,  in  his  mar- 
ble (hrine,  flceps  not  more  found,  nor 
wears  a  form  more  pleafing,  than  the 
poor  villajier  ;  whofe  humble  grave 
fcarce  nfes  up  a  foot  above  the  foil, 
biu  plaited  o'er  with  turf,  waives  a 
hie  jacet  to  his  mrmury. 

rorrifmond,  didft  thou  know  Ca- 
milla ?  Have  you  not  fr;en  her  at  the 
gay  affeinblv,  in  ail  the  bloom  of 
beauty  and  of  youth,  furround'-d  bv  a 
throng  of  lighing,  wifliiug  lovers  ? 

See  now  her  lifclefs  corpfe,  by 
death,  de^^rived  of  all  thofe  charms 
that  could  mflame  defire. 

"V^iew  well  thofe  eyes  :  where  is 
that  humid  brightnefs,  that  once  dif- 
fufed  fuch  killing  rays  from  thofe 
(then)  lovely  orbs  ? 

Behold  her  cheeks,  where  th'^  lily's 
whitenefs  and  the  rofe's  bliifh  did 
lately  blend,  to  make  her  charms 
complete  ;  fee  them  all  bloated  and 
cover'd  vvith  infetllous  bods  ! 

Say,  is  {he  now  an  objeil:  of  your 
admiration  moft,  or  of  your  horror  ? 

— Since  then  we  find 
That  death's  entail'd  on  all  mankind, 

we  Oiould,  as  fkilful  phyficians,  have 
recourfe  to  palliatives,  when  nothmg 
can  be  levelled  at  the  caufe. 

And  what  can  be  more  fatisfaclory 
to  a  dying  perfon,  than 

The   glad   confcience  of  a  life  well 
fpent  ? 

for,  however  a  vicious  man  may,  for 
a  while,  impofe  upon  the  world,  yet, 
when  he  comes  upon  a  death  bed,  the 
mafk  falls  ofl  :  confcience  flies  in  his 
face  :  his  fins  appear  all  naked  to 
his  view  ;  and  the  poor  wretch,  unfit 
and  unprepar'd,  launches  in'oeternity. 
On  the  other  hind,  behold  the  vir- 
tuous man  in  his  i.iil  moments. 

Calm  and    fereiie  he   yields  his  lateft 

breath. 
And    may   be  fiiJ    to    triumph  over 

death. 


THE   WORCESTER   SPECULATOR, 
On  temperance, 

TH  E  praftice  of  virtue  is  eflen- 
tial  to  the  peace  and  happinefs 
both  of  individuals  and  of  a  commu- 
nity. Every  attentive  obferver  of 
cauies  and  ertetls,  fees  that  a  moral 
couile  of  behaviour  is  produtlive  of 
harmony — harmony  in  lociety,  and 
harmony  in  the  mind  ;  while  the 
wretched  rewards  of  an  immoral  life 
are  difcord  and  dillrefs.  To  incul- 
cate temperance  in  all  things,  may, 
therefore,  be  the  duty  of  the  civilian, 
as  v.'eil  as  of  the  divine.  Temperance  is 
that  coulnefs  of  reafon,  calmnefs  of 
pailion,  cvennefs  of  temper,  and  re- 
gularity of  life  and  converfation, which 
at  all  ttmes  preferve  the  dignity  of 
man,  and  render  him  iUuIlrious  ir^ 
the  fcale  of  rational  beings.  It  is  net 
the  deiign.  however,  in  fhrowingout  a 
few  hints  upon  this  fubjeil,  to  confi- 
dcr  temperance  in  this  extenfive  view  ; 
but  to  confine  the  obfervations  to 
the  utility  and  importance  of  it  in 
a  more  reRriHed  lenle,  particularly 
that  of  temperance  in  the  ufe  of 
fpiritous  liquors.  If  temperance  in 
all  things  be  ornamental,  and  neceffa- 
ry  for  the  fupport  of  our  dignity  and 
the  advancement  of  human  felicity — 
hov/  emphatically  important  mull  it  be 
in  the  ule  of  intoxicating  fpirits  ?  Here 
intemperance  is  fatal  !  An  immode- 
rate draught  at  once  drowns  the  reafon 
of  man,  and  links  him  in  the  deplora- 
ble gulph  of  ignominy  and  contempt. 
Thofe,  who  (notwiihllanding  they 
may  be  too  laviih  in  the  ufe  of  fpirit- 
ous liquors)  are  not  loll  to  every  idea 
of  decency  and  decorum,  and  funk  be- 
neath the  pride  of  man,  the  Specula- 
tor conceives  are  open  to  convitlion, 
and  will  chearfully  embrace  thofe  ha- 
bits which  fliall  appear  to  be  the  moil 
conducive  to  their  own  and  the  com- 
munity's profperity.  Times  of  public 
tumult  and  relaxation  of  government 
are  moll  commonly  timesof  diffipation. 
It  proved  fo  with  America,  in  her  late 
war  wiih  Great  Britain.  Before  that 
commotion  took  place,  the  ufe  of  fpi- 
ritous lifiuors  was  comparatively  fmall 
to  what  it  has  been  fince.  During 
the  fiifpenfion  of  law,  money  beiBj]? 
plenty,  and  debtors  not  being  compel- 
lable to  pay  their  debts,  it  became  a 
too  predominant  praMicc,  to  wafte 
large  fums  in  the  purchale  and  expeu- 


3Sc 


The  Worcejler fpeculaier. 


[November, 


diture  of  rum  and  otlier  fpirlts.  Idle- 
iiefs,and  a  too  free  uff  of  the  cup  and 
can,  ihoie  filler  habits,  intected  the 
coiiimunity  at  lurfje.  At  the  clufe  of 
the  war,  when  the  circumiiances  of 
our  country  demanded  induHry  and 
economy,  it  was  difficult  to  return  to 
our|Hiftiiie  fimplicity  of  manners,  and 
temperance  of  life,  in  the  ])urlu!t  of 
our  private  and  domeftic  affairs.  The 
hiifbandman  could  not  hire  labourers 
to  cultivate  his  lands,  wihout  fuppiy- 
ing  ihem  with  a  quantity  of  inflam- 
matory liquors,  almoO  equal  in  value 
to  the  amount  of  their  fervices.  So 
jjeneral  was  the  cullom,  and  fo  fa- 
fhionable  the  practice,  that  the  la- 
bourer clamied  it  as  his  right  ;  and  if 
he  could  not  receive  fo  m\ich  rum  and 
toddy  as  would  almoU  dilahle  him 
from  fervue,  he  would  quit  the  field 
of  his  employer,  and  leave  his  har- 
veft  to  be  waRed  on  the  ground.  This 
pernicious  fafliion  was  not  confined  to 
the  labourers  in  the  field  ;  the  mecha- 
nics, if  polhhle,  exceeded  them  m  ex- 
travagance of  thefe  kind";  of  demands. 
Bufiiiefs  was  conlcqueiuly  ill  perform- 
ed and  extravagantly  paid  for.  Our 
taverns  were  daily  thron,s;ed  with 
fwarm^  c£  our  citizens,  who  there 
wafled  their  property,  injured  their 
conHitutions,  and  corrupted  their  mo- 
rals. In  addition  to  all  this,  every 
man  was  obliged  to  keep  a  kind  of 
grog  (hop  ini  his  own  houfe,  for  his 
neighbours,  acquaintance,  and  hang- 
ers on,  or  be  erteemed  a  niggard. 
Even  among  the  moft  indigent, 
thofe  who  could  but  fcantily  provide 
bread  for  their  children,  it  was  thought 
ill  ufage,  if  they  did  not  hand  out 
their  bottles  to  their  thirfty  vifitors. 
A  barrel  of  rum  at  that  time  would  in 
many  families  laft  but  little  longer  than 
a  gallon  would  have  done  before  the 
■war.  Thefe  extravagant  habits  fo 
far  exceeded  the  ability  of  the  people, 
that  many  fell  a  facrifice  to  their  fol- 
ly, and  involved  themfelvcs  and  fami- 
lies in  ruin  and  w-retchcdnefs.  Pri- 
vate debts  could  not  be  difcharged, 
n.>r  could  public  rcquifitions  be  com- 
plied with.  Thecoiirc(]uence  was  na- 
tural— an  univerfal  complaint  of  hard 
times — of  cruel  creditors — and  of  op- 
pr'dion  in  rulers. 

I'he  times  were  truly  hard,  and  fo 
w-11  they  ever  be  when  intemperance 
prjva:!s — when   li'.e  people  prefer  the 


diffipation  of  a  tavern,  to  the  cubi- 
va;ion  of  their  fields.  But  happily 
for  the  community,  ihele  habits  feem 
now  to  be  fall  growing  into  dilre- 
pute  ;  and  temperance,  economy,  and 
induHry  ieem  to  be  eUeemed  ob- 
jetls  of  importance  :  and  experience 
will  probably  foon  convince  us,  that 
we  can  labour  as  well,  and  enjoy  our 
health  better,  without  inflammatory 
fpirits,  than  wiih  them.  Probably  not 
a  quarter  part  fo  much  rum  has  been 
drank  in  this  part  of  the  country  the 
laft  year,  as  was  done  in  the  fpace  of 
a  year,  at  the  clofe  of  the  war.  Some 
of  our  principal  retailers  have  not,  if 
we  can  believe  their  alfert  ons,  fold  fo 
many  pints  of  rum  the  laft  year  as  they 
did  gallons  the  year  before  ;  and  then 
the  quantity  was  much  diminifiied  from 
that  which  was  fold  a  few  years  ear- 
lier. Ourtaverns,  too.  are  generally  ftill 
and  quiet,  and  rarely  do  we  find  people 
of  the  vicinity  reforting  to  them,  but 
on  bufinefs,  or  fome  public  occafion. 
Many  of  our  principal  farmers,  in 
dil?erent  parts  of  the  country,  have 
nobly  broke  through  the  pernicious 
cuftom  of  treating  their  labourers 
with  rum  :  and  will  not  employ  thofe 
who  will  not  ferve  them  without  Ipi- 
ritous  liquors.  And  they  have  found 
their  account  in  it  the  prefent  year — 
for  it  has  been  very  obfervable,  in  the 
courfe  of  the  paft  fummer,  that  thofe 
who  have  hired  without  fupplying 
with  fpirits,  have  had  the  beft  work- 
men and  plenty  of  ihcm,  and  that  their 
work  has  been  done  the  moft  neatly 
and  with  the  greateft  difpatch. 

The  mechanics,  alfo,  in  many 
places,  and  efpecially  the  moft  reputa- 
ble of  them,  have  almoft  forfaken 
their  cups.  And  men  of  bufinefs,  of 
all  kiods,  appear  to  be  convinced  that 
they  can  conduft  their  aff^airs  better 
without  fpiritous  liquors  than  with 
them.  In  this  way,  a  great  favinghas 
been  made  the  laft  year  by  the  citi- 
zens in  general :  and  let  any  one  judge 
if  any  inconveniences  have  relulted 
from  thefe  favings. 

Have  not  people  been  as  healthy, 
ftrong,  and  robuft,as  when  they  drank 
ten  times  as  much  as  they  have  done 
this  year  ?  Were  our  lands  better  cul- 
tivated then,  than  they  are  now  ?  It 
was  a  common  obfervation.  a  few 
years  ago,  that  a  man  loft  nothing  by 
giving  rum  to  his  labourers,  for  they 


17'^9']    Jiddre/s  of  the  prejhyterian  church  to  the  prejidcnt  cf  the  i\S.     5S1 


would  do  as  much  more    labour  as  to 
pay  for  it.   But  if  a  man  is  not  able  to 
carry  on   bufineis  ot  any  kind,  what- 
ever, without  rum,  he   is  unfit   to  be 
employed.    When  one  has  contraHed 
a  habit  of  any   kind,  it  is  difficult   to 
(t^uit  it.     Hence,   we  frequently  hear 
Workmen  fay,  they  cannot  work  wiih- 
out  rum.     Why?  becaufe  they  have 
become  habituated    to   the  deflruftive 
and    pernicious  ufe   of   it.     It  is  no 
fymptom  that  a  man  ought  not  to  live 
•without   fpiritous   liquors,  becaufe  he 
fays  that  he  cannot  ;  but  the    reverfe. 
His  hankering  after  them  is  conclu- 
sive evidence  that    he    has  ufed  them 
too  freely  already.     And  it   is   quite 
time  for  fuch  a  one,  to  reflefl  ferioufly 
on  the  imp'Hiance  of  his  breaking  the 
habit :  he  would  do  well  to  confider 
whether  he   he  not  on  the  ro<id  to  in- 
temperance— and  if  he  be  notfoolifhiy 
waiting  his  earnings  ;  now  is  the  only 
time  for  fuch  a  one  to  deliberate  ;  for 
if  a  habit   of  this   kind  is  ever  to   be 
checked,   it  muft  be  done  before  it  be 
deeply  rooted  ;  it  will  not  anfwer  for 
him  to  wait  until  he  is  fenhble  that  he 
is   aBually   injured  ;  for  many  a  man 
has  become  a  complete  fot,  before  he 
has  thought  himfelf  in  any  degree  in- 
temperate. 

P  U  B  L  I  C   P  A  P  E  R  S. 

Addrefs  of  the  general  ajfembly  of 
the  prejbytcrian  church,  in  the  u- 
nited  fates. 

To  theprefident  of  the  unitedfates, 
S  1  R, 

THE  genera!  afiembly  of  the  pref- 
byterian  church,  in  the  united 
ilates  of  America,  embrace  the  ear- 
lieit  opportunity  in  their  power,  to 
tellify  the  lively  and  unfeigned  plea- 
fure,  which  they,  with  the  relt  of  their 
fellow  citizens,  feel,  on  your  appoint- 
ment to  the  firft  office  in  the  nation. 

We  adore  Almighty  God,  the  au- 
thor of  every  perfefl  gift,  who  hath 
endued  you  with  fuch  a  rare  and  hap- 
py alTemblage  of  talents,  as  hath  ren- 
dered you  equally  necelfary  to  your 
country,  in  war  and  in  peace. 

Your  military  achievements  in- 
fured  fafety  and  glory  to  America, 
in  the  late  arduous  conflifl  for  free- 
dom ;  whileyourdillnterefled  conduct, 
and  uniformly  jail  difcernment  of  the 
public  intereil,  gained  you  the  entire 
confidence  of  the  people.     And,   in 

Vol.  VI.  No.  V. 


the  prefent  interening  period  of  pub- 
lic atfairs.  the  influence  of  your  per- 
fonal  charatter  moderates  the  divi- 
fionsof  political  parties,  and  pn^mifes 
a  permanent  ellablifhment  ot  the  ci- 
vil government. 

From  a  retirement,  more  glorious 
to  yuu  than  thrones  and  fceptres,  you 
have  been  called  to  your  prefent  ele- 
vated Haiion,  by  the  voice  of  a  great 
and  free  people — and  with  an  unani- 
mity of  fnifrage  that  has  few,  if  any, 
examples  in  hillory.  A  man,  more 
ambitious  of  fame,  or  lefs  devoted  to 
his  country,  would  have  rcfufed  an 
office,  in  which  his  honours  could  not 
be  augmented,  and  where  they  might 
pollibly  be  fubje^i  to  a  reverie. 

We  are  happy  that  God  hath  inclin- 
ed your  heart,  to  give  ycurfelfonce 
more  to  the  public.  And  wederive  a 
favourable  prefage  of  the  event,  from 
the  zeal  of  all  clafTes  of  the  people,  and 
their  confidence  in  your  virtues — as 
well  as  from  the  knowledge  and  dignity 
with  which  the  federal  councils  are 
filled.  But  we  derive  a  prefage  even 
moft  flattering,  from  the  piety  of 
your  chara£ter.  Public  virtue  is  the 
moft  certain  mean  of  public  felicity; 
and  religion  is  fheiiirefl  bafis  of  virtue. 
We  therefore  elieem  it  a  peculiar 
happinefs,  to  behi/ld  in  our  chief  ma- 
gdlrate,  a  fteady,  uniform,  avowed 
friend  of  the  chnflian  religion  ;  who 
has  commenced  his  adminifiration  in 
rational  and  exalted  fentiments  of  pi- 
ety, and  who,  in  his  private  conduft, 
adorns  the  doftrines  of  the  gofpcl  of 
Chrift  ;  and,  on  the  moft  public  ard 
folemn  occafions,  devoutly  acknow- 
ledges the  government  of  divine  pro- 
vidence. 

The  example  of  d  ftinguiflied  cha- 
rafters  will  ever  poflefs  a  powerful 
and  extenfive  influence  on  the  pub- 
lic mind  ;  and  when  we  fee,  in  fuch 
a  confpicuous  ftation,  the  amiable  ex- 
ample of  piety  to  (iod,  of  benevo- 
lence to  men,  and  of  a  pure  and  vir- 
tuous patriotifm,  we  naturally  hopp; 
that  it  will  diftufc  its  influence,  and 
that  eventually  the  moft  happy  con- 
fequences  wtll  refultfrom  it.  To  the 
force  of  imitation  we  will  endeavour 
to  add  the  wholefome  inftruttions  of 
religion.  We  ffiall  confider  ourfelves 
as  doing  an  acceptable  fervice  to  God 
in  our  profeflion,  when  wecontribuie 
to  render  men  fober,  honeft,  and  in- 


38s 


General  Wajhingtoti's  anfwcr,  &c. 


[November, 


duftrlous  citizens,  and  the  obedient 
fubjetls  of  a  lawful  government.  _  In 
thefe  pious  labours,  -we  hope  to  imi- 
tate ihs  moft  worthy  of  our  brethren 
of  other  chriftian  denominations,  and 
to  be  imitated  by  them  ;  affured,  that 
if  we  can,  by  mutual  and  generous 
emulation,  promote  truth  and  virtue, 
we  {hall  render  effential  fervice  to 
the  republic  ;  we  fliall  receive  en- 
couragement from  every  wife  and 
good  citizen  ;  and,  above  all,  meet  the 
approbation  of  our  divine  mafler. 

We  pray  Almighty  God  to  have 
you  always  in  his  holy  keeping;  may 
he  prolong  your  valuable  life,  an  or- 
nament and  a  blelTing  to  your  coun- 
try ;  and  at  laft  beftow  on  you  the 
glorious  reward  of  a  faithful  fervant. 
By  order  of  the  general  affembly, 

John  Rodgers,  moderator. 
Philadelphia,  May  9.6y   ^1^9' 
ANSWER. 
To  the  general  ajfemhly   of  the  pref- 
byterian  church  in  the  united  Jiates 
oj"  America. 
Gentlemen, 

I  Receive  with  great  fenffbility,  the 
teftimonial  given  by  the  general 
affembly  of  the  prefbyterian  church  in 
the  united  Hates  of  America,  of  the 
lively  and  unfeigned  pleafure  expe- 
rienced by  them,  on  my  appointment 
to  the  firlt  office  in  the  nation. 

Although  it  will  be  my  endeavour 
to  avoid  being  elated  by  the  too  fa- 
vourable opinion  which  your  kind- 
nefs  for  me,  may  have  induced  you  to 
exprefs,  of  the  importance  of  my  for- 
mer conduB,  and  the  effeft  of  future 
fervices:  yet,confciousof  thedilinter- 
eftednefs  of  my  motives,  it  is  not  ne- 
ceffary  for  me  to  conceal  the  fatisfac- 
tion  I  have  felt,  upon  finding  that  my 
compliance  with  the  call  of  my  coun- 
try, and  my  dependence  on  the  affill- 
ance  of  heaven,  to  fupport  me  in  my 
arduous  undertakings,  have,  fo  far  as 
I  can  learn,  met  the  univerfal  appro- 
bation of  my  countrymen. 

While  I  reiterate  the  profefTions  of 
my  dependence  upon  heaven,  as  the 
fource  of  all  public  and  private  blef- 
fings ;  1  will  ohfcrve,  that  the  gene- 
ral prevalence  nf  piety,  philanthropy, 
honedy,  indi.flry, and  economy,  feems, 
in  the  ordinary  courfe  of  human  af- 
faiis,  particularly  neccfTary  for  advan- 


cing and  confirming  the  happinefs  of 
ourcountry.  While  all  men  within  our 
territories  are  protetledin  worfhipping 
the  Deity  according  to  the  diciaies  of 
their  confciences ;  it  is  rationally  to 
be  expected  from  them  in  return,  that 
they  will  all  be  emulous  of  evincing 
the  fincerity  of  their  profeffions,  by 
the  innocence  of  their  lives,  and 
the  beneficence  of  their  aftions :  for 
no  man,  who  is  profligate  in  his  morals, 
or  a  bad  member  of  the  civil  commu- 
nity, can  poihbly  be  a  true  chrifiian, 
or  a  credit  to  his  own  religious  fo- 
ciety. 

I  defirc  you  to  accept  my  acknow- 
ledgments for  your  laudable  endea- 
vours to  render  men  fober,  honeft  and 
good  citizens,  and  the  obedient  fub- 
je£ls  of  a  lawful  government ;  as  well 
as  for  your  prayers  to  Almighty  God 
for  his  bleffing  on  our  country,  and 
the  humble  inllrument  which  he  has 
been  pleafed  to  make  ufe  of,  in  the 
admiuillration  of  its  government. 

G.  Washihgton, 

An  aB  of  the  Jiate  of  ConneBicut,  t» 
fufpend  all  fuits  or  a£lions  in  [fa- 
vour of  any  citizen  of  the  Jiate  of 
Rhode  Iflandy  now  brought,  or 
which  may  hereafter  be  brought  in 
that  Jiate. 

WHEREAS  the  flate  of  Rhode 
Ifland,  at  their  fefiions  ia 
March,  1787,  pa  (Ted  an  a£i,  exclud- 
ing the  citizens  of  this  (late,  from  the 
benefit  of  the  laws  of  the  ftate  of 
Rhode  Ifland,  relative  to  the  tender 
of  paper  money  ;  by  means  whereof, 
the  citizens  of  this  flate  are  muchi 
injured. 

Therefore, 

Be  it  cnafted  by  the  governor, 
council,  and  reprefentatives,  in  ge- 
neral court  affembled,  and  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  fame,  that  no  citizen 
or  inhabitant  of  the  ftate  of  Rhode 
Ifland,  fhall  be  admitted  to  fue  or 
profecute  any  citizen  or  inhabitant  of 
this  ftate,  before  any  court  of  juftice 
in  this  ftate,  for  the  recovery  of  any 
debt  or  demand  whatfoever,  during 
the  time  that  the  faid  ftate  of  Rhode 
liland  fliall  continue  their  law,  ex- 
cluding the  citizens  of  this  ftate  from 
the  benefit  of  their  faid  laws. 

And  be  it  further  ena6led,  by  the 
authority  aforefaid,  that  all  proceed- 


1 789  J 


Education  «f  negro  children. 


ZH 


ings  in  this  flate,  in  favour  of  any 
citizen  of  the  Hate  of  Rhode  Ifland, 
for  the  recovery  of  any  debt,  due  to 
any  inhabitant  or  citizen  of  faid  ftate 
of  Rhode  Ifland,  (liall  be,  and  the 
fame  are  hereby  fufpended,  during 
the  time  that  the  faid  ftate  of  Rhode 
Ifland  ihall  continue  to  exclude  the 
citizens  of  this  flate  from  the  benefit 
of  the  laws  aforefaid. 

Provided,  neverthelefs,  that  no- 
thing in  this  ati  fhall  extend,  or  be 
conftrued  to  prevent  the  granting  or 
levy  of  execution,  on  any  judgment 
already  rendered,  in  any  court  of 
law  or  equity  in  this  flate. 

Education  of  negro  children, 

THE  truftees  of  the  fchool  infii- 
tuted  for  the  education  of  ne- 
gro children,  feel  themfelves  induc- 
ed, from  afenfe  of  duty,  and  to  pro- 
mote the  caufe  of  humanity,  to  in- 
form the  public,  that  the  benevolent 
defign  of  enlightening  a  part  of  the 
community,  heretofore  funk  in  flavifh 
ignorance,  is  likely  to  fucceed,  and 
it  is  hoped  will  anfwer  the  moft  fan- 
guineexpetUtionsof  itspatrons.  The 
pujiils  have  evidently  made  conli- 
derable  proficiency  in  the  diffierent 
branches  of  learning,  and,  m  feme 
inllances,  a  brightnefs  of  natural  ge- 
nius and  underflanding  is  apparent, 
which,  like  fome  latent  quality  in 
the  human  mind,  hath  lain,  as  it  were, 
in  a  ftate  of  obfcurity  and  inaftion  ; 
lience  the  utility  of  early  affording 
encouragement,  whereby  the  natal 
powers  in  children  may  be  expanded, 
and  the  faculties  left  at  liberty  to  e- 
merge  from  their  narrow  inclofures — 
great  advantages  are  expected  from 
a  due  attention  to  the  education  of 
youth,  and  from  the  apparent  good 
which  hath  already  refulted  from  this 
inftitutlon. 

The  truftees  are  encouraged  to 
<:ontinue  their  care  and  zeal  for  its 
promotion  ;  and  notwithRanding  the 
contributions  of  many  have  been  li- 
beral, yet  the  annual  expenfe  is  fuch, 
that  the  income  of  the  permanent 
fund  being  inadequate,  they  are  o- 
bliged  to  have  recourfe  10  the  focie- 
ty's  general  ftock,  to  make  up  the  de- 
ficiency ;  a  circumftance  they  are  anx- 
ious to  avoid,  and  are  therefore  in- 
duced to  folicit  fome  furthcc^  addition 


to  faid  fund ;  that  they  may  be  en- 
abled, not  only  to  fupport  the  infti- 
tution  on  its  own  bafis,  but  extend 
its  greater  ufefulnefs,  by  enlarging  the 
original  plan,  which  cannot  be  done, 
without  an  augmentation  of  refources 
to  carry  it  into  effeft  ;  and  as  this  fe- 
minary  may  probably  conduce  to  the 
advantages  of  the  community,  not 
only  in  refpeft  to  the  henefiis,  which 
thofe,  who  are  the  more  immediate 
objetis  of  its  care,  will  receive — but 
as  it  may  qualify  a  race  of  beings, 
now  funk  in  ftupid  ignorance,  to  be- 
come fafe  and  ufeful  members  of  fo- 
ciety — let  us  perfevere  in  our  well- 
meant  endeavours,  to  promote  the 
caufe  of  humanity,  and,  by  a  due  at- 
tention, contribute  all  we  well  can, 
to  the  increafe  and  fupport  of  this 
laudable  undertaking. 

The  truftees  are  authorifed  10  in- 
form the  public,  that  the  children  of 
flaves  who  are  ftill  held  in  bondage, 
will  be  (as  well  as  thofe  who  are  al- 
already  liberated)  admitted  into  the 
fchool,  free  of  expenfe,  provided  they 
have  attained  the  age  of  nine  years, 
and  are  capable  of  fpelling  words  of 
one  fyllabie. 

■Signed  on  behalf,  and  by  direftion 
of  the  truftees; 

J.  MURRAY,  jun.  clerk. 

NewYork,  lot/i  month,  i\tk,  1789. 

An  addrefi  to  the  public,  from  the 
Pennfylvania  fociety  for  promotinjr 
the  abolition  of  Jlavery,  and  the 
relief  of  free  negroes,  unlaufully 
held  in  bondage. 

IT  is  with  peculiar  fatisfaflion,  we 
affure  the  friends  qf  humanity, 
that,  in  profecuting  the  defign  of  our 
alFociation,  our  endeavours  have  prov- 
ed fuccefsful,  far  beyond  our  moft 
fanguine  expeflations. 

Encouraged  by  this  fuccefs,  and  by 
the  daily  progrefs  of  that  luminous 
and  benign  fpiritof  liberty,  which  i$ 
diffufing  itfetf  throughout  the  world 
— and  humbly  hoping  for  the  conti- 
nuance of  the  divine  blefting  on  our 
labours — we  have  ventured  to  mako 
an  important  addition  to  our  origi- 
nal plan,  and  do,  therefore,  earneft- 
ly  folicit  the  fupport  and  alfiftance 
of  all  who  can  feel  the  tender  emo- 
tions of  fympathy   aad  compaiTion, 


♦^4  Plan  for  improving  the  condition  of  the  free  blacks.  [November, 


<ir    n  llfli  t'le  exalted  pleafure  of  be- 
neficence. 

,:5iav.ry  is  f;irh  an  atrocious  de« 
bafcineiit  of  human  nature,  that  its 
very  extirpation,  if  not  performed 
Avith  foliCKous  rare,  may  10ineiu«es 
open  a  fource  of  ferious  evils. 

The  unha;>py  man,  who  has  long 
been  treated  as  a  brute  animal,  too 
frequently  finks  beneath  the  common 
llandard  of  the  human  fpecies.  The 
j?alliniT  rhains,  that  bind  his  body 
tlo  a!fo  fetter  his  intelletlual  facul- 
ties, arid  impair  the  focial  alFe^tions 
of  his  hear:.  AccuUomed  tu  move 
like  a  mere  machine,  by  the  will  of 
a  mafler,  reflexion  is  fufpended  ; 
he  has  not  the  power  of  choice  ;  and 
reafon  and  confcience  have  but  lit- 
tle influence  over  his  conduft  ;  be- 
caufe  he  is  chiefly  governed  by  the 
padion  of  fea-.  He  is  poor  and 
friendlefs— perhaps  worn  out  by  ex- 
treme Libour,  age  and  difeafe. 

Under  fuch  circumflances,  free- 
dom may  often  prove  a  misfortune 
to  hiiiifclf,  and  prejudicial  fo  fociety. 

j'^tiention  lu  emancipated  black, 
people,  it  is  therefore  to  be  hoped, 
■will  become  a  branch  of  our  nation- 
al police ;  but  as  far  as  we  contri- 
bute to  promote  this  emancipation, 
fo  far  that  attention  is  evidently  a 
ferious  duty,  incumbent  on  us,  and 
vhich  we  mean  to  difcharge  to  the 
belt  of  our  jud^menr  and  abilities. 

To  inflrud — to  advife — to  qualify 
— ibofe  who  have  been  reflored  to 
freedom,  for  the  exercife  and  en- 
joyment of  civil  liberty — to  promote 
in  them  habits  of  indudiy — to  fur- 
niOi  them  with  employments  fuited 
to  their  a^e,  fex,  talents,  and  other 
circimiilances — and  to  procure  their 
children  an  education  calculated  for 
tleir  future  fituation  in  life — thefe 
arc  the  great  outlines  of  the  annex- 
ed plan,  which  we  have  adopted, 
and  which  we  conceive  will  effen- 
tially  promote  the  public  good,  and 
the  happinefs  of  thefe  our  hitherto 
too  much    neglecled   fellow  creatures. 

A  plan  fo  extenfive  cannot  be  car- 
ried intp  e>;ecuiion,  without  confider- 
able  peciuiiary  refources,  beyond  the 
prclent  oidiudry  funds  of  the  fociety. 
M^c  hope  much  from  the  jfenerofiiy 
of  enliuhiei'.ed  and  benevolent  free- 
men, and  will  gratefully  receive  any 
Uonations  or  fublcripiions  for  this  pur- 


pofe,  which  may  be  made  fo  our  trea- 
furer,  James  Starr,  or  to  James  Pcm- 
berton,  chaimiah  of  our  committee 
of  correfpondence. 

Signed  by  order  of  the  fociety, 
B.  FRANKLIN,  prefidcnt. 

Philadelphia,  ^th  of  Nov.  1789. 

Plan  for  improving   the    condition 
the  frte  blacks,    abovementioned  : 

THE  bufinefs,  relative  to  free 
blacks,  fliall  be  tranfatled  by  a 
committee  of  twenty-four  perfons,  an- 
nually eleBedby  ballot,  at  the  meeting 
of  this  fociety,  in  the  month  called 
April ;  and  in  order  to  perform  the 
different  fervices,  with  expedition,  re- 
gularity, and  energy,  this  committee 
(hall  refolve  itfelf  into  the  following 
fub-committees,  viz. 

A  committee  of  infpeflion,  who 
fliall  fuperintend  the  morals,  general 
conduft,  and  ordinary  fituation  of  the 
free  negroes,  and  afford  them  advice 
and  inflru£Hon  ;  proteftion  from 
wrongs;  and  other  friendly  offices. 
II. 

A  committee  of  guardians,  who 
fball  place  out  children  and  young 
people  withfuitable  perfons,  that  they 
may  (during  a  moderate  time  of  ap- 
prenticefhip,  or  fervitude)  learn  fome 
trade  or  other  bufinefs  of  fubfiltence. 
The  committee  may  effeft  this  partly 
by  a  perfuafive  influence  on  parents 
and  the  perfons  concerned  ;  and  partly 
by  co-operating  with  the  laws,  which 
are,  or  may  be  enafled  for  this,  and 
fimilar  purpofes  ;  in  forming  con- 
tratts  on  thefe  occafions,  the  com- 
mittee fhallfecure  to  the  fociety,  as  far 
as  may  be  practicable,  the  right  of  guar- 
dlanfhip,  over  the  perfons  fo  bound. 
III. 

A  committee  of  education,  who 
fball  fuperintend  the  fchool-inflnic- 
tion  of  the  children  and  youth  of  the 
free-blacks ;  they  may  either  influence 
them  to  attend  regularly  the  fchools, 
already  eflablifhed  in  this  city,  or  form 
others  with  this  view  ;  they  ihall,  in 
either  cafe,  provide,  that  the  pupils 
may  receive  fmh  learning,  as  is  ne- 
ceflaryfortheir future  fituatioti  m  life; 
and  eipecially  a  deep  impreffion  of 
the  moft  important,  and  generally  ac- 
knowledged moral  and  religious  prin- 
ciples.    They  {hall  alfo  procure  andl 


lySg."]      AJfociation  of  the  principal  inhabitants  of  Litckjield,  &c. 


3^ 


preferve  a  regular  record  of  the  mar- 
riages, binh  ,  and  manurhiirions,  of 
all  free  blacks. 

IV. 

A  com.niitee  of  employ,  who  (hall 
endeavoar  to  procure  conOant  em- 
ployment fur  thofe  free  negroes,  who 
are  able  lo  work. :  as  ihe  want  of  this 
would  occalion  poverty,  idlenefs,  and 
many  vicums  habits.  This  commit- 
tee Will,  by  fedulous  enquiry,  be  en- 
abled to  find  common  labour  for  a 
great  number  ;  they  will  alfo  provide, 
that  furh  as  indicate  proper  talents, 
may  learn  various  trades,  which  may 
be  done  by  prevaling  upon  them  to 
bind  themlelves  for  fuch  a  term  of 
years,  as  fliall  compenfate  their  maf- 
ters  i'V  the  expenfe  and  trouble  of 
itiUniclion,  and  maintenance.  The 
commitie  ■  may  attempt  the  inftitution 
of  fome  ufeful  and  fimpie  manufac- 
tures, which  requ  re  but  1  (tie  {k:ll, 
and  alfo  may  alhlt,  in  commencing 
buhnefs,  luch  as  appear  to  be  qualified 
for  if. 

Whenever  the  committee  of  infpec- 
tion,  fliall  nnd  perfons  of  any  parti- 
cular delcnption,  requiring  attention, 
they  Ihdll  immediaiely  direH  them  to 
that  committee,  of  whofe  care  they  are 
the  proper  objetts. 

In  maitersof  a  mixed  nature,  the 
commiiiees  (hall  confer,  and,  if  iiecef- 
fary,  att  in  concert.  Affairs  of  great 
importance,  fliall  be  referred  to  the 
whols  commitee. 

The  expenfe,  incurred  by  the  pro- 
fecution  of  this  plan,  (liall  be  defrayed 
by  a  find  to  be  formed  bv  donations, 
or  fubrcripti'^/iis,  tor  thefe  particular 
purpofes,  and  to  be  keptfcparate  from 
the  other  funds  of  this  fociety. 

The  committee  fhall  make  a  report 
of  their  proceedings,  and  of  the  flate 
of  their  Hock,  to  the  fociety,  at  their 
quarterly  meetings,  in  the  months  cal- 
led April  and  October. 

Fhiladelphia,  9.6th  OBober,  1789, 


Affociation  of  tk'.  principal  inhabi- 
tavts  of  Litchfirld,  in  ConneSicut, 
for  dfconraging  the  uje  of  fpi- 
rilous  liquors. 

SO  many  are  the  avenues  leading  to 
human  milery,  that  it  is  impolh- 
ble  to  guard  them  all.     Such  evils,  as 
are    produced  by  our    own    folly  and 
.'.dkiicfs,   are  within  our  power  to 


avoid.  The  immod-^rate  ufe,  which 
the  people  of  this  Hate  make  of  dif- 
tilled  fpirits,  is  undoub:edly  an  evil 
of  this  kind.  It  is  obvious  to  every 
pcrfon  of  the  fmallelt  obfervation, 
that,  from  this  pernicicus  pratlice, 
follows  a  train  of  evils,  difScalt  to  be 
enumerated.  The  morals  are  corrupt- 
ed, property  is  exhauHed,  and  health 
deOroyed.  And  it  is  moil  fincereiy 
to  be  regretted,  that,  from  a  tmliukea 
idea,  that  di/hlled  fp.rits  are  necef- 
fary  to  labouring  men,  to  counterat'l 
the  influence  of  heat,  and  give  relief 
from  fevere  fatigue,  a  moll  valuable 
clafs  of  citizens  have  been  led  to  con- 
trad  a  habit  of  fuch  dangerous  tenden- 
cy. Hence  arifes  the  inuibihty  to  pay 
public  taxes,  todifchargeprivate  debts, 
and  to  fipport  and  educate  families. 
Serioufly  confidering  this  fubjefl,  and 
the  frowns  of  divine  providence,  in 
denying  many  families,  in  this  pan  of 
the  country,  the  means  of  a  comforta- 
ble fubfiftence,  the  prefent  year,  by 
failure  of  the  principal  crops  of  the 
earth,  we  think  it  peculiarly  the  duty 
of  every  good  citizen,  to  unite  his  ef- 
forts, to  reform  a  prattice  which  leads 
fo  many  to  poverty,  diflrefs  and  ruin. 
•Whereupon,  we  do  hereby  affoct- 
ate,  and  mutually  agree,  that  hereafter 
we  will  carry  on  our  biifinefs  without 
the  ufe  of  didilled  fpirits,  as  an  arti- 
cle of  refrefhment,  either  for  ourfclves 
or  thofe  whom  we  employ  ;  and  that, 
inflead  thereof,  we  will  ferve  our 
workmen  with  wholefome  food,  ar,d 
the  common  limple  drinks  of  our  own 
produdion. — Litchfield,  June^  17^9» 

POLITICAL    ESSAYS. 

TflE    WORCESTER    SPECULATOR. 

On  republican  government, 

THERE  are  but  few  countries  in 
the  world,  where  the  people  of 
all  ranks,  from  the  higheft  to  the  low- 
eft,  have  fo  great  a  fliare  in  the  for- 
mation and  adminiftration  of  govern- 
ment, as  have  the  citizens  of  America. 
Every  officer,  legiflative,  judicial,  and 
executive,  is  created  by  the  people  : 
in  a  word,  every  thing  that  appertains 
to  government,  is  virtually  in  their 
hands. 

The  happinefs  or  riiifery  of  a  nation, 
under  a  government  of  this  kind,  de- 
pends on  the  kaowledge  or  ignorance 


S66 


On  repuhltcan  governmcntt 


[November, 


of  the  great  body  of  the  people.    The 
blefTings  of   a  republican  government 
will   continue   and  be    enjoyed,   in  a 
juft  proportion  to  theunderltanding  of 
the  community  :  and  the  peace  and  du- 
ration of  an  abfolute  monarchy,    will 
ever  be   in   an   inverfe  ratio  with  the 
knowledgeof  the  fubjeBs.    An  abjeft, 
fervile  fear  is  the  grand  bafis  and  ce- 
ment of  an  abfolute   monarchy.     As 
the    hufcandman,    with    his   uplifted 
fcourge,  controuls  his  beads  of  bur- 
den— fo  the  monarch,   with  his  iron 
fceptre,  rules  his  cringing  fubjefts.   As 
long  as  the  rude  fons  of  nature,  are  pre- 
vented from  rifing  above   the   brutal 
herd  in   point  of  education— fo  long 
the  former  will  yield  to  the  difcipline 
that  governs  the  latter  :  but  when  the 
enlivening  beams  of  education  pene- 
trate the  bufoms  of  men,   they  kmdle 
up   their   fouls,  and  teach   them  that 
they  were  created  for  more   exalted 
purpofes,  than  the  beafls  of  tiie  field. 
That  noble  fpark  of  ambition,  which 
is  to  be  found   in  the  brcail  of  every 
child   of    Adam,    immediately   takes 
fire;  breaks    the  fetters  of  tyranny; 
and  throwsoff  the  chains  of  defpotifm. 
Where  the  minds  of  a  people  are  en- 
larged, and  their   feelings  ennobled  by 
the  brightening  rays  (.ri;  now  L>dge, they 
will  never  confent   to  be  ftibiervient 
to  the  nod  of  a  defpoi.     It  is   utterly 
impofTible  for  tyranny  long  to  conti- 
nue, where  the  people  at   large   have 
rrade   any   confiderable    advances   in 
the  knowledge  of    men    and  things. 
When  they  become  ac(]uainted  with 
the  capacities  of  their  mind?,  and  the 
fuperiority  over    other    creatures   of 
this  world,  with  which  they  were  eri- 
dowed  by  the  God  of   nature,  their 
feelings  will  break  through  every  bar- 
rier,   and   burft  the  bonds  of  flavery. 
They  will  not  remain  peaceable,  ^nd 
behold  a  tyrant  violate  all  the  laws  of 
humanity. 

A  well-infirufted  people  will  truft 
their  rulers  to  efiablifli  the  nice  fpe- 
culative  points  in  the  great  fcheme  of 
government,  and  peaceably  fubmit  to 
their  detertnination? :  but  as  foon  as 
they  prefurae  to  di8ate  and  execute 
laws,  which  evidently  thwart  the  car- 
dinal rights  of  human  nature,  which, 
in  an  enlightened  coimtry,  are  en- 
graved on  the  very  feelings  of  every 
man,  akind  of  fympathetic  fenfe  of 
ibe  violation  catches,  like  eleflric  fire, 


from  breaft  to  breafl,  and  infpires  the 
body  of  the  people  with  a  determina- 
tion to  crufli  the  tyranny,  or  perifli  in 
the  attempt. 

While   education  is  a  bulwark  a- 
gainft  tyranny,    it  is  the  grand   palla- 
dium of  true  liberty  in  a   republican 
government.     It  may  perhaps  appear 
irreconcileable,  at  firfl  blufh,  that  un- 
der an  abfolute  monarch,  the  more  ig- 
norant the  people,  the  more  peaceable 
and  lafting  the  government  ;  and  ex- 
atUy  the  reverfe  in  a  republic.     I  be- 
lieve, however,  upon  examination,  the 
pofition  will   be  found  ftriftly  true. 
Notwiihflandingthe  foil  of  ignorance 
is  favourable  to  the  growth  and  pro- 
duftion  of  jealoufy,  yet  no  obftrucHon 
to  the   career  of  defpotifm,  or   even 
tyranny,  is  to  be  apprehended  from  it. 
Under  an  abfolute  monarch,  the  mul- 
titude being   acculloincd    to  implicit 
obedience,   and  ever   kept  under  the 
immediate  influence  of  fear,  nothing, 
but  the  higheft  fenfe  of  a  violation  of 
their    dearelt    rights,   can    embolden 
them  to  feek  relief  ;     and  while  their 
minds  are   unenlightened,    and   their 
feelings  unrefined,  they  are  unfufcep- 
tible,  in  a  great  meafure,  of  the  in- 
dignity of  bondage  or  the  pains  of  ty- 
ranny :  whereas,  were  their  fouls  ex- 
alted by  education,  they  would  rather 
fall  in   a   noble    (Iruggle  for  liberty, 
than  remain  meanly  bound  in  the  gal- 
ling chains  of  flavery.     But   in  a  re- 
public,  the   people     are    unawed   by 
fear,   being  habituated  to  command, 
rather  than   obey  ;   if  they   are    en- 
veloped by    the    dark    clouds   of  ig- 
norance,   the   jealoufy  naturally  arif- 
ing   from  that  condition,   has  its  full 
fcope.      While    ignorance   predomi- 
nates, they   are  ever  jealous  of  men 
in  the   higher  grades  of  life,  more  ef- 
pecially  of    thofe    immediately    con- 
cerned in  government  ;  and,  being  in- 
capable of  examining  and  judging  for 
themfelves,  they  catch  at  the  fainteft 
fuggeftion  of  opprefTion,  and,  on   the 
the  wings  of  their  uncultivated  palTions, 
immediately  fly  to  arms. 

The  people  at  large  feldom  mean  to 
do  wrong:  when  they  err  as  a  body, 
it  is  generally  through  ignorance. 
They  do  not  rife  in  rebellion,  unlefs 
they  think  they  are  oppreffed  to  fuch 
a  degree,  that  they  cannot  obtain  re- 
lief, otherwife  than  by  the  fword. 
In  a  well-concerted  republican  go- 


1 7^9-3 


Obfervations  en  the  puilic  debt  of  ArntricA* 


387 


vernmentj  no  real  grievance  can  ex- 
ift,  which  may  not  be  redreffcfl  in  a 
regular,  legal  manner.  Where  a 
people,  under  fuch  a  government,  are 
fo  well  inllrufted  that  they  underliand 
it,  they  will  not  ufe  violence. 
Upon    examining 


the     hiRory   of 
mankind,  do  we  not  find,  that  all  in- 
furreftions   in  free  governments,  are 
carried  on  by  the  moft   ignorant   part 
of  the   people,   who  are  inlligated  by 
defigning  wretches,  in   defperate  cir- 
cumllances  ?  Do  we  not  find  that  the 
malcontents   in   general   are  from   a- 
mong  the   moft    illiterate  of  the  peo- 
ple, thofe  whofe  minds  have  not  been 
cultivated  to  the  praftice  of  the  focial 
virtues   ?    Reader,   doft   thou  rcrol- 
left  ever  to  have  feen,  when  perufmg 
the  hiftory  of  foreign  countries,  an  ac- 
count  of  the   enlightened    part  of  a 
people    rifing  in  arms  againll   a  well- 
founded  republican  government  ?  In- 
deed, does  it  not  feem  morally  impof- 
fible  for  a  man   of  underfianding  and 
information,    in  a   calm    moment  to 
have  recourfe  to  violence,  again!!   a 
government,  which  points  out   a  re- 
gular,  peaceable,    legal    and     fpeedy 
method  of  redrelfing  every  grievance 
that    can  exift  ?    It  is  diametrically 
contrary  to  every   femblance  of  rea- 
fon,  for  a  perfon  to  fly   to  arms,  and 
create  a  civil  war,  to  remedy  an  evil, 
which  he  knows  can  be  more  expedi- 
tioufly   removed   under  the  olive   of 
peace.     No  man    in  his  fenfes,    will 
plunge  into  the  confufion,  the  hazard, 
and  the  horror  of  domeftic  Itrife,  un- 
lefs  he  thinks  it  abfolutely   necelTary 
to   fecure  his   rational    liberty,  or   to 
(hield  himfelf  from  infamy.  Where  is 
the  perfon,   who  will    rufh   mto  the 
ftorm  of  war,  and  crimfon  his  hands 
with  the  blood  of  his  brother,  to  per- 
form a  work  which  he  is  convinced 
may  be  accompliflied  in  the  calm  of 
peace  ? 

To  induce  a  man  to  exert  himfelf 
to  maintain  and  preferve  a  regular  ef- 
tabliflied  republican  form  of  govern- 
ment, other  things  being  equal,  no- 
thing more  is  neceflary,  than  fo  far  to 
inform  his  mind,  as  to  enable  him  to 
read  it  intelligently,  Thofe,  who, 
under  fuch  a  government,  live  in  po- 
pulous places,  where  regular  fchools 
are  ellablilhed,  having  by  that  means 
an  opportunity  to  enlarge  their  minds, 
are  ever  firm  fupporiers  of  it.  The 
pure    ilream  of   civil    liberty  would 


fweeily  flow  on,  until  the  end  of  time, 
ere  it  would  be  obllrufled  by  thofe 
Vv'hofe  minds  are  enlightened  by  edu- 
cation. 

Ye  fathers — ye  generous  proteftors 
of  American  liberty,    you   may  form 
conllitutions  and  laws,  that  fhall  clofe- 
ly  approximate  even  perfeflion  itfelf ; 
but  unlefs  you  enable  your  people  to 
fee  the  beauty — the  worth  of  them — 
all  will  be  in  vain  !  You  may  as  well 
"  caft  pearls  to  fwine"-— Would  you 
preferve  to   yourfelves  and  your  pof- 
terity  the   blelTings  and    happinefs   of 
your  dear-bought  republican  govern- 
ment, or  indeed  your  government  it- 
felf— you   mull   encourage  n   general 
education  among  all  ranks  in  fociety  ! 
You  miift  prefcribe,  adopt,  and  bring 
into  operation,  a  fyflem  of  education, 
by  which  the  minds  of  your  people  111 
general,  from  generation  to   genera- 
lion,  may  be  fo  far  enlightened,  as  to 
difcover  and   realize  the  true  princi- 
ples  and    excellence  of  civil  liberty  ! 
And  I   fee  not  why  this   may  not  ba 
done.     The  Americans,  as  a  nation, 
are  already  the  beft  inftrufled  people 
under  the  fun.     There  arc,  perhaps, 
individuals   in   other  countries,    who 
have  made  greater  advances  in  art  and 
fclence  ;  but  I  prefume  there  is  not  a 
nation  on  earth,  where  the  people  at 
largearefo  well  informed.   Why  may 
they  not  be  raifed  one  degree    higher 
in  point  of  education  ?  W^ere  the  peo- 
ple abfolutely  obliged  to  maintain  re- 
gular fchools,  and  in  fuch  number  that 
all    the    children    might    be    taught, 
would   not  the  neceffary  knowledge 
foon  be  diffufed  throughout  the  con- 
tinent ?  O  !  why  may    we  not   flatter 
ourfelves,   that   it  was    referved    for 
America  to  convince  the  world,  that 
a  republican  government  may  exift  in 
its  utmoft  purity,  to  the   final  clofc  of 
human  nature  ? 


Obfervations  on  the  public  debt  qf  A" 
merica.  By  R.  Price,  D,  D,  L,  L.  D, 

IT  feems  evident,  that  what  firft 
requires  the  attention  of  the  united 
Hates  is  the  redemption  of  their  debts, 
and  making  compenfation  to  that  ar- 
my which  has  carried  them  through 
the  war.  They  have  an  infant  cre- 
dit to  cherilh  and  rear,  which,  if  this 
is  not  done,  mud  perilh,  and  with  it 
their  charafter  and  honour  for  ever. 
Nor    is    it  conceivable    they   (hould 


3^8 


Obfervations  on  the  public  debt  of  America,  [November, 


rneetw!t)i  any, great  difficulties  in  do- 
int;  this.     T^'cy  liave  a  vaft   reOiurce, 
peculiar  fo  thcmlclves,  in  a  continent 
ofunlocaied    lands,    pofTe'ling    every 
advantage  of  fiMl  and   climate.     The 
leulcment  of  thefe  landswlll  be  rapid, 
the  confequcnce  of  which  miift  be  a 
rapid  increafc  of  ihe;r  value.    Bydif- 
poling  of  them  to  ihe  army  and   emi- 
grants, the   j^reatcH  part  of  the  debts 
of  ihe  united  Uates,  may  probably  be 
funk  immediately.     But  had  they   no 
fuch  reloiirce,  ihey  are   very    capable 
of  bearing  taxes  fuflioent  for  the  pur- 
pofe  of  a  grad.ial  redemption.     Siip- 
pofing  their  debts  to   amount   to  nine 
millions  ilerhng,  carrying  intercft   at 
,aA  per  cc7i( — taxes,  producing  a  reve- 
niie  of  a  million  per  ann.  would    pay 
the  imereit;  and,  at   the   fame  time, 
leave  a  fiirplus  of  half  a   million   per 
ann.  for  a  linking  fimd.  which  would 
difcharge    the   principal    in   thirteen 
years.     A  furphis  of  a   quarter  of  a 
million   would  do    the  fame  in    20A 
years.     After  difchaigmg  the  princi- 
pal, the  appropriated  revenue,   being 
DO  longer  wanted,  might  he  aboliflied, 
and  ihe  liates  eafed  of  the  burden   of 
jt.     But    it  would  be   imprudent   to 
abolifh    it     entirely.     100, cool,    per 
ann.  referved  and  faithfully    laid  out 
in  clearing  unlocated  lands,  and  other 
improvements,  would,  in  a  fhort  time, 
increafe  to  at  reafure  (or  continental  pa- 
trimony)which  would  defray.the  whole 
expenditure  of  the  union,  a;,d  keep  the 
fiates  free  from    debts    and  taxes  tor 
ever*.     Such  a  referve    would   (fup- 
pohng  it  improved  fo  as  to  produce   a 
profit  of  5  per  cent.)  increafe  to  a    ca- 
pital of  inree  millions  in  ig  years,   30 
millions  in  57  years,  100  millions   m 
81  years,   and   a6i    millions    in     100 
years.     Bat  fuppofing  it  capable   of 

NOTE. 

*  The  lands,  forefts,  impofts,  &c. 
which  once  formed  the  patrimony  of 
the  crown  in  England,  bore  moft  of 
the  expenfes  of  government.  It  is 
■well  for  the  kingdom  that  the  extra- 
vagance of  the  crown  has  been  the 
means  of  alienating  this  patrimony, 
for  the  confequence  has  been  mak- 
ing the  crown  dependent  on  the  peo- 
ple. But  in  America,  fuch  a  patrimo- 
ny would  be  continental  property,  ca- 
pable of  being  applied  only  to  public 
p'lrnofcs,  in  the  way  which  the  pub- 
lic (or  its  delegate?)  fiioulu  aopove. 


being  improved  fo  as  to  produce  a 
profit  of  10  per  cent,  it  would  increafe 
to  hve  millions  in  19  years,  100  rnil- 
lions  in  49  years,  and  10,000  millions 
in  97  years. 

J;  IS  wonderful  that  no  (late  has  yet 
thought  of  taking  this  method  to  make 
itfelf  greatand  rich.  The  fmalleil  ap- 
propriation in  a  linking  fund,  never  di- 
verted, operates  incancellingdebts,juft 
as  money  increafes  at  compound  inter- 
ell;  and  is,  therefire,  omnipotent +, 
But,  if  diverted,  it  loies  all  its  power. 
Britain  affords  a  linking  proof  of  this. 
Its  finking  fund  (once  the  hope  of  the 
kinf^dom)  has,  by  the  practice  of  ali- 
enating It,  been  rendered  impotent  and 
iifeh-f^.  Had  it  been  inviolably  applied 
to  ihp  purpofe  for  which  it  was  intend- 
ed, there  would,  in  the  year  1775, have 
been  a  furplus  in  the  revenue  of  more 
than  live  millions  perann.  But  inftead 
of  this,  the  nation  was  then  encum- 
bered with  a  debt  of  137  millions,  car- 
rying an  intereil  of  near  4A  niillions, 
and  leaving  no  furplus  of  any  confe- 
quence. This  debt  has  been  fincein- 
creafed  to  280  millions,  carrying  anin- 
tereft  (including  expenfes  of  manage- 
ment) of  0^  millions — a  mondrous  bub- 
ble :  and  as  no  effeftual  meafures  are 
likely  to  be  taken  (or  perhaps  can  now 
he  taken)  for  reducing  it  within  the 
limits  of  fafety,  it  mull,  fome  time 
or  other,  produce  a  dreadful  convul- 
fion.  Let  the  united  Hates  take  warn- 
ing— Their  debts  are  at  prefent  more 
moderate.  A  finking  fund,  guarded  J 
againfl  mifapplications,  may  foon  ex- 
fingiiifh  theiTij  and  prove  a  refource, 
in  all  events,  of  the  greatell  import- 
ance.   Let  fuch  a  fund  be  eftabliihed, 

NOTES. 

+  One  penny  put  out,  at  our  Sa- 
viour's birth,  at  5  per  cent,  compound 
intereil,  would,  before  this  time, 
have  increafed  to  a  greater  fum  than 
could  be  contained  in  two  hundred 
millions  of  earths,  all  folidgold.  But, 
if  put  out  to  fimple  intereft,  it  would 
have  amounted  to  no  more  than  feven 
Ihillings  and  ux  pence.  All  govern- 
ments, which  alienate  funds  deflined 
for  reimburfements,  choofe  to  improve 
money  in  the  lall,  rather  than  the  firft 
of  thefe  ways. 

X  W  hen  not  thus  guarded,  public 
funds  become  the  word  evils,  by  givinjj 
to  the  rulers  of  dates  a  command  of  re- 
venue ior  the  purpofes  of  corruption. 


1/^.9.] 


t.J'ay  on  th:  political  advantages  cf  America^ 


3^9 


Coald  a  facredncfs  be  given  if,  like 
that  of  the  ark  of  God,  among  ihc 
Jews,  it  would  do  the  fame  fervice. 

I  mult  iiot,  h>)wever,  forget,  tiiat 
ihere  is  otie  of  iheir  tlebts,  on  which 
no  finkuig  fund  can  have  any  cHect ; 
and  which  it  is  impuilibie  for  them  lo 
difcharge:  a  debt,  greater,  perhaps, 
than  has  been  ever  ^wc  from  any 
country  ;  and  which  \v,U  be  deeply  t^lt 
by  their  latcll  poiler:ty. — But  it  is  a 
debt  of  gratiUule  only — of  gratitude 
to  that  general,  who  has  been  railed 
up  by  providence,  to  make  them  free 
and  independent,  ■  and  whofe  name 
mull  (hine  among  ihe  firll  in  the  fu- 
ture annals  of  the  benefaftors  of  man- 
kind. 

The  meafure,  now  propofed,  may 
preferve  America  for  ever,  from  too 
great  an  accumulation  of  debts ;  and 
confequently  of  taxes — an  evil,  which 

likely  to  be  the  niin,  not  only  of 
Britain,  but  of  other  European  flates. 

IJfay  on   the  political   advantages  of 

America,     By  Noah  Wt-bjler^  jun. 

tfq. 

Tolerable  aciiuainlance  with 
hiilory,  and  a  fmall  knowledge 
of  the  Engiifli  fettlements  on  this 
condnent,  teach  us  that  the  lltuation 
of  thefe  Hates,  is,  in  every  point  of 
view,  the  reverfe  of  what  has  been 
the  infant  fuuation  of  all  other  na- 
tions. 

In  the  firft  place,  our  conftitutions 
of  civil  government  have  been  fram- 
ed in  the  moll  enlightened  peiiod  of 
the  world.  All  other  iyilems  of  ci- 
vil polity  have  been  begun  in  the 
rude  times  of  ignorance  and  favage 
ferocity  ;  fabricated  at  the  voice  of 
necellity,  without  fcience  and  without 
experience.  America,  juR  beginning 
to  exill  in  an  advanced  period  of  hu- 
man improvement,  has  the  fcience 
and  experience  of  all  naiions  to  di- 
rect her  III  forming  plans  of  govern- 
ment. I^y  this  advantage,  (lie  is  en- 
abled to  fupply  the  defetts,  and  avo;d 
the  errors,  incident  to  the  policy  of 
uncivilized  nations ;  and  to  lay  a 
broad  bafis  for  the  perfeftion  of  hu- 
man fociety.  The  legifiators  of  the 
American  flates  are  neither  fwayed 
by  a  blind  veneration  for  an  indepen- 
dent clergy,  nor  av/ed  by  the  frowns 
•f  a   tyrant.     Their   civil  policy   jj, 

Vo).  VI.  No.  V. 


or  ought  to  be,  the  refuk  of  the  col- 
lected wifdoin  of  all  nations,  and 
the;r  religion,  that  of  the  Saviour  of 
mankind.  If  they  do  not  eitablilh 
and  perpetuate  the  beft  fyflems  of  go- 
vernme'it  on  earth,  it  will  be  their 
own  fcAuh,  fur  nature  has  given  iheni 
every  advantage  they  could  dcfire. 

In  the  next  place,  an  eciual  diflri- 
bution  of  landed  property,  is  a  (in- 
gular  advaniai;e,  as  being  the  foun- 
dation of  republican  governments  and 
the  fecuruy  of  freedom*.     The  New 

N  o  T  E . 

*  Several  writers  on  government, 
and  particularly  the  great  Monief- 
quieii,  maintain  that  virtue  is  the 
toundation  of  republics.  If,  by  vir- 
tue, is  meant  patriotifm,  or  difinte- 
refled  public  fpirit,  and  love  of  one's 
country,  as  is  probably  the  cafe ; 
v;iih  the  utmoll  refpeft  for  fuch  au- 
thorities, I  muft  deny  that  fuch  a  ge- 
nera! principle  ever  did  or  ever  caa 
exill  in  human  fociety.  Local  at- 
tachments exill  under  every  fpecies 
of  government.  They  are  as  tirong 
m  monarcljies  as  in  republics.  Ho- 
nour, which  is  fiid  to  be  the  principle 
of  monarchial  governments,  is  often  as 
powerful  a  motive  in  republics.  The 
real  principle  that  is  predominant  in 
every  individual,  and  directs  all  his 
aflions.  is  felf-inieretl.  This  ope- 
rates differently,  and  takes  ditfercnt 
names,  under  dilierent  forms  of  go- 
vernrnenf.  In  a  democracy,  where 
offices  and  preferment  are  at  the  dif- 
pofal  of  the  people,  an  ambitious  maa 
mult  court  the  people,  by  his  conde- 
fecnfion,  by  public  afis  of  benefi- 
cence, and  by  iiretenfions  to  public 
good.  In  order  to  retain  any  emo- 
luments, which  he  holds  by  the  choice 
of  the  people,  his  conduct  muft  be 
agreeable  to  them,  and  apparently,  if 
not  really,  for  their  interefl.  This 
conduct;  fprings  from  felf-love,  but 
takes  the  name  of  virtue  or  publia 
fpirlt.  In  a  monarchy,  where  the 
fovereign  difpofes  of  polls  of  ho- 
nour and  profit,  and  where  diftinc- 
tion  of  rank  takes  place,  a  candidate 
takes  a  diflcrent  method  to  procure 
favour.  He  profelfes  the  mod  un- 
fhaken  loyalty,  and  a  firm  attachment 
to  the  perfon  of  his  fovereign  ;  he  af- 
ftimes  an  air  of  dignity,  and  Ihapes 
his    conduct  to   the  humour  of  the 


f-Jfay  on  the  political  a>{vt.ntages  of  America.      [November, 


390 

England  flatcs  are  peculiarly  happy 
jn  this  refpetl.  Lands  det'cend  equal- 
ly to  all  I'm  heirs  of  the  deceafed 
pofTefror,  and  perpetuities  are  enurely 
barred.  In  Cor.riec^icuf,  the  eldell 
male  heir  inherits  two  Ihares ;  this  is 
u  law,  copifd  from  the  Jevviih  c.'de  ; 
which  the  wifdom  of  fucceeding  Ic- 
gillatures  will  undoubtedly  aboliih. 
An  ad  paffed  the  Icgillature  of  New 
York,  a  fev/  year.-;  pall,  dellroying 
and  barring  cniailments,  and  ordering 
that  all  inteilate  eltates  fhould  do- 
fcend  to  ail  the  heirs,  in  equal  por- 
slons.  No  aft  was  ever  better  ti:ned, 
or  calculated  to  produce  mors  falu- 
tary  eiFei:b.  The  ilaies  of  Tennfyl- 
vania  and  North  Can  lina  have  nriie 
it  an  article  in  the  r  con'iituiions, 
that  no  ellates  (hall  be  perpetual,  i 
am  not  i'uiiiciently  acquainted  with  the 
•conJlitutions  of  the  other  Hates,  to 
iuform  whether  perpetuities  are  bar- 
red or  not ;  but  they  may  be  avoided 
by  a  common  recovery,  a  fitlion  of- 
ten praftifed  in  the  Englifli  courts  of 
law+. 

But  although  the  fouthern  flatcs 
poffefs  too  much  of  the  ari'locratic 
irenius  of  European  governments,  yet 
it  is  probable  that  their  future  tenden- 
cy will  be  towards  republicanilm. 
For  if  the  African  flave-trade  is  pro- 
hibited, it  mull  gradually  dirainifli  the 
large  eilates  which  are  entirely  cul- 
tivated by  (laves ;  as  thefe  will  pro- 
bably decreafe  without  recruits  from 
Africa.  And  it  is  not  probable  that 
their  place  can  be  fupplied  by  white 
people,  fo  long  as  vail  tracts  of  va- 
luable land  are  uncultivated,  and 
poor  people  can  purchafe  the  fee  of 
the  (oil. 

But  Ihould  the  prefent  polTelTors  of 
lands  continue  to  hold  and  cultivate 
tbem,  dill  there  is  a  new  fet  of  men 
fprinjjing  up  in  the  back  parts  of  thofe 

NOTES. 

tourt.  This  is  the  fame  felfifli  prin- 
ciple, aiming  at  the  fame  objecl  ; 
but,  operating  in  a  dilfcrent  manner, 
it  is  denominated  honour.  But  the 
exlftence  of  any  form  of  govern- 
ment, does  not  depend  on  any  prin- 
ciple of  aftion,  however  modified, 
or  by  whatever  name  diilinguilhed. 

+  I  was  lately  informed  that  en- 
tailnvents  were  barred  in  Virginia  be- 
fore the  revolutiQn, 


flates ;  more  hardy  and  independerrt 
than  the  peafants  of  the  low  coun- 
tiy  ;  and  more  averfe  to  arillocracy. 
The  unhealihinefs  of  the  climate  ia 
the  (lat  lands,  is  a  circuiiillance,  that 
will  contribute  to  the  rapid  popula- 
tion of  the  mounialns,  where  the  aiF 
is  more  lalubrious. 

The  idea,  therefore,  that  the  ge- 
nius of  the  fouthern  flates  is  verging 
towards  republicamfin,  appears  to  be 
fupported  by  fubllantial  reafons.  It 
is  much  to  be  wrlhed  that  fuch  an 
idea  might  be  well  grounded,  for  na- 
ture knows  no  dilhnftions,  and  go- 
vernment ought  to  know  none,  but 
Inch  a>  are  merited  by  perfona!  virtues. 
The  con{ircation  ©f  many  large  ef- 
tates  in  every  part  of  the  union,  is 
ano.her  circiiniliance  favourable  to  an 
equal  diftribiuion  of  property.  The 
local  (ituation  of  all  the  dates,  and 
the  genius  of  the  inhabitants  in  moPc 
of  tlicm,  tend  todeftroy  all  the  arif- 
tocratic  ideas  which  were  introduced 
from  our  parent  country. 

Neceilariiy  connefted  with  an  e- 
qual  diUnbution  of  landed  property, 
is  the  annihilation  of  all  hereditary 
didinctions  of  rank.  Such  diflinc- 
tions  are  tuconfiltent  with  the  nature 
of  popular  governments.  Whatever 
pretenlions  foine  dates  have  made  to 
the  name  of  republics ;  yet  thofe,  that 
have  permitted  perpetual  diftinftions 
of  property,  and  hereditary  titles  of 
honour,  with  a  right  of  legiflation  an- 
nexed, certainly  never  deferved  the 
name  of  popular  governments ;  and 
they  have  never  been  able  to  preferve 
their  freedom.  Wherever  two  or 
more  orders  of  meir  have  been  e(la- 
blllhed,  with  hereditary  privileges  oF. 
rank,  they  have  always  quarrelled, 
till  the  power  or  intrigues  of  the  fu- 
perior  orders,  have  divefied  the  peo- 
ple of  all  their  civil  liberties.  In 
iome  countries,  they  retain  a  fliow  of 
freedom,  fufficient  to  amufe  them  in- 
to obedience  ;  but  in  mod  dales,  they 
have  loll  even  the  appearance  of  civil' 
rights. 

Congrefs,  aware  of  the  tendency 
of  an  unequal  dividon  of  property, 
and  the  evils  of  an  aridocracy,  in- 
ferted  a  claufe,  in  the  articles  of  con- 
federation, forever  barring  all  titlei 
of  nobility  in  the  American  Hates  ; 
a  precaution  evincive,  equally  of  the 
forefight,  the  integrity,  ajid  the  ro 


J789-3 

publican  prlncii^les  of  that  augufl  bo- 
dy*. 

(To   be  continued.) 

I-Jfay  on  national  pride  of  charac- 
ter. Afcribedto  inr.  John  [cnno.^ 
printer  of  the  unitedjlatcs' gazette. 

*'  Of  all  men  that  difinguifi  them- 
fcivcs  by  mcmorabti  achievements, 
the  firjt  place  of  honour  fecms  due 
to  legiflators  and  founders  of  fates, 
who  tranfinit  a  fyfievi  of  laws  and 
inftitutions  to  jecure  the  peace, 
happinefs  and  liberty  of  future  ge- 
nerations." 

FEW  nations  have  arrived   at  any 
great   degree  cf  eminence,  with- 
out  indicating   a  pride   of  character. 
The  elevationr.  of  a  proud,  independ- 
ent fpirif,  are  both  the  caufe  and   cf- 
feflof  confplcnous  attainments.     This 
palFion,  like    all  others,   is    an  efTen- 
tial  fpringof  the  human  machine  ;  and 
cannot,  llricily  fpeaKing,    be  denomi- 
Tiated  a  virtue  or  a  v;ce.    lis  appl  ca- 
tion may  produce  aftioiis,   that   par- 
ticipate of  eiih.cr.     If  it  is  diretkd  to 
improper  objcch,  or  carried  to  an  ex- 
treme,   itj  a  right  dircftion.  it  may  be- 
come detrimental,  or  vicious.     1  fiiali 
not  attempt  to  particularize  thofe   ob- 
K  o  T  E . 
*  The  jealoufy   even   of  the  fou- 
thern  Hates,  in  regard  to  the  eilablilh- 
ment  of  rank    and    hereditary   titles, 
was    remarkable    in    the    oppofition 
which  appeared  agamit    the   Cincm- 
nati.     The   original    defi^i^n    of  that 
focicty,  was    not  only   haimlefs,  but 
extremely  laudable.     It  was  a  monu- 
ment, raifcd  to  the  memory  of  an  ar- 
my, which  defended  the  noblePi  caufe, 
ever  underiaken  by   man.     But  per- 
haps the  plan   involved   in   it  confe- 
qacnces,  which  were   not  apprehend- 
ed by  the  jrentlemeii  who  forniFu  it. 
There  is,  however,  fome  difficulty  in 
conceiving   how   a   mere  title,  with- 
out  property    and    legiflative    rights, 
could   endanger    o\jr  liberties.     Evil 
confequences  might   rehilt    from  fuch 
a  focicty  ;  but  ihev  mull  be  extreme- 
ly remo;?.     It  mud  require  the  con- 
tinued  eflorts  of  fevcral  generations, 
to  accumulate  a   dangerous    degree  ot" 
power  in  afociely,  confifting  of  few 
members,    who    would    be  fcattcred 
throughout  the  ccatiosrt. 


EJay  on  national  pride  cf  charaHer. 


3S» 

h 

jctls,  or  define  thofe  limits.  It  is  fuf. 
ficicnt  for  my  prefent  purpofe,  to 
point  out  fome  of  the  moft  obviousad- 
vantages,  fuch  a  paflion  is  capable  of 
producing;  as  well  as  fome  of  the  in- 
conveniences, that  refultfrom  a  want 
of  if. 

Nat  onal  pride  promotes  the  end, 
and  afTumes  the  name  of  p?.triotifm. 
It  is  not  uncommon  to  fee  an  Englifli- 
man,  who  has  been  impnfoned.fcourg- 
ed,  profecuied.  and  fafFered  almoft. 
every  thing  but  crucifixicn  at  hom>e, 
after  being  tranfported  a  thoufand 
leagues  off,  difcoverfuch  proud  fenfa- 
tions,  at  hearing  the  name  of  hii 
country  meniioned,  that  a  byftander. 
who  (hould  prefume  to  utter  a  word 
to  the  difaonour  of  it,  would  hav» 
great  luck  to  cfcape  without  broken 
bones.  The  Englifii  muft  attribute 
a  great  fliare  of  their  fplendor  and 
opulence  to  the  energetic  ovieratioris 
of  this  fpirlt.  Several  caufes  contri- 
bute to  fliarpen  the  edge  of  pride,  in 
that  nation,  more  than  in  lome  others. 
Periiaps  (heRrongell  and  mod  obvious 
rcafoi)  is  the  circiimdance  of  their 
be'ng  fituated  on  an  ifland.  This,  by 
naturally  difconnecling  ihcin  froino- 
ther  nations,  produces  local  attach- 
ments, which  are  more  forcible  and 
undivided,  thnn  if  there  was  an  ap- 
proximation of  frontiers,  fiowever, 
it  is  not  material  what  occahons  theii* 
ardour,  andenterprife  of  temper.  Its 
efFcBs  blaze  out,  and  give  them  a  rank 
in  the  world,  extremely  elevated. 

The  united  dates,  on  the  other  hand, 
have   yet   givfn   very  partial  difpiayt 
of   national   pride.      Their    military 
charafler,    and   the   fuccefs   of   their 
arms,    have  not  been  derived   from 
that   fource.     Or,  upon  the  fuppofi- 
tion,  that  our  independence,  as  a  fo- 
vereign  power,  has   been   acquired  by 
exertions  owing  to  that  impulfe — we 
ilill,  in  a  very  imperfefcl  fenfc,  can  be 
faid  to  poflefs  a  pride  of  charafter. 
Are  we  independent  in  our  laws,  opi- 
nions,  mannerf^,  and   fafhions  ?  The 
facl   is,  that,    in   none   cf   ihofe   re- 
fpefls,  have  we  yet  formed  a   didincl 
national  charafter.    1  am  not  attempt- 
ing lo   prove,    that  in  any   of  thofe 
obje'i^s,   v;e  can    fubllitute  any    thing 
intrinfically  better.    My  view  only  ij, 
to   lUudratc  the   pofition,  that,  with- 
out a  peculiar  national  character,  we 
cannot  efficiently  feel  national  pride  ; 
and  without  fuch  a  pride,   wc  muft. 


•94 


EJfay  on  national prije  of  ckaraacr. 


[Nove;!ibcr, 


not  expcQ  to  reall.f;  all  liic  benefits, 
that  foiicit  our  acceptance. 

Men.  who  are  educated  to  the  pro- 
feliion  of  law,  are  confident,  that  no 
material  iniprove'-nents  can  be  made 
inour  prefenl  fyllemsofi  infprudence. 
This  opinion  is  fanCtioned  by  fuch 
weight  of  charafter,  that  it  may  look 
like  prefnmption,  \\\  any  individual,  to 
undertake  to  combat  it.  1  therefore 
refrain  from  any  attempt?  to  fpecify 
what  alteration's  are  expedient  ;  and 
only  fnggeft,  that  if  the  forms  of  le- 
gal procefs,  adopted  by  the  na'ional 
government,  could  be  in  feveral  re- 
fpecis  dilierentfrom  tb.e  K-^gliih  prac- 
tice, itwoiild  be  a  new  prouf  ihjt  \s:i 
defervc  our  independence",  and  fur- 
niflia  nrw  incitement  to  national  pride 
and  prejudice. 

Our  attachment  likev/ifc  to  foreign 
fafliions  is  rather  a  check  to  the  culti- 
vation of  a  prodnftive  fpir;t.  No  na- 
tion Ihould  implicitly  fet  up  another, 
as  a  ftandard  in  this  refpect.  It  not 
only  difcovers  a  fcrvile,  dependent 
temper  ;  but,  abRracled  from  this  con- 
fiderati(5n,  the  cuiioms, thus  in;  reduced, 
are,  for  the  moft  part,  inapplicable  to 
the  fituation  of  the  people,  who  adopt 
them.  Many  of  the  cuiloms,  which 
originate  in  any  country,  are  founded 
upon  feme  local  circumlianccs ;  which 
give  tlicm,  at  that  fii-ne  and  place,  a 
peculiar  propriety.  If  they  arc  applied 
in  anyoiher  country,  where  thofe  rea- 
fons  do  not  cxift,  their  application 
willnothavea  good  cffe£l.  It  often 
requires  a  greater  degree  of  fagaciiy  to 
apply  precedents  fucccfsfully,  than  to 
flrike  upon  expedients  altogether  new. 
The  realon  and  common  fenfe  of  a 
people  in  all  countries  is  competent  to 
the  management  of  their  own  adairs. 
The  knowledge  of  the  abftraft  fcien- 
ces  may  fafely  enough  be  com.municat- 
ed  from  one  country  to  another.  Ma- 
thematical demonftrations  will  conti- 
nue to  be  fuch,  at  all  times,  and  in  all 
places.  But  it  cannot  be  equally  fafe 
to  adopt  fyOems  or  innitutions,  that 
relate  to  government  and  manners. 
"Whether  thefe  are  proper  or  not, 
muftdeps^nd  on  the  particular  circum- 
ftances  of  any  given  people.  They  do 
not  {land  on  tb.c  foundation  of  demon- 
flrative  truth. 

The  fituation  of  a  country,  and  the 
charatterof  its  inhabitants,  will  furnifii 
an  obfcrvinj;  mind,  with  the  bcft  ma- 


terials for  framing  bv.vs  and  inflitu- 
tions.  I'he  jrenius  of  any  people  will 
lead  to  fuitable  mcalurcs,  when  left 
to  itfelf ;  but  when  ilrugghng  under 
foreign  prejudice  or  folly,  ms  native 
force  cannot  operate.  Why  do  we 
often  behold  men  managing  public  af- 
fairs, who  feem  to  be  involved  in 
mifls  and  darknefs  ?  Is  it  not,  fome-  , 
times,  becaufe  they  are  overloaded 
with  fyflcms,  which  they  do  not  un- 
deriland;  and  are  looking  for  prece- 
derts  to  countries,  which  bear  no  re- 
femblance  to  their  own  ? 

The  eflahlifliment  of  the  new  con- 
flitution  v.ill,  with  proper  manage- 
ment, fiirm  a  naii(>nal  chara^.ier,  and 
lemove  the  evils  we  have  fo  long  fuf- 
fered  for  the  want  of  one.  It  will  draw 
the  claPuing  views  and  prejudices  of 
tb.c  different  parts  of  the  union  to  a 
common  centre.  The  court  of  the 
united  ftates  will  be  a  refpectable 
llandard  of  national  fafliions.  The 
frivolous  difpiues  in  the  feverai  flates, 
refpcrting  fuperioriiy  in  legiflativc 
knov.'ledgc,  in  propriety  of  etiquette, 
in  elegance  of  taile,  and  refinement  of 
manners,  will  gradually  wear  av,'ay. 
The  national  court  will  give  a  tone, 
that  mud  pervade  the  whole  ;  and  ab- 
forb  thofe  inferior  pretenfions,  which 
have  hiiherto  prevented  ftretigth  and 
harmony  in  our  government.  Under 
this  imprcflion.  we  indiilg;"  the  patri- 
otic hope,  that  the  national  legifiature 
and  the  national  court  will  exhibit 
patterns,  that  will  defervc  applaufe, 
as  wcl!  as  excite  imitation. 

No  individual  or  community  will 
acquire  inuch  refpettahiliiy  of  charac- 
ter, till  they  learn  to  think  and  ad  for 
themfelves.  While  they  prcpofe  any 
other  as  an  cxaB  model  of  conduc), 
they  will  only  make  a  contemptible 
figure,  and  be  dillraBed  with  abfurdi- 
ties.  Our  misfortunes,  in  this  coun- 
try, have  not  fo  much  originated  from 
any  extrem.e  violence  of  party  fpirir, 
asfromadifcordant  unproductive  pub- 
lic opinion.  There  has  been  no  com- 
mon ftandard,  to  which  the  jarring 
prejudices  could  be  referred,  and  by 
which  they  could  be  controulfd.  We 
have  gained  lefs  advantage  from  our 
experience,  than  we  fliould  have  done, 
had  we  not  been  hampered  by  a  de- 
fire  of  imitating  foreign  laws  and  cuf- 
toms.  We  have  fludied  perplexed 
volumes  of  foreign  legiflation,   more 


i7%-] 


Law  information. 


893 


tlian  ihe  genius  and  circuinR.inces  of 
0!:r  C'0!i:nry.  This  in!;^hty  work  is 
referved  far  ihofe  venerahle  !egi/lators, 
who  arc  engaged  in  the  mail  elevated 
of  p'irfii!  s.  iiieir  Gtuaiioii  recfiiire.s 
cHoris  »)f  geniu";,  rather  than  accuracy 
of  i.nitaiion.  If  they  commit  errors 
from  originating  plans  ar;d  inllitiitions, 
we  ihail  be  more  apt  to  admire  their 
talctits,  than  complain  of  their  mif- 
takes.  ,  Experience  will  regulate  the 
b'lfiMcrs,  and  ultimately  direct  boldaad 
honed  meafures  into  channels  of  pub- 
iic  profperity.  It  is  to  be  regretted, 
that  the  natural  indolence  of  the  hu- 
man mind,  is  apt  to  fed'.ice  men  into 
an  habit  of  afling,  more  from  imita- 
tion, ihnn  from  reafon  or  invention. 
This  propenfity  damps  the  ardour  of 
genius,  andrcilrams  the  bencht  of  im- 
provements. It  fixes  a  chargeof  in- 
novation upon  the  ellorts  of  enter- 
prifc.  The  human  mind  reilech  the 
light  it  borrows,  in  very  dim  rays  ; 
while  its  native  fire,  once  blown  into 
aflame,  blazes  with  luDre  ;  and  warms, 
as  well  as  illuminates,  every  being  to 
v.'horn  it  extends. 

-<»-<S>Si><S5>  •<>•• 
LAW  INFORMATION. 
Cafe  refpttling  a  parole  gift. 

IN  an  action  of  trover,  tried,  Auguft 
18,  1788.  in  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  Charleflon,  the  judges  deter- 
mined that  a  parole  g'ft,  of  a  perfonal 
chattel,  was  equally  valid  as  if  abiU  of 
fale  or  other  written  aflignment,  had 
been  executed. 

Lazii  cafe,  tried  at  the  a/fizes,  at 
York.,  in  En -r land,  early  m  the 
p^rfent  year. 

MR.  Pearfon  (the  plaintiff)  fome 
few  years  ago,  let  a  farm  to  one 
Jackfon  (the  defendant)  at  a  certain 
annual  rent,  to  hold  from  year  to  year  : 
the  agreement  was  merely  verbal,  and 
iia  particular  mode  of  cultivation  of 
the  lauds  direfted,  nor  any  other  terms 
meniioned.  The  defendant  held  the 
farm  fome  few  years,  and  then  gave 
notice  to  quit  :  but  previous  to  his 
quitting,  hurried  off  all  the  laft  year's 
manure:  he  had  alfo,  in  the  two  lafl 
years,  ploughed  a  greater  quantity, 
than  was  f)r  the  mutual  benefit  of 
landlord  and  tenant.  This  mode  of 
management  materially  injured  the 
farm,   and  mr.    Pearfon  brought  his 


aflion  to  recover  damages  from  the  te- 
nant for  fuch  mifmanagement.  Mr. 
Fearnly  opened  on  behalf  of  ihe 
plaintiff,  Mr.  Law  (defendant's  coun- 
fel)  contended  that  the  action  was  no- 
vel, and  could  not  befupported.  Mr. 
Wood  (junior-counfel  for  the  plaintiff  j 
mentioned  lord  Middleton's  cafe,  and 
another  tried  on  the  home  circuit. 
The  learnedjudge  admitted  the  action 
to  be  both  maintained  and  reafonable. 
The  caufe  then  went  to  the  merits, 
with  this  direction,  that  it  was  incum- 
bent on  the  plaintiff,  to  prove  the  cuf- 
tom  of  hufbandry,  in  the  county 
where  the  farm  was  fituate,  the  de- 
parture from  fuch  cuftom  by  the  de- 
fendant, and  the  damages  thereby  fuf- 
tained.  After  a  fill  and  candid  hearing 
of  the  evidence  advanced  on  each  fide, 
the  learned  j'ldge  fummed  up  the  evi- 
dence, when  fie  laid  it  down  as  good 
and  reafonable  law,  that  when  the  let- 
tingis  merely  verbal,  and  no  particular 
mode  of  cultivation  agreed  upon  by 
the  parties, the  law  implies  a  warranty, 
from  the  tenant,  to  manage  in  a  huf- 
band-like  v/ay,  according  to  the  cuf- 
tom of  the  country  ;  and  if  the  tenant 
ncglefts  foto  do,  he  is  liable  to  an  ac- 
tion, from  the  land-lord,  for  the  in- 
jury the  farm  fullains.  It  appeared  in 
the  prefent  cafe,  that  mr.  Pearfon 
meant  to  be  a  good  landlord,  but  had 
been  ill  ufed  ;  and  if  the  jury  were 
of  the  fame  opinion,  he  (mr.  Pear- 
fon) had  a  fair  claim  to  their  verdict, 
and  thereby  to  receive  an  adequate 
compenfation  for  the  real  injury  fuf- 
tained.  The  jury  withdrew  for  a 
fbort  tim?,  and  then  gave  a  verdi£l 
for  theplaiiuifr,  with  2.31.  damages. 


Law  cafe,  refpeEling  hayment  ofints^ 
reji: 
N  Friday,  July  10,  1789,  at  a 
fuperior  court  held  in  and  for 
the  county  of  Chatham,  in  Georgia, 
an  aftion  was  brought  to  trial  before  a 
fpecial  jury,  between  col.  William 
M'lntofli,  of  Liberty  county,  plain- 
tiff,  and  Noel  Faming  of  Camden 
county,  defendant,  for  a  balance  of 
638I.  due  on  feveral  bonds,  amounting 
to  loool.  which  bonds  were  given  in 
October,  1772,  bearing  intereft  from 
the  ift  of  January,  1773,  for  lands 
lying  in  Camden  county. 

The  queflion,  whether  intereft  19 


294  Law  cafe. 

payable  during  the  time  of  a  general 
■ind  national  calamity,  when  no  profit 
or  advantage  could  be  made  ot  the 
land  purchafed,  uemg  of  much  im- 
portance lo  many  individuals  in  the 
(late,  it  was  ably  and  wiih candour  de- 
bated by  the  counfel  on  both  fides, 
v.'hen  the  jury  leiired.  and  brou>;ht  in 
a  verditl,  that  the  defendant  fhould 
pay  no  intereft  from  the  19th  of 
April, i775;to  the  3d  of  March,  1783. 

Law  cafe.  In  the  court  cf  errors  and 
appeals  of  the  Jlate  of  Delaware. 

Benjamin  Robinfon  and  WiHicm  Ro- 
Linfon.  appellants^  againjl  the  tef- 
fte  oj  John  Adams,  reJpL-ndeht.  P. 
218. 

IT  is  agreed  by  the  coiinfcl  far  the 
appellants  and  for  the  refpondent, 
that  ilie  intent  of  tefla'ors  ought  to 
j-overn  in  the  conOruHlon  ot  wills, 
except  where  a  dirpoimon  is  niade 
contrary  to  law.  As  there  is  no  iucli 
difpofition  now  in  quelhon,  the  {ule 
enquiry  is,  what  was  the  intent  of 
the  teflator  ? 

'J  his  intciu  is  to  be  rollcfltd  from 
the  entire  wiil,  and  nn  from  any  dil- 
jointed  par!s.  Technical  terms  are 
not  neccil'ary  for  conveying  it  ;  and 
jf  fuch  are  ufed,  their  legal  accep- 
tation may  be  controuied  by  other 
wordn,  plainly  declaring  the  meaning 
of  the  leilator*.  No  words  are  to 
be  rejetted,  that  can  polljbly  have 
any  lenfe  alTii^ined  10  them,  not  in- 
roinpatible  v/ith  clearer  exprelhons, 
or  manifeft  general  intent. + 

In  the  preicnt  inllance,  the  tedator 
at  fird  certainly  gives  afeefimple  to 
his  fon  William  :  yet,  if  the  devife 
over  to  Francis,  "  if  William  fhould 
die  viihout  heirs,"  is  a  fubftantive 
claiife,  independent  of  the  nextfore- 
goin,^  clau'.e  that  begins  wiih  (he 
words,  '■  if  any  one  of  my  aforefaid 
children  fliould  die  before  ihvy  come 
to  lawful  age,"  cic.  the  fee  fimple  is 
turned  uiio  a  t^cc  ta.l.  On  the  other 
hand,  if  thefe  two  r laufes  are  but  parts 
of  one  continued  femence,  thro'  the 

NOTES, 

♦  a  Blackilone,  379,  2  Burr.  77c. 
J  Vez.  142.  Douglals3o9,  327.  Cow- 
pcr  23f),  659.    Vin.  tit.  Devife,   181. 

+  Cafes  temp.  Talbot  J  29.  6  Mod. 
sts. 


[November, 


whole  of  which,  the  teflator's  dif- 
pofing  defign  holds  on  uncompleted 
until  the  concluficn.  then  the  tee  fim- 
ple remained  in  William,  with  an 
executory  devife  to  Francis,  depend- 
ent on  the  event  of  William's  "  dying 
without  heirs"  <if  his  body,  and  *'  be- 
fore he  came  to  lawful  age." 

.It  has  been  firongly  objefted  by  the 
rclpondent's  counfcl,  '"  that  the  con- 
flruttion,  urged  for  the  appellants, 
breaks  through  the  words  of  the  will, 
to  let  in  an  eliatc  by  implication,  un- 
der the  notion  cf  a  power  being 
veiled  m  judges  to  determine  the  in- 
tention of  ihe  teflator,  by  adding  to 
or  taking  from  his  words — A  con- 
(Iruftion  fo  fevcre,  that  it  may  well 
be  compared  to  the  bed  of  Procruf- 
tes — if  the  exprelhon  is  too  Ihort, 
lack  it  out — \i  too  long,  lop  oft  part." 
The  power  of  judges  would,  in- 
deed, be  as  exceptionable  as  it  u 
reprefcnted,  if  as  extcnfive  as  it 
is  fuppofcd  to  be,  in  the  objet'-tion: 
But,  the  alteration  of  words  by  judges 
in  conndering  wills,  is  not  made^ 
ftrifily  fpeak'ng,  to  difcover  the  in- 
tention of  tcllators,  but  only  to  ei- 
prcfs  it  properly,  when  difcovered. 
1  hey  do  not  introduce  a  fiippofed  in- 
tention, but  wail  upon  the  true  inten- 
tion. 

It  was  obfcrved  in  anfwer  to  this 
objection,  by  the  learned  gentlen^an 
V.  ho  replied  for  the  appellants,  *'  that 
the  refpondenl's  council  ihemfcivcs 
make  ufe  of  implications  in  fudaining 
their  own  conflru5tion  ;  for.  in  order 
to  form  the  ehate  tail,  afferted  by 
them  to  be  limned  to  William  Bag- 
well, they  are  obliged  lo  add  to  this 
claufe,  "and  likewifeif  William  Bag- 
well fliould  die  v.'itbout  heirs"  thefc 
words — '"of  hisbfdy;"  and  again, 
to  render  their  con(tru6tion  confillent 
with  reafon,  ihey  are  compelled  to 
allow  that  ihe  limitation  over  to  Fran- 
cs gives  him  a  fee  tail,  according  to 
the  intention  of  the  tellaior,  iiiough 
only  an  ell  ate  for  life,  according  to 
the  words  of  the  will." 

There  is  great  weight  in  this  ob- 
fervation.  It  proves  the  will  to  be 
fo  defefcfive  in  exprelTion,  that,  tho' 
the  t\>?o  parties  are  led  into  oppofite 
deduflions.  yet  each  of  them  is  un- 
der a  neccfTity  of  being  guided  bv  im- 
plications. Nor,  is  the  ufe  of  im- 
plications, while  bounded  by  legal  li- 


i/Sg-] 


Lat 


caje. 


i9i 


mitJ,  to  be  condemned  ;  bec.au f?,  they 
are  to  beadtnittsJ  only  for  effeduat- 
ing  the  general  intent  of  tcftators.t 

We  mull  therefore  ilill  recur  to  the 
original  que'tion — what  was  the  in- 
tention of  the  teilator  P 

The  attempt  of  the  refpondent's^ 
coiiafcl  to  Ihew,  that  William  was  of 
age,  at  the  making  of  the  will,  is  in- 
genious. However,  the  fafct  is  not 
found,  and  we  cannot  fuppofe  it. 
Indeed  it  appears  lo  he  contradicted 
by  thefe  words — "  All  the  reil  of  my 
perfjnal  eilate,  I  ijive  unto  my  wifi 
and  my  fix  af'orefaij  children,  to  be 
equally  divided  atnonn;  them,  to  them 
&nd  their  heirs  forever,  (viz,)  Tho- 
mas, William,  Fruncis,  John,  Ann, 
a«d  Valiance  tJa^jwcil,  i  fet  my  b(>ys 
at  age  at  eighieen,  and  giils  at  hx- 
teen,  and  their  ellaie  to  be  divided 
prefently  after  my  dcccufe,  by  my 
friends,  &c.  whom  I  leave  as  over- 
fcers  over  my  children,"  &c.  Here 
the  word  "  their"  plainly  refers  to 
his  "  boys"  under  eighteen,  and  the 
words,  "  ellaie  to  be  div  ded  prefent- 
ly," &c.  refer  to  the  foregoing 
v/ords,  "  to  be  equally  divided  amon^j 
them,"  &c.  and  as  William  is  nam- 
ed as  one  of  the  *'  fix  afurefjid  chil- 
dren," an^ong  whoai  the  refidue  of 
the  perfonal  ellate  was  thus  "  to  be 
equally  divided,"  &c.  he  and  tlie  o- 
ther  five  children  feem  to  be  claUed 
together,  as  being  all  under  age. 

It  is  true,  that  ihefe  words, ''  if  any 
one  of  my  aforefaid  children  Ihould  die 
fore  they  come  to  lawful  age,  their 
knds  to  go  to  the  furvivors,"  do  not 
prove,  by  their  relation  to  what  went 
before,  that  William  was  then  under 
age,  though  he  wasone-cf  the  "'  afore- 
faid children  ;"  for,  as  was  obferved 
by  the  refpondent's  counfel,  the  words 
may  v^ell  be  fatisfied,  if  only  fome  of 
them  were  under  age.  But  thefe 
words,  taken  in  connexion  with  thofe 
that  precede,  and  with  thofe  that  fol- 
low them,  accfuire  a  very  different 
and  a  decifive  force. 

The  direflions  at  firft  are  only  ge- 
neral, relating,  without  name,  to  "  a-' 
ny  one  of  the  aforefaid  children," 
and  without  diftinftion  "  to  the  fur- 
vivors." Thefe  general  terms  are 
immediately  fucceeded  by  this  expla- 

NOTE, 

J  1  Burr.  50,  5 1 , 


natory  fpeclfication— "  that  Is,  if 
Thomas  fhculi  die  before  he  comes 
lo  lawful  age,  I  give  his  (hare  of 
land,  where  William  now  lives,  to 
my  daughter,  El'zabeth  Tilney,  to 
her  and  her  lawfully  begotten  heirs  of 
her  body  forever  ;  provided  Thoma:> 
have  heirs  before  he  comes  to  lawful 
age,  then  to  him  and  his  heirs  for- 
ever ;  and  likewife,  if  William  Bag- 
well ihould  die  without  heirs,  to  go 
to  Francis ;  and  if  Ann  fhould  die 
without  heirs,  to  go  to  Yahance,  and 
if  John  fhould  die,  before  he  come  to 
lawful  age,  without  heirs,  then  hij 
fliare  of  land  here  where  I  now  live, 
1  give  to  my  daughter  Comfort  Lea- 
iherberry,  to  her  and  her  lawfully  be- 
gotten heirs  of  her  body  f  )rever." 

Conllruing  ihele  words,  '*  that  is," 
according  to  the  common  manner  cf 
fpeaking,  and  fo  they  oui>ht  to  be 
conllrued,  it  is  plain,  that  the  tella- 
tor  defigncd  in  his  fiibfequent  words 
to  be  more  particular  or  cxacl  than 
he  had  yet  been  ;  and  as  in  thefe,  he 
mentions  William  again,  and  makes 
a  fubihiution  in  cafe  of  his  dying,  it 
is  evident,  that  William  was  meant 
by  the  lellitor,  as  "  one"  of  his  '•  a- 
fiirefaid  children,"  whofe  lands,  if 
they  ••  ihould  die  before  they  came 
to  lawful  agi"  fhould  "  go  to  the  fur- 
vivors." 

It  is  remarkable,  how  much  pains 
.the  tcllator  employed  in  this  part  of 
his  will,  to  present  his  meaning  from 
being  millaken.  In  the  limitation 
over,  if  Thomas  fnould  die,  he  ap- 
plies his  former  direflions,  thus — • 
"  that  is,  if  I'homas  fhould  die  be- 
fore he  comes  to  lawful  age,  I  give 
h;s  Ihare  of  land  to  my  daughter  Eli- 
zabeth Tilnev,"  &c.  And  then,  to 
guard  againft  a  mifconllrutlion  of 
thefe  words,  whereby  Thomas's  ilTue 
might  be  di.'lnherited,  in  cafe  Thomas 
fhould  die  bef(")re  he  came  to  lawful 
age,  leaving  ifTue,  fubjoins — '"  pro- 
vided Thomas  have  heirs  before  he 
comes  to  lawful  age,  then  to  him  and 
his  heirs  forever," 

No  point  of  law  can  be  clearer, 
than  that  this  devlfe  gives  a  fee  fimple 
to  Thomas,  with  an  executory  devife 
to  ElizabeihTilney,  if  Thomas  fhould 
die  without  heirs  of  his  body,  and  be- 
fore he  Ihould  come  to  I'awful  age. 
Why  fhould  not  the  like  provifion  be 
extended  to  the   cafe  of  William, 


896 


Mode  of  d/Jlroyivg  worms. 


[November, 


wben  the  tertator,  after  this  full  cx- 
pofitioti  of  h:s  mind,  with  regard  lo 
fubUilation,  iiillaritl/  adds — ''  and 
likewifc,  if  William  Bagwell  fliojid 
die  without  heirs,  to  go  to  Francis." 
The  inoft  obvious  and  naiural  con- 
flrutlion  <if  thefe  words,  is,  that  Wil- 
liam's eliatc  (hould  be  no  otherwife 
afietted  by  the  iimitation  overto  Fran- 
cis, than  Thomjs's  was  by  the  limita- 
tion over  to  Eli/.abeth  ;  though  per- 
haps the  tefiiior  meant,  that  Francis 
fliould  take  fuch  an  eiiate,  as  Jitiza- 
beth  would  take  on  a  fimilar  contin- 
gency. 

This  conflruftion  is  further  recom- 
mended by  this  confideration,  that 
the  limitation  over  to  Francis  is  non- 
fenfe,  it  not  being  faid  what  is  "  to 
go"  to  him,  unlefs  it  refer  to  the  pre- 
ceding words.  The  very  imperfec- 
tion in  this  part  of  the  will  carries 
ftrong  evidence  in  it,  that  the  telta- 
tor,  at  the  mflant  of  ufing  this  ex- 
prefhon,  united  it  in  his  idea  to  the 
antecedent  part,  efpecially  as  he  em- 
ploys the  fame  peculiarity  of  phrafe 
for  transferring  the  cftate  in  both 
places. 

The  beginning  of  th's  explanation 
ftaies  Thomas  to  be  under  age.  The 
conclufion  of  it  flafes  John  to  be  un- 
der age.  Between  thefe  are  compre- 
hended the  provifionsrefpetling  Wil- 
liam and  Ann.  From  firil  to  laU  the 
words  are  all  connetled  by  the  word 
"and"  without  the  intervention  of  a- 
nyftop.  If  then  the  two  extremes  re- 
late to  perfons  under  age,  and  are  con- 
fcfledly  explanatory  of  the  general  di- 
rections firft  mentioned,  the  interme- 
diate parts  muft  alfo  refer  to  perfons 
under  age,  and  be  explanatory  of  the 
fame  direftions,  as  to  them  ;  for  there 
is  no  period,  at  which  the  explanation 
rells,  before  the  end  of  the  devifc  to 
Comfort  Leatherberry. 

To  be  continued. 


RURAL   CONCERNS. 

Ed/y  and  effeEtuaL  mode  of  dcjlroying 
worms, 

BURY  the  belly  or  paunch  of  a 
wether,  newly  killed,  with  all 
its  contents,  in  the  centre  of  the  place 
infefled  by  them.  Within  two  days 
they  will  all  gather  there,  and  may  be 
killed  with  eafe. 


DiruBionsfor  the  breeding  and  ma- 
naoiment  offilk  worms.  ExtraEied 
from  the  treati/'es  of  abbe  Boijfier 
de  Sauvages  and  Pulein  :  and pub- 
lijled.  anno  \-] -JO,  by  order  of  the 
i' hiladelphia focitty  for  promoting 
thecuUare  offilk. — Page  301. 

S  E  C  T  I  O  N     IV. 

DireElions  hczu  to  vianage  during  the 

J'''f->/^<^ond,  and  third  ages. 
I.  A  r  each  remove  you  make, 
-ZjL  of  the  nev.'-hatched  worm% 
according  to  the  direhions,  given  ia 
the  fecond  fettion,  you  depofit  thetn 
apart  to  be  taken  care  of.  For  this 
end,  you  muit  have  inreadinefs  a  fuf- 
ficient  number  of  tablets,  like  that  al- 
ready defcribe,^,  with  ledges  of  two 
inches  height,  and  the  bottom  covered 
with  brown  paper.  They  may  be 
about  three  feet  long,  and  eighteea 
inches  wide.  Upon  thefe  tablets  the 
young  infects  are  to  be  depofited,  be- 
ginning at  one  end,  and  fpreading 
them  thin  upon  the  bottom  from  fide 
to  fide,  and  giving  them  immediately 
a  mefs  of  young  and  tender  leaves, 
flired  fmall,  and  Urewed  over  them. 
Thus  you  proceed,  till  one  tablet  is 
full,  and  covered  with  leaves,  lliewed 
over  the  worms,  from  end  to  end  ;  and 
then,  if  need  be,  go  on  in  like  manner 
to  a  fecond,  and  a  third  tablet,  until 
all  your  eggs  are  hatched,  and  the 
worms  properly  difpoftd  of. 

2.  The  rcafon  of  dhetting  them  io 
be  fed  at  this  time,  i:,  not  only  to  fa- 
tisfy  their  prefent  appetite,  but  chiefly 
to  prevent  their  crawling  over  the 
ledges  of  their  tablet,  and  to  lofing 
themfelves.  The  fmall  hbres  of  the 
leaves  remain,  and  make  a  litter, 
which  the  worms  will  never  defert, 
unlefs  attracted  by  frcfh  leaves,  and 
in  one  or  two  other  circumftances, 
which  will  be  noted  hereafter. 

3.  It  is  of  great  importance  to  have 
the  worms  condutied  fo  that  they  may 
grow  equally,  and  go  through  each 
moulting,  nearly  at  the  fame  time. 
With  a  fmall  quant-ty,  this  may  ea- 
fily  be  done  ;  but  if  your  brood  be 
very  numerous,  it  will  not  be  fo  eafy 
to  keep  them  equal.  In  this  cafe, 
therefore,  it  is  bell  to  divide  your 
flock  into  dalles,  making  the  firft 
clafs  to  confift  of  thofe  worms  which 
come  out  on  the  firft  day  of  batching  ; 


;;.]       DircBicnsfor  the  breedivg  and  management  of  Jilk  worms*         S57 


the  fccond  clafs  to  he  levied  the  fe- 
cond  day  ;  and  fo  on.  '1  he  clafTes, 
thus  made,  will  never  be  more  ihan 
three  ;  becaufe,  if  you  have  managed 
wiih  care  and  dilcrction,  your  worms 
vvill  be  all  out  on  the  fccond,  or.  at 
fdr;hefl,  on  ihe  ihird  day  ;  and  in- 
deed, if  it  (hoiild  happen  that  any 
remain  to  be  hatched  aficr  that  tune, 
jt  Will  never  be  worih  while  to  raife 
them  ;  ihcy  would  orlv  prove  a  ulelefs 
emharrafTment,  and  iherefbre  it  were 
teii  to  ihrow  iiirm  away. 

4.  Then,  in  order  (o  make  thofe 
of  a  clafs  to  ihrivc  cq'iall);^  you  bring 
forward  the  lefs  thrifiy,  by  giving 
them  one  or  two  degrees  of  warmth, 
more  than  you  (;!ve  the  refi.  This 
will  increafe  thr-ir  appetite,  which 
mild  be  f'lpplifd  accordingly;  and 
th;!";,  in  two  or  three  days,  with  fkiil 
and  attention,  the  v.'orms  of  a  clafs 
may  be  brou;;ht  to  fuch  an  equality, 
as  will  make  all  the  future  manage- 
ment regular  ai;d  eafy.  I'hey  will  go 
through  their  feveral  ages  without 
confufion,  will  moult  all  on  the  fame 
days,  and  be  ready  to  fpin  alt  toge- 
ther :  and  the  feveral  clalFes  will  keep 
a  regular  diftaiice.  one  from  another, 

5.  To  render  this  management  ea- 
fily  prafticable,  each  clafs  fliould  be 
fubdivided  upon  different  tablets, 
which  may  be  expofed  to  greater  or 
lefs  degrees  of  heat,  as  occafion  (hall 
require. 

6.  A  great  deal  depends  upon  the 
choice  of  a  proper  room  for  the  nur- 
ferv   of   filk-wcrms.     The   chief  re- 

'ijuifitcs  in  fuch  a  room  are  thele — ill, 
It  fliould  be  dry,  and  (hehered  from 
eallerly  winds;  2d,  it  Ihould  be  fo 
fituaied  as  to  admit.  occa!u>nallv,  a 
draught  of  cool  frefu  a;r,  which  is 
Left  when  it  comes  through  a  long 
entry  that  is  kept  clean  and  dry  ;  3d, 
it  Ihould  have  at  leaH  one  Hre  place  ; 
4th,  the  cieling  (hould  be  high,  and 
ether  not  fo  i:ght  as  to  confine  the 
HT,  or  clfe  (here  fliould  be  an  open- 
ing in  it  like  a  trap  door,  to  let  ihe 
air  circulate  freely,  and  prevent  a 
Hilling  kind  of  warmth  ;  it  is  bed 
when  this  trap  door  opens  into  a  gar- 
ret  or    another    chamber   overhead  ; 

I  5'li,  the  fides  of  the  room  flmuld  be 
tight;  and  laflly,  it  (hould  be  kept 
dark,  except  when  you  have  occafion 
to  vifif  and  examine  the  nurfcry. 
_  7.  In  fuch  a  room,  the  warmer 
yburbroodis  kept,  the  better  it  will 
,  Vol.  VI.  No.  V. 


thrive.  The  life  of  a  fiik-worm  may 
be  abridged  or  prolonged,  wiihui  a 
certain  compafs,  almuH  at  pleafure. 
The  fader  they  eat,  die  fdier  ihcy 
live  ;  and  their  iippetite  is  always  m 
proportion  to  the  degree  of  warmth  in 
which  they  l!':e,  provided  it  be  not  a 
fiifl.ng  warm;h  :  and  they  fiiould  al- 
ways be  fed  in  proportion  to  their  ap- 
peti;e.  Thus,  by  d'dy  regulating  the 
hca-,  you  may  cither  bring  thefe  in- 
fetts  to  the  end  of  their  fif  h  age  in 
lefs  than  five  and  twenty  days,,  or  you 
may  m.ake  them  hve  fourlcore.  A 
jniddie  way  is  the  leaf!  habic  to  acci- 
deris;  it  is  therefore  advifeabie,  dur- 
ing the  firft  three  davs,  to  g'vethem  a 
warmth  of  about  30  or  32  degrees  ; 
and  for  the  refr  of  their  life,  about 
21  or  26  degrees*.  And,  in  this 
way,  they  will  take  about  thirty  or 
thirty-five  days  to  go  through  their 
five  ages. 

8.  During  the  three  fird  ages,  they 
{]iould  be  fid  fix  or  eight  time<  a 
day,  (lireding  the  leaves  Imall  at  hift, 
and  cutting  them  into  larger  pieces,  m 
proportion  as  the  worms  grow  bigger. 
Each  mefs  of  food  is  to  be  llrewcd 
equally  over  them,  and  a  new  mefs 
fhould  not  be  given,  till  the  lalt  is  de- 
\oured. 

9.  Care  fliould  be  taken  not  to  let 
the  litter  grow  too  thick,  and  once  in 
two  or  three  days  to  remove  it,  and 
keep  [he  worms,  by  this  means,  upon 
clean  tablets;  with  this  addu'cual 
caution,  that  if  they  are  croiidcd, 
ihey  fliould  be  allowed  more  room, 
by  making  two  tablets  conta  n  ihole 
which  at  firft  were  fpread  upon  one, 
&c. — To  enter  into  a  minute  d -tail 
of  the  methods  commonly  ulcd  in 
ihefe  cafes,  would  be  tedious  :  I  fi'..ill 
therefore  leave  them  to  the  fat'cy  and 
fat'acity  of  the'  reader  to  choole  for 
himfclf. 

10.  When  the  worms  are  near  moult- 
in  j,  I  heir  appall  lealwaNsinrreaf's,  and 
therefore,  (he  quantity  of  food  in  each 
mefs  fliould  be  propornonabK  .i  ■- 
mented.  This  ravenous  appetite  re- 
turns in  every  age,  fome  time  befre 
the  moulting  m  the  four  firfl  ayes,  >ind 
before  ihe  ipmning  m  the  lali  age. 
On  ;he  decline  of  this  voracity,  the 
worms  begin  10  acquire  a  degree  of 

NOTE. 

*  Thefe  are  ihe  degrees  of  the  re- 
gulator defcribed  in  page  1^3. 
2  E 


g()%     DircBions/or  the  breeding  ani  management  cf  fiLk  worms,  [November, 


tranfparency  ;  they  are  tr.rgid,  and 
ready  to  cafl  iheir  fkiii.  And  then 
you  Hop  feeding  iherr,  and  take  care 
iiii:nedi;ite!y  to  give  them  a  clean  tab- 
let. If  you  delay  to  do  this,  yoiimuft 
not  move  them  at  all  ;  for  no  fooner 
do  (hey  ceai'e  eating,  than  they  begin 
to  prepare  for  moidting.  This  they 
do  byfaftening  themfelves  to  the  bot- 
tom of  their  tablet  by  fine  threads  of 
fi!k,  that  fo,  their  old  fkin  being  tied 
down,  they  may  with  the  more  eafe 
crawl  out  of  it.  And,  therefore,  to 
move  iliem  afier  this  is  begun,  would 
hazard  their  fuffocation. 

11.  Themoukipgof  a  whole  clafs 
diould  be  finilbed  in  thirty  hours,  or 
Icfs :  and  if  any  remain,  that  have  not 
mouhcd  in  ihattime,  it  is  bcil,  either 
to  throw  them  away,  or  etfe  to  make 
a  fmall  clafs  of  them  apart  from  the 
red.  By  thirty  hours,  I  mean  from 
thecmeof  their  beginning  to  moult, 
which,  with  the  degree  of  warmth, 
mentioned  in  the  feventh  article  of 
this  feclion,  will  be  about  the  ninth 
day  from  the  worms  coming  out  of  the 
eggs.  On  this  occafion,  if  there  be 
room  at  the  fides  of  the  tablet,  they 
are  apt  to  quit  the  litter,  and  betake 
themfelves  to  the  firll  clear  fpot,  that 
o tiers  for  faflening  themfelves  down, 
againft  the  crifis  comes  on,  in  which 
ihcy  are  to  languifii  a  while,  and  then 
to  renew  their  vigour  by  crawling  out 
of  their  old  fkin. 

1 2.  One  caution  more,  with  regard 
to  feeding  the  worms,  {hould  be  re- 
membered ;  and  that  is,  for  a  day  or 
two  after  each  moulting,  to  give  them 
young  and  tender  leaves;  and,  at  all 
times,  to  be  careful,  that  the  leaves, 
on  which  they  feed,  be  dry  ;  that  is, 
free  from  the  moidure,  that  arifes  ei- 
ther from  the  dew,  or  from  fliowers 
of  rain. 

SECTION  V. 
DinBions  koto  to  manage  during  the 
fourth  andjiflh  ages. 
1.  THE  hints,  given  in  the  lad 
{etlion,  may  ferve  to  direfl  the  at- 
tentive reader  in  the  moft  material 
things  neceffary  to  be  obferved  during 
the  three  firft  ages ;  and  feveral  rules, 
already  laid  down,  mull  be  attended  to 
in  every  age.  In  this  fcQion,  there- 
fore, I  (hall  only  mention  a  few 
things,  which  are  requifite  in  the  two 
I  >il  ages,  but  were  unneccffary  in  the 
f;recedingones, 


2.  Hitherto,  the  worms  have  been 
kept  upon  tablets,  which  were  handy, 
and  eafily  moved  into  a  cooler  or  a 
warmer  birth,  as  occafion  might  re- 
quire. But  now  the  worms  are  fo 
much  grown,  that  you  mud  place 
them  upon  larger  tables,  which  need 
notbc  moveable.  In  the  condruOion 
of  thefe  tables,  it  may  be  worth  wbde 
to  have  an  eye  to  thofe  accommoda- 
tions which  will  be  ufeful,  when  the 
worms  are  to  be  fet  a  fpinning.  The 
apparatus,  which  I  am  going  to  de- 
fcribe,  may  perhaps  be  more  complex 
than  is  always  neceffary  ;  but  it  will 
be  found  very  convenient,  where  you 
can  afford  it,  and  efpecially  when 
your  brood  is  numerous ;  bcfides,  in 
the  execution  of  it,  the  condru6tion 
wilt  be  found  eafier  than  it  may  appear 
in  the  defcription. 

3.  With  pieces  of  joice,  three  inch- 
es iquare,  make  a  danding  frame, 
which  may  be  pat  together,  like  s 
beddead,  with  crofs  and  fide  pieces, 
of  thefame  thicknefs,  runtiing  level, 
from  pod  to  pod,  all  round,  at  about 
three  feet  from  the  floor,  if  your 
frame  is  twelve  feet  long,  you  mud 
have  one  middle  pod  in  each  fide,  and 
more,  in  proportion,  if  it  be  longer. 
Each  pair  of  thefe  middle  pods  muff 
be  connected,  like  the  corner  ones,  by 
/a  crofs-piece,  or  inter-tie,  running 
from  one  to  the  other.  Thus  the  in- 
ler-ties  will  divide  your  frame  length- 
ways inio  equal  fnaces  of  fix  feet  each, 
the  thicknetsof  the  inter-ties  included. 
The  inter-ties,  at  each  end  of  the 
frame,  and  from  one  middle  pod  to 
another,  mud  be  let  into  the  polls,  one 
inch  higher  than  the  fide-pieces.  Be- 
tween every  two  of  thefe  inter-ties, 
let  in  three  more,  to  red,  at  equal 
didances,  upon  the  fide-pieces,  by  a 
(houlder,  of  one  inch  thick.  Thus 
there  will  be  laid,  (he  whole  length 
of  your  frame,  an  even  floor  of  joice, 
running  from  fide  to  fide,  and  leaving 
an  interval  of  nfteen  inches  between 
every  two.  Let  this  floor  be  now 
completed  by  flipping  in  (betv/een 
each  pair  of  joice)  a  board,  one  inch 
thick,  fifteen  inches  wide,  and,  in 
length,  equal  to  the  width  of  the  frame 
from  out  to  out,  fo  as  to  fill  up  every 
interval  ;  this  door  will  be  about 
three  feet  from  the  ground.  Eighteen 
or  twenty  inches  higher,  frame  in  a 
fccond,  in  all  refpeBs lik*  the  former; 


tyZi.li  Litter  on  the  ufe  of  plaxjltr  ef  Paris,  as  a  manure. 


SSf 


at  a  like  diflance  above  the  fecond, 
put  a  third  ;  and  fo  on  to  the  top  of 
your  frame. 

Thefe  fioors,  or  fi ages,  one  above 
another,  are  to  ferve  as  tablets,  upon 
which,  after  the  third  mouliing,  you 
are  to  Ipread  your  worms,  takirg  care 
to  leave  a  clear  margin,  fifteen  inches 
wide,  all  along  each  fide  ;  for,  as  the 
worms  grow  bigger,  they  will  want 
more  room.  If  you  had  nothing 
farther  in  view,  than  the  prefent  ufe 
of  fi;ch  a  fiame  of  tables,  it  might 
have  been  much  more  fimply  con- 
/Irutled,  and,  in  particular,  without 
Inch  a  number  cf  inter-ties ;  bur  the 
farther  utihty  of  tlie  conftruftion, 
jiere  defcribed,  will  appear  in  the  next 
feCtion.  It  no'.v  only  remains  to  hx 
the  dimenlions  of  this  frame.  This 
Hiufl  be  done  by  confidenng  the  quan- 
tity of  worms  that  you  breed,  and  the 
fize  of  the  room  which  you  fele6l  for 
a  nurfery.  Let  the  frame,  then,  be 
always  about  fix  feet  wide  ;  as  lung  as 
the  room  will  admit,  leaving  a  free 
palFage  round,  at  eacli  end,  as  well  as 
at  the  fides  ;  and  high  enough  (if  your 
brood  be  numerous)  to  reach  from 
the  floor  to  within  one  foot  or  two  of 


the 


cieling. 


Obferve,  that  the  joice  are  to  be 
laid  in  every  fiage  alike  ;  but,  in  the 
uppermoO,  the  intervals  are  to  be  left 
•open  ;  no  worms  are  to  be  fpread  upon 
<his  flage,  but  the  inter-ties  are  to 
ferve  a  purpofe  which  will  be  ex- 
plained hereafter, 

(To  be  continued.) 

Letter  on  the  ufe  of  piaijier  of  Pa- 
ris^ as  a  manure.  From  George 
Logan,  efq.  to  the  Philadelphia 
county  fociety  for  the  promotion  of 
agriculture  and  domcjlic  manufac- 
tures. 

Gentlemen, 

HAVING,  for  four  years  pad, 
made  ufe  of  a  large  quantity  of 
plauler  of  Pans,  or  gypfiim,  as  a 
manure  upon  a  variety  of  foils,  and 
under  different  circumflances — I  beg 
leave  to  lay  before  you  the  refult  of 
my  experiments,  together  with  fome 
obfervations,  refpefting  the  nature  of 
this  folfil.  I  am  (he  more  anxious  to 
comply  with  my  duty  to  the  fociety 
i  n  this  refpeft,  becaufe  many  of  our 
fellow- citizens  are  lofing  the  great 
advantage  to   be  derived  from  the  ufe 


of  this  manure;  entertaining  an  opi-. 
nion,  that  it  does  not,  in  itfelf,  contain 
any  nutriment  to  plants,  but  that  it 
a£ls  merely  as  a  flimulus  to  the  foil, 
by  which,  although  vegetation  is  for 
a  Ihort  time  rapidly  promoted,  yet  the 
ground  becomes  exhaulled,  and  is 
left  a  dead  inert  mafs. 

1.  In  the  year  1785,  I  fowed  three 
acres  of  a  light  ifinglais  foil,  contain- 
ing a  little  clay,  with  barley  and  clo- 
ver. In  the  month  of  April,  the 
following  year,  I  divided  the  field  in- 
to three  parts,  and  llrewed  fix  bufli- 
cls  of  French  gypfum,  on  No.  1  ; 
the  fiime  quantity  of  the  American 
gypfum.  brought  from  the  Bay  of  Fun- 
dy,  on  No.  2  ;  and  left  the  intermedi- 
ate fpace.  No.  3,  without  any.  On 
cutting  the  fivll  crop,  that  year,  lit- 
tle difierencc  could  beobfervcd;  the 
fecond  crop  produced  double  the 
quantity  of  grafs,  where  the  gypfum 
had  been  put  ;  and  the  fucceeding 
year,  the  difference  was  flill  greater 
in  favour  of  this  manure.  Early  in 
OHober,  1787,  the  clover  lay  was 
ploughed  once,  about  four  inches 
deep,  was  fowed  with  rye,  and  in 
that  rough  fiate  was  harrowed.  The 
rye  was  of  a  fuperior  quality,  and 
double  the  quantity  on  No.  i  and  2, 
of  that  on  No.  3.  After  harveff,  the 
rye-ffubb!e  was  ploughed,  and  fowed 
with  buck- wheat,  when  a  firiking dif- 
ference was  Ihll  obfcrvable  in  favour 
of  the  gypfum,  and  which  continues 
in  the  prefent  crop  of  Indian  corn. 

s.  In  April,  1787,  I  fowed  three 
acres  of  potatoe  ground  (a  light  loam) 
with  barley  and  clover.  Jufl  as  the 
barley  was  above  ground,  fome  gyp- 
fum was  ilrewed  diagonally  acrofs  the 
field,  about  eight  feet  wide.  Little 
or  no  difference  could  be  obferved  in 
the  barley;  but  in  the  month  of  Sep- 
tember following,  there  was  a  ffriking 
difference  in  the  clover,  in  favour  of 
the  manure,  which  would  have  af- 
forded a  good  cropof  hay,  whilff  tliere- 
mainderofthe  field  was  but  indifferent. 
1  have  frequently  put  gypfum  upon 
grain,  without  obferving  any  imme- 
diate difference,  in  the  appearance 
of  the  crops. 

3.  In  April,  1786,  fix  acres  of  a 
poor  ifinglafs  foil,  fituated  on  Ger- 
mantown  hill,  were  fowed  with  oats, 
the  ground  not  having  been  manur- 
ed for  twenty  years ;  it   produced  a 


Letter  en  theufs  of  plaij:r  of  Paiis,  as  a  manure.    [November, 


crop  not  paying  exprnfes.  In  Ajjnl, 
1787,  one  hall  of  the  field  was  cover- 
ed with  jjypfinn,  fix  bufhels  to  the 
acre-.  The  laiter  end  of  the  fame 
fu'nmer.  that  part,  on  whuh  the  ma- 
nure had  heen  pur,  produced  good 
pall  lire  (^f  bl'.ie  graf--  and  white  clover, 
whilH  the  reniair.der  afforded  htile 
but  a  few  {cattcrcd  weeds.  In  Ocio- 
ber,  tlie  field  was  ploughed  once,  and 
fowtd  Willi  rye;  ai  haiveil,  the  for- 
mer produced  (en  bufh-'ls  to  the  acre, 
the  latter  not  al)o\  e  five 

4,  A  field  of  15  acres,  a  light  loain, 
was,  m  Apr:l,  17  4,  lowed  wiih  bar- 
ley a-idclover,  the  prodiKConly  twen- 
ty hiifhel'  10  ihe  acre,  the  ground  not 
having  been  fiifficiently  manured.  In 
178,5,  it  produced  a  good  firll,  and  a 
tolerable  fecond  crop  of  clover.  In 
1786,  the  fill!  crop  but  tolerable  ; 
the  lecond  very  indifferent,  and  there- 
fore pallured.  In  the  Ipnng  1787, 
I  wiDied  to  try  if  gypfum  would  not 
renew  the  clover.  Jn  the  month  of 
April,  the  whole  field  v.as  covered 
with  gyplnm.  fix  bufhels  ro  the  acre, 
except  ihe  width  of  twenty  feer, 
through  ihe  middle  of  the  field.  St. 
John''-  wort,  mullain,  and  other  weeds, 
had  taken  luch  poireilion  of  the 
ground,  that,  al  hough  the  mar.ure 
produced  a  great  luxuriance  of  grafs, 
yet,  being  lull  of  weeds,  11  did  not 
anlwer  for  hay ;  at^d  thereft)re  was 
paliured  nnt  I  Ortober,  1788;  the 
■whole  was  then  ploughed  e'ghi  inches 
deep,  will)  a  llrong  three  horfe  Dutch 
ploutih  ."  iall  April,  u  was  well  har- 
rowed, and  crofs  ploughed,  four 
inches  deep,  with  a  bghr  two-horfe 
plough,  leaving  the  fod  at  the  bottom. 
The  field  was  towed  with  fpring  bar- 
ley:  ai  harvcfl,  ihe  difference  of  the 
crop  wa  afion  fiiingly  great  in  favour 
of  the  part  where  thegyplum  had  been 
pill,  iwo  \ears  before,  Ihis  ground 
IS  BOW  under  wheat  and  winter  bar- 
ley, which  have  a  promifing  appear- 
ance :  ihcrotied  iod,  being  turned  up 
and  mixed  wiih  the  foil,  affitrds  a 
flrong  nourifhment  loihe  prefenicrop. 

5.  I  put  a  quantity  of  gypfuin, 
three  years  ago,  on  fcveral  fmall 
patches  of  a  tough  fod  ;  it  produced 
ad  llerence  in  the  llrengih  of  vege- 
tation, which  If  flill  ohfervable. 

From  ihc  above  ri  ciud  experiments 
it  appears — 

1.  That  there  is  no  difference  be- 


tween the  European  and  American 
gypfuni. 

2d.  That  gypfiim  afls  as  ah  im- 
mediate manure  to  grafs,  and  after- 
wards in  an  equal  degree  10  grain. 

;;d.  That  one  dr.ifing  will  conti- 
nue in  force  fcveral  iucceeding  crop<. 

Gvpfum  not  prt>ducing  any  remark- 
ably beneficial  efictis,  when  ufcd  as  a 
top  dreffing  to  gra'Ti,  may  arife  from 
two  caufes ;  firif,fiom  the  fmall  ([uan- 
lity  made  ufe  of,  which  is  loii  in  the 
rough  ground ;  and  fecondly,  from 
the  Ihort  time  of  its  application.  It 
has  been  found  of  advantage  10  Indi- 
an corn,  but  in  this  cafe,  it  is  ablo- 
lutely  ncceflary  to  apply  ii  immediate- 
ly to  the  corn,  as  it  appears  above 
ground,  and  that  in  a  ccnfiderable 
quant  it \  —  1  have  put  it  on  grafs  ground 
every  month  in  the  year,  except  during 
the  feveruyof  winter,  and  have  found, 
that  early  in  x^pnl  is  preferable  to  a- 
ny  other  feafon  ;  at  which  time,  the 
grafs  jull  Ihooting,  the  fmall  parti- 
cles of  thegypfum  are  detained  about 
the  roots,  and  prevented  from  wafb- 
ing  away.  Ou  ilitf  clay  foiU,  it  w  II 
produce  an  mcreafe  of  vegetation, 
but  not  fufficient  to  pay  the  expcnfe 
cf  the  manure. 

It  may  be  difficult  to  point  out  the 
origin  of  gvpfum,  or  to  afcertaiu 
clearly  the  principle,  on  which  its 
nutritive  quality  to  vegetables  depends : 
we  fhall  however  with  d  ffid  nee  fub- 
mit  our  conicttme.':  on  this  fubjeCt  to 
the  confidcration  of  the  focicty. 

Gypfum,  which  has  acquired  the 
name  of  pla  fier  of  1  aii',  from  its  a- 
bounding  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
that  city,  is  of  a  fiony  nature,  yet 
fofr,  and  eafy  to  be  fcraped  with  a 
knife.  It  is  found  in  many  parts  of 
the  earth,  in  very  great  quantitiej, 
form-ng  lulls  of  aconfiderable  extent, 
as  in  the  vicinity  of  Paris,  in  the  Bay 
of  Fundy,  in  Rufiia,  and  in  many  o- 
ther  pans  of  the  world.  It  is  found 
under  different  appearances — 

ill.  Cryllalized  into  tranfparent 
plate?,  which  can  be  eafily  feparated 
with  a  knife,  and  which  in  fome  parts 
of  Ruffia,  are  faid  to  be  fo  large,  as 
to  anfwer  the  purpofe  of  glafs. 

2d.  Of  a  fibrous  texture,  and  com- 
pofed  of  oblong  concretions,  lying 
acrofs  the  mal«. 

3d.  Compofed  of  fmall  crydalline 
grains ;  this  fpecies  is  called  alabafler, 


789.] 


Importation  into  Jamaica  from  the  united  Jlates, 


•wlien  it  has  a  hardnel's  capable  of  re- 
celvin.?  a  polifli. 

In  Jie  crata  of  Mount,  Mart  near 
Paris,  all  the  above  varieties  are 
found,  and  a!fo  a  {Iratum  of  a  lefs 
perfet'l  matter  filled  wiih  fmall  (hells  : 
a  fpecimen  of  which  I  have  in  my 
poiTeihon  ;  I  have  alfo  a  beautiful  fpe- 
cimen of  ihe  crylhidzed  gypfuni.  late- 
ly bronght  from  ihe  Bay  of  Fundy. 

All  kmds  of  gypfam,  however  dif- 
ferent in  exterior  form  or  appearance, 
have  a   perfect   rcfemblance   in    their 
chemical  and  effential  qnalities. 
(Remainder  in  our  next.) 

TABLES. 

Statement  of  the  importation  into 
Kiagjlon,  Jamaica, from  the  united 
Jlales  of  America,  from  December 
,qi,  1786,  to  March  18,  J 7^57,  in 
Britifh  built  veffels. 
I TAVES,  heading,  and 
fli  ingles 


2.458,000 

440,000 

72,124 

346,000 

100 

I'iO 

7 

342 

;.>o  I 

48,813 

6,983 

11,483 

050 

Si, 270 

8.-783 

43 

441 


Lumber  feet 

Boards 

Ditto  feet 

Spars 

Oars 

Mails 

Piecest  of  imbcr 

PI  oops 

Plank  feet 

Bread  and  flour  caOcs 

Ditto  barrels 

Meal  ditto 

Corn,  hoglheads 

Ditto,  bulhels 

Peafe,  barrels 

Rice,  tierces 

Ditto,  calks 

Exports  from   Port  Roanoak,  N.  C. 
commencing    the  8th   day   of  Sep- 
tember, 1787,  and  ending   the    8//4 
of  March,  1788. 
ARRELS  naval  flores 
Pipe  ftaves 

Plogfhead  ftaves 

Barrel  (laves 

Shingles 

Buflicls  of  Indian  corn 

Bufliels  black-eyed  peafe 

Pounds  of  bacon 

Hhds.  tobacco 

Bufhels  of  flax-feed 

Bb!<^.fpirits  of  turpentine 

Bbls.  of  pork 

Hides 


27.456 
193,000 
570,670 
460,000 
3,707,000 
123,700 

5>i63 

11,000 

500 

500 

24 
124 

Jjigo 


401 

Bbls.  offidi  4.96* 

Feet  of  oars  2,000 

Otter  ikins  700 

Deer  (kms  1,000 

Pounds  of  fnake  root  1,200 

Pounds  of  bees-wax  83610 

Exports  from  Edenton,  North  Caroli- 
na, for  ihe  year  I785. 


BARRELS  of  tar 
Bbls,  of  pitch 
libls.  of  turpentine 
P'eet  plank  and  fcantling 
Pipe  (laves 
Ploglhead  (laves 
Shingles 
Bbls.  of  pot^ 
Bufliels  of  corn 
Bulhels  black-eyed  peafe 
Bbls.  of  flour 
Bulhels  of  wheat 
Bbls.  of  fifii 
Pounds  of  tallow 
Hides 

Bbls.  hogs  lard 
Hhds.  of  tobacco 

For  the  year  1786 
Bbls.  of  tar 
Bbls.  of  pitch 
Bbls.  of  turpentine 
Feet  plank  and  fcantling 
Pipe  ftaves 
Hog{heari  (iaves 
Shingles 
Bbls.  of  pork 
Bufliels  of  corn 
Bufliels  of  black-eyed  peafe 
Bufliels  -of  wheat 
Bbls.  of  fifli 
Pounds  of  bees  wax 
Hides 

Barrel  Raves 
Bbls.  hogs  lard 
Pounds  of  tallow 
Hhds.  of  tobacco 


18,082 

3.00a 

16,457 

33.9v':i?,3 

310-750 

1-7  9  5'7 

5:699,731 

787 

178,920 

75363 

22 

2,085 

1.655 
8,600 

4,200 
100 
560 

85853 

10,768 

3505583 

547,684 

1.454:917 

6,291,068 

1,671 

66,151 

2,68S 

)20 

4.442 
4,167 
5.176 

345,26d 

162 

11,210 

I516J 


Clearances  from  the  port  of  Baltimore^ 
from  the  \Jl  of  January,  1788,  till 
the  iji  of  January,  1789. 
52  fiiips, 

7  fnows, 
126  brigs, 
276  Schooners, 
154  floops. 


Belonging 
to  the 
port. 


615 

r  54  fli'ps. 
-<    20  brigs, 
L  28  fea  fchooners  and 
floops* 


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17«9-] 


Furs  exported/rom  Canada, 


4<^3 


Total  of  eleven  years'  /. 

imports,  -  12,291,039 

Freight,  infurance.and 

profit,     at     12    pei 

cent.  -  -  1,474,924 


^3^765^96.3 
Average  of  one  year,    { .  1,251.451 

Total  of  eleven  years' 

exports,         -         -         23,734,164 
Freight,  infurance,  and 

profit,     at     12    per 

cent.  -  -  2,848,099 


26,582,263 


Average  of  one  year,     /.  2,416,569 


7,510  foxes,  Zs. 
15,041  bears,  20J, 
15 1,535  deer  s{kinsin"\ 
the  hair,  3/5  J 

3244ilb  Indian  dre{t'\ 
deers  leather  25.  J 
10  6,753  mufquafti,  gd 
J  15,566  r.icoons,  ej.. 
7,060  cafed  cats,   18^-. 
2,161  open  do.  d,fS 
9,621  wolves,  12/6 
i3,68oelks,ormoore,i5 
438  wolverins,  aoj, 
35  panthers,  3/6 
175  feals,  2/6 
1  weafel,   is. 
2,7g4lb  caftorura,  iSs, 


Authentic  ejlimatc  of  furs,  exported 
from  Canada,  in  the  years  1786 
and  1787. 

Beaver  (kins, 

Martins, 

Otters, 

Minks, 

FiTners, 

Foxes, 

Bears, 

Deer  (kins  in  the"\ 

hair,  f 

Indian         drelt\ 

deers   leather,J 
Mufquafh, 
Racoons, 
Cafed  cats, 
Open  do. 
W^olves, 
Elks,  or  moofe, 
Wolverins, 
Seals, 
Caftorum, 

Cub  bears,  -  15659 

Squirrels,  -  480 

Tygers,         -         -  64  27 

Kitts,         -  -  296 

EJlimate  of  the  amount  of  furs  ex- 
ported from  Canada,  'in  the  year 
1788. 
130,758  beaver  fkins,"|  £.  s.d. 
i^lb.  each,  at  6/6 per  ^53,120  8g 
lb.  J 

56,731  martins,  4?.  i>j346     4  o 

50,177  otters,  20J.  20,177     o  o 

12,186  minks,  45.  2j437     4  0 

^702  fifkers,  &f.  is4io  is  ® 


1786 

1787 

1 16,623 

139,5^9 

48,4:36 

68,142 

£3,6«4 

26,330 

9^59S 

16,957 

3,958 

5=813 

7,°95 

8,913 

17,713 

17,108 

126,794 

102,656 

5,477lb. 

J738lb. 

802,719 

240,456 

108,521 

140,346 

3,072 

5;426 

2r977 

1,825 

12,923 

9,687 

7,555 

9,'^^5 

506 

653 

157 

125 

i,37ilb. 

i,454lb. 

r. 

s.d. 

3,°o4 

0  0 

115,041 

0  0 

26,518 

12  6 

324 

9  0 

'  4,°o3 
11,556 

4  0 
12  0 

6,354 

486 

6,013 

0  0 

4  6 

2  6 

ii.  10,260 

0  0 

438 
6 

0  0 
2  6 

21 

17  6 

0 

I  a 

«.235 

4  0 

currency,        /.  174,753  19  ° 
flerling,      /.  157,2^8  12  i 


BIOGRAPHY. 

Short  account  of  the  life  and  chtf 
raEler  of  George  Calvrrt,  lord  Bal- 
timore, the  founder  of  Maryland. 
GEORG  E  CALVERT, 
defcended  from  the  ancient  ana 
noble  houfe  of  Calvert,  in  the  earldom 
of  Flanders,  and  afterwards  created 
lord  Baltimore,  was  born  at  Kipling, 
in  the  North- riding  of  Yorkfhire, 
about  the  year  1582  ;  being  the  fon  of 
Leonard  Calvert,  and  Alice,  his  wife, 
daiif'.hterof  John  Crcftland,  of  Croft- 
land,  in  the  fame  county.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  the  year  1593,  he  became 
a  commoner  of  Trinity  College  in 
Oxford,  being  then  very  young  j  and, 
on  the  'i23dof  February,  1596-7,  took 
the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  ;  after 
which,  leaving  the  college,  he  travel- 
led beyond  the  feas  for  a  time.  At 
his  return,  in  king  James  I.'s  reign, 
he  was  made  fecretary  to  Robert 
Cecil,  then  one  of  the  chief  fecreta- 
nes  oi  Hate,  being  efteemed  a  very 
knowing  perfon  in  ftate  affairs.  And 
fo  well  fatisficd  was  fir  Robert  witk 
his  faithfulnefs  and  diligence,  that, 
when  he  was  raifed  to  the  office  of 
lord  high  treafirer,  he  continued  him 
in  h'.s  fervice,  and  employed  him  ia 
feveral  weighty  matters.  On  the  30th 
of  Auguft,  1605,  when  king  James  I. 
was  entertained  by  the  univerfity  of 
Oxford,  he  was  created  mailer  of  arti. 


404 


Account  cf  the  life  and  charaElir  of  lord  Baltimore,      [November, 


with  fcveral  noblemen,  knights,  ar,d 
cfquircs.  Afiervvard-;,  by  (be  intereft 
of  his  patron,  Robert,  earl  of  Sa- 
lifbury,  he  was  made  one  of  the 
clerks  of  the  privy  council ;  and,  in 
1617,  Scjvtember  the  09th,  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood,  from  his 
majcfiy.  at  Ilampton-ooiirt.  On  tHe 
13th  of  Febriiary,  1618-ig,  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  principal  fecre- 
taries  of  l^ate.  He  was  fworn  tlse 
feveriieenth  of  die  fame  month,  into 
this  important  office  :  which  he  dif- 
chargcd  wii!)  great  tri-.ft  and  induRry. 
As  a  reward  for  it,  the  king  granted 
him,  May  2.  1690,  a  yearly  penfion 
of  a  thoufand  pound:',  out  of  the 
cuftoms.  But,  after  having  enjoyed 
that  place  about  five  years,  he  wiiliniEj- 
ly  rcfignsd  it  in  1624  ;  freely  owning 
to  his  majcfly,  that  ne  was  become  a 
Roman  Catholic  ;  io  that  he  muft 
cither  be  wanting  to  his  triift,  or  vio- 
la'e  his  confcience,  in  difcharging  his 
office.  This  ingenuous  confeihon  fo 
atfeited  king  James,  that  he  conti- 
nued hiin  pnvy  coiinfeilor  all  his 
reign  ;  and,  on  the  fixtecnth  of  Fe- 
bruary, 1624-5,  created  him  (by  the 
name  of  (ir  (ieorge  Calvert,  of  Dan- 
bvw:fkp,  in  Yorkffiire.  knight)  baron 
of  Baltimore,  in  the  county  of  Long- 
ford, in  Ireland.  He  was  at  that 
time  one  <^f  the  reprefentaiivesin  par- 
liament f.)r  the  univerfuy  of  Oxford. 
While  he  vva":  fecretary,  he  obtained 
a  patent,  for  him  and  h-s  heirs,  to  be 
abfolute  lord  and  proprietcir  (with  the 
royalties  of  a  count  palatine)  cf  the 
province  of  Avaion,  in  Ncwfourd- 
land  :  which  was  fo  named  by  him, 
from  Avaion,  in  Somerfetlhir?, where- 
in GlaRonbtirv  ftands,  the  firfl-iVuits 
of  chnftianity  in  Britain,  as  the  otlier 
was,  in  that  pan  of  America.  Here 
he  built  a  fine  houfe  in  Fcrryland, 
and  fpent  25,0001.  in  advancing  this 
new  plantation.  After  the  death  of 
king  James,  he  went  twice  in  per- 
foii  to  Newfoundland  ;  and  when 
monfieur  d'Alarade,  with  three  men 
of  war,  fent  from  the  king  of  France, 
had  reduced  the  Engtifh  hfliermen  10 

Sreat  extremity,  this  lord,  with  (wo 
lips  manned  at  his  own  cxpenfe, 
chafed  away  (he  French,  relieved  the 
Engb{}i,and  took  fixiyofthe  French 
prifcmers.  However,  finding  his 
plantation  very  much  expofed  to  the 
Mifults  of  the  French,  he  was,  at  laft, 


forced  (o  abandon  if.     Upon  this,  he 
went  over  to  Virginia,  and,  after  hav- 
ing viewed  thofe  parts,  came  to  Eng- 
land, and  obtained  from  king  Charles 
I.  (who  had    as  great  a  regard  atid 
affection   for  him,  as   king  Jamc«)  a 
pa:ent,  to  him  and  his  heirs,  lor  Ma- 
ryland,  on   the   north   of    Virginia  ; 
with  the   farije   title  and   royalties  as 
had   been  conferred   upon  h'm,  with 
rr^fpett   to    Avaion    aforementioned . 
He  died  in  London.  Apr:l  15,   1632, 
in  the  51(1  year  of  his  age,  and  v/as 
biirio-d  m  the  chancel  of  ihe  church  of 
St.  Dunfian's   in   the  weft,  in  Fleet- 
flreet.     As    to  fir  George    Calvert's 
charatler  ;  one  hidorian*,  who  hard- 
ly Ipeaks  well  of  any  body,  calls  him 
"  an    Hifpar.ioHzed     Pap.H."      But 
others  +  (ell  us  in   hs  praife,  "  (hat 
though   he   was   a   Roman   Catholic, 
yet  he  kept  himfelf  fincere  and  d.fen- 
gaged  from  all  uuercfls  ;  and  was  the 
only  Oatefinan,  that,    being  engaged 
to  a  decried  party,  managed   his  bu- 
fineis  with  that   great  rcfpeft   for  all 
fides,  (hat   all,  who   knew    him,  ap- 
plauded him  :  and  none,  that  had  any 
thing  to  do  with   him,  compla  ned  of 
him,"     He  was  a  man  of  great  fcnfe, 
but   rot  ohftinate   in   his  fentiments, 
taking  as   great   plcafure    in    hearing 
others'   opinions,  as  in  deliver  ng  his 
own,     W  h  III     he    was  fecretary    of 
flatc,  he  carried  every   night   to   the 
king   a    dig'ified    and   exact    account 
of  affair',  and  took  the   pains  to  ex- 
amine himfelf  the  letters  that  were  of 
any    confequence.      Judge    Popham 
and  he  agreed  in  the  public  defign  of 
foreign  plantations,  but  differed  in  the 
manner  of  managing  them.     The  firft 
was  for  extirpating  the  original  inha- 
btanis,    the   fccond    for    converting 
them  :  the  former   fent   the    lewdelr 
people  to  thofe  places  ;  the  latter  was 
for    the    foberefl  :    the  one    was    ioT 
prefent  profi',  the  other  for  a  reafon- 
able  expectation  ;  likirg  to  have   but 
few  governors,  and  lhi>fe  not  mtcreO- 
ed  merchants,  but   unconcerned  gen- 
tlemen ;  grantT.g  liberties  with  great 

NOTES. 

*  Arthur  Wilfon,  in  the  life  and 
reign  of  king  James  I,  in  the  Complete 
Hiilory  of  England,  edit.  1706,  vcl. 
11.  p.  705. 

+  Particularly  dr.  Lloyd,  in  p. 
752. 


,7897     s^'^'^  "f  ^^^  ''^'  ^-^'^^  ^'^'  ^'^^'^'*«'^' ^»'^''^»  ^ 

caution;  and  leaving  every  one  lo 
provide  for  himfelf  by  his  own  in- 
durtry,  and  not  out  of  a  common 
flock. 


M. 


405 


pidity,  perfeverance,  and  patience, 
under  hardfhips,  he  Teemed  calculat- 
ed to  execute  fuch  enierprifes  as  he 
was  always  inpurfuit  of;  and  the  mif- 
carriage  of  his  projeO  for  exploring 
either   America    or    Africa, 


Brief  account  of  mr.  John   Ledyard. 

MR.  John  Ledyard  was   a  native 
of  the    ftate    of   Conneaicut. 
He  ferved  under  capt.   Cook,  in  the 
laft  voyage  which  that  able  navigator 
performed,  and  was  one   of  the  wit- 
nefles  to  his  tragical  fate  on  the  ifland 
of  Owyhee;  an    account  of  which, 
with  the  material   occurrences  of  the 
voyage,  he  publiihed  in  America,  be- 
fore that   great  and  fplendid   relation 
of  it  appeared   in  England,  in  which 
honourable  mentiow  is  made  of  mr. 
Ledyard.     He  had  a    moft  infatiable 
defire  to  vifit  unknown  countries,  and 
offered  his  fervices  to    the  emprefs  of 
Ruffia,    through    her  ambaffador  ai 
Paris,  to  explore  the  continent  of  A- 
merica,  and  to  attempt  to  pals  from 
the  north-weft  coaft,  to  the  northern 
parts  of  the    united  ftates,  or  the  At- 
lantic.    Being  difappointed  in  thefe 
views,    he    undertook    the    journey, 
with  the  afhftance  of  a   few   friends, 
and  found  his  way  from  Paris  to  Pe- 
terfburg,  and  from  thence  to  Kamt- 
fchatka,  wherej  by  order  of  the  em- 
prefs, he   was   put,  without  any  pre- 
vious notice,  into  a  fledge  drawn  by 
dogs,  and  after  returning  to  the  fouth- 
ward,  was  fent  out  of  her  majefty's 
dominions.      Being  thus  again   dif- 
appointed, he  went  to  London,  and 
propofed  to  the  royal    African  com- 
pany, to  make  a  journey  through  A- 
lirica,  and   to  examine  the  unknown 
parts   of  that  quarter  of  the  globe. 
He  accordingly  arrived  at  Grand  Cai- 
ro, under  the  aufpices  of  this  compa- 
ny; and  thinking  himfelf  on  the  mo- 
ment of  proceeding  towards  Abyffinia, 
from  whence  he  expefted  to  have  con- 
tinued his  route  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  he  made  all  his  arrangements 
for  this  long  journey,    and  engaged 
the  proteftion   of  a   caravan,  which 
was  to  fet  out  in  a  few  days   to   the 
fouthward.     Here,  however,    he  li- 
Tiifhed  his  career,  January   17,    1789, 
and   is  gone   to  *'  that  undifcovered 
country,   from  whofe   bourn   no  tra- 
veller returns."     Mr.   Ledyard    was 
ftrong  and  aQive,  bold  as  a  lion,   and 
gendcas  he  was  bold.     By  his  inirc- 
V«j.  VI.  N©.  V, 


lull  be 
felt  as  a  very  general  and  public  lofs. 


Sketch  of  the  life  of  the  rev.  Na- 
thaniel Evans,  A.  M. — IVrittm 
by  the  rev.   William  Smith,  D.  D. 

NATHANIEL  EVANS    was 
born  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
June  8th,   1742  ;  and  was  fent  to  the 
academy  there,  foon  after  ic  was  firll 
opened,  and  before  the  collegiate  part 
of  the  inftitution  was  begun.    Having 
fpent  about  fix'yeaisin  grammar  learn- 
ing, his  parents,  who  were  reputable 
citizens,  defigning  him  for  merchan- 
dize, put    him   apprentice  ;    but    not 
finding  either  his  geniu<i  or  inclination 
leading  him  much  to  that  profedion, 
he  devoted  more  of  his  time   to   (he 
fervice  of  the   mufes,  than  to  the  bu- 
finefs  of  the  counting  houfe.     Soon 
after  the  expiration  of  his  apprentice- 
fhip,  he  accordingly  returned    to  the 
college,  and    applied    himfelf,    with 
great  diligence,  to  the  ftudy  of  philo- 
fophy  and  the  fciences,  till  the  com- 
mencement. May  30th,  1763  ;  when, 
on  account  of  his  great  merit  and  pro- 
mifing  genius,  he  was,  by  fpecial  man- 
date of  the  truftees,   upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  provoft  and  faculty 
of  profefTors,   complimented    with   a 
diploma  for  the   degree  of  mafler  of 
arts  ;  although  he  had  not  taken  the 
previous  degree  of  bachelor   of  arts, 
on   account  of  the  interruption  in  hi« 
courfe  of  ftudies,  during  the   term  of 
his  apprenticefliip. 

Immediately  after  the  commence- 
ment, he  embarked  for  England,  car- 
rying with  him   recommendations  to 
the  fociety  for  propagating  the  gofpel 
in   foreign  parts,  as  a  fit  perfon   to 
fupply  the  new  miffion,  then  propofed 
to  be  opened,  for  Gloucefter  county, 
in  New-Jerfey.     Upon  the  fociety '$ 
nomination,  he  was  admitted  into  holy 
orders  by  the  bifiiop  of  London,     dr. 
Terrick,  who   exprefTed  great    fatis- 
faftion  in  his  examination,  and   parti- 
cularly in    the  perufal  of  an   elegant 
Englifli    piece  which  he  compofed  in 
a  few    minutes,    upon   a   theological 
queflion,    which   he    was  defired    l* 
give  his  reiuimenis  upon, 
3F 


40  6 


Hotrid  barbarity^  &c. 


[Kovember, 


He  returned  from  England,  and 
landed  at  Philadelphia,  December 
26  h,  1765.  Upon  his  arrival,  he 
entered  immediately  upon  the  bufinefs 
of  his  miflion  ;  and  alas  !  but  juft 
lived  long  enough  to  ftiew,  by  the 
gnodnefsof  his  temper,  the  purity  of 
his  morals,  the  chcarfulnefs  and  affa- 
bility of  his  converfation,  the  fublimi- 
ly  and  fonndnefs  of  his  dot^rines,  and 
the  warmth  of  his  pulpit  compofuions, 
how  well  he  was  qualified  for  the 
facred  office,  to  which  he  had  now 
wholly  devoted  bimfelf.  He  died 
Otlober  29'h,  1767,  lamented  by  all 
that  knew  him  ;  and  by  none  more 
earnellly  and  affeftionately,  than  by 
his  own  congregations,  whom  he  had 
notyetferved  two  years  ! 


THE    HISTORICAL 
COLLECTOR.    No.  I. 

To  the  printer. 
Sir, 
IF  the  following  colleftion  merits 
a  place  in  your  mufeum,  pleafe 
infert  it.  I  fhall  furnifli  you  with 
a  fimilar  one  monthly,  whilever 
it  may  prove  agreeable  to  your 
readers,  Historicus. 

Nov.  20,  1789. 

1. 

Horrid  barbarity. 

A  Captain  of  a  flave  Ihip,  whofe 
water  was  nearly  exhauued,  and 
who  expeOed  a  mortality  among  his 
Haves,  threw  one  hundred  of  them  o- 
verboard.  The  lofs  was  hereby  to  fall 
on  the  underwriters,  who,  had  they 
died  on  board,  would  not  have  been 
obliged  to  pay  for  them  ! 
2. 
A  monfter  of  cruelty. 

THE  mate  of  a  {hip,  engaged  in 
the  Have  trade,  who  was  in  the 
long- boat,  purchafed  a  young  woman, 
with  a  fine  child,  of  about  a  year  old, 
in  her  arms.  In  the  night,  the  child 
cried  much,  and  dilhirbed  his  fleep. 
He  rofe  up  in  great  anger,  and  fwore, 
that  if  the  child  did  not  ceafa  mak- 
ing fuch  a  no'.fe,  he  would  presently 
filcnce  it.  The  child  continued  to 
ery.  At  length  he  rofe  up  a  fecond 
time,  tore  the  child  from  the  mother, 
and  threw  it  into  the  fea.  The  cliild 
was  foon  hicnced  indeed  ;  h\u  it  was 
not    fo   cafy    to  pacify    the    woman. 


She  was  too  valuable  to  be  throw iv 
overboard  ;  and  he  was  obliged  to 
bear  the  found  of  her  lamentations, 
until  he  could  put  her  on  board  his 
ftiip. 

3- 
Revenge, 

SOME  years  fince,  in  one  of  the 
French  Weft  India  iflands,  a  flave 
was  tortured  for  a  flight  olfeiice,  of 
which  he  was  not  even  guilty.  Slung 
with  refentment — and  agitated  by  the 
feelings  of  a  Zanga,  he  feized  upon 
the  children  of  his  cruel  and  unfeel- 
ing opprefTor  ;  and  carried  them  on 
the  roof  of  the  houfe.  When  the 
tyrant  mafler  was  approaching  to  en- 
ter his  dwelling,  he  beheld  his  young- 
ell  fon  daftied  to  pieces  at  his  feet  ; 
he  lifted  up  his  eyes,  and  faw  the  fe- 
cond falling  likewife.  Seized  with 
defpair,  he  fell  on  his  knees  to  im- 
plore, in  great  agitation,  the  life  of 
the  third  :  but  the  fall  alfo  of  the  laft 
of  his  offspring,  together  with  that  of 
the  revengeful  negro,  plunged  bun 
into  the  loweft  abyfs  of  mifery  and 
defpair. 

Noble  injlance  of  magnammity, 

THE  Elizabeth,  an  Englilh  man 
of  war,  would  infallibly  have 
been  loft  in  the  flioals,  on  the  coaft 
of  Florida,  in  1746,  had  not  captain 
Edwards  ventured  into  the  Havanna, 
It  was  in  time  of  war,  and  the  port 
belonged  to  the  enemy.  '  I  come,' 
faid  the  captain,  to  the  governor,  '  to 
deliver  up  my  fliip,  my  failors,  my 
foldiers,  and  myfelf,  into  your  hands. 
I  only  afli  the  lives  of  my  men.' 
'  No' — faid  the  Spanifli  commander: 
'  I  will  not  be  guilty  of  fo  diflionour- 
able  an  aftion.  Had  we  taken  you  in 
fight,  in  open  fea,  or  upon  our  coafts, 
your  ftiip  would  have  been  ours,  and 
you  would  be  our  prifoners.  But, 
as  you  are  driven  in  by  ftrefs 
weather,  and  are  come  hither  for 
fear  of  being  caft  away,  I  do,  and 
ought,  to  forget  that  my  nation  is  at 
war  with  yours.  You  are  men,  and 
fo  are  we  :  you  are  in  diftrefs,  and 
have  a  right  to  our  pity.  You  are  at 
liberty  to  unload  and  refit  your  veffel  ; 
and,  if  you  want  it,  you  may  trade 
in  this  port,  to  pay  your  charges  :  you 
may  then  go  away,  and  you  will  have 
a  pafs  to  carry  you  fafe  beyond  the  Ber- 
mudas.    If,  after  this,  you  arc  taken, 


or 


n^9-l 


Account  of  an  extraordinary  adventure. 


407 


you  will  be  a  lawful  prize  ;  but,  at 
this  moment,  I  fee  in  Englifhmen, 
only  flrangers,  for  whom  humanity 
claims  our  alTiflance.' 

.5- 
Extraordinary  dijcovery  of  murder, 

ON  the  22cl  day  of  September,  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord,  1767,  I, 
Johannes  Demareft,  coroner  of  the 
county  of  Bergen,  and  province  of 
New  Jerfey,  was  prefent  at  a  view 
of  the  body  of  one  Nicholas  Tuers, 
(then  lying  dead,)  together  with  the 
jury,  which  I  lummoned  to  enquire 
of  the  death  of  the  faid  Nicholas 
Tuers.  At  that  time,  a  negro  man, 
named  Harry,  belonging  to  Hendrick. 
Chriflians  Zabrifkie,  was  fufpefted 
of  having  murdered  faid  Tuers,  but 
there  was  no  proof  of  it,  and  the  ne- 
gro denied  it.  I  afked,  if  he  was 
not  afraid  to  touch  Tuers?  He  faid 
no,  he  had  not  hurt  him  :  and  imme- 
diately came  up  to  the  corpfe,  lying 
in  the  coffin  ;  and  then  Staats  Storm, 
one  of  the  jurors,  faid,  '  I  am  not 
afraid  of  him,'  and  ftroked  the  dead 
man's  face  with  his  hand,  which  made 
no  alteration  in  the  dead  perfon,  and 
(as  I  did  not  put  any  faith  m  any  of 
thofe  trials)  my  back  was  turned  to- 
wards the  dead  body,  when  the  jury 
ordered  the  negro  to  touch  the  dead 
'man's  face  with  his  baud,  and  then  I 
heard  a  cry  in  the  room,  of  the  people, 
faying,  '  he  is  the  man,'  and  I  was 
defired  to  come  to  the  dead  body  ; 
and  was  told  that  the  faid  negro  Har- 
ry had  put  his  hand  on  Tucrs's  face, 
and  that  the  blood  immediately  ran 
out  of  the  nofe  of  the  dead  man,  Tu- 
ers. I  faw  the  blood  on  his  face, 
and  ordered  the  negro  to  rub  his 
hand  again  on  Tuers's  face;  he  did 
fo,  and  immediately  the  blood  again 
ran  out  of  the  (aid  Tuers's  nofe,  at 
both  noflrils,  near  a  common  table 
fpoonful  at  each  noflril,  as  well  as  I 
could  judge.  Whereupon  the  people 
all  charged  him  with  being  the  murder- 
er, but  he  denied  it  for  a  few  mi- 
nutes, and  THEN  CONFESSED 
THAT  HE  HAD  MURDERED 
THE  SAID  NICHOLAS  TU- 
ERS, by  firil  flriking  him  on  the 
head  with  an  axe,  and  then  driving  a 
wooden  pin  In  his  ear:  though  after- 
wards he  faid  he  ilrucka  fecond  time 
with  his  axe,  and  then  held  him  fafl 
till  he  had    done  Uruggling;    when 


that  was  done,  he  avvaked  fome  of 
the  family,  and  faid  Tuers  was  dying, 
he  believed. 

Johannes  De  ma  rest,  cor. 
6. 
Account  of  an  extraordinary  adven- 
ture,    Extra£ledfrom  a7i  authentic 
work,  publified   in    France,  under 
the  title,   '"  Les  caufes  cetebres." 

TWO  Panlian  merchants,  llronjjly 
united  in  frieudfhip,  had  each 
one  child  of  different  fexes,  who  early 
contrafled  a  flrong  inclination  for 
each  other,  wjiich  was  cherifhed  by 
the  parents,  ahd  they  were  flattered 
with  the  expeclations  of  being  joined 
together  for  life.  Unfortunately,  at 
the  time  they  thought  themfelves  on 
the  point  of  completing  this  long- 
wiflied  for  union,  a  man,  far  advanced 
in  years,  and  poilclTed  of  an  immenfe 
fortune,  call  his  eyes  on  the  young 
lady,  and  made  honourable  propofals ; 
her  parents  could  not  refill  the  tempta- 
tion of  a  fon-in  law,  in  fuch  affluent 
circucoffances,  and  forced  her  to  com- 
ply. As  foon  as  the  knot  was  tied, 
fhe  ftri6tly  enjoined  her  former  lover 
never  to  lee  her,  and  patiently  fub- 
mitted  to  her  fate  :  but  the  anxietv  of 
her  mind  preyed  on  her  body,  whch 
threw  her  into  a  lingering  diforder,. 
that  apparently  carried  her  off,  and 
fhe  was  configned  to  her  grave.  As 
fo«n  as  this  melancholy  event  reached 
the  lover,  his  afflitlion  was  doubled, 
being  deprived  of  all  hopes  of  her  wi- 
dowhood :  but  recolletting,  that  in 
her  youth,  flie  had  been  for  fonie  time 
in  a  lethargy,  his  hopes  revived,  and 
hurried  him  to  the  place  of  her  burial, 
where  a  good  bribe  procured  him  the 
fexton's  permifTion  to  dig  her  up, 
which  he  performed,  and  removed  her 
to  a  place  of  fafety,  where,  by  proper 
methods,  he  revived  the  alniofl  ex- 
tinguifhed  fpark  of  life.  Grsat  was 
her  furprife  at  finding  the  flate  flie 
had  been  in  ;  and  probably  as  great 
was  her  pleafure,  at  the  means  by 
Vtihich  file  had  been  recalled  from  ihe 
grave.  As  foon  as  fhe  was  fufficiently 
recovered,  the  lover  laidhis  claim,  and 
his  reafons,  fupported  by  a  powerful 
inclination  on  her  fide,  were  too  flrong 
for  her  to  refill  ;  but  as  Fiance  was 
no  longer  a  place  of  fafety  for.  them, 
they  agreed  to  remove  to  England, 
where  they  continued  ten  years,  when 
a  flrong  iiiclinalioii  of  revifiiing  their 


4©8 


A  defcription  of  a  Jlave's  muzzle. 


[November, 


native  country  feized  them,  which 
they  thonghi  they  might  {afcly  gratify, 
atul  accordingly  performed  their  voy- 
age. 

i  he  lady  was  fo  iinfortunate  as  to  be 
known  by  her  old  hufband,  whom  flie 
met  in  a  pubhc  walk,  and  all  her  en- 
deavours to  difgiiife  herfeif  were  in- 
eflfeftual ;  he  laid  his  claim  to  her, 
before  a  court  of  juftice,  and  the  lover 
defended  his  right,  alleging,  the  huf- 
band, by  burying  her,  had  forfeited 
his  title,  and  that  he  had  acquired  a 
jidi  one,  hyfreeing  her  from  the  grave, 
and  delivering  her  from  the  jaws 
of  death.  Thefe  reafons,  whatever 
weight  they  might  have  in  a  court 
where  love  prefided,  fecmed  to  have 
little  efletl  on  the  grave  fages  of  the 
law  :  and  the  lady,  with  her  lover,  not 
thinking  it  fafe  to  wait  the  determina- 
tion of  the  court,  prudently  retired  a 
fecond  time  out  of  the  kingdom. 

THE  GLEANER  OF  SCRAPS. 
No  I. 
1. 
A  flare's  muzzle, 
TSjOTWiTH STAN  DING  the 
X^  recommendations  of  the  word 
of  Gi)d,  '■  not  to  muzzle  even  the  ox, 
when  he  ireadeih  out  the  corn,'' nor 
"  to  rebuke  the  needy  paffeng.er,  who 
plucks  an  ear  of  wheat  for  his  necef- 
diy,"  yet  m  Jamaica,  and  in  oiiier 
ifl^iids,  (he  poor  African,  whofe  lot 
i*.  call  m  the  moR  fevcre  of  all  caTc":, 
hard  labour,  without  pity  or  revv.ircl, 
u  not  luU'rrd,  ciiher  through  hunger 
f'r  defire,  to  taOe  the  gr(^wlng  woik, 
ihat  ripens  under  his  hand.  The  thieat 
—  ihc  terror  <i}  ihe  lalli,  and  even  its 
fcverer  Imari,  are  not  enough  lo  fa- 
tisfy  the  plnnier's  avarice  ;  (he  flavc's 
mouth  mui'l  be  muzzled.  The  infirii- 
iiient  is  of  iron  ;  an  oval  rim,  about 
linlf  an  inch  broad,  furround.s  the 
face  ;  the  lower  part  of  which,  as  high 
as  the  bottor.i  of  ihc  nofe,  is  nllcd  up 
with  a  ih  n  plate  of  iron,  perforated 
with  {"mail  holes,  on  the  infide  of 
which  IS  fixed  a  fqiiare  piece  of  iron, 
whrch  runs  into  the  m.outh,  and  prct- 
fes  down  (he  tongue  to  its  roots.  This 
mafk  IS  fallencd  on  thus  ;  from  ihe 
forehead  runs  an  iron  as  hroad  n*:  the 
above  rim,  over  the  head,  and  down 
behind  to  ilie  collar  biMie,  where 
It  niceis  two  fipiilar  rims,  that  come 


K 


from  the  bottom,  near  the  cheeks, 
round  the  neck,  and  join  behind, 
through  an  eye  in  the  back  rim,  where- 
up()n  is  fixed  a  padlock  ;  the  weight  of 
which   is  difcretionary. 

This  muzzle  has  another  ufe,  viz. 
to  preventour  injured  fellow  creatures 
from  being  heard  when  they  are  writh- 
ing under  the  feverity  of  the  mercilefs 
lafti — Kingjicn,  April  u,   1789. 

e. 

The  fate  of  genius. 

MANY  a  wife  head,  and  many  a 
worthy  heart,  are  doomed  to 
ache  with  the  prefTure  of  human  fuf- 
ferings,  living  in  mifery,  and  dying 
in  obfcurity  and  want,  while  the  dul- 
ler worms  of  mortality  fatten  on  the 
marrow  of  profperity,  living  to  thcm- 
felves  alone,  with  minds  incapable  of 
expanding,  and  forbidden  by  fordid 
principles  to  do  good  and  benefit  man- 
kind.— The  following  fiiort,  but  me- 
lancholy lift,  proves  the  juiiiceofa 
remark  which  wounds  fenfihility  : 

Plautus  turned  a  mill ;  Terence  was 
a  flave  ;  Boethius  died  in  a  jail  ;  Pao- 
lo Borghere  had  14  different  trades, 
yet  (larved  with  thera  all  ;  TafTo  was 
often  diftreffed  for  five  [hillings;  Ben- 
tivogiio  was  r.Tufcd  adiniffion  into  an 
hofpital  he  had  himfelf  erefled  ;  Cer- 
vantes died  of  hunger  ;  Camoens  en- 
ded his  days  in  an  alms-houfe  ;  and 
Vaugelas  left  his  body  to  ihe  (iirgeons, 
to  pay  his  debts,  as  far  as  it  would  go  ! 

8- 
"  Unthcught-of  frailties  cheat  t/s  in 
the  wJje." 

IT  is  even  lo — for  who  could  fup- 
pofe  that  the  following  pi6tures 
came,  not  from  the  pencil  of  malig- 
nity, but  of  triiih  ? — -Who  could  1- 
magine  that  Locke  was  fond  of  ro- 
miMices  ? — ih.it  Newton  gave  impli- 
cit credit  to  (he  dreams  <if  judicial  af- 
trology  ? — ihatdr.  Clarke  valiiefl  him- 
felf much  more  on  his  agility,  than 
on  his  fcience — and  that  Pope  was 
fiich  an  epicure,  that  when  on  a  vifit 
to  lord  Bolingbroke,  it  was  his  cuf- 
tom  to  lie  whole  days  in  bed,  unlefs 
when  his  fervaiit  informed  him,  there 
was  Hewed  lamprey  for  dinner  ? — • 
yet  all  thefe  things  were  fo. 

This  pi8ure  of  human  frailty  may 
be  extended,  ar  the  porlrats  are  nu- 
merous, Qi:een  Elizubeih  was  a  co- 
quette— and  Bacon  receivcd'a"  bribe  i! 


1789-] 


The  unfeeling  father. 


409 


—on  the  eve  of  an  important  battle, 
the  duke  of  Marlborough  was  heard 
to  chide  his  fervant  for  lighting  four 
candles  in  his  tent,  at  a  time  when  he 
had  an  important  conference  with 
prince  Eugene.  Luther  was  fo  im- 
moderately paffionate,  that  he  fome- 
times  boxed  Mclantton's  ears — and 
MelanBon  himfelf  was  a  believer  in 
dream".  Cardinals  Richlieu  and  Ma- 
zarine were  fo  fuperftitious  as  to  em- 
ploy and  penlion  Morin,  a  pretender 
to  aftrology,  who  calculated  their  na- 
tivities. Tacitus,  who  appears  in  ge- 
neral fuperor  to  fuperilition,  was 
grofsly  infetted  by  it  in  particular 
inflances.  Dryden  was  alfo  a  be- 
liever in  aflrology,  and  Hobbes  firm- 
ly believed  the  exigence  of  goblins 
and  fpints. 

FRAGMENTS. 
1. 

The  unfeeling  father. 
*****  «t  TTXOES  nature  refufc  to 
X-J  plead  for  me,"  (faid 
Miranda,  kneeling  before  him)  "  or 
does  (lie  plead  in  vain  ?"  '"  You 
broke  the  facre.d  bonds  of  nature," 
faid  the  old  man,  when  you  left  a  fa- 
ther's fond  protetlion,  and  a  mother's 
tender  care,  to  purlue  the  fortune  of 
the  only  man  on  earth,  whom  they 
detefled."  "  An  heavenly  father," 
exclaimed  Miranda,  "  forgives  the 
fins  of  Ins  children  :  and  fliall  an 
earthly  parent  deny  the  charitable 
boon  a  repentant  child  demands  of 
him  ?"  "  To  that  heavenly  father, 
then,"  replied  he,  "  I  recommend 
you;  my  door'^  are  no  longer  open  to 
receive  you  ;  I  have  made  a  vow, 
which  fliall  never  be  broken.  Let 
the  friends  of  your  hufband  protetl 
his  darling — you  are  mine  no  more." 
"But  thefe children,  fir — Alas  .'  what 
have  they  done  ?  I,eave  me  to  the 
cruel  fate  that  awaits  me  ;  but  fuiFer 
not  tkcm  to  penlh." 

"  Thsy  are  none  of  mine,"  faid 
the  Hern  parent  ;  "  I  will  never  prefs 
them  in  my  arms  -  they  ihall  never  (it 
upon  my  knees.  I  will  foller  no 
more  ingraliiiide.  Let  him,  who  be- 
got ihem,  take  the  fpade  and  mattock, 
and  get  them  bread.  No  office  is 
bepeaih  the  alfeftion  of  a  parent, 
when  children  have  not  been  ungrate- 
ful— I  am  yours  no  more." 


This  was  the  fatal  dialogue  be- 
tween Miranda  and  her  father,  in 
the  porch  of  his  houle  ;  for  (he  was 
admitted  no  further.  He  fhut  the 
door  againll  her;  and  retired  to  his 
chamber.  The  wind  blew,  and  the 
rain  beat  hard,  and  (lie  dared  not  en- 
counter the  lenipell  ;  flie  remained  in 
the  porch — prelted  hcrfliivering  babes 
to  her  bofom,  and  hoped  that  the 
morning's  dawn  would  bring  mercy 
along  with  it.  But,  when  the  morn- 
ing dawned,  (lie  was  no  more  !  The 
fervants  found  her  a  clay-cold  corpfe, 
and  the  two  children,  weeping  be- 
fide  it. 

When  Malvolio  was  called  to  fee 
the  fpeftacle,  he  funk  down  on  the 
floor  :  life,  indeed,  returned,  but 
peace  abandoned  him  forever.  He 
loves  the  children  ;  but  fays,  heaven, 
in  all  its  llores  of  mercies,  has  not 
one  for  him, 

2. 

The  Jlroke  of  death. 

*****T  Am  now    worth  one  hun- 

X.  dred  thoufand  pounds,  faid 

old  Gregory,  as   he  al'cended    a  hill, 

part  of  an  edate  hehad  jult  piirchafed. 

I  am  now  worth  one  hundred  thou- 
fand pounds,  and  am  but  65  years  of 
age,  hale  and  robuil  in  my  conllitu- 
tion  ;  fo  I'll  eat,  and  I'll  drink,  and 
live  merrily  a// the  days  of  mv  life. 

I  am  now  worth  one  hundred  thou- 
fand pound":,  faid  old  Gregory,  as  hr 
attained  the  fummit  of  a  hdl,  whicli 
commanded  af  illprc^fpeft  of  hisedato  ; 
and  here,  faid  he,  I  'ilplant  an  orch.inl ; 
and  on  that  fpot,   I'll  have  a  pinery. 

Yon  farm  houfes  Ihall  come  down, 
faid  old  Gregory  ;  they  interrupt  my 
view. 

Then,  v/hat  will  become  of  the 
farmers  ?  allied  the  fleward,  who  at- 
tended him. 

That's  their  bufinefs,  anfwercd  old 
Gregory, 

And  that  mill  muR  not  fiand  upon 
the  dream,  faid  old  Gregory. 

Th6n,  how  will  the  villagers  grind 
their  corn  ?  alked  the  lleward. 

Thai's  not  my  bufinefs,  anfwered 
old  Gregory. 

So  old  Gregory  returned  home — 
ate  a  heartv  fupper — drank  a  bottle  of 
port — Imoked  two  pipes  of  tobacco, 
— and  fell  into  a  profound  flumher, 
from  winch  he  never  more  awoke. 
The  farmers  refide  on  their  land^ — 


4«» 


Ingenious  toajls. 


[November, 


the  mill  (lands  upon  the  ftream — and 
ibe  villagers  all  rejoice  in  his  death. 


Ingenious  toafts  given  at  York,  in 
Penvfylvania,  hy  the  hearers  of 
thejlags,  in  the  procejjion,  formed 
to  celebrate  the  progrefs  of  the 
new  conjlitution. — Page  312. 

Toafi    givtn    by    the   bearer    of  the 
tobacconijis'  flag. 

MAY  the  leaves  of  antifederal- 
ifm  be  twilled  together,  and 
fcftened  by  thorns,  or  be  rolled  into 
tubes,  and  end  in  a  puff. 

Waggon  makers'.  Three  more 
[pokes  to  our  new  loheeL — a  federal 
pand  for  its  tire — a  willing  people  for 
its  axis — political  wifdom  to  fet  it  in 
motion  ;  and  may  its  progrefs  never 
be  retarded  by  the  lock  chain  of  op- 
pofition. 

Saddle-tree  makers'.  As  we  are 
chips  of  the  (ame  block,  branches 
from  the  fame  tree,  may  we  be  glued 
together  by  a  general  efficient  govern- 
ment. 

Blue  dyers'  and  Jlampers',  May 
Fame  (lamp  immortaliiy  on  their 
aaines,  who  have  died  for  our  country. 

Tanners  and  curriers'.  May  eve- 
ry liinb  of  that  man  be  backed — may 
he  be  leathered  through  locicty — and 
have  h;shKle  rompleiely  tanned — who 
is  mean  enough  to  curry  favour. 

Weavers'.  For  ever  honoured  be 
the  names  of  thofe,  who,  rejefting 
even  the  thrumbs  of  the  old  web, 
hiive  tut  it  out  of  the  loom,  and  have 
tvove  another,  to  clothe  the  political 
nakednefs  of  their  country. 

Tin  plate  workers'.  May  the  (hears 
of  liberality  and  extended  policy  cut 
away  local  prejudices,  and  may  the 
late  heat  of  political  diiquidtion  only 
fcrve  to  melt  the  cement  that  is  to  fol- 
der us  together. 

Scythe  and  fickle  makers'.  May 
the  lickle  of  induflry  be  filled  wuh 
heavy  harvefts,  until  lime  with  his 
fcythe,  Ihall  mow  down  empires  and 
ages. 

Butchers',  As  the  marrow  is  con- 
nected with  the  bone,  or  one  joint 
with  another,  fo  let  us  be  united,  and 
may  no  cleaver  ever  dujomt  us. 

Guvfmiths' .  When  the  implements 
of  war  are  requifite  to  dcfcnri  our 
country's  rights,  or  refent  her  wrongs 


— may   eoolnefs  take  the  fight,  and 
courage  draw  the  trigger. 

Printers'.  May  no  government 
be  fo  potent  as  to  rellrain  the  liberty 
of  the  prels,  or  fo  impotent  as  not  to 
be  able  to  check  its  licentioufnefs. 

Brewers'.  May  he  be  choaked 
with  the  grains,  or  drowned  in  hot 
ale,  whofe  bufinefs  it  is  to  brew  mif- 
chief. 

Barbers'.  Hot  curling  irons,  and 
a  dull  razor,  to  the  enemies  of  our 
new  fyllem,  and,  notwithilanding  the 
wig  they  once  took  upon  them,  may 
they  reinain,as  they  now  are, in  thefuds. 

Turners'.  May  the  antifederalilU 
be  "  turned  from  the  evil  of  their 
ways,"  and  be  held  no  longer  in  the 
vice  of  groundlefs  oppofition. 

Coopers'.  May  the  new  govern- 
ment prove  a  binding  hoop  to  the 
flates,  and  never  fufFer  them  to  go 
to  Haves. 

Brickm-akers'.  The  materials 
which  compofe  our  new  conllitution 
— may  they  fullain  the  heat  of  party 
rage,  without  a  crack,  and  come  out 
more  perfert  from  the  kiln  of  faftion. 

Rope-makers'.  May  the  produc- 
tion of  our  trade  be  the  neckcloth  of 
him,  who  attempts  to  untwift  the  po- 
litical rope  of  our  union. 

Mathematical  injlrument-makers* , 
The  political  compafs — as  it  has  been 
j>,raduated  by  the  finger  of  accuracy, 
may  it  prove  our  guide  in  the  winds 
of  legidation,  and  preferve  its  equi- 
poife,  however  Ihaken  by  the  Itorms 
of  foreign  invafion  or  domeihc  broil. 

Joiners'.  The  unanimity,  which 
augurs  that  the  hatchet  fliall  foon  be 
buried. 

Surveyors' .  May  the  needle  of 
the  new  government  be  magnetized 
by  ail  honeft  love  of  fame,  and  make 
the  applaufe  of  the  people  its  pole — 
may  the  fights  be  taken  by  the  per- 
vading eye  of  genius — the  courfes  be 
fliaped  by  integrity — and  may  there 
be  no  variation  from  national  honour. 

Merchants' .  The  new  conllitution 
— may  it  prove  100  per  cent,  better 
than  the  old  one:  mayjullice,  mercy, 
and  wifdom  be  found  in  the  invoice 
of  its  excellencies  :  and  may  its  net 
proceeds  be  good  order  at  home,  and 
refpo-f)  in  the  councils  of  Europe. 

Lawyers',  A  mild  judge,  a  be- 
lirvine  jsiry,  a  blundering  opponent, 
"«■  good  caulb,  a  handiome  fee,  and  a 


1/893 


Anecdotes^ 


411 


federal  client,  to  every   advocate   cf 
our  infant  conllitiuion. 

Pkyficians' .  The  political  phyfi- 
ciaris,  who  in  place  of  mending  have 
made  a  conftitution — may  it  reiain  its 
health  and  vigour,  without  the  aid  of 
medicine,  and  may  the  qiiacii  under- 
go, at  the  fame  time,  the  .double  oper- 
ation of  cathartic  and  emetic,  who 
prefcribes  bleeding. 

ANECDOTES. 

1. 

IN  the  year  1777,  two  f  ildiers  took 
a  fancy  to  go  hear  a  i'ermon  ;  the 
orator  was  mr.  Murray,  well  known 
for  his  doctrine  of  univerfal  falvation. 
In  the  afternoon  of  the  fame  day,  a- 
nother  preacher  exhibited  ;  but  his 
do6lrine  was  diametrically  the  reverfe 
of  what  ihey  had  heard  in  the  morn- 
ing. "  Tom,"  faid  one  of  them, 
"  do  you  hear  how  differently  thefe 
folks  preach  ?  Which  of  them  do 
you  intend  to  believe  ?"  "  I'll  be 
d — n'd,"fays  Tom,  "  if  I  believe  ei- 
ther of  'em  yet  a  while,  till  I  fee  it 
come  out  in  general  orders." 

2. 

THE  late  Frederic  was  fully  fen- 
(ibleof  the  contagious  nature  of 
liberty.  He  knew  that  thefpiritof 
freedom  was  epidemical, and  he  did  not 
choofe  to  employ  his  fubjeiits  in  any 
mode  that  could  put  them  in  the  way 
of  catching  the  diforder.  When  dr. 
Franklin  applied  to  him,  to  lend  his 
afliftance  to  America,  "  Pray,  doc- 
tor," fays  the  veteran  "  what  is  the 
objeft  they  mean  to  attain?"  "  Liber- 
ty, fire,"  replied  the  philofopher,  "  li- 
berty— that  freedom  which  is  the  birth 
right  of  njan." — The  king,  after  a 
fhort  paufe,  made  this  memorable  an- 
fwer  : — "I  was  born  a  prince  ;  I  am 
become  a  king,  and  I  will  not  ufe  the 
power  which  I  poffefs,  to  ihe  ruin  of 
my  own  trade.  I  was  born  to  com- 
mand— and  the  people  are  born  to 
obey."  3. 

SOME  time  fince,  a  young  man, 
with  two  of  his  companions,  went 
to  Weaver's  tavern,  in  this  Bate,  and 
ordered  a  fupper  to  be  prepared.  He 
fent  his  companions  about  three  miles 
on  the  other  fide  of  (he  Connel1ogoc,to 
bring  in  a  girl,  who  had  promifed  to  be 
ready  to  marry  him  that  night.  The 
young  fellows  returned,  and  informed 


the  groom,  that  the  girl  faid  "  flie  had 
quite  forgot,  and  that  it  was  then  too 
hue."  The  groom  (who  in  the  mean 
time,  bad  obtained  the  licence)  was 
very  much  enraged,  at  the  difappoini- 
msnt  ;  but,  upon  recollefting  that  he 
had  another  itring  to  his  bow,  defirei 
the  young  fellows  to  wait  a  little  while, 
and  iwearing  he  would  not  go  home, 
without  d  wife,  he  rode  about  fix  miles, 
and  brought  in  his  other  fweet-heart  ; 
they  went  to  a  miniller,  who,  upoa 
reading  the  licence,  told  the  groom, 
that  the  name  in  the  licence,  was  not 
the  fame  as  that  of  the  girl,  and  that 
there  mult  be  fome  miflake.  "  i 
know  well  enough,  lays  the  groom  ; 
"  there  is  no  millake  ;  this  is  not  tk£ 
fame  girl  neither."  The  parfon, 
upon  hearing  the  ftory,  had  the  name 
altered,  they  were  married,  returned 
to  the  tavern,  and  eat  of  ihe  fupper, 
that  had  been  prepared  for  the  youn^ 
woman  that  made  default. 

GENERAL  NASH,  grievoufli' 
wounded  in  the  thigh,  the  bone 
of  which  was  (battered  by  a  grapc- 
(hot,  was  carried  off  the  held  of  Gcr- 
mantown.  A  gentleman  coming  up, 
began  to  condole  with  his  condition, 
and  afked  him  how  he  was.  "  It  is 
unmanly,"  faid  the  dying  hero,  "  to 
complain,  but  it  is  more  than  hutnaA 
nature  can  bear." 

5- 

WHEN  the  gallant  genera! 
Wayne  received  his  wound 
in  ftorming  the  fort  at  Stony-point, 
he  was  a  good  deal  daggered,  and  fell 
upon  one  knee  :  but  the  moment  he 
recovered  himfelf,  he  called  10  his  aids 
who  fupported  him,  and  faid,  "  lead 
me  forward  :  if  I  am  mortally  wound- 
ed, let  me  die  in  the  fort." 
6. 

THE  tutor  of  a  young  French  no- 
bleman, as  he  was  playing  at 
tennis  one  day,  calling  his  eye  on  ihe 
racquet  in  his  hand,  faw  fome  writing 
on  the  parchment  that  covered  it,  and 
having  perufed  it  with  attention, 
found  it  to  be  part  of  one  of  the  loft 
books  of  Livy.     Pie  imme<liate[y  en- 

S Hired  for  the  racquet- m:iker,  hut 
ound,  to  his  great  mortification,  that 
what  he  had  lecn,  was  the  lilt  re- 
mains of  a  collection  of  manufcripts, 
which  were  mane  up  f:)r  rarqiiets., 
and  difperfed  all  over  the  kingdom. 


[   412   ]  [November, 

liMPROMPTU,  en  the  approach  of  the  prefident  of  the  united  Jiates» 

FAME  firetch'd  her  wings,  anti  with  her  trumpet  blew, 
"  Great  Waihington  is  near  :"  what  praifeis  due  ? 
What  title  ftiall  he  have  ?  She  patis'd,  and  faid  : 
*'  Not  one  ;  his  name,  alone,  flrikes  ev'ry  litle  dead." 

Portfmoulk,   New-HampJ}iire,  Nov.  1789. 


O  D  E   re   the   PRESIDENT    of  the   UNITED    STATES, 
BY    A    LADY, 

THE  feafon  (hcds  its  mildert  ray, 
O'er  the  bhie  waves  the  fun  beams  play, 
1  he  bending  harveft  gilds  the  plain. 
The  tow'ring  veflels  prefs  the  main  ; 
The  ruddy  ploughman  quits  his  toil. 
The  pallid  mifer  leaves  his  fpoil  ; 
And  grateful  Pasans  hail  the  fmiling  year, 
Which  bids  Columbia's  guardian  chief  appear. 

Hence!   Difappointment's  anxious  eye, 

And  pale  affliBion's  lingering  figh  ! 

Let  beaming  hope  the  brow  adorn, 

And  every  heart  forget  to  mourn  : 

Let  fmiles  of  peace  their  charms  difplay, 

To  grace  this  joy-devoted  day  : 
And  where  that  arm  preferv'd  the  peopled  plain, 
Shall  mildxontentment  hold  her  placid  reign. 

Let"  white-rob 'd  choirs,"  in  beauty  gay. 

With  lucid  flowrets  ftrew  the  way; 

Let  rofcs  deck  the  fcented  fcene, 

And  lilach's  purple  form  be  feen  ; 

Let  domes  in  circlmg  honour  fpread, 

And  wreaths  adcrn  that  glorious  head  ; 
To  thee,  great  Waihington,  each  lyre  be  ftrung! 
Thy  matchlefs  deeds  by  every  bard  be  fung  ! 

When  freedom  rais'd  her  drooping  head. 

Thy  arm  her  willing  heroes  led  ; 

And  when  her  hopes,  to  thee  refign'd^ 

Were  refling  on  thy  godlike  mind. 

How  did  that  breaft,  to  fear  unknown, 

And  feeling  for  her  fate  alone. 
O'er  danger's  threat'ning  form  the  faulchlon  wield. 
And  tread  with  dauntlefs  flep  the  crimfon'd  field. 

Not  Decius — for  his  country  flain, 

Nor  Cincinnatus — deathlefs  name! 

Camillu? — who  could  wrongs  defpife. 

And,  fcorning  wealih,  to  glory  rife, 

Could  fuch  exalted  worth  difplay, 

Orftiine  with  fuch  unclouded  ray  ; 
Of  a;je  the. hope,  of  youth  the  leading  flar, 
The  foul  of  peace,  the  conquering  arm  of  war, 
BoJIon,  Oa.  1789, 


C   413   ) 

4  defcription  of  Maryland,  from  Carmtn  SecuLire,  a  poem,  addrefid,  annt 
1732,    to  /ord  Baltimore,  proprietor  of  t/iat  province.     By  712 r,   Lizoist 


I 


F  in  wifh'd  progrefs,  thro'  thefe  vvidedomains, 
Our  lord  fhall  pafs,  to  chear  his  tenant  fwains, 
Wiih  pleafure  will  he  fee  th'extenfive  land 
Adorn'd  by  nature  with  a  lib'ral  hand  ; 
Of  Chefapeak,  fairbay  !  (he  juftly  boafls, 
That  fwelh  to  walh  her  eafl  and  wellern  coafts, 
\Vhf)le  nnm'rous,  gentle,  navigable  ftreams 
In  fame  would  equal  Po,  ornobler  Thames; 
Smooth-gl  ding  thro'  fome  poet's  deathlels  fong. 
Had  ihey  in  Europe  roll'd  their  waves  along. 

VaO  flocks  of  fowl  each  river's  furface  hide, 
Amidft  them  fails  the  fwan  with  graceftil  pride  ; 
From  thefe,  the  fowler's  gun  gains  plenteous  prize  :") 
Thofe,  that  efcape  the  mimic  thunder,  rife,  y 

And  ciam'rous,  in  confufion,  foar  the  fkies.  J 

Each  flood,  with  wat'ry  wealth  exhaufllefs  flor'd, 
With  choiced  cates,  fuppliesthe  Hflier's  board. 

Ceres,  all  bounteous  for  the  tiller's  toil, 
Cloihes  with  her  richefl  ftores  th'  unfallow'd  foil, 

Pomona  yields  delicious  fruitage  here, 
Unforc'd  by  art,  nor  aflcs  the  gard'ner's  care  : 
Our  loaded  orchards  bend  beneath  their  weight, 
And  call  for  props  to  bear  the  dangling  freight. 

Here,  Flora,  gaily  wild,  profufely  pours. 
O'er  woods  and  meadows,  hills  and  dales,  the  flow'r?, 

Innum'rous  herds  about  our  forcfts  graze  ; 
Fearlefs,  the  deer  upon  their  hunters  gaze. 
Wolves,  panthers,  bears,  and  ev'ry  beaft  of  prey, 
Fly  the  inhabitants,  and  fliun  theday. 

No  dreadful  hurricanes  diflurb  our  flcies  ; 
No  earthquakes  fliock  the  foul  with  fad  furprifc  ; 
No  fulphurous  volcanoes  vomit  fire, 
To  blall  the  plains  with  devaifation  dire. 
No  treach'rous  crocodiles  infeft  our  floo:ls ; 
And  pois'nous  fnakes  recede  to  pathlefs  woods. 
The  landfcap'd  earth  fhews  many  a  pleafing  fcene, 
And  fogs  but  rarely  hide  the  blue  fcrene. 
Nor  are  thefe  bleflings  of  indulgent  heav'n 
To  an  ungrateful  race  of  mortals  giv'n  : 
Here,  ev'ry  planter  opens  wide  his  door, 
To  entertain  the  ftranger,  and  the  poor  : 
For  them,  he  chearful  makes  the  downy  bed. 
For  them,  with  food  unbought,  his  board  is  fpread  ; 
y  No  arts  of  luxury  difguife  his  meals. 

Nor  poignant  fauce  fevere  difcafe  conceals  : 
Such  hearty  welcome  does  the  treat  commend, 
As  fliews  the  donor  to  mankind  a  friend, 
That  good  Old-Englifli  hofpitality, 
(When  ev'ry  houfe  10 ev'ry  gueft  was  free, 
Whofe  flight,  from  Britain's  ifle,  her  bards  bemoan.) 
Seems  liere  with  pleafure  to  have  hx'd  her  throne. 
Such,  gracious  fir,  your  province  now  appears, 
How  chang'd  by  indullry  and  roiling  years, 

From  what  it  was  ! 

When,  for  the  faith  your  anccfinrs  had  (hewn, 
To  ferve  two  monarchs  on  the  Erg'.'fh  ihrohe^ 
Vol,  VI.  No.  V.  ^O 


414  A  dtfcrlpiion  of  Maryland^  [November, 

Ceci'.ius  from  the  royal  martyr's  hand, 

Receiv'd  the   ^  charter  of  this  fpacious  land  : 

Incult,  and  wild,  its  mazy  foreds  lay, 

Where  deadly  ferpenlsrang'd,  and  hearts  of  prey  : 

The  natives,  jealous,  cruel,  crafty,  rude, 

In  daily  warsdeclar'd  their  third  for  blood. 

Oh,  if  the  mufes  would  my  hrcall  inOame, 
With  fpirit  equal  lo  the  glorious  theme  ! 
My  verfe  fliould  iliew  to  the  fucceeding  age, 
(VVould  time  permit  my  verfe  to  'fcape  its  rage) ; 
What  toils  your  great  progenitors  fuflain'd, 
I'o  plant  and  cultivate  the  dreary  land. 

What  virtue  in  Cecilius'  bofom  glow'd  ! 
Who  with  X  unfparing  hand  his  wealth  beftow'd, 
Exhanduig  treafures  from  his  large  eftate, 
Plis  infant  colony  to  cultivate  ; 
TohimicUiize  a  barb'rous,  favage  race, 
And  for  indu(}rious  men  provide  a  dwelling  place. 

Matured  wifdom  did  his  aft  infpire, 
Which  ages  mud  with  gratitude  admire  ; 
By  which,  the  planters  of  his  land  were  freed 
From  fcudi,  that  made  their  parent-country  bleed  ; 
Religious  feuds,  which,  in  an  evil  hour, 
Were  fer.t  from  hell,  poor  mortals  to  devour. 

Oh  !   be  that  rage  eternally  abhorr'd  ! 
Which  prompts  the  worfirppers  of  one  mild  Lord-, 
For  whoic  falvation  one  Redeemer  dy'd, 
By  war  their  orthodoxy  to  decide  : 
Falfely  religious,  human  blood  to  fpill, 
And  for  God's  fake,  their  fellow-creatures  kill  ! 
Horrid  pretence 

Long  had  this  impious  zeal  with  boundlefs  fway,  1 
Mod  dreadful,  iirg'd  o'er  half  the  world  its  way,       }- 
Tyrannic,  on  the  fouls  of  men  to  prey  :  _j 

'Tiilgrea:  Cecilius,  glorious  hero!   broke 
Her  bonds,  and  cad  away  her  curfed  yoke. 

What  praife,  oh  patriot,  fhall  be  paid  to  thee  ?    ") 
Within  ihy  province  |]  confcience  fird  was  free  !       V 
And  gnin'd  in  Maryland  Us  native  liberty.  J 

To  live  beneath  the  bleflings  of  her  fmile, 
Numbers  of  Albion's  fons  forfook  their  ifle  ; 
In  fliips  prepar'd  by  Baltimore's  command, 
They  came  to  cultivate  his  fubjeQ  land  : 
And  all,  who  could  not  for  ihemfelves  provide, 
Were  by  his  kind  paternal  care  fupply'd. 

1  hat  men  of  different  faiths  in  peace  might  dwell. 
And  all  unite  t'  improve  the  public  weal ; 
*  Opprobrious  names,  (by  which  blind  guides  engage- 
Their  blinded  profelytes,  in  deadlieft  rage) — 

NOTES. 

X  Lord  Cecilius  was  at  the  charge  of  fending  fliips,  wlih  people,  and  pro- 
vifions,  to  fettle  and  cultivate  Maryland  ;  which  charge  amounted  to  40,000!. 
the  iniered  of  which  money  he  never  received,  by  any  profits  he  had  from' 
thence.  See  lord  Baltimore's  cafe,  delivered  to  the  parliament  of  England, 
in  171.5. 

II  By  an  aft  in"  1 64s,  allowing  liberty  of  confcience  to  all,  who  profefs  their , ; 
belief  in  Jcfiis  Cluid.  _  jj 

*   By  the  faid  a^i,  a  fine  was  impofed  on  fuch  as  fliould  call  their  fellow-' 
planters  ap.y  of  thofe  pariy-nnmes,  by  which  the  failionsof  religion,  then   in 
England,  were  ui)lijp():ly  didii'^uiflied.  S  'o;-!'? 


A  defcriptton  of  Maryland,  4*5 

Slink  in  oblivion,  by  the  wife  decree 

Of  Calvert,  left  his  land  from  fat^ionfree. 

But  whither  flies  the  mufe  ? — incurring  blame      1 
While   thus  (he  wanders,  devious  from  her  theme,     ^ 
Above  her  flight  afcends  Cecihus'  fame  !  J 

H'm  Charles  fuccecded  ;  the  courageous  fon 
Advanc'd  the  work  his  parent  had  begun  ; 
To  chearthe  planters  by  his  gracious  fmile, 
Ard  by  his  prefcnce  animate  their  toil  ; 
Fir'd  with  the  bold  adventure,  fcorning  eafe, 
He  lefi  the  pompous  court,  and  pafs'd  the  feas  : 
His  frequent  vifits  eas'd  his  tenants'care, 
When  they  were  wounded  deep  with  grief  fevcre. 
To  drive  away  the  planters  from  their  lands, 
Th'  outrageous  natives  came  in  hoftile  bands  ; 
Revengeful,  cruel,  refllefs,  they  purfu'd 
Theirenemies,  and,  ru;hlefs,  Ihed  their  blood  : 
Return  ng  from  his  daily  toil,  at  night, 
The  hufband  often  faw,  with  wild  affright, 
His  darling  wife  and  infants  robb'd  of  breath, 
Dfform'd,  and  mangled  by  moft  direful  death. 

The  wife  proprietor  his  cares  addrefl, 
To  flop  ihofe ills ;  and  heav'n  his  labours  blell  ; 
Difarmiiig  of  their  rage  thefavage  race  ; 
Exiending  o'er  the  land  the  fhield  of  peace. 

The  planters,  of  their  foes  no  more  afraid,  'j 
In  plenty  liv'd,  purfuing  gainful  trade  ;  V 

And  to  their  parent-land  large  tribute  paid.     J 

But  to  their  lord,  for  thofe  inceflant  cares, 
In  which  the  lire  and  fon  employ'd  their  years ; 
For  fo  much  treafure  fpent — what  gains  accrue  ? 
Small  the'r  amount  ! — perhaps  in  diflant  view, 
He  faw,  th'  advancing  province  would  afford 
An  ample  income,  to  fome  future  lord  : 
But  ere  his  progeny  receiv'd  that  gain, 
A  rourd  of  years  had  roU'd  their  courfe  in  vain. 

At  length,  to  you,  great  fir,  has  fortune  paid 
The  ini  'rcff  of  the  debt,  fo  long  delay'd  ; 
And  ev'ry  future  year  that  runs  his  race, 
Shall  to  your  revenue  add  large  increafe — 
If  you,  my  lord,  afford  your  gen'rous  aid, 
If  you  infpirit  our  decaying  trade. 

Too  long,  alas  !  tobacco  has  engrofs'd 
Our  cares,  and  now  we  mourn  our  markets  lofl  ; 
The  plenteous  crops  that  over-fpread  our  plains, 
Reward  with  poverty  the  toiling  fwains  : 
Their  finking  ftaple  chills  the  planters'  hearts, 
Nor  dare  they  venture  on  unpraflis'd  arts  ; 
Defpondent,  they  impending  ruin  view, 
Yet,  flarving,  muff  their  old  employ  piufue. 

If  you,  benevolent,  afford  your  aid, 
Your  faithful  tenants  fhall  enlarge  their  trade  : 
By  you  encouraged,  ariifls  fliall  appear, 
And,  quitting  crowded  towns,  inhabit  here. 
Well  pieas'd,  would  they  employ  their  gainful  hands, 
To  purchafe  and  improve  yoi;r  vacant  larids. 
While  fome  with  founding  axes  thin'd  the  woods, 
And  built  the  fhips   to  traveiie  briny    floods  ; 
Others,  induftnous,  would  with  haffy  care 
The  various  cari^oes  fiudioully  prepare. 


4i6  A  piSiurt  of  human  life.  [NovembCf,^ 

While  lliefe,  for  fifli,  the  wat'ry  world  explore, 
Thofe  would  refine  the  rich  meiallic  ore  : 
The  hiifbandman  might  from  his  fertile  field, 
Raift  finer  fiax  than  Germany  can  yield  : 
At-.d  from  our  looms,  might  curious  workmen  (how 
'J  hf  linen,  emulous  of  driving  fnow. 

To  feed  (he  worms  that  form  the  filky  fpoil, 
Vail  mulb'ry  groves,  fpontaneous,  crown  our  foil. 
O'er  tallcfl  trees  o.ir  vines,  wild-fpreading,  rife, 
And  hide  their  purple  cluflers  in  the  fkies  ; 
Did  art  reclaim  their  too-luxuriant  fhoots, 
And  fkilful  culture  tame  their  fylvan  fruits — 
We  might  a  Hood  of  native  wine  produce, 
And  rival  France  in  the  neftareous  juice. 

Thefe  bleflings  nature  to  this  land  imparts; 
She  only  aflis  the  aid  of  ufeful  arts, 
To  make  her  with  the  happiefl  regions  vie, 
That  fpread  beneath  the  all-furrounding  fky. 

An  hundred  funs  thro'  fumnier  figns  have  roli'd. 
An  hundred  winters  have  diffus'd  their  cold — 
Since  Maryland  has  Calvert's  race  obey'd, 
And  to  its  noble  lords  her  homage  paid. 
And  now,  the  laws  of  mighty  time  decree 
This,  for  the  year  of  facred  jubilee  : 
This  year,  diftmgnifli'd  far  above  the  reft, 
That  time  hath  fent,  fliall  be  for  ever  bleft  ! 
From  your  kind  vifit,  fhall  the  people  date     T 
A  happier  era,  mark'dby  fmiling  fate,  V 

To  raife  the  province  from  its  languid  ftate.     J 

Your  prefence  fliall  difperfe  the  cloud  that  fpreads, 
Threat'ning  to  ram  down  ruin  on  our  heads; 
And  from  the  breaking  gloom,  fliall  trade  difplay 
Her  beams,  and  warm  us  with  a  golden  ray. 

A  piBure  of  human  life, 

BEHOLD  that  fcene,  yon  trembling  main, 
On  whofe  fmooih  brow  foft  breezes  fleep  ! 
No  breathdiflurbs  iheaziuc  plain, 

Or  moves  the  furface  of  the  deep. 
F^ond  o'er  the  tide  the  veffels  run, 

Nor  fear  the  rocks,  nor  dread  the  wind  ; 
Unfold  iheir  canvafs  to  (he  fun, 

Regardlefs  of  the  florms  behind. 
But,  hark!  from  yonder  burilmg  clouds, 

\  he  teinpeft  breaks,  loud  thunders  roar, 
Which  Iplit  the  mails,  tear  off  the  fhrouds. 

And  dafli  them  headlong  on  the  fhore. 
By  flatt'ring  gales  too  foon  betray'd 

To  leave  their  port  and  tempt  the  wave, 
Thofe  billows  where  they  lately  play 'd. 

Become,  alas  !  too  foon  their  grave. 
In  this  fad  fcene  ihyfelf  behold. 

Nor  does  thy  blils  ihe  image  wrong  ; 
I'lie  rocks  that  dalh  our  hopes,  as  bold, 

The  liorms  that  vex  our  life,  as  llrong. 
Op'ning  by  fortune's  I'miles  to-day, 

Our  fame  looks  fair,  our  honours  bloom  j 
In  Tiioi  row.  with'ring,  all  decay, 

Shadow 'd  by  envy  or  a  lomb. 


vSg.] 


Belinda's  Canary  bird,  &c. 


V7 


Belinda's    Canary- bird. 

DELIGHTFUL,  airy,  fkipping 
thing, 
To  charm  by  nature  taught, 
How  canft  thou,  thus  imprifon'd,  fing, 
And  fwell  thy  downy  throat  ? 

Divine  would  be  the  poet's  lays, 
Breath'd  with  that  melting  air. 

With  which  thy  warbling  voice  repays 
Thy  beauteous  feeder's  care. 

Perhaps  the  favowrs  of  her  hand 
Thefe  happy  ftrains  infufe  : 

And  I  inir?ht  notes  as  fwect  command, 
Warm'd  by  fo  fair  a  mufe. 

The  influence  of  her  radiant  eye, 

And  her  reviving  fmiles. 
The  abfence  of  that  fun  fupply. 

Which  chears  thy  native  ifles. 

Bleft  ifles !  where  with  fuch  kindly  rays 
On  birds  and  trees  he  (hines. 

We  thence  enjoy  feraphic  lays. 
And  thence  celeftial  wines ! 

See  the  enliven'd  liquor  rife. 

As  dancing  to  her  fong  ! 
Its  virtue  with  the  mufic  vies, 

As  fweet,  as  clear,  as  ftrong. 

Had  but  thofe  forefts,  Orpheus  drew, 
Clos'd  in  their  fliadss  a  bud 

Of  equal  harmony  v/ith  you. 
No  tree  of  tafle  had  ftirr'd. 

The  groves  had  lifien'd  to  the  tongue 
Of  their  own  feather'd  choir. 

Nor  on  the  vocal  firings  had  hung, 
But  on  their  boughs  the  lyre. 

On  ficknefs. 

FROM  this  vain  world,  where  ills 
abound, 
And    joys    but    few,    unmix'd,    are 

found, 
Where  refllefs  foes  thofe  fe;v  infclf, 
And  friends  are  impotent,  at  befl, 
My  wearied  (oul,  good  Lord,  remove, 
To  bow'rsof  bills,  and  friends  above. 
1  faid  :  when,  lo  !  this  pray'r  pre- 

ferr'd, 
Stern  ficknefs,    (frightful gueR  !)   ap- 

pear'd. 
I  ffarted,  frown'd,  andcry'd  "begone 
*'  From  one  already  half  undone. 
*'  Can  pain  a  cure  for  forrow  be  ? 
"  Enough    I 'am    wretched   without 

thee." 
Weak  man,   who  errs    a  thoufand 

ways. 
And  cenfures  whatdeferves  hispraife! 
The  hideous  form  fo  feii:  'd  my  thought. 


I  then   th'  intrinfic  worth  forgot  : 
But,  welcome,  guefl  ;  for  now  I  find, 
Tho'  feeming  cruel,  thou  art  kind  : 
Kind  as  I  wifli'd  ;  andlead'ft  the  road, 
From  this  vain  world,  to   heav'n  and 

God. 
To  heav'n  and  God,  I'll  prefs  the  wav, 
Though  grim  the  pilot,  rough  ihe  fea. 
Who  can  his  courfe  relutlant  bend, 
When    that's   the   port,  and   he   the 

friend  ? 

••■<>-<^<^<^  •■■<>■» 

To  a  lady,    on  reading  Sherlock  up- 
on  death, 
TV,TISTAKENfdlr,   lay  Sherlock 

His  doBrine  is  deceiving  ; 
For,  whilfl  he  teaches  us  to  die, 

He  cheats  us  of  our  living. 
To  die's  a  lelion  we  fhall  know 

Too  foon,  without  a  mafier  ; 
Then  let  us  only  (iudy  now, 

How  we  may  live  the  faller. 

To  live's  to  love — toblofs,   be    blefi 

With  mutual  mclination  ; 
Share,   then,    my   ardour   in   your 
breaff. 

And  kindly  meet  my  paflion. 

But  if  thus  blefl;  I  may  not  !i\e. 

And  pity  you  deny, 
To  me  at  lealt  your  .Sherlock  give, 

'Tis  I  muft  learn  to  die. 


Woman's  hard  fate.     Ry  a  lady. 

HOW  wretched  is    poor  woniar.'s 
fate  ! 
No  happy  change  her  fortune  knows : 
Subject  to  man  in  ev'ry  flate. 
How  can  fhe  then  be  free  from  woes  ? 
In  youth,  a  father's  flern  command. 

And  jraloiiseyes,  control  her  will ; 
A  lordly  brother  watchful  (lands. 
To  keep  her  clofer  captive  ftill. 

The  tyrant  hufband  next  appears, 
W^ith  awful  and  contracted  brow; 

No  more  a  lover's  form  he  wears : 
Her   fi-ave's  become  her  fov 'reign 
now. 

If  from  this  fatal  bondage  free, 
And  not  by  marriage  chains confin'd, 

If,    blelf  with  fingie  life,   fhe  fee 
A  parent  fond,  a  brother  kind — 

Yet  love  ufurps  her  tender  breaft, 
And  paints  a  phoenix  to  her  eyes  ; 

Some  darting  youth  diOurbsher  reff  ; 
And  painful  fighs  in  fecret  rife. 


4i8 


Tht  rival  heanties,   &r. 


[November, 


Oh  cruel  pow'ry,    fince  you've  de- 

That  man,  vain  man,  {liould  bear 
the  fway, 
To  navHh  chains  add   flavifh  rr.ind, 
That  1  may  thus  your  will  obey. 


Theanfwer.     By  a  gentleman. 

HOW  happv    is  a   woman's  fate  ! 
Free  from  care,  and  free  from 
woe, 
Secure  of  man  in  ev  'ry  ftate, 

Her  guardian-god  below. 
In  youth,  a  father's  tender  love. 

And  wfll  experienc'd  eye, 
Reflrain  her  mind,   too  apt  to  rove, 

Enamour'd  with  a  toy. 
Suppofe  her  with  a  brother  bleft — 

A  brother,  hire,  is  kind  : 
But  in  the  hufiiand  ftands  confcft, 

The  father,  brother,  friend. 
*Tis  man's,  to  labour,  toil,  and  fweat, 

And  all  his  care  employ, 
Honour,  pow'r,  or  wealth,  to  get; 

'Tis  woman's  to  enjoy. 
But  look  we  on  thofe  halcyon  days, 

When  woman  reigns  fupreme. 
While  fupple  man    his  homage  pays. 

Full  proud  of  her  eileem — 
How  duteous  is  poor  Strephon's  love  ! 

How  anxious  is  his  care, 
Lell  e'en  the  zephyr  breathe  too  rough, 

And  difcompofe  the  fair  ! 
Then  fay  not,  any  pow'rs  ordain, 

That  man  ihould  bear  the  fway  : 
When  reafon  bids,    let  woman  reign, 

When  reafon  bids,  obey. 

<.<>-<^^  <S>  •••<)•" 

To  a  young  gentleman,  on  liis  return 
from  India. 

RESTOR'D  to  our  defuing  eyes, 
Amid  the  pleafures  you  infufe. 
Let  my  glad  thoughts  in  numbers  rife, 
And  bring  a  welcome  from  the  mufe. 

As  yet  a  mother's  fondert  love, 

Prints  on  thy  cheek  its  tender  feal, 
Her  eager  eyes  unweary'd  rove, 

Till  tears  her  inward  tranfportstell. 
Ere  the  dread  ocean  fafe  rcfign'd 

The  dear  rellorer  of  her  eale, 
She  trembled  at  the  gentle  wind, 

And  chid  the  whifper  of  the  breeze. 

Thy  fire,  with  clofe   enfolding  arms, 
Receives  thee  in  his  warm  embrace, 
Pleas'd  to  behold  her  fofter  charms 
'     Refembled  in  thy  manly  face. 


Lo!  v.here  his  younger  hope  appears, 
(BleG,  hcav'n,  the  dear,  deferving 
youth  !) 

Companion  of  thv  growing  years, 
And  partner  of  thy  early  youth. 

A  ufefnllife,  a  vii  tunus  name, 

Shall  kindlv  blefs  the   ripen'd  pair. 

Prolong  their  date,  advance  ihcir  fame. 
And  crown  the  happy  parents' care, 

..<>...<g»><^><S>  •"<>•• 

The  rival  beauties.     A  new  fong. 

AURELlA's  bold  and   lofty  mien 
Our  wond'ring  bofom-;  fires  : 
Whilll  Chloe's  beauty,  morefereno 
A  temp'rate  warmth  inlpires. 

Cbloe  can  gentle  love  bcflow, 
Like  rpriiig's  reviving  rays : 

F'ir'd  wi'h  Aurelia's  charms  we  glow 
With  ftrong,  but  traniient  blaze; 

Aureha  like  a  tyrant  reigns; 

Wuh  umelenting  eyes 
She  views  the  torments  uf  her  fwalns, 

And  glories  in  their  fighs. 
But  foon  for  freedom  they  contend, 

And  call  her  bonds  away  ; 
To  Chloe's  nobler  einpire  bend. 

And  blefs  her  gentler  fway, 

On  parties. 
OTH  make  the  public  good  theif 
J  plea, 

The  end  of  all  their  wilhes ; 
With  half  an  eye  a  man  may  fee. 
Both  want  the  loaves  and  filhes, 

••<)■••  <S^«S5><S>  ••<>■•• 

On  a  beejiijlcdin  honry. 

FROM  flow 'r  to  flow'r,   with  ea- 
ger pains, 
Sec  the  blell,  bufy  lab'rer  fly  ;   _ 
Whsn  all  that  from  her  toil  fhe  gams, 
Is,  in  the  fweets  (lie  hoards,  to  die. 
'Tis  thus,  would  man   the   truth   be- 
lieve, 
With  life's  foft  fweets,  each  fav'ruc 

joy  : 
If  we  tafte  wifely,  they  relieve, 
Butif  we  plunge  too  deep,  deflroy. 

A  piSIure  too  true. 

TENDER-harded,firokeanetile, 
Aud  It  nins^s  yon  foryour  pains; 
Crafp  alike  a  man  of  mettle, 
An(^.  it  foft  as  filk  remains. 
'  i"i^  ihe  fame  wiih  grov'ling  natures  ; 
Ufe  them  kindly,  ihey  rebel; 


K^D'l 


Tie  frank  lover. 


413 


Eiu,  be  roii,s;h  as  n'.Uir.pg- grater.";, 
And  the  ro,i;ucs  obey  you  well. 

The  frank   lover, 
'npiSnot,  becaufe  I'm  more  fin- 

X  cere. 

Or  lefs  inclin'd  to  rove, 
Tbit  I  a  heart  fo  conRant  bear, 

So  faithful  in  its  love  : 

No,ChIoe!— I,likealltherert, 
From  fair  to  fair  would  range, 

But  that  It's  more  my  interclt 
Still  to  love  on,  than  change. 

All  charms,  which  others  recommend, 

In  thee  alone  I  find  ; 
Beauty  and  temper  kindly  blend 

The  handfome  and  the  kind. 
Then  why  fliould  I  inconflanf  prove? 

Why  other  nymplis  purfue  ? 
When  you  polfefs  all  1  could  love, 

'Tis  prudence  to  be  true. 

A  defcription. 

TO    the  lily's  milk-white  glow 
Add  the  rofe-bud,  ere  it  blow  ; 
To  Raphael's  touch,  and  Titian's  dye. 
Add  Coneggio's  fymmetry  : 

Iv'ry  bring  from  Afric's  Ibore, 
Corals  thence,  where  billows  roar; 
Ebony,  and  (hining  jet. 
All  be  in  the  cafkct  met : 

In  Arabia's  land  exhale, 
Odours  from  tl!ef])icy  gale; 
Rich  perfumes  from  India  bring, 
Catch  the  meadow's  Iweets  in  fpring  ; 

More  the  piflure  to  adorn, 
Draw  the  blufhes  of  the  morn  ; 
In  Aurora's  (lowing  veil, 
Lightly  be  the  dandel  dreit ; 

Shape  and  air  of  Venus  (how, 
Let  the  Graces  fmiles  bellow  ; 
Lallly,  to  complete  the  whole. 
Give  the  nymph  Minerva's  foul : 

Thefe,  the  poets  all  declare, 
Conftitute  the  charming  fair  ; 
Thefe,  if  you  fearch  the  world  around, 
In  Celia  only  will  be  found. 

Song, 

LET  others  boall  of  noble  birth, 
Or  think,  in  wealth  confilis  all 
worth — 
Alas,  my  ev'ry  wifli  on  earth, 
Is  center'd  in  my  Anna. 


Such  beauty  in  her  form  I  find, 
Such  Virtue  decks  her  lovely  mind. 
The  pride,  the  glory  of  her  kind. 
Is  fure  my  lovely  Anna. 

Bright  fhines  the  glorious  orb  of  day. 
And  bright  is  Luna's  fiiver  ray  ; 
A  luilre  bright  the  ftars  difplay  : 

But  far  more  bright  is  Anna. 
Sweet  is  the  gale  that  gently  blows. 
And  fweet  the  blulhmg  damafk  rofe  ; 
But  fweet,  Oh  !  fweeierfar  than  thofcj^ 

Art  thou,  my  lovely   Anna. 

Could  I  a  diadem  obtain, 
I'he  glitt'ring  toy  I  woidd  difdain. 
Nor  pomp,    nor   wealth,    my   heart 
Ibould  gam. 

From  tfiee,  my  lovely  Anna. 
For  iliee  I'd   fcorn  a  monarch's  ftatc. 
And  think  it  far  a  happierfate, 
To  dwell  in  fome  obfcure  retreat. 

With  innocence  and  Anna. 

While  lambkins  o'er  the  plain  fliall 

rove, 
And  feat  her 'd   fongfters    haunt    the 

grove, 
So  long,  my  heart,  with  guiltlefs  love. 

Shall  burn  for  lovely  Anna. 
And  when  I'm  rall'd  to  endlefs  reft^ 
May  I,  expiring  on  her  bread, 
To  heav'n  prefer  this  laft  requeil. 
Oh  !  blefs  my  lovely  Anna ! 

To  a  young  lady  on  making  me  a  pre- 
Jent  of  a  pair  of  worked  ruffles. 

WHO  envies  not  my  happy  hands. 
Encircled  by    thefe    flow'ry 
bands, 
Which      Stella's      {lender      fingers 

wrought, 
Which  Stella  to  perfeftion  brought  ? 
Stella,  who  knows  to  touch  the  foul, 
Whofe  voice  might  favages  controul ; 
Whofe  temper's  fweet  beyond  com- 
pare, 
Eafy  her  fhape,  genteel  her  air. 
Thus  can  the  deareft  maid  employ, 
With  niceU  art  the  fiighteft  toy  J 
Thus  by  her  needle's  magic  pow'r. 
Is  fiiap'd  the  leaf,  is  rais'd  the  flowr'  : 
May  this,  my  fair,  an  omen  prove, 
That  thou  wilt  blefs  me  with  thy  love  ; 
That  thou  wilt  give  me  all  thy  charms. 
Thus  circle  me  in  thy  fond  arms ; 
Then  fliall  I  blell  and  happy  be, 
Ever  happy  when  with  thee  ! 

CELADON. 


420 


Ode  toya/Iiion,  &c» 


Ode  to  faJJiiono 

BEWITCHING  falhion  !  with 
v\'hat  pow'r 
Defpo  ic  dofl  thou  rule  ! 
To  thee,  fubmiflive,  bend,  each  hour, 
I'lie  Taint,  the  fage,  the  fool. 

Obedient  to  thy  potent  fway, 
The  greatei},  bell,  are  fewod  ; 

By  tliee  are  govcrn'd,  ev"ry  day, 
The  ending  year  around. 

As 'thou  doll,  fanpy- guided,  veer, 

They,  void  of  mental  force, 
Atientive  to  ihy  coinpals,  Ueer 
'  Thro'  life  their  changeful  courfe. 

But  oh  !  how  oft  by  thee  miflcd, 
On  quick-farids  do  they  run  ; 

And  rocks  behold,   exciting  dread, 
Behold  !   but  cannot  iliun  ! 

Afong. 

WHEN   Chloe  try'd  her  virgin 
fires, 
And  lirii  her  fhafis  let  fly; 
Shefi'il'd  mvbrealt  with  vaguadefires : 
— I  thought  it  was  her  eye. 

When  melting  Hrains   fell  from  her 
mouth, 

Which  gods  might  wifn  to  fip  ; 
When  all  was  harmony  and  truth, 

— I  thought  it  was  her  lip. 

But  when  fhe  danc'd  !  fuch  air,  fuch 
grace, 

What  mortal  could  efcape  ? 
I  look'd  no  longer  onher  face — 

I  fwore  it  was  her  fliape. 

When    feen    by   chance,   her   bread 
befpoke 

The  piiiity  within  ; 
Her  fnowy  arm — heriv'ry  neck— 

— 'Twas  then  her  lovely  fkin, 

Noreye,  nor  ihnpe,  nor  neck,  norface, 

My  bofom  (lid  enthral : 
'Twasfcnte,  I  found,  the  happy  grace, 

That  gave  a  charm  to  ail. 


[November, 
the    fplendid 


To  a  gentleman  who  had  long  ur- 
ged the  writer  to  lijien  to  his 
addr-Jfti.  and  quit  a  retirement,  to 
which  dijappointments  and  trials 
of  nnrious  kinds  had  induced  her 
in  fiv. 

FORBEAR,  Lpand.er^  tempt  me 
not 
'lo  quit  my  peaceful,  happy  cot, 
in  gayer  fcenes  lo  dwell  ; 


The    fprightly    dance 

board, 
Cannot  fuch  joys  to  me  afford, 
As  does  my  humble  cell. 

No  troubles  here  moled  my  peace  ; 
In  calm,  uninterrupted  eafe, 

Mydaysferenely  glide; 
Wean'd  from  the  world,  toheav'nly 

truth 
I  confecrate  my  blooming  vouth  ; 

Ah  !  draw  me  not  afide  ! 

Sorrow  inflrufts  us  to  be  wife- 
It  earlv  fet  before  my  eyes 
The  vanity  of  (liow. 
I   found    that    fplendor,     drefs,   and 

wealth, 
Without     contentment,     eafe,     and 
health, 
No  ii3()pinef5  beftow. 

My  heart     opprefs'd    with   poignant 

grief. 
In  crouds  I  vainly  fought  relief — 

Mv  care  ftill  weightier  grew  : 
At  lengih  I  left  the  noify  town, 
To  dear  Amanda  haOen'd   down, 

And  bade  the  world  adieu. 

Her  gentle  converfc  footh'd  my  woes, 
And  foon  reOor'd  to  fweet  repofe 

My  late  diftrafted  mind  ; 
Onr  views  extend  beyond  the  fkies. 
While  friendfhip's  foft,  endearing  ties 

Our  fouls  in  concord  bind. 

Shall  I  then  quit  this  dear  retreat. 
Content's  unenvy'd,  tranquil  feat. 

In  bufy  life  to  join  ? 
No  :  here  my  guililefs  hours  I'llfpend, 
Contemplate  on  my  latter  end, 

Nor  bow  at  folly's  (hrine. 

The  timorous  lover. 
F  in  that  breaft,  fo  good,  fo  pure, 
Compallion  ever  lov'd  to  dwell. 
Pity  the  forrows  i  endure  : 

The  caufe,  I  cannot — dare  not  tell. 
The  grief,  that  on  my  quiet  preys, 
That  rends  my  heart,  that  checks 
my  tongue, 
I  fear,  will  lait  me  all  my  days  : — 
But  feel,  it  will  not  laft  me  long. 


Onfilence, 

SILENCE   in  love    betrays  more 
woe, 
Than  woid«,  tho*  ere  fo  witty; 
Th-*  beggar  who  is  dumb,  we  knoWj 
Deierves  a  double  pity. 


I 


17%-] 


Foreign  intelligence. 


4ti 


FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE. 
Laitfanne^  Augxijl  ig, 

I ^  RANGE  lias  given  ihc  fi-nal, 
and  ail  Eiir<ipe  are  breakin.;^  their 
chains — at  le.i!i  the  fermentajtun  is 
ciMifiderable  in  th'.-ff  parts.  Mod  of 
the  Swifs  are  arhiitcd  by  the  faiue 
fpiiit  as  the  Fn;nch, 

At  Berne,  Fnbourg,  anil  Soleure, 
iliere  are  inlurrettions  which  appear 
of  a  very  ferious  nature.  The  lowed 
of  the  citizen'!,  who  have  liiiheito 
been  prechflvd  from  any  advanre- 
ment,  exclaim  (Iron^ly  agaiiiit  this 
injnitice,  and  alfo  agnin.'l  the  exclu- 
five  privileges  of  the  nobles  andaiillo- 
crat:cs  ;  and  they  feL'tn  difpoied  to 
fupport  I  heir  claini<;  by  force  of  arms, 
and  to  throw  oft  the  yoke  which  has 
been  heavy  on  them  fo  long. 

Lijle,  September  3. 
The  firfl  battalion  of  Conde  is  gone 
from  hence  to  Boulogne,  to  join  the 
fecond,  v/hich  has  formed,  in  Bre- 
tagne,  a  numerous  and  formidable 
force.  It  is  compi>fed  of  a  regiment 
of  chafTeurs,  a  regiment  of  artillery, 
and  great  numbers  of  other  regiments. 
'Ihey  have  unofficered  themfelves, 
and  taken  an  oath  of  fidelity  to  one 
Picard,  a  feijeant  of  the  regiment  of 
•artillery  ;  and  it  is  under  the  com- 
mand of  this  extraordinary  chief,  and 
attended  by  a  train  of  field  pieces, 
they  proceed  to  fome  new  enterprife 
of  commotion, 

Vienna,  September  27. 
Intelligence  has  been  received  here, 
of  the  trenches  having  been  opened 
before  Belgrade,  both  on  the  heights, 
where  mai  fiial  Laudohn's  army  is  poll- 
ed, and  on  the  banks  of  the  Save,  in 
front  of  Semlin,  where  prince  de 
L  gne  commands. 

Pari  a.  0£lober  7. 

It  being  cuftomary  for  the  gardes 
du  corps  at  Verfaiiles  to  give  an  en- 
tertainment to  any  new  regiment  that 
arrives  ihtre,  ihe  regiment  de  Flan- 
dres  was,  on  T'hnrfday  lafl,  fiimptn- 
onfly  en'ertaincd  wuh  a  dinner  by 
that  corps  in  the  palace.  After  din- 
ner, their  mott  chrillian  majefties 
judged  proper  to  honour  the  company 
with  their  prerence,and  cohdefcended 
to  fliew  their  fatisfaf.lion  at  the  general 
joy  which  appeared  among  the  guefls. 
On   their  appearance,   the  mufic   in- 

V'.oi..  VI.  No.  V. 


flantly  played  the  favourite  fong,  O 
Richard  !  0  ?non  Rdi  !  and  the  com- 
pany, joining  in  chorus,  feemed  to 
unite  all  ideas  in  one  unanimous  fcnti- 
ment  of  loyalty  and  love  for  the  king  : 
and  nothing  was  heard,  for  fome  time, 
but  repeated  ftouts  of  vive  le  rci  I 
within  and  without  the  palace.  In 
the  height  of  their  zeal,  they  proceeded 
to  tear  the  national  cockades  from  their 
hats,  and  trampled  them  under  their 
feet.  The  gardes  du  corps  fupplied 
themfelves  with  black  cockades,  in 
lieu  of  thofe  they  had  treated  with 
fuch  difdain.  The  news  of  thefe 
proceedings  foon  reached  Paris,  where 
a  general  ill-humour  vifibly  gained 
ground. 

On  Saturday,  there  were  great  dif- 
tiirbances  in  the  palais  royal,  and  it 
appeared  unfafe  for  any  one  to  appear 
with  a  black  cockade,  as  feveral  fo- 
reigners experienced,  from  whofe  hats 
they  were  torn  with  much  violence, 
and  abufivc  language. 

On  Sunday,  the  confufion  increaf- 
ed,  and  a  vaft  concourfe  of  people 
tumultuoufly  affembled  at  the  town 
houfe,  under  the  pretence  of  demand- 
ing bread,  and  enquiring  into  the 
real  caufes  of  the  extreme  fcarcity  of 
it,  at  ihisfeafon  of  theyear. 

On  Monday  morning,  a  number 
of  women,  to  the  amount  of  upwards 
of  five  thoiifand,  armed  with  ditiererit 
weapons,  marched  in  regular  order  to 
Verfaiiles,  followed  by  the  numerous 
inhabitan;s  of  the  Fauxbourgs,  St. 
A!Uo'ne  and  St.  IVIarccau,  with  fe- 
veral detachments  f>f  the  city  mili- 
tia ;  and,  in  the  evening,  the  marquis 
de  la  Fayette,  at  the  head  of  20,000  of 
that  corps,  likewife  marched  to  Ver- 
faiiles. 

On  Tuefday  morning,  an  account 
was  received,  of  fome  blood  having 
been  fpilt.  The  gardes  du  corps  fired 
on  the  Parifians,  and  five  or  fix  per- 
fons,  chiefly  women,  were  killed. 
The  regiment  de  Flandres  was  alfo 
drawn  out  to  oppofe  this  torrent ;  but 
the  word,  to  fire,  was  no  fooner 
given,  ihan  they  all,  to  a  man,  clubbed 
their  arms,  and,  with  a  (lioutof  '  vitc 
fa  nation  /'  went  over  to  the  Parifians. 
Some  troops  of  dragoons,  that  are 
quartered  at  Verfaiiles,  alfo  laid  down 
their  arms ;  and  the  Sv/ifs  detach- 
ments remained  motionlefs,  having 
received  no  orders  from  their  officers 


I 


i'il 


Foniin  inttlU'^enc!. 


[iVovcmher, 


to  fire.  The  gaiJes  du  corps,  being 
thu-!  abandoned,  and  overpowered  by 
numberf;,  fled  precipitatfly  into  the 
wardens  and  wood',  where  they  were 
pirfiied,  and  many  of  them  kdled  and 
Liken  prifoners,  Some  of  the  heads 
i/f  ihiife  who  were  killed,  were  carried 
lo  Paris,  and  paraded  ihro'igh  the 
llicels,  on  p-.kes. 

The  fa;ne  morning,  a  report  came, 
that  the  kini',  queen,  and  royal  fami- 
ly were  on  iheir  way  to  Pan?.  Upi^n 
thi^,  the  people  began  to  affeinhle 
'  frrim  all  parts  of  the  town,  and  above 
hfiy  thouland  of  the  militia  proceeded 
to  line  (he  flreets,  and  the  road  to 
VerTailles.  Their  majefJies  and  royal 
family  ai  cordmgly  arrived  between  fe- 
ven  and  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening, 
afier  having  been  fix  hours  on  the 
road,  i  he  carriages  all  proceeded 
lo  the  townr.oufe.  1  he  concourfeof 
people  that  attended,  is  not  to  be  de- 
icr:bed;  and  the  fliouts  of  '  vive  la 
nation!'  filled  the  air.  From  the 
townhoufe,  they  were  condn6ied  to 
the  palace  of  the  Thuillerics,  thongh 
totally  unprepared  for  their  reception, 
where  they  paffed  the  night. 
The  following  is  the  letter  which 
caufcd  the  Jirjl  alarm  in  the  nati- 
onal ajftmhly, 
"  Gtntlemcv, 
"  T  AWS  newly  cniifliiuted,  can 
i-i  only  be  properly  judged  of, 
when  laken  in  the-r  g-^neral  niafs — 
In  fiich  great  and  important  objecls,  the 
whole  is  joined  by  one  common  link. 

"  N'everthelefs,  I  feel  it  extreme- 
ly natural,  that  in  a  mrjment  when  we 
invite  the  naiion  to  come  to  the  fuc- 
coiir  of  the  flate,  by  a  fignal  aft  of 
confi.dcnce  and  patriotifm,  we  fliould 
affure  it  of  its  necellity  atid  proprie- 
ty. Therefore,  in  the  hope  that  the 
Hrll  articles  of  the  conflitution,  which 
you  have  prefented  to  me,  united  with 
the  continuation  of  your  labours,  will 
fulfil  the  expeflation  of  my  people, 
aid  fecure  the  happinefs  and  profpe- 
rity  of  my  kingdom,  I  acquiefce  in 
ihefe  articles,  according  to  your  de- 
fire,  but  on  this  pofitive  condition, 
from  which  I  never  will  depart — 
that  the  general  refult  of  your  deli- 
berations fhall  leave  the  entire  eifec\ 
of  the  executive  power  in  the  hands 
of  the  monarch. 

"  A  general  view  of  my  obferva- 
tions   fliall  be  laid    before   you ;    by 


which  you  will  be  made  acquainted, 
that,  in  the  prefent  order  of  things, 
I  can  neither  with  efficacy  proieti  the 
recovery  of  legal  impofitions,  the  free 
circulation  ol'  money  and  pioviiions, 
nor  the  individual  hifely  of  mv  citi-- 
zens.  I  will  ncverthelefs  fulfil  the 
eiTential  duties  of  royalty: — the  wel-. 
fare  of  my  fubjeiis,  ihe  public  tran- 
qudity,  and  the  prelervation  of  good 
Older  anion;/,  foc;eiy,  are  dependent 
on  it.  It  is  my  wiih,  therefore,  that 
we  make  it  a  common  caufe,  to  re- 
move thofe  obdaclcs  which  may  ob- 
Oruct  fo  dclirable  and  falutaryan  end. 

'"  It  remains  with  nic  to  acquaint 
you,  with  fianknefs,  that,  if  I  give 
niy  acqiiiefccnce  to  the  various  arti- 
cles of  the  conltitution  which  you 
have  laid  before  me,  it  is  not  that 
they  are,  according  to  my  ideas,  a  mo- 
del of  perfttlion  ;  but  that  I  confider 
it  as  praifeworthy  in  me  not  to  de- 
lay paying  attention  to  the  prefent 
wifiies  of  the  deputies  of  the  nation, 
and  the  alarming  circumilances  which 
To  f!ronf;!y  invite  us  to  rertore  the 
public  tranqu  lity,  and  confidence  a- 
mong  the  people. 

"  I  do  not  now  explain  rnyfelf,  on 
your  declaration  of  the  rights  of  man 
and  citizen.  It  contains  very  excel- 
lent maxims,  proper  to  guide  your  de- 
liberations; but  principle-:,  which  are 
liable  to  d.fl^rcnt  applications,  and 
even  conflructions,  cannot  be  jufily 
appreciated — nor  is  it  necefTary  they 
Should  be — until  the  moment  when 
their  true  fenfe  is  fixed  by  thofe  laws 
to  which  they  aieto  ferve  as  a  bafis. 
'•(Signed)  LOUIS." 

OB.  12.  On  the  marquis  de  la  Fa- 
yette's arrival  at  Verfaillcs,  on  Mon- 
day even  ins?,  he  demanded  an  audience 
of  the  king  ;  but  courtly  firmnefs  be- 
ing then  in  iis  meridian  glory,  he  was 
peremptorily  refufed  admittance.  He 
then  figndicd  his  refolution  of  not 
quitting  Vcrfailles  until  he  had  a  per- 
fonal  communication  with  his  majefly. 

In  the  interim,  the  rage  of  the  wo- 
men broke  forth  into  violence  ;  the 
gardes  du  corps  fired  on  them  ;  the 
regintent  de  Fiandres.and  other  troops, 
refufed  to  acl  ;  and  the  ill  advifcd 
monarch  was  once  more  obliged  to  re- 
cede from  his  lof  y  pretenfions,  being 
allowed  only  five  minutes  confidera- 
tion  by  the  marquis,  who  declared, 
that   he  was  charged,  by  tfie  city  of 


\7''9-] 


American  intelligence. 


483 


Paris,  to  reqmre  his  prcTence  in  ihe 
cap  tal :  and  in  cafe  of  a  rcfufal,  cou!J 
nwt  be  relponfible  fur  his  life. 

The  k.ng  buril  into  lears,  and  at- 
tempted to  heiitaie  ;  but  convinced, 
at  length,  ihat  his  danger  was  immi- 
iient,  ne  reliittanily  agreed  to  fet  oft 
on  I'uefday;  on  which  day  he  pro- 
ceeded in  his  carnage  to  Paris  with 
the  queen,  munheur,  his  filler,  aunts, 
&c.  m  twelve  carnages,  preceded 
and  followed  by  the  Parifian  guards, 
the  loldiers  of  other  regiments,  an  im- 
menf°  concourfe  of  p^opl-,  and  with 
the  heads  of  the  dui;c  de  Chatelet,  the 
duke  dc  Giiiche,  arid  the  comie  de 
Lulignan,  carried  on  pikes  in  ihc  front 
of  the  procelhon. 

London,    September  5. 

The  Ipirit  of  hberty  has  Ipread  a- 
mong  the  Corhcans,  who  have  abo- 
lifhed  their  old  con!!itulion  and  ella- 
bhOied  a  new  one,  on  the  baiis  of 
freedom. 

Sept.  16.  The  nobled'eat  Liege  have 
advancedone  hundred  ihoufand  florins 
to  fupport  the  neceilary,  expenfe  in 
cafe  of  any  attempts  againll  their  re- 
ellabl  fhed  liberties. 

Sept.  19.  The  fp-r:tof  liberty  has 
cvolled  the  Rhine. 

1  lie p?t)ple o\  the badiwick  of  W'ld- 
Hadt  and  LieLhien.iu,  belonging  to  the 
landgrave  of  HeUe  Darm'.ladi,  have 
driven  away  all  the  perions  employed 
by  the  prince,  as  colieftors  of  hs  re- 
venue,and  demoLflied  the  toll-houfes. 

September  10.  The  national  affem- 
bly  of  !•  ratice  have  come  to  the  fol- 
lowing rcfolutions  ; 

ill.  The  national  aiTimbly  ordain, 
that  in  future  no  money  (ha'il  be  fent 
to  the  coart  of  Rome,  to  the  vice- 
legatefhip  of  Avignon,  nor  to  the 
nunciat  of  Lucerne,  for  any  reli- 
gious purpofe  whatever  ;  but  the  pa- 
riihioners  Ihail  apply  to  their  bidiops 
f(jr  benehces  and  dilpenfations,  which 
(liall  be  granted  to  them,  gratis,  not- 
withftanding  any  privilege  or  excep- 
tion to  the  contrary.  All  the  churches 
in  France  (hall  enjoy  the  fame  liberty. 

endly.  No  pcrfon  'hall  in  future 
hold  a  benefice,  or  benefices,  exceed- 
ing the  annual  income  of  30C0  livres. 
No  perfon  fhall  enjoy  penlions,  or 
benefices,  to  a  greater  amount  than 
the  above  funi  of  3000  livres. 

3dly.  On  the  delivery  of  the  ac- 
count, \vhich  flull  be  laid  before  the 


aflcmbly,  of  the  (late  of  pcnfionsand 
rewards,  the  aflcmbly,  in  concert  wiih 
the  king,  (liall  proceed  to  lupprefs 
thofe  that  have  not  been  merited,  and 
to  reduce  fuch  as  fhall  appear  excef- 
fivc.  reierving  to  themfelves  the  pow- 
er of  determining  a  certain  fum,  which 
the  king  fiiall  di'pofe  of  in  future,  to 
fuch  purpofe. 

The  fum  wliich  the  afTembly  intend 
to  allow  the  rettors  of  country  pa- 
lifhes,  in  lieu  of  tithes,  is  no  more 
than  1^00  livres,  or  about  70  guineas 
a  year. 

September  C2.  Such  authentic  in- 
telligence has  t)f  late  been  received  of 
the  defcendants  of  the  einigra;ors, 
who  are  reported  to  inhabit  the  banks 
of  the  Milhiripi,  tliat  aWel'h  gentle- 
man, now  in  London,  is  actually  en- 
gaged in  an  expedition  to  the  new 
world,  in  order  fully  to  afcertain  the 
tri;th  of  that  ancient  tradition. 

This  underukmg,  if  profecuted, 
will  be  much  to  the  benefit  of  iciencc, 
and  the  graiaication  of  ant.quarian 
curiofity. 

Sept.  24.  The  fpiril  of  patriotifin, 
which  France  lias  communicated  10 
the  country  of  Liege,  has  already 
fp;ead  further  into  ihe  German  em- 
pire, to  be  fuccei'.ively  communicated, 
no  doubt,  among  the  other  nations  of 
Europe,  where\cr  grofs  abufes  of  cx- 
clufive  privileges  fubfilfi  W'e  have 
juil  received  a  letter  from  Hildeflieim, 
a  free  and  imperial  city  in  Lower 
Saxony,  the  inhabitants  of  whichare 
a  mixture  of  lutherans  and  catholics, 
which  informs  us,  that  on  the  firU  of 
this  month,  the  citizens,  dilfatisfied 
with  the  ruinous  flateof  the  public  af- 
fairs, and  with  the  ariflocratic  ufurpa- 
tions  Ml  their  magiflracy,  at  firfl  leffi- 
fied  ^.i\v  fenfe  in  murmurs,  at  iheir 
council  having  granted  the  right  of 
pa  ft  u  rage  of  a  common,  belonging  to 
the  city,  to  a  neighbouring  convent, 
and  of  the  damage  done  to  the  com- 
mon, in  breaking  it  up  for  clay,  for  the 
ufe  of  a  hrick-kiln,  belonging  to  tuc 
council.  More  than  four  hundred 
citizens  afTeinblcd  round  the  hotel  de 
ville,  and  forced  the  magiflracy  to 
go  along  with  them  to  the  common 
field,  to  infpecl  perfonally  the  da- 
mage fuflained.  This  Hep  wanted  lit- 
tle of  occafioning  a  general  infurrec- 
tlon,  which  was  prevented  by  the 
prudent  meafures  of  foraeof  the  lead- 


4«4 


American  inlclli''cnce. 


[Novemtcr, 
I 

ing  citizens,  who  at  length  found  the     accufed  of  embezzling  large   fums  of 


means  of  uniting  the  whole  city  in  an 
orderly  and  res^ular  coahtion,  to  ft)rce 
the  magii'lraies  (o  remedy  the  mulii- 
plied  aliiifes.  On  the  remonitrances 
made,  the  magiilracy  immediately  de- 
clarea  themfelves  ready  to  fatisfy  the 
})ublic  demands.  In  conre(iiience,  a 
general   alFembly  of  the   citizens  was 


money  en!rul!cd  to  his  care,  tor  the 
jiurciiale  of  arms  and  aminuniiion. 
iiir.  Deane  fougl:l  for  an  afyhnn  in 
this  (^'untry;  where  his  habits  of  life, 
^a'  tirll  economical,  and  aftcrv.ards  pe- 
nurious in  the  extreme,  amply  refircd 
the  in.ilevolcnce  of  his  enemies. 

So  reduced,  indeed,  has   this  gen- 


held,  in  which  were  eletted  thirty  fix  tleman,  who  was    fnppofcd    to  have 

reprefentatives,  who  are  aufhorifed  to  embezzled   upwards  t)f  one   hundred 

fearch    into   abufes,  and  to  feek  their  thoufand  pounds  iierling,  lately  been, 

remedy,  accoidng  to  the  laws  of  their  that  he  experienced  all  the  horrors  of 

ancient  coniiiiuiion.       Since   this  e-  tl;e  rnofl  abjecl  ))oveity,  in  the  capial 


lettion,  every  thing  has  remained  quiel. 

Oil.  I.  1  he  French  qaeen  has  pre- 
fcnted  her  jewels  to  the  national  af- 
fcmbly.  How  much  would  it  re- 
dound to  (he  piaiie  of  our  crowned 
head'^,  to  emulate  her  conduCi,  were 
Inch  a  furrender  even  made  to  reftore 
to  their  freedom  thoufands  of  wretch- 
ed and  pining  confined  debiois. 

The  advantage  gained  by  the  Ruf- 
fians over  the  Swedes,  appears, 
by  very  late  if>tell!gence,  to  be 
much  greater  than  was  at  firft  flared. 


>f  I<ngland  ;  and  lias,  for  ihefe  la!l 
few  months,  bcf  n  almofl  in  danger  of 
liarving. 

(Jtioher  lo.  The  arrival  of  the  king 
has  occafioned  univerfal  joy  at  Paris  ; 
and  It  vvas  to  be  the  fubjtcl  of  the  deli- 
beration cf  the  dillriHs,  Ocl.  8,  to 
requell  the  members  of  the  naiional 
adembly  <o  adjourn  their  mectinir  (o 
the  capital,  where  the  obnoxious  part 
of  the  ariflocratic  party  v.'ill  probably 
not  choofe  lo  attend  their  duty. 
OBober  I'i..     IJy  accounts  received 


From  the  preparations  al  S.'uckholm,  in  town  late  laft  night,  we  have  good 

it  is,  however,  expefcled,  that  the  king  authoruy  for  alferting,  that,  at  Brnf- 

of  Sweden  v/iil  foon  be  able  to  face  fels,  on  Monday  lafl,  all  the  principal 

them  on  equal  terms.  jieople  were  taking  up  arms,  and  pre- 

By  our  letters  from  Peterfburg,  v.'e  paring  to  join   the   army  of  Flemifb 

learn,  that  the   Ruffians   have   lately  militia,  at  Bois  le  Due. 

received  an  important  check,  both  by  The   emperor's  troops  at  ErufTels, 

iea   and  land.     The  Turkiih  admiral  are  only  6000   firong,  and  fome  hun- 

has  certainly  defeated  theirfleet  on  the  dreds  of  thofe  have  threatened   to  lay 

Black    Sea,    captured  fome  of  their  down  their  arms, 

(liips, and  routed  the  reft  of  their  fqua-  Ocl,  eo.     An  exprefs  arrived  at  the 

dron.     Much  about  the  fame  time,  a  imperial  ambafTador's  iail  night,  with 

whole    regiment  of   Ruffian   cavalry  the  imporiant  news  of  the  furrender 

were  cut  off  in  attempting  to  retreat  of  Jjelgrade. 

from  Fockzani.  It  is  alio  reported,  tliaf  6000  Pruf- 

Silas  Deane,  who  died  a  few  days  fian  troops  have  entered  Brabant,  in 

fince,  at  Deal,  in   Kent,  was  one  of  fupport   of   the  infurgcius,    and   that 

the  moll  remarkable   inilances  of  ike  the    Dutch    arc  inarching,    with    all 

verfatility  of  fortune,   v/hich  has  oc-  polTible  e>^]jcdition,  to   poifefs  them- 

curred,  perhaps,    during  the   prefent  lelves  of  the  barrier  towns. 

century.  _<>..<^=><^<^5>..^).- 

Being  a  native  and  merchant  of  Eof-  AMERICAN  INTELLIGENCE.  ' 

ton,  at  a  very  early  period  of  the  A-  Lexivgton,    Augnji   5. 

merican  war,  he  was  felected  by  con-  On    the    9th    inft.    at    about     five 

grefs  as  one  of  the  reprcfentatives  of  o'clock  in    the    evening,    a   party  of 

America  at  the  court  of  France.  about  four    Indians,    and  one   white 

During  his  refidence  in  that  king-  man,  killed  two  fmall  negro  children, 
dom,  he  lived  in  great  alflnence,  and  near  colonel  Johnfon's.  and  toma- 
was  prefented  by  Louis  XVI.  with  kawked  two  negroes ;  the  alarm  fpread 
his  piHure  fet  round  with  brilliants,  as  inflantly,  and  about  ,500  volunteers' 
a  mark  of  refp?ft,  on  account  of  his  collefled  on  the  fpot  early  next  morn- 
integrity  and  abilities.  jng,  but  co^ild  notdifcover  what  ro\iie 

Having,  however,  foonaftetj  been  ihcy  had  taken. 


1783.] 


American   intelligence. 


425 


Angvjla,  {Georgia)  Otl,  20. 

The  governor  has  received  a  dif- 
paich  from  col.  Howell,  of"  Effing- 
iiaai  couniy,  announcing  that  depre- 
daiioni  have  been  ah-eady  cominitted 
by  the  Ind'.atr^,  lince  their  departure 
from  the  Rock  LandiUfj,  by  laking 
ioiir  negroes  and  a  horl'e  from  captain 
Jiird,  and  tliree  horfes  from  mr. 
LoHinger,  and  ihat  a  party  had  gone 
HI  purliiit. 

Ckarlejlon,   {S.  C.)  Otl.  24. 

It  IS  reported,  that  the  emperor  of 
Morocco  lately  fent  a  vefRd  to  Ma- 
deira, with  inforinatiiin  ro  mr.  Clarice, 
onr  c!iar<.;e  des  affaires  at  that  place, 
of  his  intention,  in  ihecourfe  of"  this 
winter,  to  difpaich  four  vefTjis  to  A- 
iner;ca  for  the  pnrpofe  of  trading. 
'Ihis  (lep  is  taken  to  prevent  any 
alarm  by  the  appearance  of  vefiels  on 
our  coalf^  which,  being  built  in  the 
Turkifli  fafhion,  might  befuppofed  to 
belong  10  our  enemies,  the  Aitferiues, 
iiiflead  of  our  ally  the  emperor  of 
Morocco. 

Newbury  port,  November  4. 

Friday  lall  the  beloved  prefident  of 
the  united  dates  made  his  entry  into 
this  town  :  and  never  did  a  perfon  ap- 
pear here,  who  more  largely  fhared 
the  ailetlion  and  ellcem  of  our  citi- 
zens. He  was  efcorted  here  by  two 
companies  of  cavalry,  with  m  )ll  of 
the  gentlemen  of  dilhn:-. ion,  of  this 
and  the  neighbonnnfj  towns.  On  his 
<irav\-;n,i:,^  ne-ir  the  town,  he  was  fak'ied 
with  thirteen  difcharges  from  the  ar- 
tillery ;  afier  which  a  number  of 
young  genlicmen  placed  themfolvcs 
before  him,  and  fan.ir — ''  The  hero 
comes!"  &c.  amended  with  the  roar- 
ing of  artillery,  and  indruiuental  ma- 
lic. 

Portfmcuih^  iN.  H.)  Nov.  ^. 

On  Sainrday  iail  anived  in  this 
metropolis,  the  prefident  of  the  nnit- 
cn  dates  of  America. 

This  illuilrious  vifitant  was  met  at 
the  line  by  the  [irefident  and  council 
of  this  flate — fevcral  members  of  the 
hon.  houfe  of  reprefentatives — ll>e 
Hon.  fenators  of  the  flate,  &c. 

At  his  enirance  into  this  town 
he  was  faluled  by  thirteen  cannon 
from  three. companies  of. artillery,  in 
complete  uniform,  under  the  com- 
mand of  col.  Racket.  The  ftreet 
through  which  he  palfed  (Congrefs- 
flreet)   was  lined  by  the  citizens  of 


the  town,  all  the  crafis  being  ranged 
alphabetically  ;  the  bells  rang  a  joyful 
peal ;  and  repeated  Ihouis,  from  grate- 
ful thoufands,  hailed  their  deliverer 
welcome  to  the  mctioj)oiis  of  New 
Hamplhire. 

Albany,   Nov.  y. 

On  Tneiday  the  3d  inhant,  we  had 
a  fevere  fnow  iform.  It  began  in  1  he 
morning,  and  contmu''d  without  in- 
termiflion  until  late  in  the  night,  when 
it  meaiured,  at  an  average,  heiw'c'cn 
five  and  iix  inches,  and  probably, 
had  It  not  been  for  the  dampnefs  of 
the  ground,  (having  had  a  conliderable 
fall  of  rain  the  night  preceding)  it 
v/ould  have  been  much  deeper.  In 
the  afternoon,  as  well  as  on  the  fuc- 
ceedmg  day,  it  was  tolerable  flcigh- 
ing,  and  aflorded  fevcral  an  opportu- 
nity of  partaking  in  that  pleahng  a- 
mui'cment. 

Ntw   York,   November  3. 

By  accounts  from  Rhode  Illand  we 
learn,  that  mofl  of  the  towns  in  that 
flate,  have  inllrufled  their  deput:es  to 
vote  aguinO.  calling  a  convention. 

Nov.  ig.  Lall  Friday  arrived  in 
th.s  city,  from  a  tour  through  the  eal- 
tern  and  northern  flaies,  the  prefident 
of  the  united  fUtes.  He  was  an- 
nounced by  a  federal  faluie  from  the 
battery. 

The  prefident  left  I'ortfnnouih  on 
Wednefday  the  i4fh  mil.  his  route 
was  through  Exeter,  Haverhill,  Lex- 
ington, Waiertown,  ^.:i .  10  Hartford. 

We  rejoice  i;i  having  itie  pleafiiie 
to  announce  to  our  fellow  cliuens, 
that  tiie  !>rendent  has  returned  111  good 
health,  and  that  the  journey  has  bene- 
fited his  conilmition. 

Pete:rfi>urg^  OCl.  y.g. 

Tuefday  the  honourable  the  com- 
mih'ioners  for  treating  with  the  na- 
tions of  Indians,  fouth  of  the  river 
Ohio,  arrived  in  this  town,  on  their 
vv^y  to  Nev/  York. 

We  learn  that  mr.  M'Gillivray, 
who,  wiih  between  one  and  two  thou- 
fand  Indians,  met  the  commillioners 
at  the  Rock  Landing,  declined  com- 
ing to  the  terms  propofed  by  the  com- 
niiinoners  ;  but  that  all  the  other 
chiefs  feemed  extremely  dehrous  of 
being  at  peace  with  the  united  dates. 

Although  no  treaty  has  been  con- 
cluded with  the  Creek?,  yet  the 
firongeft  affurances  were  given  by 
M'Gillivray,  and  all  the  head  men 


^zit 


American  initUipcnce, 


[^Cov■cuib^ 


prefc-nt,  that  no  hofiilities  fhouUl   be 
cuininiitcd  on  ilie  part  of  their  nation. 

The  CiiprRine  executive  of  Georgia 
are  aifo  laking  ei^jiiliial  nieafures  to 
prevent  agi;refli  insor  provocations  on 
the  pirt  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  fron- 
tiers of  that  iiate. 

Philadelphia,  November   \. 

A  letter  from  mr.  John  Matthew.*, 
oneof  the  Ohio  company's  furvcyors, 
to  general  Putnam,  dated,  Marietta, 
Aui^ufl  22,  1789.  fiys,  "  yelterday,  I 
relumed  from  our  tour  down  the  Ohio, 
Ktid  am  unhapijV  lo  inform  you,  that 
the  iurvcys  in  that  qiiaiter  are  not 
completed,  on  account  of  our  being 
voutcdbythc  Indians.  The  7th  in- 
flant,  about  funrifc,  my  party  was  fired 
upon  in  our  camp.  ;ir.d  iix  foldieis 
(vvhicli  v.-ere  all  except  the  corporal) 
and  one  of  my  hands  were  killed  ;  lix 
of  us  efcapcd  and  got  to  col  Meigs, 
on  that  and  the  enluing  day,  about 
two  miles  below  Guiandot-nver. 
When  we  werea:iacked,  we  were  on 
the  north  boundary,  of  the  fecond 
lownlhip,  cf  the  hxieenih  range.  The 
Indiins  had  got,  undifcox  ered,  within 
four  or  five  rods  of  us  ;  nor  had  we 
the  leall  information  of  our  danger, 
until  we  v/ere  alarmed  by  the  report 
cf  two  guns,  which  wounded  a  riian, 
within  two  feet  of  me,  through  the 
body.  An  interval,  ofa  few  feconds, 
fuccccded,  jufl  giving  us  time  to  nfe, 
when  they  began  to  fire  again,  which, 
1  believe,  was  aimed  at  the  troops, 
who  were  about  two  rods  from  us, 
for  none  of  our  party  were  hurt  after 
the  two  firll  guns.  We  ran  as  fail  as 
pofiible,  Vrfith  the  Indians  dole  at  our 
iieels,  for  about  twenty  rods,  v^hen 
they  quitted  the  purfuit.  Patchcn,  a 
fprightly  young  man,  from  Ball'iown, 
New  York,  who  was  wounded  the 
firll  (liot,  ran  fome  didance  with  us, 
and  beginning  to  fail,  afked  fijr  help  ; 
but  the  firll  law  of  nature  operated 
100  ilrongly  for  us  to  lend  him  aflifl- 
iince,  as  the  Indians  were  clofe  upon 
lis.  We  went  to  the  camp  about  a 
week  afterwards,  and  found  the  fix 
loldicrs,  all  within  five  rods  of  it, 
but  could  not  lind  Patchen  ;  there  is 
a  poilibility  of  bis  having  been  taken 
alive,  but  I  think  it  hardly  probable. 
Who, or  what  numberof  Indians  there 
were,  is  uncertain  ;  but  from  the  num- 
ber of  people  killed,  I  fuppofe  there 
mud  have  been  ten  or  twelve," 


A  letter  from  a  gentleman  in  Sa- 
lifbiiry.  tTorth  Carohna,  dated  the 
igih  lilt.  lays,  '"  Our  new  conven- 
tion meets  the  iH  day  of  Noveiiibcr, 
and  if  one  may  judge  from  the  char- 
a'ler  of  the  members,  we  lliall  cer- 
tainly be  one  of  the  confederate  (laies 
foon.  The  coaliing  law  lately  made 
by  congrcfs,  has  d:(lrcir.'d  our  l;:a- 
faring  people  much,  and  Ihould  the  a- 
doption  of  the  new  cor.ditution  be 
poilponcd  by  our  prefent  convention, 
a  revolt  in  the  lower  counties,  will, 
beyond  all  doubt,  be  the  confeqiience. 

"  Our  paper  medium  is  depreci- 
ating daily,  and  credit  very  low." 

Nov,  A_.  Kis  excellency  Willi- 
am Livingilon,  cfq.  is  re-elefted  go- 
vernor of  New  Jerfey. 

Nov.  I).  The  legiflatiire  of  Con- 
ncHicut  at  their  lall  feflion,  which 
expired  on  the  cgih  nh.  took  up  the 
fsibjea  of  amendments  to  the  condi- 
tiition  ;  and  a  refolve  of  approbation 
and  ratification  of  all,  except  the  fe- 
cond article  of  amendments,  palTcd 
the  h  )ufe  of  reprefentaiives,  by  large 
majorities.  The  council  voted  to- 
poilpone  their  determination  upon 
them  t"U  the  next  felhon,  which  was 
agreed  lo. 

Nox:.  12.  His  excellency  Thomas 
MiHlin,  efq.  has  been  re  clcfted  pre- 
fident,  and  George  Rofs,  cfq.  vicc- 
prefident  of  'his  llaie, 

Nvv.  17.  Thurfday,  the  e.jih  of 
laft  month,  the  intereilmg  queltion 
v.'as  taken,  in  the  general  alfembly  of 
Rhode  Ifland, — '"  whether  the  hcufe 
would  recommend  a  convention,  for 
deliberating  on  the  conliitution  of  the 
united  flates," — when  it  was  deicr- 
mined  in  the  negative.  The  votes 
were,  for  a   convention,  27;  againit 

Nov.  19.  His  excellency  John 
Eager  Howard  is  re-eletted  governor 
cf  Maryland. 

Nov.  2B.  Yeflerday,  the  houfe  of 
alfembly  of  this  Hate  refolvcd  itfclf 
into  a  committee  of  the  whole,  lo 
confider  the  amendments,  propofed 
by  congrefs,  lo  the  federal  conliitu- 
tion. The  committee  agreed  10  all  the 
amendments,  except  the  two  firll  ;  re- 
ported progrefs  ;  and  begged  leave  to 
fit  again,  on  Monday  next,  when  the 
two  firll  articles  are  to  be  reconfidered. 

In  compliance  with  the  recom- 
mendation  of   the    prcfident  of  the 


17 


S,).1 


American  intilligenc!. 


united  {late,  Thurfday  was  obferved 
as  a  day  of  general  thankfgiving  in 
this  city.  There  was  a  complete 
ceiration  from  ail  fecalar  concerii<:, 
and  tlie  citizens  fceni'd  (o  vie  with 
each  other,  in  the  difcharge  of  the 
moral  and  patriotic  duties  of  the  day, 
if  they  m:iy  be  fu  exprelLd.  In  the 
various  places  of  public  worflup,  di- 
vine fervice  was  performed,  and  dif- 
courfcs,  adipted  to  the  importance  of 
theoccafion,  were  delivered. 

Nov.  30.  Thurfdav  morning,  a- 
bout  half  pail  two,  a  Hrc  broke  out, 
at  a  houfe  in  Third- Rreet,  next  door 
to  the  bunch  of  grapes  tavern,  which 
had  arrived  at  fuch  a  heigh:,  before 
it  was  difcovered,  either  by  thofe 
within,  or  by  the  watchmen,  that  the 
v.'hole  was  involved  in  a  vivid  (lame 
— an  ancient  man  burft  from  the  low- 
er floor,  andefcaped — Elizabeth  Pref- 
ton,  and  her  two  children,  prefent- 
ed  thernfelves  at  the  chamber  win- 
dow, with  fcreams  of  the  moft  pierc- 
ing found.  The  few  inhabitants, 
who  had  been  roufed  by  the  cry  of 
fire,  attempted  to  raife  a  heavy  lad- 
<ier  for  their  relief;  but  every  effort 
failed.  The  poor  dillrefTed  mother, 
moil  proliably  drawn  by  the  heart-felt 
cries  ct  her  children,  retreated  from 
the  window.  Another  frantic  ob- 
jeB,  wiili  a  chdd,  then  prefented 
thernfelves:  the  united  flirieks  of 
ihcfe  poor  diHreffed  creatures  were 
heard  at  the  diflance  of  near  half  a 
fqnare.  The  bdder  was  at  length 
raifed  ;  when  an  adventurous  citizen 
afcended,  and,  at  the  hazard  of  his 
life,  refcued  the  lafl  woman  and  the 
child.  A  ihoufand  fears  were  quick- 
ly excited  in  the  gathering  crowd,, 
as  the  man  was  thought  to  have  dif- 
appeared  :  but  happily  this  humane  ad- 
venturer was  faved — the  poor  woman, 
with  her  two  fons,  perilhed  in  the 
flames,  and  were  found,  at  day-light, 
devoid  of  human  form,  the  uholc 
mafs  being  changed  into  a  black  cin- 
der. Jacob  Brown,  and  his  wife,  an 
indunrious  young  couple,  happily  ei- 
caped  at  the  chamber  window,  but  re- 
main objeds  of  real  dii'lrefs,  having 
loft  their  money,  clothes  and  furni- 
ture, and  are  turned  naked  into  the 
world. 


M  A  R  R  I  K  D. 

Massachusetts.  In  Bojlon.  NoaI» 
Wcbfter,  juii.  efq.  to  mifs  Grtenleat'. — • 
Mr.  Thomas  Betllington  to  mifs  Pally 
Moody — Capt.  j.)fepli  Roby  to  mri. 
Eliza'oetli  Henry. — Mr.  Henry  Fowlo  to 
mifs  Betfey  Bcntley  — Capt.  Micchel  Lin- 
coln to  mifs  Hannah  Stone. 

At  Glocejlcr.  Hon,  Cottoa  TuRs  to  mifs 
Sufannah  \Varner. 

New  York..  In  th  c:pitu/.  Mr.  Mirti.j 
iloti'inan  to  mifs  Murray. 

M  Eafl  C  cjltr.  Jaiuas  Hunt,  efq.  to  mils 
Anna  Ward. 

New  JzRStY.  Near  Pn'ncctart.  Dr.  Miii- 
to  to  mifs  Maria  SkeUon. 

Pen.vsy  L  VA.Mi  A.  It  Phi'adc!phi3,  Mr. 
George  Fox  to  mifs  M-jry  Peinbei-ton  — 
The  rev.  Ifaac  S.  Keith,  of  Charlijla:,  to 
mifs  Hannah  Sproat. — Mr.  George  Scriba 
to  mifs  Sally  Dundas. 

Maryland.  In  ChraUi  crinty.  Mr.  Ni- 
cholas Liiisran  to  -.nifs  Anna  Haufon.— 
Hon.  Uriah   Forrefl  to  mifs  Plater. 

Virginia.  John  Hopkins,  efq.  to  mi  fi 
Lyons. — Col.  Marks  Vandswall  to  mifs 
Sufannah  Lewis. — Mr,  George  Picket  ttj 
mifs  Marijaret  Flint, 

DIED. 

Massachusetts.  Al  Rridgeri}.iUr.  Mr. 
Jofeph   Keith  — Mr.  JoHah  H'illiams. 

In  IloJIon.  Capt.  David  Bill,— .Mrs  Mary 
Vintcnon,  aged  67  — Mr.  j-aines  Carnard, 
aged  73. — Mrsl-"avah  Crawford, aged  63. — 
Mrs  Rath  Otis. — Mr.  Jacob  Cooper. — 
Mr.  Henry  Swift. — Mrs  Msry  Edwards, 
aged   81. 

New  York.  Inthecap'lJ  MrsM'Comb, 
— -Mrs  M-irv   Cock. — ^Mrs   Mary  Kempcn, 
aged  7 J. — Mrs    Johannah  Van    liurgh  Dy-. 
kijick,  aged  92  years, — Mr. Thomas  Gerry;' 

At  Biooklyn.  Rev.  Thoincs  Abhet. 

Dei.awa:ie.  "/;)  Nezo  Cajlie  county.  ^It. 
Jofef,h  Lewde.T. 

In   U'iimingtan.  Mr.  Thom.is  Shipley. 

P E MS; s Y  L ff  a N I  A .  At'.'. tfaUs oJ'Sckuylkill. 
Mis  Elizabeih  Shute,  aged  S\. 

It  Cumberland  county.  John  Reynolds,  cfq. 

In  Berks  county.  Jofeph  MouiUz,  age<l 
too  years. 

In  PHlad:  p/iia.  Mr.  John  Schutz.  aged  8  {. 

M.\  R  V  L  A  .\  D .  In  Charles  county.  Coi. 
Jofias  Hawkins,  aged  54- 

Li  Baltimore.  Matthew  Ridley,  efq. 

Virginia.  In  Frederkfburg.  Mr.  "Lach- 
lin  Cambell iVirs  Margaiet  Garts. 

North  Carolina.  On  IJland  crtek. 
Mrs  Mary  Kinzcy. 

South  Carolina.  In  Clurhjlon.  Ro- 
bert Stewart,  efq  — Mr.  Thomas  ConnelU 

Xezu  Brunfioick.  At  St.  John's.  James 
Putnam,  efq. 

At  Deal,  in  Enoland.  Silas  Deane,  cfi|. 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 

THE  following  pieces  are  intended  for  next  number — Petition  of  tht* 
legillaturc  of  Rhode  Uland  to  congrefs — Extraordinary  inftance  of  magn;i- 
nimity — A  winter  piece- — The  American  fpeiTtator — Account  of  Johannes 
Bruno — EiTay  on  patriotifm — Fffay  on  religions  toleration — ElTay  on  fub- 
niiffion  to  civil  government — Addrefs  of  the  minulers  of  the  ftate  of  Con- 
jiedicut,  to  the  people  under  their  pattor.d  care — P'-ovidential  deliverance — 
The  defperate  negro — Exports  from  Charlefton,  of  the  crops  of  17S2,  and 
jySj — Law  report — Account  of  the  belc  mode  of  raifmg  young  hogs — 
Rcmaiks  on  the  manufacture  of  pot  and  pearl  aOi — Remarks  on  men  of 
Icifure  and  men  of  bufinefs — Letter  of  the  king  of  Sweden — Addrels  ot 
the  patriotic  ladies  of  Paris — Remarks  on  the  neceflity  of  punfaiality  in 
payments — Remarks  on  the  fccret  of  living  happily — Stritftures  on  cox- 
combs— Effay  on  the  diverfity  of  intcrtft  of  the  feveral  dates,  ?cc.  Sec. 

Oration  on  the  unlawfulnefs  and  impolicy  of  capital  puniflimcnts,  and 
the  proper  means  of  reforming  criminals — Letter  on  the  climate  and  foil 
of  New  York — Letter  on  the  advantages  of  raifing  fheep — Diredions  for 
th,e  manufafture  of  glue — Effay  on  commerce — Letter  on  government  and 
on  fmuggling — Charge,  delivered  May  17,  1757,  at  the  anniverfary  com- 
mencement of  the  college  and  academy  of  Philadelphia,  by  the  reverend 
V.'illiam  Smith — Extraft  of  a  letter  from  dr.  WiUiamfon  to  dr.  Johnfon, 
on  the  difadvantages  of  generally  ihidying  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages 
—  Letter  from  dr.  Franklin,  on  early  marriages^  Sec.  &c.  (liall  appear  in 
the  Mufcum  for  January. 

The  letter  of  "  Another  American"  refpedlng  dr.  Rippis's  afperfion, 
came  too  late  for  this  number  -.  but  fivill  appear  in  our  next.  This  corrcf- 
pondcnt's  future  favours  are  e;fruc{lly  requelled. 

The  bee — The  oak — The  retreat — Eden  grove — lic.  are  under  con- 
fideration. 

Thk  orat'on  of  dr.  Rogers  fliall   be  infcrte.d  in  the  February  Mufeum. 

The  conftitution  of  the  Maryland  fociety  for  promoting  the  abolition  of 
flavery,  is  received. 

The  wriiers  of  •*  Letters  on  the  imprifonment  of  debtors"  piibli{hed 
about  two  or  three  years  fince,  in  New  York,  in  mr.  Loudon's  paper — of 
"  Moral  and  political  entertainment,"  publiflied  in  the  liamplhire  Herald, 
in  the  fpring  of  1787 — of"  the  Freeholder,"  publifhed  in  the  fame  paper,  a 
few  months  ago — and  of  "  the  Druid,"  publifhed  lately  in  the  Conne(f^i- 
cut  Courant — would  particularly  oblige  the  printer  of  the  iVIufeum,  by  for- 
warding him  (free  of  pollage)  correct  copies  of  thefe  feveral  effays. 

The  valuable  pieces  communicated  by  A.  R.are  received^  and  fnall  be  in- 
fcrtcd  in  due  courfc. 

If  mr.  David  examines  the  lafl  and  prefent  numbers  of  the  Mufeum,  he 
will  find  that  his  judicious  hints  have  been  attended  tc. 

•'  The  difeovery"  is  too  indelicate.  The  author  could  hardly  have  ima- 
gined that  the  (lanza,  containing  the  line — 

"  And  Delia  chanc'd  to'' 

was  fit  for  the  public  eye.  As  the  writer  has  a  very  pretty  poetical  genius, 
his  correfpondence  (within  the  bounds  of  decorum)  fliall  be  always  accqa- 
able. 

We  thank  the  gentleman  who  has  favoured  ns  with  a  tranflation  of  the 
"  Preliminary  of  the  Conftitution  of  France  :"  but  while  we  acknowledge 
the  elegance  and  manly  fpirit  of  that  corrtpofition,  we  beg  leave  to  de- 
cline the  infertion  of  it ;  as  it  is  yet  in  embrio,  and  remains  to  be  decided 
npon  by  the  nation.  Were  it  agreed  upon,  it  might  perhaps  have  a  place 
under  the  head  of  public  papers. 


THE 

AMERICAN    MUSEUM, 

For    DECEMBER,    1780. 


CONTENTS. 

Original  ejfays. 

I.  Remarks   on  an  afperfion   of 
the  Americans,  by  dr.  Kippis,    429 

«.  Effay  on  the  formation  of  a 
religious  fociety,  430 

3.  On  winter.  432 

The  hijlorical  collcSlor, 

4.  Refolution  oftwoflaves,  434 

5.  Gratitude  and  friendlhip,  435 

6.  Extraordinary  inftance  of  re- 
gard to  a  promife,  ibid. 

7.  Inftance  of  revenge.  ibid. 

8.  Magnanimity,  436 
5,  Providential  deliverance,  432 
10.  The  defperare  negro,                433 

The  American  fpctlator, 

II.  On  fecond  marriages  of  men,  437 

12.  On  coxcombs,  439 

13.  On  various  inferior  fources 
of  anxiety,  441 

14.  Religion    and     fuperflition 
contrafted.  442 

The  politician. 

15.  On   fubmilFion   to  civil  go- 
vernment, 443 

16.  On  patriotifm,  444 

17.  On  liberty  of  confcience,        446 

18.  On  compenfation   for  public 
fervices,  448 

19.  On  the  political  advantages 
of  America,  450 

20.  Effay  on  free  trade  &  finance,  451 

21.  Statement  of  facls,     _  454 

22.  Account  of  a  new  bridevirell,  458 

Public  papers. 

23.  Memorial   of  Rhode-Ifland 
to  congrefs,  458 

-A>"  ~<>"  ^gv  <^  ^  .,<>„  ..<>„ 


461 

ibid, 

461 
463 


,   Religious  addrefs,  460 

,  Addrefs  to   the  national  af- 
fembly   oF  Fiance, 
,   l;etter    from     the   king    of 
Sweden, 

Rural  concerhs, 
.  On  plaifler  of  Paris, 
,  On  filk  wsrms, 

National  charaSlers, 
,  Of  the  early  planters  of  New- 
England  466 
The  Creoles  of  St. Domingo,  z^zi/, 
.  Of  the  Sumatrans,  469 

Biography. 
.  Account  of  Johannes  BrunOjiV'z'^* 
,  Of  Thomas  Godfrey,  471 

Moral  tales. 
,  Zimeo,  472 

.  Peter,  475 

Law  cafes, 
,  Refpefling  promife  of  mar- 
riage,  479 

Relpecting  bankruptcy,         ibtd, 
.  Refpefting  apprentices,  480 

,  Refpeftirig  a  will,  ibid. 

Anecdotes, 
Of  fir  W.  Johnfon,  48a 

Of    the    governor  of  Gib- 
raltar, ibid. 
Of  lord  North,                        ibid. 
Of  Frederic  III.  483 
Of  two   Americans,              iSi'd, 
Of  mr.  Whitfield,                 il>icl. 
.  Of  Charles  XII,                    ibid, 
.  Of  duke  Schomberg,             ibid. 
Of  Foote,                                 ibid. 
Of  an  Indian  fachem,            ibid. 

Poetry. 
A  winter  piece,   &c.  &c.       484 


ORIGINALESS  AYS. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  American  Mu- 
feum. 
Sir, 

IN  your  ufeful  colleftion  for  Auguft 
lall,  page  108,  there  is  a  fenfible 
and  decent  refutation  of  a  calumny 
exhibited  again!!  the  Americans,  feem- 
ingly  by  dr.  Kippis,  in  his  life  of  capt. 
Cooke,  as  reviewed  in  the  gentleman's 
magazine  for  July  J788,  viz,  "  while 
the  French  court  generoufly  iffued  or- 
VoL.  VI.  No.  VI. 


ders  to  their  cruizers,  not  to  molell 
that  navigator  if  they  Ihould  meet  with 
him  in  his  return,  the  narrow-fouled 
people  of  America  did  all  in  their 
power  to  obflruft  thefuccefs  of  his  ex- 
pedition," The  refuter  acknowledges 
he  has  not  feen  dr,  Kippis's  book  ;  and 
therefore  will  not  on  the  credit  of  that 
magazine,  venture  to  charge  the  dr. 
with  the  injuftice  of  the  afpenfion. — 
This  is  fair  and  candid.  But  permit 
me  to  add,  that  though  I  do  not  well 


I.Jf ay  ontht  formation  of  a  religious  fociety.       [December, 


430 

know  dr.  Kippis,  I  haveifome' ac- 
fiuaintance  wuh  mr.  David  Henry, 
the  compiler  of  the  gentleman's  ma- 
gazine, and  am  perfuaded  he  would 
never  have  inlerted  in  it,  fuch  an  ac- 
cufation,  as  from  dr.  Kippis's  book, 
if  it  was  really  not  to  be  found  there. 
Upon  this  ground  I  would  venture  to 
call  on  the  doSor  for  his  proofs,  of 
which  I  am  perfuaded  he  cannot  pro- 
duce a  fingle  one.  On  the  contrary, 
as  the  refuter  afferts,  it  is  certain  the 
Americans  did  what  lay  in  their  pow- 
er 10  prevent  any  injury  or  interrupti- 
on being  given  to  the  fuccefs  of  a 
voyage  in  wkich  the  good  of  mankind 
was  concerned. — The  following  copy 
of  a  circular  letter  from  their  miniller 
at  the  court  of  France,  to  all  their 
cruizers,  is  one  authentic  proof  of 
this  ;  and  more  of  the  fame  kind 
might  undoubtedly  be  given,  if  it  were 
nccelFary. 

To  all  captains  and  commanders  of 
armed  fhips,  aBing  by  commijfion 
from  the  congrefs  of  the  united 
fates  of  America^  now  in  war  with 
Great- Britain. 
Gentlemen, 

A  Ship  having  been  fitted  out  from 
England,  before  the  commence- 
ment of  this  war,  to  make  difcove- 
ries  of  new  countries  in  unknown  feas, 
under  the  condutl  of  that  moil  cele- 
brated navigator  and  difcoverer,  cant. 
Cooke — an  undertaking  truly  lauda- 
ble in  itfejf,  as  the  increafe  of  geogra- 
phical knowledge  facilitates  the  com- 
munication between  diftant  nations,  in 
the  exchange  of  ufeful  produfts  and 
manufactures,  and  the  extenfion  of 
arts,  whereby  the  common  enjoyments 
of  human  life  are  multiplied  and  aug- 
mented, and  fcience  of  other  kinds 
increafed,  to  the  benefit  of  mankmd 
in  general.— This  is  therefore  moll 
earneflly  to  recommend  to  every  one 
of  you,  that  in  cafe  the  faid  ftiip, 
which  is  now  expefted  to  be  foon  in  the 
European  feas  on  her  return,  (hould 
happen  to  fall  into  your  hands,  you 
would  not  confider  her  as  an  enemy, 
nor  fuller  any  plunder  to  be  made  of 
the  eftefts  contained  in  her,  nor  ob- 
flrucl  her  immediate  return  to  Eng- 
lan  1,  by  detammg  her  or  fending  her 
into  any  other  part  of  Europe  or  to 
America  ;  but  that  you  would  treat 
the  faid  captain  Cooke  and  his  people 
with  all  civility  and  klndnef*^,  aifoid- 


ing  them,  as  common  friends  to  man- 
kind, all  the  affillance  in  your  power, 
which  they  may  happen  to  (land  in 
need  of.  In  fo  doing,  you  will  not 
only  gratify  the  generofity  of  your 
own  difpofitions,  but  there  is  no 
doubt  of  your  obtaining  the  approba- 
tion of  the  congrels  and  your  other 
American  owners. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  gentlemen, 
Your  moll  obedient,   &c. 

B.  Frankhn, 

Miniller  plenipotentiary  from  the 
congrefs  of  the  united  Hates  to  the 
court  of  France. 

At  Paffy^    near   Paris, 

this  loth  day  of  March,  1779. 

This  generous  proceeding  was  fo 
well  known  in  England,  and  the  fen- 
timents  it  manifefled,  fo  much  approv- 
ed by  the  government  there,  that 
when  Cooke's  voyage  was  printed,  the 
admiralty  fent  to  dr.  Franklin  a  coi)y 
of  the  fame  in  three  quarto  volumes, 
accompanied  with  the  elegant  collec- 
tions of  prints  appertaining  to  it,  and 
a  very  polite  letter  from  lord  Howe, 
fignifying  that  the  prefent  was  made 
with  his  majelty'sexprefs  approbation  ; 
and  the  royal  fociety  having,  in  ho- 
nour of  that  illudnous  navigator,  one 
of  theirmembers,  llruck  fome  gold  me- 
dals to  be  diftributcd  among  his  friends 
and  the  friends  of  his  voyage,  one  of 
thofe  medals  was  alfo  fent  to  doftor 
Franklin,  by  order  of  the  fociety,  to- 
gether with  a  letter  from  their  worthy 
prefident,  fir  Jofeph  Banks,  expreffing 
likewife  that  it  was  fent  with  the  ap- 
probation of  his  majefty.  Thcfe  be- 
ing aBs  of  public  bodies  in  England, 
I  wonder  much  that  they  (hould  ne- 
ver have  come  to  the  knowledge  of 
doftor  Kippis. 

I  am,  &c. 

Another  American, 


E^ay  on  the  formation    of  a  religious 
fociety. 

IT  is  with  plealure,  I  obferve  a  fpi- 
rit  of  enquiry  into  human  know- 
ledge fo  generally  diftufed  throughout 
thefe  new  Hates.  I  doubt  not  but  ma- 
ny new  dllcoverics,  ufeful  to  man- 
kind, will  be  made  :  Every  enlightened 
age  and  people  improve  on  the  form- 
er, and  as  we  have  the  experience  of 
the  pall,  fo  we  may  hope  to  derive 
advantages    unknown   to     thofe  whs^ 


17^9.] 


I-Jfay  on  the  formation  of  a  religiousfocicty. 


4J^ 


have  gone  before  us. — At  a  time  when 
focieties  are  forming  for  promoting 
ufeful  knowledge — the  encouraging  of 
our  manufa£lures — and  alleviating  the 
miferies  of  human  nature — 1  could 
wiHi  to  fee  an  alTociation  of  the  reli- 
gious part  of  fociety  formed  for  the 
fpreading  abroad  of  the  word  of  God 
— That,  which  is  the  moft  important 
to  mankind,  certainly  requires  the^moft 
alFiduoiis  attention — Informing  a  fo- 
ciety of  this  nature,  I  am  well  aware, 
objeftions  wiU  be  made  from  the  va- 
rious denominations  of  chnftians,  each 
profeirmg  their  particular  tenets  and 
modes  of  worflii^i,  but  the  more  libe- 
ral will  enter  upon  the  enquiry  with- 
out any  difiinftion  of  either.  Thofe 
whom  the  fpirit  of  truth  hath  enlight- 
ened, (and  to  them  only  I  apply  my- 
felf,)  view  mankind,  as  the  word  of 
God  declares  them  to  be,  in  a  loll  ef- 
tate,  and  that  they  ever  would  have  fo 
remained,  had  not  God,  in  his  infinite 
mercy,  found  One,  in  whom  all  man- 
kind fhould  be  faved  ;  that,  oppofed 
to  this  great  falvation  are  many  ene- 
mies ; — and  that  a  true  knowledge  of 
the  word  is  life  eternal  ;  that  if  only 
a  few  fiiould  be  prevailed  upon  by 
grace,  to  relinquifh  the  world,  for 
heaven,  the  charitable  affociation  will 
feel  themfelves  thankful  for  being 
inltriiments  in  pointing  fuch  to 
ChriH. — I  would  therefore  fuppofe  a 
fociety  of  religious  formed,  who 
iliould  meet  every  week  in  a  fuitable 
place,  and  a  prefident  being  chofen, 
they  ftiould,  by  prayer  to  God,  beg 
his  divine  aflillance.  The  revealed 
word  of  God,  contained  in  the  new 
and  old  teilament,  I  would  recom- 
mend for  their  meditation.  If  there 
is  on  earth  one  church  of  the  people 
of  God,  who  are  preferved  by  the 
divine  power,  members  thereof  may 
meet,  and,  dilclaiining  all  human  dif- 
tintlions,  ferioufly  join  together,  in 
deviling  the  bell  plan  of  ditfufing  a 
knowledge  of  that  word  by  which 
they  are  upheld,  and  endeavour  to 
draw  others  into  the  way  of  truth,  by 
pointing  them  to  Chrilh  The  great 
apofile  of  the  gentiles  tells  one  of  the 
churches  he  had  planted,  that  it  is  by 
the  fooliflinefs  of  preaching,  they  were 
faved.  Are  there  no  perfons,  to  whom 
a  fcrious  conhdcration  of  religious 
truths  will  be  acceptable  ?  It  may  be 
faid,    the  minifters  of  the  gofpel  are 


fufficient  to  inftil  the  great  points  of 
religion,  and  that  no  means  are  want- 
ing, where  the  fpirit  of  grace  leads 
to  an  enquiry.  The  daily  prayer  of 
all  the  minifters  fentby  God  to  preach 
falvation,  is,  that  the  labourers  be  in- 
creafed,  for  "  the  harveft  is  plenteous, 
"  but  the  labourers  are  few" — Th  ey 
would  rejoice  to  fee  a  fociety  of  laym'en 
formed,  whofe  eflays,  breathing  he 
great  doftrines  they  daily  preach, 
fhould  be  diffufed  abroad  in  the  world. 
If  the  weight  and  facrednefs  of  a  dif- 
ciiffioQ  of  fuch  points  be  objefted  to, 
all  I  can  fay  is,  that  the  gofpel  is  in 
itfelf  fimple — it  requires  no  uncom- 
mon learning — nor  does  truth  depend 
upon  a  long  train  of  reafoning. — The 
holy  fpirit  is  the  teacher,  and  were  an 
inftitution  of  this  kind  fet  on  foot,  it 
might  meet  with  divine  alTillance. 
The  great  author  of  our  falvation  ae- 
quaints  us,  that  "  he  that  is  not  for 
"  him,  is  againft  him,  and  he  thatga- 
"  thereth  not,  fcattereth." 

The  qualifications  for  admittance 
into  fuch  a  fociety,  I  would  recom- 
mend to  be  fimply  thefe  : — When  fix 
perfons  who  have,  for  three  years  laft 
paft,  made  the  knowledge  of  the  fcrip- 
tures  their  daily  fearch,  accompanied 
with  daily  prayer  for  the  truth,  as  it  is 
contained  in  the  word,  fliall  have  met 
together,  and  found  an  accordance  in 
the  means  ofgrace,  I  would  fuppofe 
the  fociety  formed  for  the  purpoie  of 
addreffing  the  ferious  part  of  readers 
to  the  examination  how  far  their  ef- 
fays  on  the  great  and  leading  prin- 
ciples of  religion  agree  with  the  bible. 
The  word  of  God  muff  be  the  fole 
guide  to-  the  underffanding  the  fcrip- 
tures.  No  comments  of  mankind, 
can  explain  them..  They  mufl  refl 
upon  themfelves.  It  is  not  therefore 
with  a  view  to  any  new  theory  of 
religion,  but  to  increafe  the  enquiry 
into  the  fcriptures,  that  this  fociety  is 
recommended.  The  world  goes  allray, 
but  it  IS  becaufe  it  v;iH  not  leek  the 
way,  in  which  God  has  alone  been 
pleafed  to  reveal  his  v>?ill  to  mankind. 

What  reafon  can  be  aihgned  fuf- 
ficient to  prevent  the  formation  of  fuch 
a  fociety  ?  The.r  manifelf  intention 
would  be  to  pray  the  grace  of  God  in 
leading  them  to  the  true  knowledge 
of  his  word,  in  order  that,  by  point- 
ing out  an  accordance  of  texts,  the 
ferious  reader  might,  by  the  means  of 


4^1 


PFi?2  ter. — Providentia  1  delive  ra  iice. 


[December, 


grace,  underfland  them.  There  is  a 
fullnefs  in  the  word  of  God — man, 
as  (lefli,  cannot  fee  it  ;  thai  which  "is 
flefh,  is  flefh" — our  minds  muft  be 
enlightened  by  grace,  but  we  muft 
remember  the  promiie,  "  thofe  who 
feek  fliall  find" — they  will  find  that 
there  is  no  end  to  contemphun,)n  ; 
every  day  affords  new  initter.'  and 
at  length  by  the  ''  anoituing"of  their 
eyes,  they  will  fee  v/hat  they  never  faw 
before,  and  what  the  world  cannot  fee. 
New  York,  A  Layman, 

Winter. 
See  winter  comes  to  rule  the  varied 

year, 
Sullen  and   fad,    with   all   his  rifing 

train — 
Vapours,  and  clouds,  and  florms. — 
Thomson. 

MUST,  O  winter,  thefc  fields, 
thei'e  enamelled  meads,  that 
boail  their  variegated  hue,  yield  to  thy 
TJ.i^id  unrelenting  hand  ?  mull  all  thofe 
vin.Lrageous  afpiring  oaks,  thefe  gay 
tn  es  around,  be  ftriptof  all  their  beau- 
teous verdant  foliage,  and  be  left  delo- 
late  and  bare  to  all  the  fury  of  the 
raging  wmd  ? 

Ah  !  thy  rig'd  approach  haRens ; 
rought  can  retard  it ;  how  all  nature 
faddens  !  both  herb,  tree,  and  llower 
languifliingly  droop  their  heads.  Now 
no  more  the  fluftuating  air  hears  thro' 
the  groves  the  foft  melliduous  warb- 
lings  of  the  plumy  people,  nor_  any 
more  is  the  liftning  ear  rapfuroufly 
pleafed  with  their  notes ;  hey  all  have 
fled  thy  frigid,  withering  hand,  to  vi- 
lli milder  climes,  where  other  groves 
their  Iwcetell  influence  own. 

See!  now  glooniincfs  oreifpreads 
the  north  fky  :  and  direful  Boreas  heats 
vehemently  againil  the  craggy  rock  and 
hill,  and  the  dun  leaves  defccnd  in 
whirling  eddies  to  ibe  brown  earth  ; 
and  ofien  ram  or  hail  comes  raiding 
down,  or  oft  the  fleecy  fnowdoth  foit- 
ly  fall. 

Nov/ when  all  nature  yields  nought 
to  the  eye,  but  a  barren  profpeil  both 
Jar  and  wide,  the  grovr-"^^  and  forells,  be- 
reaved of  their  leafy  honours, invite  not 
the  mind  to  roaiTi — nov.'  is  the  time, 
vvhilfl  leifure  doth  allow,  to  indulge 
fweet  contemplation,  bv  thefparkling 
flame,  and  to  read  o'er  what  ))oets 
fung,  and  what  the  atls  of  ancient  days. 


Now,  frofts  and  fnows  cover  the 
earth,  and  the  rivers,  rivulets,  and 
ponds,  full  brimming,  fwell'd  by  the 
autumnal  rains,  forget  to  flow,  fall 
bound  in  icy  chains  ;  hail,  fportful 
time,  long  wifhed  for  by  the  youthful 
croud,  whofe  chief  delight  it  is  on 
your  tranfparent  furfaces  to  fly  along. 

How  defolate  and  forlorn  do  all 
things  appear,  fo  rendered  by  thy  pow- 
er, O  winter!  but  foon  thy  reign  will 
be  over,  and  one  unbounded  all- pro- 
lific fpring  once  more  fpread  verdure 
over  this  wide  world.  S.  C, 

HISTORICAL  COLLECTOR. 
1. 

Providential  deliverance. 

THE  Leyden  Gazette,  of  the  .12th 
of  December,  1785,  gives  the 
following  account  of  the  interpofition 
of  divine  providence,  ni  favour  of  a 
widow  and  her  family,  near  Dor- 
drecht, in  the  province  of  Holland. 
This  induHrious  woman  was  left  by 
her  hufband,  who  was  an  eminent 
carpenter,  a  comfortable  houfe, 
with  fome  land,  and  two  boats  for 
carrying  merchandife  and  paffengers 
on  the  canals.  She  was  alfo  fuppo- 
^fed  to  be  worth  above  ten  thoufand 
guilders,  in  ready  money,  which  flic 
employed  in  a  hempen  and  fail-cloth 
manutaftory,  as  the  means  not  only  of 
increafing  her  fortune,  but  of  inftru£l- 
ing  her  children  (a  fon  and  two 
daughters)  in  thofe  ufeful  branches  of 
bufinefs.  One  night,  about  nine  ■ 
o'clock,  when  the  workmen  were 
gone  home,  a  perfon  drelTed  in  uni- 
form, with  a  muflcet  and  broad  fword, 
came  to  her  houfe,  and  requelled  lodg- 
ing :  ''  I  let  no  lodging,  friend," 
faid  the  widow  ;  "  and  befides,  I 
have  no  fpare  bed,  unlefs  you  flecp 
with  my  fon,  which  I  think  very  im- 
proper, being  a  perfetl  ft  ranger  to  us 
all."  The  foldier  then  flicwed  a  dif- 
charge  from  Diefbach's  regiment, 
(ligncd  by  the  major,  who  gave  him 
an  excellent  charafter)  and  a  paffport 
from  compte  de  Maillcbois,  governor 
of  Breda,  The  widow  believing  the 
{1  ranger  to  be  an  honell  man,  as  he 
really  was,  called  her  fon,  and  afked 
hint,  if  he  would  accommodate  a  vete- 
ran, who  had  ferved  the  republic  thir- 
ty years  with  reputation,  wiih  a  part 
of  his  bed.  The  young  man  confenied, 


17%-] 


The  defperate  negro. 


433 


and  the  foldier  was  hofpitably  enter- 
tained, and  withdrew  to  refl.  Some 
hours  after,  a  loud  thumping  was  heard 
at  the  ftreet  door,  which  roufed  the 
foldier,  who  Hole  foftly  down  flairs, 
and  Hllencd  at  the  hall.  The  blows 
were  repeated,  and  the  door  ahnoll 
broken  through  by  a  fiedge,  or  fome 
heavy  inilrument.  By  this  time  the 
affrighted  widow,  and  her  danghters 
were  running  about,  and  fcreammg, 
murder  !  murder  !  but  the  fon  having 
joined  the  foldier,  with  a  cafe  of 
loaded  piilols,  and  the  latter  fcrewing 
on  his  bayonet,  and  frefli  priming  his 
piece,  which  was  well  filled  wiihllugs, 
oefired  the  women  to  retire,  as  bloody 
work  might  be  expefled  in  a  few  mi- 
nutes. Soon  after,  the  door  was  burfl 
in,  and  two  fellows  entered,  and 
were  inflantly  fhot  hv  the  fon,  who 
difcharged  both  his  piflols  at  once. 
Two  more  returned  the  favour,  from 
without,  but  without  efFett  ;  and  the 
intrepid  veteran,  taking  immediate  ad- 
vantageof  the  difcharge  of  their  arms, 
rufliing  en  them  like  a  hon,  ran  one 
through  the  body  with  his  bayonet, 
and  whiift  the  other  was  running  away, 
lodged  the  contents  of  his  piece 
between  his  fhoulders,  and  he  drop- 
ped dead  on  the  fpot.  They  then 
doled  the  door  as  well  as  they  could  ; 
reloaded  their  arms  ;  made  a  good 
fire  ;  and  watched  till  day-light,  when 
a  number  of  weavers  and  fpinners 
came  to  refume  their  employment  ; 
we  may  guefs  their  horror  and  fur- 
prife  on  feeing  four  men  dead  on  a 
dunghill,  wh.^re  the  foldier  had  drag- 
ged them  before  the  door  was  {hut. 
1  he  burgomaftcr  and  his  fyndic  at- 
tended, and  took  the  dcpofitions  of 
the  family  relative  to  this  affliir. 
The  bodies  were  buried  in  a  crofs- 
road,  and  a  flone  eretled  over  the 
grave,  with  this  infcripiion.  "  Here 
lie  the  wretched  carcafes  of  four  un- 
known ruffians,  who  defervedly  loft 
their  lives,  in  an  attempt  to  rob  or 
murder  a  worthy  woman  and  her  fa- 
mily. A  flranger,  who  flept  in  the 
houle,  to  which  divine  providence  un- 
doubtedly direcled  him,  was  the  prin- 
cipal .inilrument  in  preventing  the 
perpetration  of  fuch  horrid  defign-, 
which  juftly  entnlps  h'm  to  a  tailing 
memorial,  and  th.e  thanks  of  the  pub- 
lic. John  Adrian  De  Vries,  a  dif- 
charged foldier,  from  the  regiment  of 


Diefbach — a  native  of  Middlcburgb, 
in  Zealand — and  upwards  of  fevenly 
years  old — was  the  David  who  flew 
two  of  thofe  Goliahs  ;  the  refl  being 
killed  by  the  fon  of  the  family.  In 
Aoncrem,  et  gratitudinis  ergo,  Dei 
cptimi  maximi,  pictatis  et  innccentiae 
Jummi proteBoris — magijlratus  et  con' 
cilium  civitatis  Dortrechievjis  hoc 
Jignum  povi  curavere.  xx.  die  Nov, 
anncque  Jalutaris  humani,  1785." 
The  widow  prefented  the  foldier  with 
one  hundred  guineas,  and  the  cuy  fet- 
tled an  handfomepenfion  on- him  for 
the  reil  of  his  life. 


The  defperate  negro. 

QUASHI  was  brought  up  in  the 
family  with  his  mailer,  as  his 
play-fellow,  from  his  childhood.  Be- 
ing a  lad  of  parts,  he  rofe  to  be  dri- 
ver, or  black  overfeer,  under  his  maf- 
ter,  when  the  plantation  fell  to  him 
by  fucceffion.  He  retained  for  his 
matter  the  tendernefs  which  he  had 
felt  in  childhood  for  his  playmate; 
and  the  refpeft  with  which  the  rela- 
tion of  mafter  infpired  hjm,  was  foft- 
ened  by  the  affettion  which  the  re- 
membrance of  (heir  boyifli  intimacy 
kept  alive  in  his  breaif.  He  had  no 
feparate  intereit  of  his  own,  and,  in 
his  mailer's  abfence.  redoubled  his  di- 
ligence, that  his  affairs  might  receive 
no  injury  from  it.  In  fhorr,  here  was 
the  moft  delicate,  yet  moil  ftrong,  and 
feemingly  indiiToliible  tie,  that  could 
bind  mailer  and  flave  tORether. 

Though  the  mailer  had  judgment 
to  know  when  he  was  well  ferved, 
and  policy  to  reward  good  behaviour^ 
he  was  inexorable,  when  a  fault  was 
committed  ;  and  when  there  was  but 
an  apparent  caufe  of  fufpicion,  he 
was  too  apt  to  let  prejudice  iifurp 
the  place  of  proof.  Quaflii  could  not 
exculpate  himfelf  to  his  fatisfafiion, 
for  fomcthing  done,  contrary  to  the 
difciphne  of  the  plantation,  and  was 
threatened  with  the  ignominious  pu- 
nifliment  of  the  cart-whip;  and  he 
knew  his  mailer  too  well,  to  doubt  of 
the  performance  of  his  promife. 

A  neijro,  who  has  grown  up  to 
manhood,  without  undergoing  a  fo- 
lemn  cart-whipping,  (as  fome  by  good 
chance  will)  efpecially  if  diflinguifh- 
ed  by  any  accomphfliment  among  his 
fellows,  takes  pride  in  what  he  calls 


484 


Hijlorical  colleB.or , 


[December, 


the  fmonlhnefs  of  his  fkin,  and  its  be- 
ing unraled  by  the  whip  -,306  he  would 
be  at  more  pams,  and  ule  more  dili- 
gence to  efcape  fuch  a  cart  whipping, 
than  many  of  our  lower  fort  would 
ufe  to  iliun  the  gallows.  It  is  not 
uncommon  for  a  fober,  good  negro  to 
ilab  himfclf  mortally,  becaufe  fome 
boy  overfeer  has  flogged  him,  for 
what  he  reckoned  a  trifle,  or  for  his 
caprice;  or  threatened  him  with  a 
flofoing,  when  he  thought  he  did  not 
defcrve  it.  Ouafhi  dreaded  this  mor- 
tal wound  to  his  honour,  and  flipt 
away,  unnoticed,  with  a  view  to  a- 
void  It. 

It  is  ufual  for  flaves,  who  expeft  to 
be  punifhed  for  their  own  faults^ror 
their  mailer's  caprce,  to  go  to  fome 
friend  of  (heir  mailer's,  and  beg  him 
to  carry  them  home,  and  mediate  for 
them.  This  is  found  to  be  fo  ufeful, 
that  humane  mafters  are  glad  of  the 
pretence  of  fuch  mediation,  and  will 
fecretly  procure  it,  to  avoid  the  ne- 
celTity  of  pnnifhing  for  trifles ;  it,  o- 
thevwife,  not  being  prudent  to  pafs 
over,  without  corretiion,  a  fault  once 
taken  notice  of  ;  while,  by  this  me- 
thod, an  appearance  of  authority  and 
difcipline  is  kept  up,  without  the  feve- 
rityofit.  Quaflii,  therefore,  with- 
drew, refolving  loflielter  himfelf,  and 
fave  the  glolfy  honours  of  his  fkin, 
under  favour  of  this  cuflom,  till  he 
had  an  opportunity  of  applying  to  an 
advocate.  He  lurked  among  his  maf- 
ter's  negro  huts  ;  and  his  fellow  flaves 
had  too  much  honour,  and  too  great  a 
regard  for  him,  to  betray  to  their  maf- 
ter  the  place  of  his  retreat.  Indeed, 
it  is  hardly  polTible,  in  any  cafe,  to 
geione  flave  to  inform  againft  another  ; 
much  more  honour  have  they  than 
Europeans  of  low  condition. 

The  following  day,  a  feaft  was 
tept,  on  account  of  his  mafler's  ne- 
phew then  convngof  age  :  ammd  the 
good  humour  of  which,  Qualhi  hoped 
to  fucceed  in  his  application  :  but  be- 
fore he  could  execute  his  defign — 
perhaps  jiift  as  he  was  fetting  out  to 
folicit  this  mediation — his  mailer, 
while  walking  about  the  fields,  fell  in 
with  him.  Qualhi,  on  difccvenng  him, 
ran  oft,  and  them.afier,  who  is  a  robufl 
man.ptirfued  him.  A  flone,  or  a  clod, 
tripped  Q'laflii  up,  j'.ift  as  the  other 
reached  out  his  hand  to  feize  hiin. 
They  fell  together,    and  wreillcd  for 


the  mattery  ;  for  Qualhi  was  a  flout 
ma",  and  the  elevation  of  his  mind 
added  vigour  to  his  arm.  At  lall, 
after  a  fevere  firuggle,  in  which  each 
had  been  feveral  times  uppermofl, 
Quafhi  got  firmly  feated  on  his  maf- 
ter's  bread,  now  panting  and  out  of 
breath,  and  with  his  weight,  his  thighs 
and  one  hand  fecured  him  motioiilcfs. 
He  then  drew  out  a  iharp  knife,  and, 
while  the  other  lay  in  dreadful  expec- 
tations, helplefs,  and  fhrinking  into 
himfelf,  he  thus  addreffed  him  : 
'  mafler,  1  was  bred  up  with  you  from 
a  child  :  I  was  your  playmate  when  a 
boy  ;  1  have  loved  you  as  myfelf  ; 
your  interelt  has  been  my  fludy  ;  I 
am  innocent  of  the  caufe  of  your  fuf- 
picion  ;  had  1  been  guilty,  my  attach- 
ment to  you  mif;ht  have  pleaded  for 
me — yet  you  have  condemned  me  to  a 
punifhment,  of  which  I  mull  ever 
have  borne  the  difgracefui  marks — 
thus  only  can  I  avoid  them.'  With 
thefe  words,  he  drew  the  knife  with  all 
hisftrength  acrofs  his  own  throat,  and 
fell  down  dead,  without  a  groan,  on 
his  mailer,  hashing  him  in  his  blood, 
3. 

AT  a  late  public  fale  of  negro 
flaves,  at  Santa  Cruz,  among 
the  great  numbers  that  chrillian  ava- 
rice had  been  either  the  immediate  or 
fecondary  means  cf  placing  on  a  le- 
vel with  the  cattle,  daily  brought  to 
market,  were  two,  each  of  them  ap- 
parently about  the  age  of  30,  whole 
deportment  fsemed  fuperior  to  the 
relt.  What  their  rank  had  really 
been,  they,  with  a  fullen  dignity, 
feemed  refolved  to  conceal  from  eve- 
ry one.  Yet,  mingled  with  a  haugh- 
ty manner  to  all  befides,  there  appear- 
ed in  every  look  and  afction,  the  ten- 
derell  affection  and  heart-felt  attach- 
ment to  each  other.  When  the  cap- 
tain of  the  vefTel,  which  had  brouuht 
them  thither,  entered  on  the  necelfa- 
ry  bufinefs  of  diilributing  the  flaves 
into  proper  lots  for  fale,  both  of 
them,  in  the  moll  fubmilhve  man- 
ner, and  with  an  eagernefs  that  fpoke 
more  than  common  feelings,  clung 
round  hi?  knees,  and  hung  about  his 
garment,  intreaiing  him  only  to  favour 
them,  fo  far  as  to  permit  them  both  to 
be  a)>p(nnied  to  (he  fame  lot,  by  which 
means  they  might  ferve  one  mailer, 
and  at  leaff  enjoy  the  trifling  fatisfac- 
ticn   of  being  companions,  even   in 


1789.1 


Hijlorical  colUBor* 


43J 


flavery.  Biit  even  this  poor  requeft 
itfelf,  either  through  the  brutality  of 
the  lalefman,  or  from  apprehenfions 
of  their  coinbuiiriiT  in  fome  mutinous 
defign,  was  denied  them. 

Yet,  earnell  as  [hey  feemed  in  their 
defire,  the  refufal  was  received  v.fith 
manly  refignation  by  them  both  ;  and 
when  upon  the  point  of  being  deli- 
vered to  their  refpedive  maliers,  they 
only  begged  the  leave  of  a  few  words 
with  one  another,  permitted  out  of 
hearing,  though  not  out  of  light  of 
thofe  they  were  to  ferve.  This  was 
allowed  them,  and  afier  a  few  mi- 
nutes converfation,  and  a  clofe  em- 
brace, they  were  fent  to  their  respec- 
tive llations.  Seven  days  after  the 
tranfathon,  they  were  both  mi  (Ting 
at  the  fame  hour ;  nor  were  they, 
though  the  ilrideil  fearch  was  made 
after  them,  to  be  found  ;  'till  at  a 
week's  dillance,  a  planter  riding 
through  a  thiokct,  which  lay  in  the 
m  dway  between  the  two  plantations 
they  had  been  deflined  to,  law,  to  his 
great  furpriie,  two  bodies  hanging  on 
one  tree,  locked  faft  in  each  other's 
arms,  embracingand  embraced  ;  which, 
on  enquiry  made,  proved  to  be  the 
faithful,  yet  defperate  friends. 

4- 

DURING  the  fecond  bombard- 
ment of  Algiers  by  the  marquis  du 
Quefne,  the  inhabitants,  reduced  to  a 
ftate  of  defperation,  carried  their  cru- 
elty to  the  pitch  of  tying  up  fome 
f  rench  flaves  alive  to  the  mouths  of 
their  cannon,  and  firing  them  off  at 
their  countrymen  inflead  of  bullets. 
AFrench  officer,  by  the  name  of  Choi- 
feul,  and  friend  to  an  Algerine  cap- 
tain, whofe  life  he  had  at  a  former 
day  preferved,  was  already  bound  faft 
to  the  mouth  of  a  cannon,  when  the 
captain  knew  him.  Indantly,  in  the 
moft  preffing  terms,  he  folicits  his 
friend's  pardon  :  but  not  able  to  ob- 
tain it,  darts  upon  the  executioners, 
and  three  times  refcued  Choifeul  out 
of  their  hands.  At  length,  finding 
all  his  efforts  ufelefs,  he  fallens  him- 
felf  to  the  mouth  of  the  fame  cannon, 
entangles  himlelf  in  Choifeul's  chains, 
tenderly  and  clofely  embraces  him, 
and  addreffes  tlie  cannoneer  in  thefe 
words :  '  fire,  for  as  I  cannot  fave 
my  friend  and  benefatlor,  1  will  die 
with  him.'  The  dey,  who  happened 
to  be  a  witnefs  of  this  Ihocking  fight. 


was  greatly  moved  by  it.  He  palT- 
ed  many  eulogiums  upon  the  genero- 
fity  of  his  fubjeft,  and  exempted  Choi- 
feul from  that  horrid  kind  of  death. 

5-. 

ASpanifli  cavalier,  without  any 
reafonable  provocation,  affafti- 
nated  a  Moorilh  gentleman,  and  in- 
ftantly  fled  fiom  juftice.  He  was  vi- 
goroufly  purfued  :  but  availing  him- 
felf  of  a  fudden  turn  in  the  road,  he 
leaped,  unperceived,  over  a  garden 
wall.  The  proprietor  who  was  a 
Moor,  happened  to  be,  at  that  time, 
walking  in  the  garden  ;  and  the  Spa- 
niard fell  upon  his  knees  before  him; 
acquainted  him  with  his  cafe,  and  in 
the  moft  pathetic  manner,  implored 
concealment.  The  Moor  liftened  to 
him  with  compaffion,  and  generouf- 
ly  promifcd  his  affiftance.  He  then 
locked  him  in  a  fummer  houfe,  and 
left  him,  with  an  affurance,  that  when 
night  approached,  he  would  provide 
for  his  efcape.  A  few  hours  after, 
the  dead  body  of  hifi  fon  was  brought 
to  him  ;  and  the  defcription  of  the 
murderer  exactly  agreed  with  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  Spaniard,  whom  he 
had  then  in  cuftody.  He  concealed 
the  horror  and  fufpicion  which  he  felt  ; 
and  retiring  to  his  chamber,  remained 
there  till  midnight.  Then  going  pri- 
vately into  the  garden,  he  opeHed  the 
door  of  the  fummer  houfe,  and  thus 
accofted  the  cavalier  ;  '  Chriftian,* 
faid  he,  '  the  youth,  whom  you  have 
murdered,  was  my  only  fon.  Your 
crime  merits  the  fevereft  punifliment. 
But  I  have  folemnly  pledged  my  word 
for  your  fecurity ;  and  I  difdain  to 
violate  even  a  ralh  engagement  with 
a  cruel  enemy.'  He  conducted  the 
Spaniard  to  the  ftables,  and  furnilh- 
ing  him  with  one  of  hisfwifteft  mules, 
'  fly,'  faid  he,  '  whilft  the  darknefs 
of  the  night  conceals  you.  Your 
hands  are  polluted  with  blood  :  but 
God  IS  juft ;  and  I  humbly  thank  him, 
that  my  faith  is  unfpotted,  and  that  I 
have  refigned  judgment  unto  him.' 
6. 

MOMS.  D'Ertache,  formerly  a 
cornet  of  dragoons,  being  fif- 
ty-two years  old,  under  promife  of 
marriage  feduced  and  got  with  child, 
a  young  lady  of  feventeen  years  oE 
age,  whofe  name  was  St.  Cheron, 
and  then  refufed  to  marry  her,  under 
a  frivolous  pretence.    The  injured  la- 


436 


Hijiorical  colleBor, 


[December, 


dy  had  two  brothers,  officers  in  the 
regiment  of  Brifac,  who  would  have 
fought  D'Eiiache,  but  he  wounded 
the  eldeft  in  the  face,  and  fliot  the  o- 
ther  from  a  wmdow.  This  unhappy 
family  had  a  fifter,  who  for  fome  time 
abandoned  herfelf  to  grief  and  rage  ; 
but  ilie  lail  of  thefe  palTions  prevail- 
ing, prompted  her  to  revenge  above 
the  daring  of  her  fex  ;  for  being  in- 
formed that  her  filler's  feducer,  and 
brother's  murderer,  was  at  Montpe- 
lier,  (he  went  thither,  and  found  means 
the  very  evening  of  her  arrival,  to  be 
introduced  to  the  guilty  author  of  her 
family's  difgrace,  whom  flie  inftant- 
ly  {hot  dead  with  a  pillol.  She  then 
wrote  to  M.  le  Blanc,  fecretary  at 
war,  owning  the  deed,  but  denying 
it  to  be  an  offence,  to  which  mercy 
■was  not  due.  The  ladies  of  Mont- 
-pelier,  one  and  all,  approved  of  her 
conduct;  they  made  themfelves  pri- 
foners,  to  accompany  her  to  the 
throne,  aiid  (he  foon  obtained  a  full 
pardon. 

?• 

MONTECUCULI,  an  imperial 
general,  had  commanded,  under 
pain  of  death,  that  no  perfon  (hoLild 
pafs  through  the  corn  fields.  A  fol- 
dier,  returning  from  a  village,  and  ig- 
norant of  the  prohibition,  took  a  paih 
that  led  acrofs  the  fields.  Montecuculi, 
•who  perceived  his  violation  of  mili- 
tary difcipline,  fentenced  him  to  be 
hanged,  and  difpatched  the  neceflfary 
orders  to  the  provod  of  the  army. 
The  foldier,  however,  continuing  to 
approach  his  general,  alleged  his  entire 
ignorance  of  the  prohibition.  "  Let 
the  provoft  do  hisdiity,"  faid  Mon- 
tecuculi. The  folciicr,  whom  they  had 
not  yet  thought  of  difarming,  was  en- 
raged and  defperate  at  this  injuUice 
and  inflexibility.  "  I  have  not  been 
guilty,"  he  exclaimed  ;  "  but  now  I 
am  !"  and  inftantly  fired  his  piece  at 
^lontecuculi.  He  happily  milTed 
his  aim  ;  but  this  great  man,  allovving 
for  the  feelings  of  a  brave  foldier, 
pardoned  him  on  the  fpot. 
8. 

DURING  the  war  between  the 
Portiiguefe  and  the  inhabiiants 
of  the  ifland  of  Cevlon.  Thomas  de 
Sufa,  who  commanded  the  European 
fv)rces,  took  prifoncr  a  beauiifui  In- 
dun,    who   hid   promifed   herlelf  in 


marriage  to  an  amiable  youth.  The 
lover  was  no  fooncr  informed  of  this 
misfortune,  than  he  haftened  to  throw 
himfelf  at  the  feet  of  his  adorable 
nymph,  who,  with  tranfport,  caught 
him  in  her  arms.  Their  fighs  and 
their  tears  were  mingled,  and  it  was 
fome  time  before  their  words  could 
find  utterance,  to  exprefs  their  grief. 
At  lad,  when  they  had  a  little  reco- 
vered, they  agreed,  that  they  would, 
fince  their  misfortunes  had  left  them 
no  hope  of  living  together  in  freedom, 
partake  with  each  other  all  the  hor- 
rors of  flavery. 

Sufa,  who  had  a  foul  truly  fufcep- 
tible  of  tender  emotions,  was  moved 
at  the  fight.  "  It  is  enough,"  fir.d 
he  to  them,  "  that  you  wear  the  chains 
of  love.  You  fliall  not  wear  thofe 
of  flavery.  Go,  and  be  happy  in  the 
lawful  embraces  of  wedlock." 

9- 

THE  prlncefs  of  Prudia,  having 
ordered  fome  rich  filks  froni 
Lyons,  which  pay  a  high  duty  at 
Stetin,  the  place  of  her  rcfidence, 
the  cuftomhoufe  oflRcer  rudely  ar- 
refled  them,  until  the  duties  (hoiild 
be  paid.  The  princefs,  incenfed,  let 
him  know  that  flie  would  fatisfy  his 
demands,  and  defired  that  he  would 
come  himfelf  with  the  filks.  On 
his  entrance  into  the  apartments  of 
the  princefs,  flie  flew  at  him,  feized 
the  merchandize,  gave  the  officer  two 
or  three  cuSs  in  the  face,  and  turned 
him  out  oi"  doors.  The  proud  and 
mortified  excife-man,  in  a  violent  fit 
of  refentment,  drew  up  a  rnemorial^ 
in  which  he  complained  bitterly  »ot 
the  di(honourabie  treatment  he  had 
met  with,  in  the  exercife  of  his  office. 
The  king  liaving  read  the  memorial, 
anfwered  it  as  follows  : 

"  The  lofs  of  the  duties  belongs  to 
my  account.  The  filks  are  to  remain 
in  the  polfeffion  of  the  princefs.— 
The  cufts  with  him  that  received  them. 
As  to  the  fiippofed  difhonour,  I  can- 
cel it  at  the  requeft  of  the  complain- 
ant :— but  it  is  of  itfelf  null  ;— for 
the  white  hand  of  a  fair  lady  cannot 
poflibly  diflionoiir  the  face  of  a  cuf- 
tom-houfe  officer." 

Frederic, 


(Signed) 
Ber/itu  Nov. 


1778. 


.] 


Reflexions  onfecond  marriages  of  meifi 


nt 


THE 

AMERICAN  SPECTATOR. 

To  the  printer  of  the  mufeum. 

Sir, 
AS  the  refinement  of  manners,  and 
purity  of  morals,  are  primary  ob- 
jects in  fociety,  1  am  induced  to 
hope,  you  will  allot  a  portion  of 
your  work  to  writings  calculated 
lo  promote  thefe  valuable  purpofes. 
If  you  approve  my  plan,  I  ftiall 
occafionally  fend  you  a  few  feleft- 
ed  eflays,  of  foreign,  as  well  as  na- 
tive origin.  I  am  promifed  the  af- 
fiftance  of  fome  literary  friends, 
whofe  productions  will  tend  to  en- 
liven and  give  variety  to  the  coi- 
leftion.  I  am,  fir,  yours,  See. 
D.  W.  H. 

NUMBER     I . 

R< flexions  on  fecond  marriages  oj" 
men.  Caufes  of  the  dijlrefs,  which 
oftcnfoilozxjs.  Stepmothers.  Cau- 
tions to  widowers,  difpofed  to 
marry. 

By     the    rev.    Timothy    Dwight,    of 
Greenfield^   ConneBicut. 

FEW  articles  in  private  life  have 
occafioned  more  fpeculation,  or 
iTvore  ceiifure,  than  fecond  marriages. 
The  cruelty  and  odioufnefs  of  Itep- 
mothers,  and  the  unhappinefs  of  the 
families  where  they  exilt,  are  pro- 
verbial. For  fo  general  a  cenfure, 
there  is  undoubtedly  fome  foundation, 
as  it  cannot  be  imagined  that  fo  many 
more  bad  women  happen  to  be  intro- 
duced into  that  llation,  than  into  any 
other.  This  foundation  is  as  undoubt- 
edly to  be  fought  in  the  charader  it- 
felf,  and  its  attendant  circumftances. 
There  are  certain  caufes,  naturally 
productive  of  fuch  condufcl  in  flep- 
mothers,  as  will  create  unhappinefs  in 
their  families,  which  are  obvious  and 
univerfal.  Yet  thefe  are  not  fo  effi- 
cacious, as  always  to  produce  this 
conduft  ;  for  many  women,  in  this 
charafler,  are  as  much  beloved,  as 
free  from  cenfure,  and  as  happy,  as 
were  the  real  parents  of  their  families. 
This  is  inconteftible  evidence,  that 
the  charafters  may  be  fuccefsfully  fuf- 
tained,  fo  that  thefe  general  caufes 
are  not  fo  powerful,  as  uniformly  to 
produce  their  difagreeable  efteBs. 

If  the  above  remarks  are  juft,  there 
is  reafon  to   believe  that  the  unhappi- 

V©L.  VI,  No.  VI. 


nefs  complained  of,  is  often  cafual, 
and  owin^  to  caufes  which  prudence 
might  enable  us  to  avoid.  But  to  a- 
vo:d  them,,  it  is  neteliary  that  they 
fhould  be  known. 

In  the  courfe  of  my  own  experience 
in  human   life,  the  uiihappincis  of  fa- 
milies, under  the  government  of  Itep- 
moiheis,  has    appedred   to  me   to  be 
commonly    chargeable    to   their  huf- 
bands.       Few   men,    when    entering 
upon  a  fecond  marriage,  ufethe  fame 
prudence,  whch  is  conlpicuous  in  the 
other  parts  of    their  conduft.     Influ- 
enced   by  vanity,  on  one  lide,  and  by 
amorous    inclination,   on    the   other, 
inflead  of  looking  for  a  good  mother 
to  their  children,  and  a  good  iniHrefs 
to  their  domeflic  concerns,  they  learch 
for  fome  young,  inexperienced,  giddy 
girl,  whofe  beauty  may  gratify  their 
amorous  views,  and  whofe  youth,  and 
choice  of  iheni,  may  gratify  their  va- 
nity.     Hence  the  unfortunate  wife  is 
introduced,  almoft  in  a  Hate  of  child- 
hood, into  the  arduous  ftdtion  of  mo- 
ther to  a   numerous  family,  and  into 
the  difficult  employments  of  providing 
for  their   wants,  inllruCling  them  ia 
governing  their  tempers,  and  regulat- 
ing tiieir    condutt.      It  is  impolliblc 
that   fuch   a  mother  fliould  not  do   a 
thoufand  foolifli,  improper  things.  So 
important  a--Qation,  to  be  happily  fil- 
led, requires  not  only  a  good  Ihare  of 
natural  endowments,   and  of    the  ac- 
complifliments  of  education,  but  much 
of  that  wifdom,  which  is  taught  alone 
by  experience.     How  totally  at  a  lofs 
mull  the  unhappy  woman  then  be,  who, 
through  her  own  thoughtlefsnefs,  and 
her  fuitor's  felicitations,    finds  herfelf 
plunged  into  a  multitude  of  cares,  and 
duties,  without  any  acquaintance  with 
the  mode  of  difcharging  them. 

By  this  inexperience,  all  her  bur- 
dens are  doubled.  Her  daily  circle 
of  biifinefs  becomes  doubly  painful, 
becaufe  flie  knows  not  the  molt  eafy, 
convenient  methods  of  performing  it  ; 
and  the  government  of  her  children  is 
rendered  peculiarly  troublefome,  be- 
caufe (he  is  wholly  untried,  and  un- 
{killed  in  the  arts  of  governing.  For 
thefe  reafons,  (he  is  naturally  induced 
to  believe,  that  her  children  have 
more,  and  greater  faults  than  others  ; 
not  only  becaufe  fhe  was  never  before 
at  all  concerned  with  the  faults  pf 
children,  or  ever  led  to  attend  to 
3K 


438 


ReJUxtons  onfecond  marriagei  of  men. 


[December, 


them  ;  but  becaufe  {he  fees  other  wo- 
men, of  no  greater  talents,  or  expe- 
rience, flide  eafily  over  the  manage- 
ment of  their  families.  It  is  not  na- 
tural for  her  to  attribute  this  to  the 
real  caufe,  their  marrying  men  of  their 
own  age,  and  entering  upon  thofe 
cares  with  the  gradual  progrefs  allow- 
ed by  a  beginning  family  ;  this  would 
be  a  condemnation  of  her  own  choice 
and  condutt  in  marrying.  Hence  (lie 
imputes  it  to  the  peculiar  frowardnefs 
of  her  children,  and  treats  them  with 
a  dillike  and  rigour,  conformed  to  fuch 
imputations.  In  thefe  circumBances, 
the  children,  irritated  by  a  treatment 
wholly  contralted  lo  that  of  their  own 
mother,  take  little  pains  to  obey,  or  to 
pleafe  her,  obferve  all  her  millakes, 
magnify  her  faults,  and,  (if  any  of 
them,  as  is  frequently  the  cafe,  are 
grown  to  adult  years)  tell  them  with 
bitterncfs  to  her  face. 

Nor  is  this  all  ;  unhappy  at  home, 
they  feek  a  refpite  from  their  troubles 
in  the  neighbourhood.  Their  misfor- 
tunes naturally  become  the  topic  of 
coiiverfation,  and  their  mother's  im- 
perfecHons  are  rehearfed  and  enlarged. 
Some  of  their  neighbours,  from  com- 
palTion  for  them,  and  many  more  from 
the  love  of  flander  and  meddling,  im- 
prudently join  in  their  refentments, 
and  mifchievoufly  make  the  breach 
larger,  which,  with  prudence  and 
goodwill,  they  might  often  make  lefs. 
Such  perfons  mao^mfy  to  thein  their 
diftreffes,  the  excellencies  of  their  de- 
ceafed  mother,  and  the  blemiflies  of 
her  fuccelTor;  and  cherifli  their  oppo- 
fition  and  refentment  by  tevlimonics 
of  their  approbation,  Efpecially  is 
this  the  practice  of  their  relations  ; 
who,  through  an  ill-judged  but  natural 
tendernefs,  frequently  ruin  the  cha- 
rader,  and  the  happinefs  of  both  mo- 
ther and  children. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  mortifica- 
tions of  the  wife  are  allayed  by  none 
of  thofe  endearments,  and  indefcriba- 
ble  little  offices  of  afteBIon,  which,  in 
thefirft  marriages  of  the  young,  fweet- 
en  the  bitter  cup  of  life,  and  cover 
every  bramble  with  roies.  On  a 
lover,  fifty  years  old,  thefe  offices, 
could  he  perform  them,  would  hang 
very  ungracefully.  But  they  are  be- 
yond his  power.  Neither  h;s  imagi- 
nation nor  his  affisftions  have  fufficient 
fprighilinefs,  nor  his  limbs  fufficient 


agility,  to  avoid  aukwanlnefs  and 
dulnefs  in  innumerable  pleating  acts  of 
attention,  which  clothe  a  youthful  iui- 
tor  with  peculiar  lovelmefs.  Nothing, 
indeed,  can  be  more  ridiculous,  than 
to  fee  a  grey-haired  old  gcntlcrnarv, 
whom  a  feries  of  difcreei  and  ufeful 
conduft  has  elevated  to  dignity,  llcp- 
ping  down  a  whole  flight  of  ilairs  at 
once,  and  aping  youth,  fprigbtlinefs, 
and  love,  at  the  bottom.  As  I  am  an 
old  man  myfelf,  at  leuft  in  my  own 
feelings,  I  hope  my  compeers  in  age 
will  not  think  thefe  remarks  ditiated 
by  prejudice. 

The  calamities,  I  have  mentioned, 
are  by  no  means  the  whole  amount  of 
wretcheduefs  attendant  on  fuch  une- 
qual marriages.  As  numerous  ottspring 
ufually  fwarm  upon  a  houfe  that  was 
before  filled,  thefe,  growing  up  m  the 
dotage  of  the  father,  receive  from  him 
none  of  the  moil  necefiary  adminiHra- 
tions  of  government,  and,  of  courle, 
are  rude,  headilrong,  froward.  and  vi- 
cious. As  they  advance  in  yearf, 
they  quarrel  with  their  elder  brothers 
and  fillers,  and  as  the  moiher  is  pre- 
vionfly  a  party  againd  the  latter,  (he  is 
doubly  induced  to  favour  her  chil- 
dren. Thus  enmity,  jeaIouf\'','  and 
jangle,  divide  and  harrafs  a  houfe, 
where  a  little  felf-governinent,  pru- 
dently exercifed  by  the  father,  in  h  $ 
fccond  marriage,  would  have  perpetu- 
ated peace  and  profpeniy.  Under 
this  complication  of  didrefs,  the  fa- 
ther ufiiallv  finks  into  dcTpon  lence 
and  inlignificance.  Beloved  lefs  and 
lefs  by  his  wife  and  his  children,  he 
laiiguifiies  out  a  weary  life,  and  com- 
monly meets  death  with  a  peculiar  rc- 
fignation. 

I  am  far  frona  thinking  that  all  the 
miferies  of  fecond  marriages  are  produ- 
ced in  this  manner  ;  but  I  am  entirely 
convinced,  that,  in  mod  inHances, 
they  are  derived  from  other  fourtes 
than  badnefs  of  charatier  in  the  ftep- 
mother.  This  indeed  happens  at 
times,  and  as  often  as  in  firlt  marri- 
ages, but  in  no  meafure  often  enough 
to  account  for  the  numerous  inllances 
of  wretchednefs  produced  in  this  way. 
The  error  is  ufually  and  fatally  com- 
mitted in  forming  the  connexion,  and 
commonly  rcfts  on  the  head  of  the 
father.  ^  ■ 

It  often  happens,   that  fuch  marri-/ 
ages  are  made  unhappy  by  an  undue 


^7^9'] 


Remarks  on  coxcombs. 


439 


attention  to  property  ;  for  which  the 
avarice  of  hfty  frequently  facrifices 
every  other  confideration.  In  many 
inftances,  mere  caprice,  or  whim,  is 
the  fource  i|f^  an  ill-judged  connex- 
ion. And  in  many  inftances,  where 
few  objections  can  he  offered  againft 
the  connexion  iifelf.  the  imprudent 
intervention  of  neighbours  and  rela- 
tions, blafls  every  hope,  and  produces 
poilon,  when  there  was  a  fair  profpeft 
of  fragrance  and  honey. 

It  Will  be  ailced  by  him,  who  has 
loll  his  nrll  wife,  and  is  warmly  en- 
gaged in  the  pnrfuit  of  another, 
"  what  courfe  fliali  I  take  ?  muft  I 
live  a  hngle  life,  in  folitude  and  me- 
lancholy, the  remaining  part  of  my 
days  ?  mull  I  give  up  every  hope  of 
renewing  the  conjugal  happineO;,  now 
doubly  endeared  by  enjoyment  ?"  No, 
my  friend,  you  need  not  renounce 
fuch  hopes.  But  wait  till  a  fit  time 
afier  your  wife  is  buried,  before  you 
make  your  fecond  wedding  ;  and  that 
t<)  benefit  yourfelf,  as  well  as  torefpeft 
her  memory.  When  you  can  do  it 
with  decency,  look  round  the  circle 
of  women  within  your  knowledge  ; 
examine  as  impartially  as  you  can  ;  and 
(ee,  not  who  will  gratify  your  vanity, 
your  luft,  or  your  avarice,  but  who 
will  make  a  kind  and  prudent  mother 
to  your  children,  a  fkilful  direftrefs 
of  your  domeflic  concerns,  and  a  feii- 
fible,  pleafing  companion  to  you. 
Learn,  as  far  as  polfible,  from  obfer- 
varion,  and  from  enquiry,  who  will 
add  to  your  reputation,  and  your  hap- 
pinefs  ;  who  will  appear  to  have  been 
chofen  with  difcretion  and  dignity, 
and  who  will  fo  condufl,  as  that  your 
family  will  look  up  to  her  with  re- 
fpeft.  and  not  down  upon  her  with 
necelTary  conternpt.  Remember, 
that  you  ought  to  marry  for  your 
children,  as  well  as  for  yourfelf :  and 
that,  in  the  charafter  and  conduft  of 
your  wife,  their  happinefs  is  at  leaft  as 
intimately  concerned, as  your<iwn.  Ex- 
petl  not  to  find  a  woman  whom  you 
will  love,  as  perbap">  you  did  your  fir't 
wife,  with  the  inOinflive  pafTion  of 
youth.  In  fuch  an  expe8ation  you 
will  certainly  be  difappo'nted  ;  and  if 
you  imagine  yourfelf  the  fubjetl;  of 
that  palTibn,  you  will  deceive  your- 
felf. Oh  the  contrary,  fearch  for 
one  whom  you  cannot  but  rationally 
efteem,  for  her  good  fenie,  fincerity, 


benevolence,  and  flcill  in  domeftic 
management.  Thefe  valuable  qua- 
lities will  furniih  a  folid  foundation, 
for  a  fober,  dignified  aff^ftion,  which 
will  endure,  and  increafe,  through 
life.  Think  not  of  a  wife,  whofe 
years  are  greatly  inferior  to  your  own. 
She  will  never  love  you  as  her  huf- 
band  ;  you  will  never  efleem  her  as 
your  wife.  Your  children  will  not 
refpeft  her;  the  world  will  laugh  at 
you.  But  if,  mad  with  avarice,  with 
luft,  or  with  vanity,  nothing  but  youth 
and  beauty  will  fatisfy  your  wilhes, 
remember  that  mifery  is  at  the  door, 
and  will  enter  in,  in  the  train  of  your 
bride,  and  prove  one  of  your  domef- 
tics  as  long  as  you  live. 

NUMBER     II. 

Remarks  on  coxcombs.  A  portrait. 
A  coxcomb  not  fo  contemptible  a. 
charaEler  as  generally  ejleemcd. 
In  no  danger  from  female  charms. 

THERE  is  no  perfon,  among  all 
my  acquaintance,  whofe  move- 
ments I  have  more  narrowly  watched, 
thanthofeofa  young  coxcomb,  who 
fometimes  vifits  me.  If  the  reader 
wifties  to  know  why  I  have  fo  criti- 
cally infpefted  the  aftions  of  this  fini- 
cal youth,  I  will  explain  my  motives 
as  concifely  as  I  can.  I  have  often 
heard  that  every  defcription  of  men 
have  fome  ufeful  and  commendable 
qualifications  ;  and  in  order  to  afcer- 
tain  the  truth  of  this  obfervation,  I 
pitched  upon  a  coxcomb,  as  the  nioft 
fuitable  fubjeB,  to  bring  the  queftion 
to  a  teft.  If  any  valuable  qualities 
can  be  difcovered  in  fuch  a  charafter, 
I  think  we  may  pronounce,  with  fome 
certainty,  that  no  mortal  is  exempt 
from  a  fhare  of  good  properties.  We 
fiiould  diflinguiih  between  qualities 
that  are  ufeful  to  one's  felf,  and  thofe 
that  are  fo  to  other  people.  My  pre- 
fent  enquiry  ihall  be  principally  con- 
fined to  the  former. 

In  the  firfi  place,  then,  a  coxcomb 
cannot  be  a  lazy  man.  lamfennble 
many  cenforious  people  are  ofien 
ranking  him  with  the  idle  and  diflb- 
lute.  The  charge  has  no  foundation 
in  truth.  Whoever  attempts  to  fol- 
low all  the  flufluations  of  the  faflii- 
ons,  and  furiers  no  other  perfon  to 
keep  a-head  of  him  in  this  refpet^, 
will  find  full  employment  for  his  acti- 
vity and  difcernment.  It  is  impofii- 
ble  any  one  can  do  this,  and    be  in- 


440 


Remarks  on  coxcombs. 


[December, 


dolent.  The  young  fribble,  of  whom 
I  am  now  jpeaking,  is  engaged  in  no 

Erofefled  hne  of  biifinefs,  and  yet  I 
now  of  no  perfon,  whofe  time  is 
more  inceirantly  occupied.  He  men- 
tioned to  me,  the  other  morning,  by 
■way  of  apology  for  not  perfuniiing 
an  engagement  he  was  under,  that  he 
had  not  had  a  leifure  moment,  for 
iTiore  than  a  fortnight  pafL  This  cir- 
cumUance  induced  me  to  keep  a  vigi- 
lant eye  over  his  atlions,  and  latisfy 
Hiyfelf  in  what  manner,  he  confumed 
his  days.  I  called  at  his  lodgings  two 
or  three  mornings  fucceflively,  io  ear- 
ly that  I  found  him  at  home.  lie  em- 
ployed nearly  three  hours  in  dref- 
fing  ;  and  1  am  convinced  he  could 
not  do  it  in  a  fliorter  time.  More 
than  an  hour  was  devoted  to  the  bar- 
ber, and  the  reader  may  be  certain  it 
Avas  not  a  moment  too  long.  The  fop 
had  almollas  much  to  do  as  the  barber, 
for  he  role  from  the  chair,  ten  times 
in  the  courle  of  the  operation,  to  fee 
if  all  the  hairs  were  well  adjuiled. 
But  the  hardeR  tafk  was  with  the 
boot- maker.  My  friend  had  a  dozen 
pair  of  boots  to  try,  and  it  took  him 
more  than  hfieen  minutes  to  draw  one 
l«)Ot  over  his  leg.  In  the  courfe  of 
the  experiment,  I  am  confident  he 
M'cnt  through  more  fatigue,  than  a  la- 
bonr;ng  man  would  have  endured,  by 
b'.e.ikmg  flax  fmartly  for  fix  hours. 
It  would  beendlefs  for  me  to  par- 
ticularize all  the  objefls,  which  una- 
voidably fall  in  the  way,  and  prevent 
a  coxcomb  from  wearing  away  his  mo- 
ments in  floih  and  ina8ivity.  It  mufl 
be  remembered  that  he  has  the  proceis 
ofdreffing  to  pafs  through,  twice  in 
twenty-four  hours.  The  remainder 
of  his  time  is  fpent  in  vifiting  and  in 
fome  fafiiionabla  amufements,  which 
can  by  no  means  be  performed  by  a 
lazy  man.  Thefe  remarks  will,  I 
hope,  exculpate  my  drcffy  acquaint- 
ance from  the  charge  of  indolence. 

But  a  more  beneficial  eH'eft,  than 
that  juH  mentioned,  is  derived  from 
being  a  complete  coxcomb,  in  the  fe- 
curity  it  affords  a  man  againfl  the  pains 
and  inconveniences  of  being  captivat- 
ed with  female  charms.  Jt  is  well 
known  that  one  of  thefe  biitter-flv 
men  loves  no  created  being  fo  well 
as  himfclf.  His  whole  povvers  of 
admiration  find  employment  about  his 
own  perfon.  Any  difguft  or  inatten- 
tion, fhewn  him  by    a  female,  is  cal- 


led caprice  ;  and  is  fuppofed  to  refult 
from  a  want  of  elegance  or  purity  of 
talte.  This  (belter  againft  thefe  fre- 
quent imprellions,  which  men  of  lefs 
perfonal  vanity  feel,  is  no  mconfider- 
able  advantage.  It  may  fairly  be  de- 
nominated a  ufeful  quality  to  the  per- 
fon who  poflefles  it.  Though  he  ex- 
travagantly admires  no  lady,  flill  he 
may  be  the  friend  and  patron  of  ma- 
ny. Superficial  women  court  his  at- 
tention, becaufe  they  are  pleafed  with 
his  finery  :  and  fenfible  women  have 
pleafantry  enough  to  indulge  his  vanity 
and  felf-approbation.  Hisformsof  po- 
litenefs  and  good  humour  are  confpicu- 
ous,  and  he  will  grant  the  ladies  every 
thing  they  afk  of  him,  except  his  ad- 
miration and  love. 

A  flill  greater  utility,  in  being  a 
dovotee  to  drels  and  gaiety,  proceeds 
from  its  being  a  pretty  effeHual  guard 
againfl  grofs  intemperance,  and  ma- 
ny other  vices  deftructive  of  health  and 
morals.  The  life  of  an  abandoned 
profligate  is  not  compatible  with  that 
of  a  finiflied  coxcomb.  Very  differ- 
ent paflions  give  rife  to  thefe  charac- 
ters, and  they  have  very  d.lFerent  ob- 
jerts  in  view.  Scenes  of  extravagant 
diifipation  are  generally  attended  with 
rough  language,  than  which  nothing 
can  be  more  difagreeable  to  a  man  of 
real  foppery.  He  avoids  every  fitua- 
tion  where  he  cannot  be  iooked  at 
and  flattered.  His  inclination  leads 
him  among  genteel  people,  who  admit 
him  as  an  aflociate,  for  the  civility  of 
his  deportment,  and  who  are  ihem- 
felvestoo  well  bred  to  call  in  queflion 
his  claims  to  admiration. 

Upon  the  whole,  I  am  induced  to 
believe  that  mofl  people  entertain  too 
mean  an  opinion  of  coxcombs.  It  is 
a  much  more  unexceptionable  charac- 
ter than  is  ufually  imag  ned  ;  and  a 
weil-fhaped  flripling,  who  has  rich 
friends,  and  flender  talents,  may  be 
fa'.d  to  have  taken  his  bell  deffmy, 
whendrefs  is  the  ohje6l  of  his  care, 
and  perfonal  vanity  the  motive  of  his 
conduB.  By  this  means,  he  will  at 
leall  efcape  being  a  lounger,  as  he  mull 
of  courfe  be  atlive  and  bufy,  to  keep 
up  the  part  he  afTumes, — Nor  will  he 
probably  become  adrunkard,  a  knave, 
or  a  blackguard  ;  for  he  can  be  nether 
of  thefe,  without  cfrcniialiy  interfering 
with  the  main  wifhof  his  heart,  to  be 
complimented  as  -ifwett  pretty JelloWm 

New  York,  September  30,    1789. 


1789.] 


Remarks  on  various  inferior fources  of  anxiety* 


NUMBER    III. 
Remarks   on  various  inferior  fources 
of  anxiety^    and  on.  the  fccret  of 
living  happily, 

TEARS  and  complaints  are  a- 
mong  the  lources  of  relief  that 
lie  open  to  the  afflicted  and  unfortu- 
nate. Thofe  people,  who  can  vent 
their  grief  in  either  of  thefe  ways, 
feel  iefs  oppredion  of  fplrits,  than 
thofe  who  conceal  their  misfortunes, 
through  a  temper  of  pride,  or  che- 
r.fh  their  fadnefs,  under  fuch  a  clofe 
contexture  of  heart,  as  cannot  rea- 
dily let  loofe  Us  forrows.  But  one 
meets  with  innumerable  ills  and  vex- 
ations in  the  world,  about  which,  it 
would  be  weaknefs  to  hgh,  and  in- 
delicacy (o  complain. 

An  epicure,  in  dining  with  his 
friend,  fometimes  finds  no  difli  that 
fuits  his  palate.  The  cookery  may 
in  every  refpeft  be  diflerent  from 
,  what  he  reliflies.  To  be  fure,  he  is 
placed  in  a  fituation,  v/hich,  to  him, 
is  a  very  unpleafant  one.  Nothing 
could  vex  him  more,  and  yet  he  mull 
not  complam.  He  muft  difguife  his 
feelings,  or  he  will  oifend  thofe  of 
his  friend. 

An  old  man,  connected  with  a 
young  wife,  whom  he  dares  not  quar- 
rel with,  is  perpetually  expofed  to 
vexations,  which  he  cannot  even  men- 
tion, without  being  ridiculed.  His 
natural  dilpofition  may  be  fullen  and 
referved  ;  and  thofe  charatlerillics 
may  be  heightened  by  age  and  infir- 
mity. Her  temper  may  be  peculiar- 
ly gay  and  volatile,  and  her  defire 
of  company  and  amufement,  may  be 
increafeJ,  by  living  with  a  hufband, 
whofe  charatter  and  wilhes  are  fo 
ditferent  from  her  own.  Both  of 
them  feel  a  ftate  of  uneafinefs,  which 
they  can  neither  hope  to  efcape,  nor 
ceafe  to  lament.  And  yet  their  dif- 
quietudes  are  of  fuch  a  nature,  that 
any  complaint  would  excite  contempt 
rather  than  pity.  The  evil  admits  of 
no  remedy  :  u  meets  v^ith  no  com- 
pafTion.  It  can  be  no  mark  of  dif- 
cernment  for  perfons  voluntarily  to 
plunge  into  a  fiiuation  fo  tedious  and 
hopeiefs. 

The  fecret  of  living  happily  de- 
pends \Q:v\'  much  on  knowing  how 
to  avoid  the  defcnption  of  evils  to 
which  I  allude.  In  the  choice  of  in- 
timate fr.cnds   and  companions,  one 


441 

will  fall  into  difagreeable  miftakes, 
unlefs  he  afts  with  great  difcernment 
and  caution.  A  fimilarity  in  circum- 
flances,  a  coincidence  in  political 
fentiments,  and  many  other  caufes, 
may  induce  men  to  form  circles  of 
acquaintance,  into  which  perhaps  not 
a  fingle  ray  of  real  friendfhip  ever  pe- 
netrates. One  fliould  not  number  a- 
mong  his  particular  friends,  thofe  per- 
fons, with  whom  he  becomes  ac- 
quainted, only  through  accident  or 
convenience.  If  he  does,  he  will 
commit  an  error,  that  will  involve 
him  in  all  the  difficulties,  I  am  ex- 
horting him  to  fhun.  Before  any 
man  is  recognized  as  a  familiar  alFo- 
ciate,  he  ought  to  give  unequivocal 
proof,  that  he  polTenes  purity  of  prin- 
ciples, and  generoCty  of  heart.  There 
fhould  be  a  refemblance  in  tafte  and 
habits,  between  thofe  who  often  come 
together  for  the  relaxation  of  their 
mutual  cares.  When  there  is  a  dif- 
agreement  in  this  rcfpeft,  their  fcenes 
of  mirth  and  feftivity  will  foon  de- 
generate into  fuUennefs  and  difcon- 
tent.  It  is  not  material,  that  there 
be  a  fimilarity  of  age,  underftanding, 
or  natural'  temper.  It  is  only  requi- 
fite  that  their  habits  and  inclinations 
fhould  be  formed  with  a  view  to  fi- 
milar  modes  of  gratification.  No- 
thing is  more  common  than  for  an 
old  man  to  be  Iefs  fprightly  and  en- 
terprifing  than  his  young  friend,  and 
yet  both  may  take  delight  in  the  fame 
courfe  of  bufinefs  and  amufement. 
A  man,  prone  to  filence  and  gravity, 
may  be  happy  in  companions  of  aa 
open  unreferved  temper.  If  they  arc 
both  alike  well-bred,  and  familiarif- 
ed  to  like  cuftoms,  their  difference  of 
temper  may  probably  never  prove  a 
fource  of  much  vexation  to  each  o- 
ther.  But  perfons  living  together 
will  foon  difagree,  if  they  have  been 
accuftomed  to  a  different  flile  and 
manner  of  enjoyment,  and  have  mo- 
delled their  talte  and  fafhions  by  a 
different  level  of  circumffances. 

When  I  vifit  my  friend,  it  is  of  no 
importance  to  my  happinefs,  that  he 
fhould  know  as  much,  or  talk  and 
laugh  as  much,  as  I  do.  But  if  he 
gives  me  bad  wine,  and  a  dinner  not 
fo  well  dreffed,  a'i  I  could  have  got 
elfewhere,  I  undergo  a  vexation,  a- 
gainfl  which  I  have  no  remedy.  This 
lliews  how  much  of  our  pleafurcin 


442 

life  depends  on  avoiding  habitual  fa- 
miliarities with  perfons,  who  will  in- 
ceffantly  counieraa  our  prevailing 
tafteand  inclination.  I  may  view  a 
roan  with  refpeft  and  veneration  for 
his  talents  and  virtues,  and  yet  no 
degree  of  acquaintance  may  be  able 
to  intereft  any  of  the  tender  fenti- 
ments  of  my  heart.  We  may  both 
applaud  each  other  for  our  refpeaive 
wood  qualities,  but  we  muft  commu 
force  upon  ourfelves,  if  we  attempt 
to  pafs  a  focial  hour  together. 

It  cannot  be  too  much  contemplat- 
ed how  many  of  the  irkfomc  moments 
of  life  are  occafioned  by  incidents 
that  appear  too  trifling  to  be  ranked 
in  the  catalogue  of  misfortunes.  No 
man  could  ever  move  one  fenfation 
of  pity  in  the  breall  of  another,  be- 
caufe  his  fellow- lodgers  chofe  a  dif- 
ferent hour  of  dining,  or  a  different 
lort  of  provifions,  fromhimfelf ;  and 
yet  many  a  man  has  fuffered  more  ac- 
lual  vexation  from  fuch  a  caufe,  than 
he  probably  has  realized  in  all  the 
ioffes  and  difappointments  that  have 
perplexed  his  plans  of  bufinefs. 

When  a  man  is  affailed  by  thofe 
heavy  misfortunes,  which  engage  the 
attention  of  mankind,  he  may  flatter 
his  pride,  by  the  manly  fortitude  he 
ciifcovers,  and  affuage  his  gnef,  by 
the  tender lympathy  he  excites.  1  his 
fource  of  confolation,  however,  is  not 
open  to  a  man,  who  is  vexed  and 
mortified  by  a  ihoufand  untoward  ac- 
cidents, which  embitter  every  mo- 
ment of  his  life,  and  which  he  can- 
not think  of,  without  fentiments  ot 
frame,  nor  declare  without  expofing 
hlmfelf  to  derlfion.  Men  may  be  lo 
inceffantly  teazcd  with  incidents  of 
this  ftamp,  as  to  fall  into  habits  of 
peevKhnefs  and  caprice,  and  become 
a  torment  to  themfelves,  and  thole 
with  whom  they  affociate.  I  have 
feen  two  men,  who,  from  motives  ot 
convenience  in  bufinefs,  became  fel- 
low-lodgers -,  their  tafte  in  living 
was  fo  oppofite,  that  they  were  never 
both  pleafed  with  precifely  the  fame 
thing.  It  is  Incredible,  how  a  petu- 
lance of  temper  grew  upon  them,  and 
how  foon  they  difllked  each  other  as 
companions.  It  was  no  rel  ef,  un- 
der fuch  vexations,  that  they  w<^re 
both  fenfible,  well-informed  men, 
and  both  fuftalned  an  excellent  ch^^- 
rifter.     Had  one  of  them  been  a  fool 


Religion  andfuperjlition  contrajled.  [December, 


and  the  other  a  wife  man,  they  had 
probably  lived  more  harnionioufly  to- 
gether, if  their  tafte  and  habits  had 
coincided  better.  Thefe  reflexions 
win,  I  hope,  lead  my  readers  into 
an  examination  of  the  caules,  that 
contribute  to  happ-ncfs  and  tranquili- 
ty. I  am  confident,  that,  with  a  lit- 
tle precaution,  men  may  make  life 
pafs  away  more  agreeably,  and  ef- 
cape  innumerable  fources  of  difquie- 
tude,  in  which  a  great  portion  oi  the 
human  race  are  involved. 
New  York,   Nov.  21,   1789. 

NUMBER    IV. 

Rc/igio)?  avd  fuperjlition  c.ontrajlcd. 

By    the    rev.    Jo/epk    Lat/irop,     of 

Spriniifitld,  ConneBicut. 

ELI G ION  fuppofes  a  know- 
ledgeof  the  Deity, his perfetiions 
and  government — of  ourfelves  as  ra- 
tionat,  moral,  fallen  creatures — of 
the  way  in  which  offenders  may  be 
reftored  ^o  the  divine  favour— and  of 
mankind,  in  their  various  relations 
to  us.  It  confifts  in  an  unreferved 
regard  to  the  duties  refulilng  from  our 
nature  and  condition,  and  the  rela- 
tion in  which  we  (land  to  other  be- 
ings. It  is  '  a  reafonable  fervice.' 
As  it  J5  founded  In  knowledge,  fo  it 
enlarges  the  mind,  exalts  and  refines 
its  powers,  and  gives  them  their  juft 
direction  and  employment.  Religi- 
on, confclous  of  human  weakneis, 
refls  on  divine  revelation ;  but,  in 
examining  the  evidence,  defign,  and 
meaning  of  revelation,  admits  the  aid 
of  reafon.  It  is  calm  in  its  enqui- 
ries, deliberate  in  its  refolves,  and 
fteady  in  its  conduft.  It  chenflies 
modcft  and  humble  thoughts— is  open 
to  light  and  convlttion — and  labours 
for  improvement.  It  is  mild  and 
peaceable  in  its  difpofition— fober 
and  temperate  in  its  manners— can- 
did and  condefcending  toothers.  It 
Hudies  to  promote  love  and  union  a- 
mong  men,  in  civil  and  in  religious 
fociety ;  reprobates  none  for  trivial 
differences ;  attends,  chiefly,  to  things 
of  folid  importance  ;  and  regards, 
as  the  friends  of  God,  all  who  do  fo, 
whatever  name  they  bear.  It  con- 
demns vice,  and  the    errors  that  lead 

to  it approves  virtue    and  the  truths 

which  promote  It— whether  in  fnend 
or  en'^my.  It  aims  to  pleafe  the  Dei- 
ty, by  a  conflant  obfervance  of  his 
injundlons;  and  under  a  fenfe  of  re- 


^y'g-l 


Onfiihmijfion  to  civil  government. 


44S 


velation,  penitently  relies  on  mer- 
cy, (hruii^li  the  gia.itl  anxicment  pro- 
vided. It  is  firiu  in  danger,  uniform 
in  (iMty,  content  wuh  the  fiicnt  ap- 
probanon  of  the  iieart,  aud  a  coiifci- 
oulriels  of  divme  approbation,  lium- 
bly  truiiing  in  the  witdom  ^nd  equi- 
ty of  the  lupreme  government,  in  a 
word,  religion  improves  the  inielletts, 
rettihes  the  will,  (weetens  the  temper, 
calms  the  pailions,  gives  peace  to  the 
conlcieiice,  and  renders  men  courte- 
ous, friendly,  and  beneficent  to  each 
other,  and  uleful  in  every  relation. 

Siiperllition  is  a  kind  of  inconfift- 
eni,  trilling  fcrupulofity.  It  difco- 
vcis  iilelf  in  a  fervent  zeal  for  and  a- 
ga  nfl  matters  of  indiilerence  or  fmall 
importance,  while  things  of  real 
weight  are  overlooked.  Ii  lays  (Irefs 
on  praflices  that  have  no  connexion 
with  virtue,  and  opinions  that  make 
no  man  wifer  or  better,  and  have 
neither  evidence  to  fupport  them, 
nor  nfefulncls  to  recommend  them  ; 
and  rejects  thofe  that  have  both.  In 
ihcexpreliive  language  of  facred  writ, 
'  it  (trains  at  a  gnat,  and  fwallows  a  ca- 
mel.' It  fprings  from  ignorance  of 
men  and  things,  from  falfe  notions  of 
ihe  Deity  and  hisgovernment,  andab- 
furd  conceptions  of  the  nature  of  piety 
and  virtue.  It  is  guided  by  the  tra- 
ditions and  opinions  of  men,  more 
than  by  fober  reafon  ami  plain  reve- 
lation. It  IS  credulous  in  fome  fa 
vourite  matters — in  others  blind  to  ar- 
gument. It  IS  hafty  in  its  judgment, 
and  rafh  in  its  condiitt — vain  in  its  o- 
pinion  of  itfcif — fond  of  fhow  and 
puade — attached  to  a  party — cenfori- 
ous  of  otliers — and  apt  to  make  divi- 
sions and  feparations  in  fociety,  under 
]*retcnce  of  fuperior  wifdom  or  fanc- 
tity.  It  jullifies  in  its  favourites,  what 
it  condemns  in  everybody  elfe.  It  is 
fierce  and  malignant  in  its  temper — 
fliff  and  obftinate  in  its  fentiments 
and  prathces — much  given  to  com- 
plaint of  perfecution  from  others — 
yet  unmercifully  cruel  towards  others 
— and  Icriipulous  of  no  meafures  to 
make  profelytes  or  extirpate  oppo- 
nents. It  is  dark  and  fufpicious — 
gloomy  and  fuUen — timorous  and  ir- 
refolute.  It  fears  imaginary  evils — 
and  truds  in  imaginary  means  of  fe- 
curity.  It  attempts  to  commute  for 
the  negletf  of  eflential  duties,  by  great 
feverity  and   purv^Iilious  exa6tnels  in 


little  things ;  and  labours  to  placate 
an  offended  Deiiy,  and  conciliate  his 
favour,  by  arbitrary,  unrequired,  ufe- 
lefs,  unavailing  obfervances.  In  a 
word,  fuperilition  fetters  the  under- 
flandmg,  deprelTes  the  fpirits,  embit- 
ters the  temper,  diilurbs  the  pailions, 
and  Ipoils  the  manners.  It  produces 
complaints  without  grievance,  ani- 
inolity  without  an  injury,  contention 
without  an  objeft,  terror  without  dan- 
ger, confidence  without  foundation. 
A  good  man,  tinttured  with  fuper- 
ftition,  deforms  his  religion — defeats 
the  intluence  of  his  example — caufcs 
his  good  to  be  evil  fpoken  of — and 
expofes  his  piety  to  contempt.  A  bad 
man,  governed  by.  fuperftition,  is  a 
vexation  to  mankind,  and  a  torment 
to  himfelf. 

THE  POLITICIAN". 

N  U  M  B  E  R     I . 

OnfuhmJJJion  to  civil  government.  By 
the  rev.  Jofeph  Lathrop^oJ' Spring- 
ficld.)  Convediicut. 

MANKIND  cannot  fubfift  with- 
out fociety,  nor  fociety  with- 
out government.  If  there  were  no 
way  to  controul  the  felfiflinefs,  check 
the  padions,  and  reftrain  the  vices  of 
men,  ihey  would  foon  become  fo  in- 
tolerable to  one  another,  that  they 
muft  difperfe,  and,  being  difpcrfed, 
mult  perifii,  or  be  miferable.  Govern- 
ment is  a  combination  of  the  whole 
community,  againft  the  vices  of  each 
particular  member.  The  defign  of 
it  is  not  merely  to  provide  for  the  ge- 
neral defence  againll  foreign  power, 
but  to  exercife  a  controul  over  each 
member,  to  rellrain  him  from  wrong, 
and  compel  him  to  right,  fo  far  as 
common  fafety  requires.  Mankind, 
by  entering  into  fociety,  and  coming 
under  government,  put  the  protcflioii 
of  their  rights,  and  theredrefs  of  their 
wrongs,  out  of  their  own  hands :  and, 
inftead  of  defending  or  recovering 
their  rights,  by  private  force,  they  a- 
gree  to  fubmit  to  the  more  impartial 
decifion  of  the  fociety,  or  of  thofe 
whom  the  fociety  has  conftituted 
judges. 

That  a  people  may  be  free  and  hap- 
py under  government,  they  muft  be 
wife  and  virtuous.  A  well-framed 
conllitution  maybe  fome  fecurity ;  the 


Hi 


lEJ'ay  on  patriotifm. 


[Decembefj 


wifdom  and  virtue  of  the  people  is  a 
greater.  A  virtuous  people  may  fsb- 
iifl  under  a  mild  government ;  a  cor- 
rupt and  vicious  people  muft  be  ruled 
with  rigour.  Thofe  who  are  govern- 
ed by  rational  principles  of  their  own, 
need  but  little  other  government  ; 
thofe,  who  are  vvrholly  dellitute  of 
fuch  principles,  muft  be  governed  by 
external  force  and  terror.  '  The  law 
is  not  made  for  a  righteous  man,  but 
for  the  lawlefs.' 

We  have  by  force  repelled  a  fo- 
reign encroachment  on  our  liberties, 
and  eftablilhed  a  government  of  our 
own.  Whether  we  ftiall  be  fafe  and 
happy  now,  depends  much  more  on 
our  own  condua,  than  on  the  form  of 
government,  which  we  have  adopted, 
or  any  other  that  can  be  devifed. 

We  fiiould  always  be  careful  to 
commit  the  powers  of  government  in- 
to the  hands  of  wife  and  virtuous  men  ; 
for  it  is  manifeftly  abfurd,  to  truft  the 
common  fafety  with  thofe,  whofe  abi- 
lity and  integrity  would  not  entitle 
them  to  our  confidence  in  private 
life. 

We  fliould  contribute  our  jid  to 
carry  into  execution  the  wholefome 
laws  of  the  community,  efpecially  thofe 
which  immediately  relate  to  the  vir- 
tue and  morals  of  the  people. 

We  fliould  educate  our  children  in 
rational  notions  of  civil  liberty,  bur, 
at  the  fame  time,  in  juft  fentiments  of 
fubordination  and  fubmilFion  to  au- 
thority "jand  inftil  into  their  minds 
fuch  prmciples  of  honour,  benevo- 
lence, integrity,  piety,  and  univerfal 
virtue,  that  they  may  have  little  oc- 
cafion  for  the  reftralnts  of  public  laws. 

A  wife  people  will  infpeft  the  con- 
duft  of  their  rulers,  and  guard  their 
rights  from  every  invafion.  But  they 
will  not  indulge  an  excedive  jealoufy, 
nor  complain  of  mcafures,  which  they 
underlland  not,  or  which  could  not 
be  avoided. 

When  a  people  are  greatly  burden- 
ed, they  may  juflly  demand  tbe  fever- 
eft  economy  in  the  application  of  pub- 
lic ircafures ;  but  they  fliould  be  care- 
ful, that  they  impute  not  to  prodiga- 
lity, thofe  expenfes,  which  anfe  from 
neceflity. 

If  rulers  are  profufe,  we  may  pre- 
fer men  of  more  frugality  ;  but  let  us, 
in  private  life,  exercife  the  fame  fru- 
gality, which  we  expetlof  tiiem,  in 


their  public  Rations.  The  man  that 
waftes  his  own  fubftance,  would  not 
be  very  fparing  of  public  money,  if  it 
was  committed  to  his  diipofal  :  and 
fuch  a  man  complains  of  extravagance 
with    a    very  ill  grace. 

If  the  general  charatler  of  a  people 
is  frugal,  fuch,  of  courfe,  will  he  the 
prevailing  difpofition  of  rulers ;  be- 
caufe  men  of  this  charatter  will  be 
chofen  to  places  of  public  truft  ; 
and  their  conduct  will  be  much  in- 
fluenced by  the  prevailing  taUe  and 
manners  of  the  people. 

We  commonly  fay,  rulers  ought  to 
be  our  examples.  And  fo  they  ought. 
And  why  ought  not  we  alfo  to  be 
theirs?  In  abfoiute  governments, 
where  the  people  are  dependent  on  the 
will  of  their  rulers,  the  public  exam- 
ples very  much  govern  private  man- 
ners. In  popular  and  elective  go- 
vernments, like  ours,  the  cafe  is,  in 
fome  meafure,  the  reverfe.  Rulers 
are  here  chofen  by,  and  dependent  on, 
the  people  :  and  it  may  naturally  be 
expetted,  that  they  will  be  good  or 
bad,  frugal  or  profufe,  very  much  ac- 
cording to  the  prevailing  charatter  of 
their  conftituents. 

If  we  would  have  the  government 
reformed,  we  muft  reform  ourfelves. 
The  more  virtue  there  is  among  pri- 
vate perfons,  the  more  there  will  be 
among  rulers,  and  themoreeafy  it  will 
be  for  government  to  carry  into  execu- 
tion, laws  for  the  tupprellion  of  vice, 
and  the  encouragement  of  virtue. 
The  beft  laws  are  impotent  things, 
when  the  general  difpolition  is  to  vi- 
olate them.  They  are  but  cobwebs, 
which  may  happen,  now  and  then, 
to  entangle  fome  feeble  infect,  while 
the  ftrong  will  break  through,  and  ef- 
cape.  But  good  laws  carry  force  and 
terror,  when  the  main  body  of  the 
people  approve  them,  and  are  refolved 
to  obey  and  lupport  them. 

NUMBER      II. 

F-Jfay    on  patriotifm. 

THE  love  of  ourcountry  is  an  in- 
flexible determination  of  mind 
to  promote,  by  all  juftifiable  means, 
the  happinefs  of  that  fociety  of  which 
we  are  members  ;  to  attend  to  it  with 
a  warm  and  adive  zeal  ;  to  negletl  no 
opportunity  by  which  we  may,  without 
violating  the  great  law  of  univerfal 
benevolence,  advance  her  honour  and 
intereft;  and  generoufly  to  facrifice  (• 


ly^D'l 


Fjfay  on  patriotifm. 


443 


t'nis  governmsT  principle,  all  inferior 
regards,  and  lefs  extenfive  claims,  of 
v.'hat  nature  foever. 

This  is  that  elevaied  pafTiorij  of 
all  others  the  mod  neceffary,  a^  weJl 
as  moll  becoming  to  mankind;  and 
yet,  if  we  believe  the  common  com- 
plaints, of  all  oihers,  the  lead  vifible 
in  the  world.  It  lives,  we  are  told, 
ratherin  defcription  than  reality,  and 
is  now  reprefented  as  an  antiquat- 
fd  and  forgotten  virtue.  Wretched 
pitlure  of  the  human  race  !  If  this  be  a 
juft  reprefentation,  we  are  degene- 
rate indeed — infenfible  to  all  fecial  du- 
ties— counterafting  the  common  bond 
of  alliance  with  onr  fpecies  — and 
checking  ;he  fource  of  our  moft  re- 
fined fatisfdftion.s. 

There  is  in  the  louls  of  men  a  certain 
■  a'trafhve  power  which  leads  them,  in- 
fenfibly,  to  afTocate,  and  to  concert 
the  plan  of  mutual  happinefs.  If  any 
thing  be  natural  to  us,  it  muft  be  that 
paflion  which  conduces  to  the  prefer- 
vdiion  of  the  fpecies.  But  nothing 
fi)  manifellly  contributes  to  that 
end,  as  th.s  combining  principle  of 
followlhip,  which  miift,  therefore, 
be  as  certainly  derived  from  nature, 
as  the  love  we  bear  to  our  offspring, 
OT  that  which  t!\ey  have  for  each 
o  her.  The  public  is,  as  it  were, 
one  great  family  ;  we  are  all  children 
of  one  common  mother,  our  coun- 
try ;  flie  gave  us  all  our  birth,  nur- 
fod  our  tender  years,  and  fupp<^rts 
our  manhood.  In  this  light,  our  re- 
jiards  for  her  feem  as  natural  as  the 
implan  ed  affection  between  parents 
and  children.  It  is  then  from  the 
vary  frame  of  man  that  the  fenfe  of 
a  national  brotherhood  arifes,  and  a 
public  is  recogiuzed  by  the  fuffrages 
of  unerring  nature. 

Whenever,  therefore,  this  uniting 
inflinfl  is  obflrufted  in  its  operations, 
bv  the  uneq  lal  indulgence  of  private 
affeftion,  the  balance  of  the  palTions 
is  dellroyed,  and  the  kind  intention 
of  the  Creator  no  lefs  imprudently 
than  imp:ou(ty  perverted. 

I  m'ght  here  enlarge  on  the  mutu- 
al dolighis  given  and  received,  in  the 
focial  entertainments  and  converfa- 
tion  of  a  people,  connefted  together 
by  the  fame  language,  cuftoms,  and 
inltitutions,  and  from  thence  (hew 
the  reafonablenefs  of  an  alFeftionate 
attachment  to  the  community  ;  but  I 
Vet.   VI.  No.  VI. 


choofe  to  point  out  the  obligations  to 
this  alTociating  virtue,  as  they  arife 
from  higher  and  more  interefting  prin- 
ciples. 

The  miferles  of  the  flate  of  nature 
are  fo  evident,  that  there  is  no  occa- 
fion  to  difplay  them.     Every  man    is 
fenfible,    that  violence,    rapine,   and 
flaughter,  mufl    be   continually  prac- 
tifed,  where  no  reflraints  are  provid- 
ed, to   curb  the  inordinance  of  felf- 
affeftion.     To  fociety  we  owe  our  fe- 
curity  from  thofe   miferies,  and  to   a 
well-poifed  government' — fuch  as  ours 
—we  Hand  indebted   for  our  protec- 
tion   againit   thofe,   who   would   en- 
croach upon  the  eq'ial  Qiare  of  liberty 
which  belongs  to  all,  or  would  molefl 
individuals  in  the  poflefTion  of  what  it 
fairly  appropr'ated.      And   what    an 
unfpcakable    fatisfaftion   is    it   to  be 
free — and  to  be  able  to  call  what  we 
juHly     hold,     our   own  !       Freedom 
and  fecurity  diftiife  cheerfulnefs  over 
the  moft  uncomfcrtable   regions,   and 
give  a  value  to  the  moft  contemptible 
pofTtiFions  ;  even  a  morfel  of  bread, 
in  the  moft  frozen  climates,  would  be 
more  worth  contend. ng  for,  if  liberty 
crowntxl  the   meal,   than    the  nobleft 
pofTefTions  and  greaieft  affluence,  un- 
der  the  mildeft    fkies,    if  held  at  the 
mercilefs  will  of  a  civil  or   religious 
tyrant.     As  inch  a   happinefs    is  on- 
ly to  beeflahlilhed  by  the  love  of  fo- 
ciety— and    as  all  the  bleftings  which 
we  enjoy,  fpring  from   this  fource — 
gratitude  calls  upon  us  to  cultivate  a 
principleto  which^we  owe  fuch  tran- 
fcendent  obli)     ions. 

But.  the  obligation  increafes  upoti 
us,  when  we  confider  that  from  foci- 
ety is  a!  To  derived  a  fet  of  amiable  du- 
ties, unkntiwn  to  man  in  a  detached, 
unconnected  flaie.  It  is  from  this 
fountain,  that  hofpitality,  gratitude, 
and  generofity  flow,  with  all  the  pleaf- 
ing  charities  which  adorn  human  na- 
ture. For  where  have  thofe  virtues 
their  theatre — where  is  their  fcene  of 
aftion — how  can  they  exert  themfelves 
— but  in  fociety  ?  It  is  there  alone 
we  have  opportunities  of  difplaying 
the  moral  charms,  and  of  exhibiting 
the  glorious  manifeftation  of  good- 
will to  mankind.  On  this  account, 
therefore,  fociety  has  an  high  demand 
for  our  afteftiona'e  regard. 

To  be  unmindful  of  the  public,  is 
not  only  an  argument  of  an  uflgratc* 
3  L 


446 
1 


Remarks  on  liberty  of  confcience,  &c. 


[December, 


ul,  it  is  alfo  a  proof  of  a   diflioneft     a  generous  foul  is  that  which  fprings 

from  ihe  exalted   appetite  of  dmiifing 


temper  of  mind.  He,  who  injures 
particulars,  is,  indeed,  an  offender  ; 
but  he  who  withholds  from  the  pub- 
lic the  fervice  and  aftedion  to  which 
it  is  entitled,  is  a  criminal  of  a  far 
higher  degree  ;  as  he,  by  iuch  a  be- 
haviour, robs  a  whole  body  of  peo- 
ple, and  deprives  the  community  of 
her  iult  demand.  If  one  man  has  a 
good  underltanding,  and  does  not 
exert  it  for  the  general  advantage,  by 
advice  and  council — if  another  has 
riches,  and  will  not  alhft  with  his 
liberality — if  a  poor  man  hasdrength, 
and  will  not  aid  with  his  labour — if, 
in  Ihort,  any  man  be  wanting,  in  pur- 
fuing  the  benevolent  principle,  by 
exerting  his  talents  to  their  proper 
ends,  he  deferves  to  be  treated  as  a 
common  fpoiler  ;  as  he  takes  what 
does  not,  properly,  belong  to  bun, 
the  title  of  each  man's  (hare  of  the 
benefits  of  fociety,  arifing  only  from 
that  proportion  to  which  he  has,  hun- 
felf,  contributed. 

Public  good  is,  as  it  were,  a    com- 
mon bank,  in   wbich  every  individual 
has    his  refpetlive  (hare  :  and   confe- 
quently,    whatever  damage    that  fuf- 
tains,  the  individuals  unavoidably  par- 
take of  the  calamity.     If  liberty    be 
dellroyed,  no  particular  mcinber   can 
efcapc  the  chains.     If  thtf   credit   of 
the  affociated   body  fink^  his  fortune 
links  with  it.     If  the  fons  of  violence 
prevail,  and  plunder  the  public  ftock, 
nis  part  cannot  be   refcued   from  the 
fpoil.     If  then  we  have  a  true  affec- 
tion for  ourfelves — if  we  would  reap 
the  fruits  of  our  induflry — and  enjoy 
our   property     in    fecurity — we   muff 
{land  firm  to  the  caufe  of  public   vir- 
tue.     Ocherwife  we  had  better   re- 
turn to  the  raw  herbage  for  our  food, 
and  to  the  inclemencies  of  the   open 
Iky  for  our  covering  ;  go  back  to  un- 
cultivated  nature,    where   our  wants 
•would   be    fewer,   and   our  appetites 
lefs.     Such  a  fituation,  notwithlland- 
ingallits  inconveniencies,  is  far  pre- 
ferable  to  a   barbarous   government, 
and  far  more  defirable  than  the  lot  of 
flaves. 

We  fee,  then,  how  clofely  the  fu- 
preme  being  has  conne£ied  our  inte- 
reft  with  our  duty,  and  made  it  each 
man's  happinefs  to  contribuie  to  the 
welfare  of  his  fellow-citizens. 

But  ffill  the  more   noble  motive  to 


the  joys  of  life  to  all  around  h-im. 
There  is  nothing  he  thinj>.s  fo  defir- 
able, as  to  be  the  inflnmicnt  of  do- 
ing good  ;  and  the  farther  it  is  ex- 
tended, the  greater  is  his  delij^ht,  and 
the  more  glorious  his  charattrr.  be- 
nignity to  friends  and  relations  is  but 
a  narrow- Ipiriied  qualuy,  lonipared 
with  this,  and  perhaps  as  frequently 
the  effeft  of  caprice  or  pride,  as  of  a 
benevolent  temper.  But  when  our 
flow  of  good-will  fprends  itfelf  to  all 
the  fociety,  and  m  them  to  diHant 
pofleriiy — when  chaniy  r^fes  into 
public  fpirit,  and  panial  ailehion  is 
extended  into  general  benevolenc-e — 
then  It  is  that  man  fhines  in  the  high- 
eft  luflre,  and  is  the  truell  image  of 
his  divine  Creator. 

NUMBER    III. 

Rcviarks  on  liberty  of  amfcience  and 
civil  ejlabliflimtnts  of  religion.  By 
dr.  Price. 

IN  liberty   of  confcience  I   include 
much  more   than  toleration,     Je- 
fus  Chrift  has  ellablifiied   a  perfect  e- 
quality    among    his    tuUowers.      His 
command  is,  that  they  (hall  allume  no 
jurifdiCtion  over  one  anoiher,  and  ac- 
knowledge no  mafler  beiides  himfelf. 
It  is,  therefore,  prefinnption   in    any 
of  them  to  claim  a  right  to  any  fupe- 
riority   or   pre-eminence   over    their 
brethren,     buch   a  claim    is  implied, 
whenever  any  of  ihem    pretend  to  to- 
lerate the  red.     Not   only  all   chrif- 
tians,  but    all    tnen,  of  all    religions, 
ought   to   be  confidered,    by    a   ftaie, 
as  equally  entitled    to   us  proteflion, 
fo  far  as  they  demean   thcmielves  ho- 
nellly  and  peaceably.     Toleration  can 
take  place  only  where   there    is   a  ci- 
vil efiablifhment  of  a  particular  mode 
of  religion  ;  that  is,  where  a  predo- 
minant feft  enjoys    excKiiive   advan- 
tages, and    makes  the  encouragement 
of  its  own  mode  of  faiih  and  worflnp, 
a  part  of  the  confiitution  of  the  flaie, 
but  at  the  fame  time  thinks  fit  n^fuf- 
fer   the  exeicife    of  oilier   modes  of 
faith    and   worlhip.      Thanks   be    to 
God,  the    new    American  (iates   are 
at  prefent  llrangers  to   fuch   ellablifli- 
ments.     In  this  refpetl,  as   well  as  in 
many  others,    ihey    have   Ihewn.    in 
framing  their  ronfluutionj.  a  degree 
of  wifdom  and  liberality,  which  is  a- 
bove  all   praife. 


i78y.7 


Remarks  on  liberty  of  confcicnce^  &c. 


447 


Civil  eftablidiments  of  formularies 
of  taith  aad  WDrihip,  are  inconfillent 
with  the  rights  nf  private  judgment — 
they  engender  O.rife — they  turn  reli- 
gion into  a  trade — they  Qioar  up  er- 
ror— they  pr(>duce  hypocnfy  and  pre- 
varication— they  lay  an  undue  bias  on 
the  human  m;nd,  in  its  enquiries,  and 
obflriictthe  progrefs  of  truth.  Genu- 
ine religion  is  a  concern,  that  lies  en- 
tirely between  God  and  our  own 
fouls.  -It  is  incapable  of  receiving 
any  aid  from  human  laws.  It  is  con- 
taminated, as  foon  as  worldly  motives 
and  fjnttioiis  m^x  their  influence  with 
it.  Statefmen  (h.iuld  countenance  it 
only  by  exhibiting  in  their  own  ex- 
ample, a  confcious  regard  to  it  in  thole 
forms  which  are  moft  agreeable  to 
their  own  jiKlginenis,  and  by  encou- 
raging their  fellow-citizens  in  doing 
the  fame.  Ihey  cannot,  as  public 
men,  give  it  any  other  aiTiftance.  All, 
beltdes,  that  has  been  called  a  public 
leading  in  religion,  has  done  it  an  ef- 
fential  injury,  and  produced  fume  of 
the  worft  conlequenres. 

The  church  el-labliniment  in  Eng- 
land is  one  of  the  mildeH  fort.  But 
what  a  ftnre  has  even  that  been  to 
integrity  ?  And  what  a  check  to  free 
enquiry  ?  Whatdilpofitions. favour- 
able to  defpotifm,  has  it  foilered  ? 
What  a  turn  to  pride,  and  narrow- 
nefs.  and  domination,  has  it  given  the 
clerical  character  ?  What  llruggles 
has  It  produced  in  its  members,  to  ac- 
rommodaie  their  opinions  to  the  fub- 
fcriptions  and  tefts  which  it  impofes  ? 
What  a  perverfion  of  learning  has 
itoccafioned,  to  defend  obfolete  creeds 
and  abfurdities  ?  What  a  burden  is 
it  on  the  confciences  of  fome  of  its 
belt  clergy,  who,  in  confequence  of 
being  bound  down  to  a  fyftem  they 
do  not  approve,  and  having  no  fup- 
poft,  except  that  which  they  derive 
from  conforming  to  it,  find  themfelves 
under  the  hard  necelh  y  of  either 
prevaricating  or  ftarving  ? — No  one 
doubts  but  that  the  Englilh  clergy 
in  general  could,  with  more  truth, 
declare  that  they  donot.  than  that  they 
</i-*give  their  unfeigned  alfent  to  all 
and  every  ibifig  contained  in  the  thir- 
ty-nine articles  and  the  book  of  com- 
mon prayer :  and  yet,  with  a  folemn 
declaration  to  this  purpofe,  are  they 
obliged  to  enter  upon  an  office,  which, 
above  all  offices,  requires  thofe  who 


exercife  it,  to  be  examples  of  fimpli- 
city  and  fincerity.  Who  can  help 
execrating  the  caufe  of  fuch  an  evil  ? 

It  is  indeed  only  a  rational  and  li- 
beral religion — a  religion,  founded  on 
juft  notions  of  the  Deity,  as  a  being 
who  regards  equally  every  fincere  wor- 
fhippcr,  and  by  whom  all  are  alike 
favoured,  as  far  as  they  att  up  to  the 
light  they  enjoy — a  religion,  which 
confifts  in  the  imitation  of  the  moral 
perfections  of  an  almighty  but  bene- 
volent governor  of  nature,  who  di- 
rects for  the  befl,  all  events — in  confi- 
dence in  the  care  of  his  providence — 
in  refignation  to  his  will — and  in  the 
faithful  difcharge  of  every  duty  of 
piety  and  morality,  from  a  regard  to 
his  authority  and  fear  of  a  future 
righteous  retribution — it  is  only  this 
religion  (the  infpiring  principle  of 
every  thing  fair,  and  worthy,  and 
joyful,  and  which,  in  truth,  is  no- 
thing but  the  love  of  God.  and  man, 
and  virtue,  warming  the  heart,  and 
direftmg  the  conduct) — it  is  only  this 
kind  of  religion  that  can  blefs  the 
world,  or  be  an  advantage  to  fociety. 
This  is  the  religion  that  every  enlight- 
ened friend  to  mankind  will  be  zea- 
lous to  promote.  .But  it  is  a  religion, 
that  the  powers  of  the  world  know 
little  of,  and  which  will  always  be 
befl  promoted  by  being  left  free  and 
open.  ' 

I  cannot  help  adding  here,  that 
this  is  in  particular  the  chri^ian  reli- 
gion. Chnllianuy  teaches  us  that 
there  is  none  good  but  one,  that  is, 
God:  that  he  willelh  all  men  to  be 
faved,  and  will  pumlh  nothing  but 
wickednefs  :  that  he  defires  mercy  and 
not  facrihce  (benevolence  rather  than 
rituals)  ;  that  loving  him  with  all  our 
hearts,  and  loving  our  neighbour  as 
ourfelves,  is  the  whole  of  our  duty  ; 
and  that  in  every  nation,  he  that  fear- 
eth  him  and  worketh  righteoufnefs^ 
is  accepted  of  him.  It  refts  its  au- 
thority on  the  power  of  God,  not  of 
man;  refers  itfelf  entirely  to  the  un- 
derflandings  of  men  :  makes  us  the 
fubjefts  of  a  kingdom  that  is  not  of 
this  world;  and  requires  us  to  elevate 
our  minds  above  temporal  emolu- 
ments, and  to  look  forward  to  a  ftate 
beyond  the  grave,  where  a  govern- 
ment of  perfeti  virtue  will  be  erefted, 
under  ihat  Meffiah  who  has   tailed 


448 


Remarks  on  cempcnjationfor  public  fervicesr,  [December, 


death  for   every  man.     What    have 

the  powers  of  the    world   to  do  with 

fuch    a    religion  ? — It    difc'.aims    ail 

connexion    with   them  ;   it    made  its 

way  at  Hrll   in  oppofiiion   to   them  ; 

and,  as  far  as  it  is  now  upheld  by  them, 

it  is  difhonoured  and  viliiied. 
********** 

From  the  preceding o'ofervations,  it 
may  be  concluded,  thiu  it  is  impolh- 
ble  I  (hould  not  admire  the  follow- 
jiig  article,  in  the  declaration  of  right;:, 
which  forms  the  foundation  of  the 
MafTachufetts'  cunititiition.  "  In 
thisUate,  every  denomination  of  chrif- 
tians  demeaning  themfelves  peaceably 
and  as  good  fubjetls  of  the  common- 
wealth, fhall  be  equally  under  the 
proteftion  of  the  law  ;  and  no  fubor- 
dination  of  any  one  feet  or  denomi- 
nation to  another  fhall  ever  be  efta- 
blifhed  by  law*." 

This  is  liberal  beyond  all  example. 
1  [hould,  however,  have  admired  it 
jnore,  had  it  been  more  liberal,  and 
the  words,  "  all  men  of  all  religions" 
been  fubftituted  for  the  words,  "  eve- 
ry dsnomination  of  chnllians." 

It  appears  farther  from  the  preced- 
ing obfervations,  that  I  cannot  but 
diliike  religious  teft%  which  make 
a  part  of  feveral  of  the  American 
coniiiliuions.  In  the  MalTachufctts' 
conflitution,  it  is  ordered,  that  all, 
who  take  feats  in  the  houfe  of  re- 
prefentatives  or  fenaie,  fliall  declare 
*•  their  firm  perfuafion  ot  the  truth 
of  the  chriilian  religion."  The  fame 
is  required  by  the  Maryland  confti- 
tution,  as  a  condition  of  being  ad- 
mitted into  any  places  of  profit  or 
truft.  In  Pennfylvania,  every  mem- 
ber of  the  houfe  of  reprefentatives  is 
required  to  declare,  that  he  acknow- 
ledges the  '•  fcriptures  of  the  old  and 
new  tellament  to  be  given  by  divine 
infpiration  ;"  in  theftate  of  Delaware, 
that,  '•  he  believes  in  God,  the  Fa- 
ther, and  in  Jefus  Ci^rifl,  his  only  Son, 
and  in  the  Holy  Ghoil,  one  God, 
blelfed  for  evermore."  All  this  is 
more  than  is  required  even  in  Eng- 
land ;    where,    though  every  perfon, 


*  The  North  Carolina  conflitu- 
tion  alfo  orders  that  there  Oiall  be  no 
cftablilhment  of  any  one  religious 
church  or  denomination,  in  that  place, 
i|j  preference  to  any  otbero 


however  debauched,  or  atheiflical,  is 
required  to  receive  the  facrament 
as  a  qualification  for  inferior  places, 
no  other  religious  teft  is  impoled  on 
members  of  parliament,  than  a  decla- 
ration againlt  popery.  It  is  an  obfer- 
vation  no  lefs  jull  than  common,  that 
fuch  tells  exclude  only  honeil  men. 
The  difhonelt  never  fcruple  them. 

Montefqmeu  probably  was  not  s 
chriilian.  Newton  and  Locke  were 
not  trinitanans — and,  therefore,  not 
chriRians,  according  to  the  common- 
ly-received ideas   of  chnlhanify 

Would  the  united  ftates,  for  this  rea- 
fon,  deny  fuch  men,  were  they  living, 
all  places  of  power  and  trull  among 
them  ? 

NUMBER     IV. 

Rema  rks   on    compenfation  for  publi^ 
fervices. 

IN  my  exciufions  through  feveral 
parts  of  New- England,  I  have 
noticed  a  clafs  of  citizens,  who  com- 
plain of  the  compenfations,  allowed 
by  congrefs,  to  the  principal  officers 
of  government. 

The  liberal  charafter  of  the  Ame- 
ricans is  an  evidence,  that  thofe  com- 
plaints aiife  more  from  their  flrong 
jealoufy  fur  liberty,  than  from  parh- 
mony.  A  jealous  concern  for  public 
liberty  is  a  noble  palTion,  which  will 
guard  the  freedom  of  your  pofterity  ; 
but  at  the  fame  time,  it  needs  the  ri- 
gid correftion  of  reafon.  A  weak 
and  ignorant  adminiltration  is  one 
common  means  of  fubverting  popular 
rights.  Thofe  very  principles  in  the 
human  mind,  which  make  men  jea- 
lous of  their  liberty,  will,  without 
rellraint,  lead  them  into  liceniiouf- 
nefs. 

The  end  of  good  government  is,  tr» 
divide  out  liberty  in  proper  portions 
to  every  citizen,  that  all  may  be  free, 
and  none  opprelled.  In  a  flate  of  an- 
archy, every  neighbour  becomes  a  ty- 
rant, in  his  own  little  fphere  of  af- 
flittlng  ;  in  ahfoliite  gi>vernments, 
there  are  few  tyrants,  awful  in  their 
courfe — and  to  approach  them  is  ap- 
proaching death.  If  you  mnflj,be 
wretched,  it  matters  little  whether  the 
miniHer  of  a  prince,  or  an  ill-natured 
neighbour,  he  the  inflnimenf.  Civil 
government  is  the  only  pofhble  guard 
againd  thefe  evils.  If  you  were  a  na- 
tion of  flaves,    the   fword,  bayonef* 


1789.] 


Remarks  on  compcnfation  for  public fervices. 


449 


and  prifon  would  give  efficacy  to  the 
meafures  of  weak  and  unprincipled 
rulers :  but  you  are  free,  and  if  go- 
verned at  all,  men  of  high  talents  and 
approved  integrity — your  inoR  literary 
and  indultrious  citizens — muft  be  call- 
ed into  employment.  Such  men  ne- 
ver have  need  to  beg  bufinefs,  for  the 
refources  of  their  owp  minds  and  their 
application  are  a  fund  of  wealth.  If 
the  public  defign  to  have  their  fer- 
vices,  the  reward  mud  be  adequate 
10  their  abilities,  and  bear  fome  pro- 
portion to  the  g^'.ns  they  can  make 
in  privaie  life. 

No  man  will  leave  a  private  em- 
ployment, which  promifes  him  athou- 
iand  dollars  per  annum,  for  an  office 
of  half  the  fum,  in  which  he  is  ref- 
ponfible  to  the  public  opinion,  and 
perhaps  endangers  the  lofsofhis  repu- 
tation for  wifdom ;  a  facrifice,  for 
which  no  pecuniary  fatisfa£Hon  can 
be  made.  Honour,  or  the  public  no- 
tice, may  with  a  few  be  an  induce- 
ment; but  thefe  few  are  perfons  of 
great  vanity,  and  have  not  abilities  for 
a  difficult  or  confidential  truft.  Men 
of  difcernment — and  fuch  you  want — 
know  how  to  cihmate  their  own  con- 
fequence  in  the  ftate  :  they  know, 
that  if,  for  the  prefent,  you  employ 
mean  abilities,  for  the  fake  of  being 
ferved  at  a  cheap  rate,  the  public  fyf- 
tem  will  foon  be  deranged,  and  that 
yon  miifl  then  purchafe  their  aid,  at 
fuch  price  as  they  pleafe.  It  is  a  bet- 
ter way  to  commence  your  govern- 
ment on  fuch  principles,  as  will  be 
permanent.  Let  public  officers  be 
few.  and  make  them  refponlible  both 
for  their  capacity  and  honerty.  It  Is 
too  much  the  cuftomofthis  conntry 
to  pity  a  man,  who  fays,  '*  I  did  as 
well  as  I  knew."  Ignorance  ought 
to  be  no  excufe  before  the  facred  tri- 
bunal of  the  public.  He  who  accepts 
an  office,  doth  it  at  his  own  rifqiie, 
and  there  are  as  many  reafons  why  he 
fliould  bear  the  confequences  of  inca- 
pacity, asofknaverv.  Make  this  the 
known  rule  fi)r  decifion  on  public  cha- 
ra^ers,  and  the  ignorant  feekers  of 
office  will  become  lefs  troublefome  in 
their  folicitations.  Give  an  honoura- 
ble reward,  which  will  command  the 
fervice  of  your  moft  diflinguiflied  ci- 
tizens, to  whatever  department  they 
are  called.  Such  men  have  a  cha- 
rayler  to  lofe  ;  and  ambition  willuiute 


with  every  other  confideration,  to  call 
forth  their  greateft  exertions. 

If  this  propofal  doth  not  pleafe,  it 
is  eafy  to  change  the  fyHem  :  for  in 
every  country,  there  are  rogues  and 
dunces  in  plenty,  who  will  ferve  you 
at  any  price  :  but  remember  that  the 
firft  will  cheat  you  out  of  thoufands, 
and  the  latter  diffipate  millions  by 
their  ignorance. 

The  compenfations,  determined  by 
congrefs,  are  as  fmall,  as  can  polhhly 
command  the  fervices  of  your  belt 
charafters.  A  lefs  fum,  by  throwing 
the  execution  of  your  government  in- 
fo unfkilful  hands,  would  have  en- 
dangered the  whole.  The  pay  of 
the  fenate  and  commons,  great  as  it 
may  found  in  the  ears  of  fome,  is  nor, 
all  circumftances  being  confidered, 
extravagant.  It  is  a  prevalent  idea, 
through  the  union,  that  thefe  gentle- 
men ffiall  hold  no  other  office,  under 
the  empire  or  particular  Rates.  Moft 
of  them,  to  ferve  you,  have  relinquifh- 
ed  lucrative  employments — after  the 
firft  year,  congrefs  will  not  probably 
be  together  more  than  fifty  days  in  a 
year.  Though  your  reprefentatives 
be  increafed,  theexpenfeof  a  legif- 
lature  will  be  much  lefs,  than  the 
fums  given  by  the  feveral  ftates,  to 
fupport  the  members  of  the  old  con- 
grefs*.     Your    whole  civil    lift,  in- 

NOTE. 

*  I  think  the  public  raind  muft  be 
eafy  on  this  fubjett,  when  it  Is  un- 
derftood,  that  the  pay  congrefs  ha-;  al- 
lotted its  members,  is  not  tireaierthati 
was  allowed  by  the  ftate  alfemblies  to 
the  members  of  the  old  congrefs — 
take  the  ftate  of  Conne6licut  for  an 
example — the  aftembly  of  this  ftate, 
until  May  1787,  allowed  their  dele- 
gates three  dollars  per  diem,  and  their 
expenfes.  The  expenfes  of  the  de- 
legates were  different,  and  from  two 
to  four  dollars  per  diem — probably  the 
average  of  expenfes  was  three  dol- 
lars, which,  added  to  the  compenfa- 
tion  for  fervices,  makes  the  fum  now 
given  to  the  reprefentatives.  Since 
May  1787,  the  affembly  of  Connec- 
ticut have  allowed  five  dollars  per  di- 
em for  fervice  and  expenfes.  The  al- 
lowance, given  by  Conne£licut,  ,W3S 
much  fmaller  than  In  moft  of  the  o- 
ther  ftates — I  am  informed  that  the  a- 
verage  allowance,  made,  by  the  af- 


Ljay  on  the  political  advantages  of  America.       [December, 


450 

eluding  every  department,  would  not 
half  defray  the  houHiold  expenfes  of 
an  European  prince.  The  highell 
officers,  in  your  judiciary,  and  reve- 
nue, have  not  a  better  provilion, 
than  grooms  of  the  liable — noble 
keepers  of  hawks  and  hounds — and  de- 
pendents, llill  more  infigniHcanl  than 
thofe — receive  in  other  nations  from 
the  hands  of  royalty.  Ufelefs  offi- 
cers are  the  vermin  of  a  flate  :  but 
fome  officers  are  necelfary  to  its  very 
exillence.  Let  them  be  few  as  pof- 
fiblc — but  men  of  approved  ability. 
Pay  them  well — make  them  refponfi- 
ble — and  if,  after  this,  any  are  aiifauh- 
ful,  demand  what  aionemcnt  you 
pleafe — it  will  not  be  too  fevere. 

Efay  on  the  political  advantages  of 
America— By  Soak  Wcbfler,  efq. 
—  Page  391. 

AN  O  Y  HER  circumMance,  fa- 
vourable to  liberty,  and  peculiar 
to  America,  is  a  moft  liberal  plan  of 
Icfiallical  oolicv.     Dr.    Price  has 


ecc 
a 


tical  policy. 


requifitions  are  the  elleft  of  the  fame 
abominable  prejudices,  that  have  cn- 
(lAved  the  human  mind  in  all  couiiirics ; 
which  alone  have  fupporied  error  and 
all  abfurdities  in  religion.  If  there 
are  any  human  means  of  promoimg 
a  m  Ibnial  Hate  of  focieiy,  the  only 
means  are  ageneral  dithihon  of  know- 
ledge, a:!d  a  free  unlimited  indulgence 
given  to  religious  perluafions,  wuh- 
oiit  didinttion  and  without  preference. 
When  this  event  takes  place,  and 
I  believe  it  certainly  will,  the  ^'.y?  re- 
ligion will  have  the  moll  advocates. 
Nothing  checks  the  progreis  ot  truth, 
like  human  ellablilhments.  Chriflia- 
nity  fpread  with  rapidity,  before  the 
temporal  powers  interfered  ;  hut  when 
the  civil  magiilrate  undertook  toguard 
the  tru'h  from  error,  Us  progrefs  was 
obilrut-ted,  the  limpliciiy  of  the  gof- 
pel  was  corrupted  with  human  in- 
ventions, and  the  eHorts  of  Chriilen- 
doin  have  not  yet  been  able  to  bring 
it  back  to  its  primitive  purity. 

The  Ame!"ican  Hates  have  gone  far 
in  aililling  the  progrefs   of  (ruth;  but 


luicipated    moil    of  my  obfervations     they  have  flopped  ffiort  of  perfection. 
••    ■       '       '"'  ''       '  r  -c_..  ..^u^    They   ought    to     have    given    every 

honeft  citizen  an  equal  right  to  enjoy 
his  religion,  and   an   equal  title  to  all 


on  this  head.  If  found  fenfe  is  to  be 
found  on  eanh,  it  is  in  his  reafoning 
on  this  fubjetl.  The  American  con- 
Uitutions  are  the  m^ift  liberal  in  this 
{viiticular,  of  any  on  earth  ;  and  yet 
^Mine  of   them    have    retained    fome 


civil  emoluments,  without  obliging 
him  to  tell  his  religion.  Every  inter- 
ference   of  the    civil  power  in  rcgu- 


iiidges  of  bigotry.     A   profellion  of    lating  opinion,  is  an  impious  attempt 


the  chriUian  religion  is  necellary  in 
the  flates,  to  entitle  a  man  to  office, 
Jn  Time  flates,  it  is  requifite  to  fub- 
fcribe  certain  articles  of  faith.     Thefe 


femblies  of  the  thirteen  flates,  to  their 
delegates,  ufed  to  be  eight  dollars  per 
diern — nearly  one  fourth  more  than 
the  gentlemen  have  allowed  them- 
felves.  The  members  nnght,  iheii,  if 
they  pleafed,  take  a  feat,  and  continue 
under  pay  the  whole  year;  now,  it 
■will  be  but  a  fmali  part  of  the  year — 
then  they  might  leave  congrefs,  whin 
private  bufinefs  called  them  ;  now 
they  are  conftrained  by  authority  to 
be  prefent,  let  their  own  concerns  be 
ever  fo  urgent — then  they  might,  and 


to  take  the  bufinefs  of  the  Deity  out' 
of  his  own  hands  ;  and  every  pre- 
ference given  to  any  religious  deno- 
mination, is  fofar  flavery  and  bigotry. 
This  isa  blemilh  in  our  conlliiutions, 
reproachful  in  proportion  to  the  light 
and  knowledge  of  our  Icgidators. 

The  general  education  of  youth  is 
an  article  in  which  the  American 
flates  are  fuperior  to  all  nations.  In 
Great  Britain  the  arts  and  fcienccsare 
cultivated  to  perfeftion  ;  but  the  ui- 
ftrutlion  of  the  lowefl  clafl'es  of  peo- 
ple IS  by  no  means  equal  to  ihai  oi  the 
American  yeomanry.  The  inflitn- 
tion  of  fchools,  particularly  in  the 
New- England  flates,  where  the  poor- 
elt  children  are  inflruCled  in  reading, 
writing  and  arithmetic,  at   the  publit 


aBually  did,  hold  offices  of  profit  un-    expenfe,  is   a   noble  reguLition,  cat 


der  their  own  flates  :  now  it  is  th 
popular  fenfe  they  fliould  not,  and 
many,  in  confequence,  have  made  a 
great  facrihce.  Thefe  f.iris  niufl  juf- 
ify  iheprefeat  coavpent'dlioii. 


culated  to  dignify  the  human  Ipfcies. 
This  inflitution  is  the  n^crffary 
confequence  of  the  genms  of  our  go- 
vernmenls  ;  ai  the  fatnr  lime,  't  forms 
the  firmell  fccuiity  of  our  liberties. 


17B.9.] 


t.Jfay  on  free  trade  and  finance. 


It  is  fcarcely  pofTible  to  reduce  an  en- 
lijjhtened  people  to  civil  or  ecclefiaf- 
tical  tyranny.  Deprive  them  of  knoj\^- 
ledge,  and  they  fmk  almoll  inleufibly 
in  vafTala.ue.  Ignorance  cramps  the 
powers  of  the  mind,  at  the  fame  time 
that  it  bl;nds  men  lo  all  their  natural 
rights.  Knowlcdjfe  enlarges  the  un- 
derllanding,  and  at  the  fame  time,  it 
gives  a  fpnng  to  all  the  intellectual  fa- 
culties, which  direci  thedeliberationsof 
the  cabinet  and  ,he  enterprizes  of  the 
field.  A  general  dRFufion  of  fcience 
isour  bell  guard  agamft  the  approaches 
of  corruption,  the  prevalence  of  re- 
ligious e:ror,lhe  iu.'ngues  of  ambition, 
and  againli  the  open  affauhs  of  ex- 
ternal foes. 

In  the  fouthern  ftates  education  is 
not  fo  general.  Gentlemen  of  fortune 
ijive  their  children  a  mo!}  liberal  edu- 
cation; and  no  part  of  America  pro- 
duces greater  lawyers,  llatefmen,  and 
divines;  but  the  body  of  the  people  are 
indifferently  educated.  In  New-E'ig- 
land,  It  is  rare  to  find  a  perfon  who 
cannot  read  and  write  ;  but,  if  I  ana 
rightly  in£)rmed,  the  cafe  is  differ- 
ent in  the  fouthern  flaics.  The  edu- 
cation, however,  of  the  common  peo- 
ple, in  every  part  of  America,  is 
equal  to  that  of  any  nation  ;  and  the 
fouthern  ftates,  where  fchools  have 
been  much  neglecled,  are  giving  more 
encouragement  to,  literature. 

It  IS  not  mydefign  to  enumerate  all 
the  polmcal  and  commercial  advan- 
la^res  of  this  country  :  but  only  to  men- 
tion fomeof  the  characteriflic  circum- 
ces  which  diHinguifli  Americafrom  all 
tbp  kingdoms  and  Hates,  of  which  we 
liave  any  knowledge. 

One  further  remark,  however, 
which  I  cannot  omit,  is,  that  the  peo- 
ple in  America,  are  neceffitated,  by 
I  heir  local  fiiuation,  tobemore  fenfible 
and  difcsrning,  than  nations  which 
are  limited  in  territory  and  confined 
to  the  aris  of  manufa6iure.  In  a  po- 
pulous country,  where  arts  are  car- 
ried to  great  perfeftion,  the  mecha- 
nics are  obliged  to  labour  conflantly 
upon  a  fingle  article.  Every  art  has 
its  feveral  branches,  one  of  which  em- 
ploys a  man  all  his  life.  A  man  who 
makes  heads  of  pins  or  fprings  of 
waiches,  fpends  his  days  in  that  ma- 
niifai'-hire,  and  never  looks  beyond  it. 
This  manner  of  fabricating  things 
for  the  ufe  and  convenience  of  life,  is 


45* 

the  means  of  perfefting  the  arts;  but 
it  cramps  the  human  mind,  by  con- 
fining all  Its  faculties  to  a  po  nr.  In 
countries  thinly  inhabited,  or  where 
people  live  principally  by  agriculture, 
as  in  America,  every  man  is  in  fome 
meafure  an  artiil — he  makes  a  variety 
of  utcnfils,  rough  indeed,  but  fuchas 
will  aniwer  his  purpofe — he  is  a  huf- 
bandman  in  fummer,  and  a  mechanic 
in  winter — he  travels  about  the  coun- 
try— he  converfes   with  a   variety  of 

profefiioBs — he  reads  public  papers 

he  has  accefs  to  a  parifli  library — and 
thus  becomes  acquained  with  hifiory 
and  politics  ;  and  every  man  in  New- 
England  is  a  theologian.  This  will 
always  be  the  cafe  in  America,  fo 
long  as  there  is  a  vaft  tratt  of  fertile 
land  to  be  cultivated,  which  will  oc- 
cafion  emigrations  from  the  fiates  al- 
ready lettled.  Knowledge  is  diffufed 
and  genius  roufed  by  the  very  fituation 
of  America.     Hartford,  1785. 

Effay    on    free    trade    and  finance. 
— Page  193. — 

THE  ufe  I  mean  to  make  of 
thefe  obfervations,  is,  to  prove 
from  plain  acknowledged  fafts,  that 
the  increafed  price  of  the  articles, 
which  I  wifh  to  tax,  up  to  the  utmoil 
point  to  which  I  propofe  to  raife 
them,  will  be  but  a  light  inconveni- 
ence, if  any  at  all,  to  the  people,  and 
the  dtminifhed  confumption  of  thofe 
articles,  and  the  increafe  of  circulat- 
ing cafli  (both  which  will  naturally 
and  unavoidably  refult  from  the  tax) 
will  be  benefits,  which  will  at  lealt 
compenfate  for  the  burden  of  the  tax, 
and  I  think  'tis  very  plain,  will  leave 
a  balance  of  advantage  in  favour  of 
the  tax.  But  if  you  fhould  think  I 
conclude  too  ftrongly,  and  you  ftiould 
not  be  able  to  go  quite  as  far  as  me 
in  this  argument,  fo  much,  I  think, 
does  at  leaft  appear  inconteftible 
plain,  that  if  there  is  a  real  difadvan- 
tage  arifing  from  my  mode  of  taxing, 
'tis  fo  fmall,  that  it  holds  no  compa- 
rifon  with  the  burden  of  tax  hitherto 
iri  ufe  on  polls  and  eftates,  which 
difcourages  induftry,  opprefTes  the  la- 
bourer, lefTensthe  value  of  our  lands, 
ruinsourhufbandry  and  manufactures, 
and,  with  allthefe  dreary  evils,  cannot 
pofiibly  becollefiedto  half  the  amount 
which   the  public  fervice  requires  ; 


t.Jfay  on  fret  trait  and  finance. 


45« 

but  to  fave  further  argument  on  this 
head,  I  will  wuh  greai  afTurance  ap- 
peal to  the  fenfe  and  feelings  of  our 
farmers,  who  make  the  great  bulk  of 
our  inhabitants,  if  they  would  not  pre- 
fer living  in  a  country,  where  they  mull 
pay  the  aforementioned  increafed 
prices  on  the  goods  I  propofe  to  tax, 
rather  than  where  they  mull  part  w  ith 
the  fame  number  of  cows,  oxen,  (heep, 
bufhels  of  wheat,  or  poiinds  of  pork 
or  beef,  &c.  which  are  now  in  the 
prefent  mode  of  taxing,  annually  de- 
manded of  them  to  fatisfy  the  tax.  I 
dare  make  the  fame  appeal  to  all  our 
tradefmen,  and  even  to  our  merchants, 
who,  in  my  opinion,  would  have  clear 
and  decided  advantages  from  my  mode 
of  taxing,  as  well  as  the  farmers.  I 
don't  fee  how  the  merchant  can  be 
hurt  by  the  tax  ;  but  will  clearly  be 
benefited  by  it,  if  the  following  par- 
ticulars are  obferved. 

I.  That  the  tax  be  laid  with  fuch 
judgment  and  prudence,  and  dilfercnt 
weight  on  d.fterent  articles,  that  the 
confumption  of  no  article  (liall  be  di- 
ininilhed  by  it,  beyond  what  the  good 
and  true  iiitereft  of  the  nation  re- 
quires ;  for  it  is  certainly  better  for 
the  merchant  to  deal  with  his  cullo- 
rreis  in  fuch  articles  as  are  ufeful  to 
ihem,  and  in  fuch  way  as  they  fliall 
derive  real  benefit  from  their  trade 
with  him,  than  to  fupply  them  wixh 
ai  tides,  that  are  ufelefs  and  hurtful  to 
them,  and  which  of  courfe  impovenfli 
them.  In  the  firft  cafe,  he  will  make 
his  cufiomers  rich,  and  able  to  conti- 
nue trading  v/ith  him,  and  to  make 
him  good  and  puntlual  payments  ;  in 
the  other  cafe,  he  makes  his  cuflomers 
poor,  and,  of  courfe, fubjeflshimfelf  to 
the  danger  of  dilatory  payments,  or 
perhaps  to  a  final  lofs  of  his  debts. 

II.  That  the  tax  be  unlverfal,  and 
alike  on  every  part  of  the  country,  for 
if  one  flate  is  taxed,  and  its  neighbour 
is  not,  the  ftate  that  is  taxed,  will  lofe 
iis  trade.     And 

III.  'I  hat  the  tax  be  univerfally 
collecled.  Smuggling  hurts  the  fair 
trader  :  favour  and  coiuiivance  of 
collectors,  to  particular  importers, 
lhrau.i;h  bribery,  friendfliip,  or  indo- 
lence, have  the  fame  efieti.  1  he  per- 
fon.  who  avoids  the  tax,  can  under- 
fell  him  who  pays  it  :  therefore  'tis 
the  great  interell  of  the  merchant, 
when  the  duty  is  laid,  to   make   it  a 


[December, 


decided  point,  that  every  importer 
fliall  pay  the  duty,  and  I  am  of  opi- 
nion, that  when  the  body  of  mer- 
chants make  it  a  decided  matter  to  carry 
any  point  of  this  nature,  they  are  very 
well  able  to  accomptifli  it. 

I  now  proceed  to  the  confideration 
of  the  prathcability  of  the  mode  of 
taxation,  which!  propofed,  and  which 
I  do  conceive  is  a  matter  of  capital 
weight  ill  this  difculTion,  for  which 
I  do  rely  on  thefe  two  grand  propofi- 
tions.  ill.  That  whatever  is  the 
real,  great  interell  of  the  people,  they 
may,  by  proper  meafures,  be  made  to 
believe  and  adopt  :  and,  2dly.  That 
whatever  is  admitted  to  be  a  matter  of 
common  and  imponant  intertul,  in  the 
general  opinion  of  the  people,  may  be 
eafily  put  in  praftice,  by  wifdom,  pru- 
dence, and  due  management  of  the  af- 
fair. 

The  reafons  of  governmental  mea- 
fures ought  always  to  attend  their  pub- 
lication, fo  far  as  to  afford  good 
means  of  conviftion  to  the  public  at 
large,  that  their  objeft  and  tendency 
is  the  public  good.  This  greatly  fa- 
cilitates their  execution  and  fuccefs. 

To  make  taxes  tolerable  to  the 
public,  it  is  always  necellary  to  fpread 
a  univcrfal  convithon, 

ill.  That  the  money  required  in 
taxes  is  necelTarj  for  the  public  good  : 
and, 

ally.  That  it  will  certainly  be  ac- 
tually expended  only  en  the  objetU 
for  which  it  is  afked  and  given  ;  and 
if  thefe  two  things  are  really  true, 
there  will  rarely  be  much  difficulty  in 
making  them  to  be  believed  by  the 
niofl  fcnfible  part  of  the  common- 
weahh  ;  but  if  thefe  two  things  either 
are  not  really  true,  or  not  really  and 
generally  believed,  I  don't  know  that 
a  Handing  army  would  be  fufiBcient 
to  collect  the  taxes.  I  am  of  opinion, 
their  force,  authority,  and  influence, 
like  the  conqucfts  of  the  Britifharmy, 
would  lafl  no  longer  in  any  place  than 
they  llaid  to  fiippoit  it. 

But  if  this  mode  of  taxing,  or  any 
other  thai  may  be  adopted,  fhould  not 
be  fuflicient  for  the  public  fervice, 
I  could  wifh  the  deficiency  might  be 
made  up  at  home,  without  rccurnng 
to  the  fjinous  mode  of  fuppl:es  by 
public  l<jans  abroad.  I  think  that 
every  light  in  which  this  fubjecl  can 
be  viewed,  will   afford   an   argument 


17S9-] 


F.J'ay  on  free  trade  and  finance* 


453 


againll  it.  I  have  known  this  cogent 
argument  ufed  in  favour  of  foreign 
loans,  viz.  We  give  but  five  per  cent, 
interell  abioad,  and  our  people  can 
make  ten  per  cent,  advantage  of  the 
money  at  home,  therefore  they  gain 
five  percent,  by  the  loan.  This  llupid 
argument,  if  it  proves  any  thing,  jull 
proves  that  'tis  every  man's  interell  to 
borrow  money,  for  'tis  certainly  profit- 
able to  buy  any  thing  for  five  pounds 
which  will  bring  ten  ;  but  the  natural 
fact  is  the  very  reverfe  of  this,  for 
if  you  brmg  money  into  a  kingdom 
or  family,  which  is  not  the  proceeds 
of  induftry,  it  will  naturally  lefien 
the  induHry,  and  increale  the  ex- 
penfes  of  it.  It  has  been  often  ob- 
served, that  when  a  perfon  gains  any 
fudden  acquifition  of  wealth  by  trea- 
fure  trove,  captures  at  fea,  drawing  a 
high  prize  in  a  lottery,  or  any  other 
way  not  connefted  with  induftry,  he 
is  rarely  known  to  keep  it  long,  but 
foon  dilTipates  it.  The  fenfible  value 
of  money  is  loft,  when  the  idea  of  it 
becomes  difconnefted  with  the  labour 
and  pain  of  earning  it  ;  and  expenfes 
will  naturally  increafe  where  there  is 
plenty  of  wealth  to  fupport  them. 
The  effeft  is  the  fame  on  a  nation.  Is 
Spain  richer  by  means  of  the  mines 
of  South  America  ?  The  induRry  of 
Holland  has  proved  a  much  more 
fure  fource  of  durable  wealth.  We 
already  find  a  dangerous  excefs  cf 
luxury  growing  out  of  our  borrowed 
money,  and  our  induftry,  (cfpscially 
r>  procuring  fupplies  of  our  own,) 
wants  great  animation.  Beddes,  the 
aforefaid  argument  is  not  grounded 
on  faft  ;  'tis  true,  I  fuppofe,  that  we 
pay  but  five  per  cent,  intereft  on  our 
foreign  loans,  but  they  co(t  us  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  per  cent,  more  to 
get  them  home,  for  that  is  at  leaft  the 
difcount  which  has  been  made  on  the 
fale  of  our  bills  for  feveral  years  paft, 
and  if  we  bring  them  over  in  cafh, there 
are  freight  and  infurance  to  be  paid, 
which  increafe  the  lofs.  From  this 
it  appears,  that  for  every  eighty  pounds 
pf  fupply  which  we  obtain  in  this  way, 
we  muft  pay  at  leaft  an  hundr'ed 
pounds,  (even  if  we  were  to  pay  the 
principal  at  the  end  of  the  year,)  anij 
the  confuming  worm  of  five  per  cent, 
intereft  every  year  after,  if  the  pay- 
ment is  delayed  :  to  this  lofs,  is  to 
be  added,  all  the  expenfe  of  negoci- 
VoL.  VI.  No.  VI. 


atingthe  loans  abroad,  brokerage    on 
fale  of  the  b  lis,  &c.  &c. 

To  efcapethe  ruinous  eftefls  of  this 
mode  of  fupply,  I  think  every  exer- 
tion ftiould  be  made  to  obtain  our 
liipphes  at  home  ;  'tis  certainly  very 
plain  our  country  is  rot  cxhaufled  ; 
'tis  full  of  every  kind  of  fupply  which 
wc  nfcd,  and  nothing  further  can  be 
neccflary,  than  to  find  thofe  avenues 
from  the  fourccs  of  wealth  in  the 
hands  of  individuals,  which  lead  into 
the  pubbc  treafury,  thofe  ways  and 
proportions  that  are  moft  juft,  moll 
equal,  and  moft  eafy  to  the  people. 
This  IS  the  firft  great  art  of  finance  ; 
that  of  economy  in  expenditures,  is  the 
next.  Any  body  may  receive  money, 
and  pay  it  out  ;  borrow  money,  and 
draw  bills  ;  but  to  raife  and  manage 
the  internal  revenue,  fo  as  to  makfi 
the  wealth  of  the  country  balance  the 
public  expenditures,  is  not  fo  eafy  a 
tafk  ;  but  yet  I  think  not  fo  hard  as  to 
be  imprafticable  ;  unlefs  this  can 
be  done,  the  greateft  conceivable 
abilities  muft  labour  in  vain,  for  'tis 
naturally  impolfible  that  any  eftate, 
which  cannot  pay  its  expenditure?, 
fliould  continue  long  without  cmbar- 
raflinicnt  and  diminution  ;  the  load  of 
debt  muft  continually  increafe,  and 
the  intereft  w;ll  make  a  continual 
addition  to  that  debt,  and  render  the 
eftate  more  and  more  unable  every 
year  to  clear  itfeU;  but  if  the  eftate 
can  pay  its  expenditures,  'tis  the  height 
of  madnefs  not  to  do  it.  If  revenues 
caa  be  fpared  fufficient  to  difcharge 
the  intereft  of  the  debt,  fo  as  to  ftop 
IIS  increafe.  the  eftate  may  be  faved, 
and  a  future  increafe  of  revenue  may 
in  time  wipe  oft  the  prmcipal  ;  but  no 
hope  is  left,  if  intereft  upon  intereft 
muft  continue  to  accumulate.  And 
as  the  infereft  of  every  ind;vidnal  is 
infeparably  conne£}ed  with  the  public 
credit,  or  ftate  of  the  finances,  it  fol- 
lows that  this  affair  becomes  a  matter 
of  the  uimoft  concern,  and  of  very  im- 
portant moment  to  every  perfon  in 
the  community,  and  therefore  ought 
to  be  attended  to  as  a  matter  of  the 
higheft  national  concern  ;  and  no  bur- 
den ought  to  he  accounted  too  heavy, 
which  IS  fufticient  to  remedy  fo  great 
a  mifchief. 

The  mode  of  fupply  by  foreign 
loans  need  not  be  further  reprobated  ; 
'tis  plain  to  every  body,  that  if  they 
3  M 


,    Statemtnt  pf/atls. 


can  be  con:inue<l,  (which  1.^  dmibJul, 
ihey  will  foon  ii.volve  us  in  a  fotcign 
debt,  vallly  beyond  all  poflibility  of 
payment :  our  bankruptcy  niuii  enfiie  ; 
and  by  our  bankruptcy  we  lliall  lofc 
ail  our  national  chiaratler  of  wifdom, 
integrity,  enert^y  of  government,  and 
every  kind  of  refpefclability.  We 
fiiaU  become  objeOs  of  obloquy— buts 
of  infult— and  bye  wordsj^;f  difgrace 
abroad  ;  an  American  in  Europe  w\ll 
be  athamcd  to  tell  where  he  camefrom. 
Every  il ranger  takes  fome  (hare  in 
the  chara;-kr,  the  honours  or  difgrace, 
rot  only  of  the  family,  but  of  the  na- 
tion to  which  he  belongs. 

Philadelphia,  March  24,  37S3. 

Statement   of  fa£ls  fubmitted  to   the 
di/pajjionate   con f  deration    of ^  the 
independent  freeholders  of  Virp;i- 
nia,  by  a  friend  to  truthand liber- 
ty.— Poge  116. 
Draft  of  a  letter  to  the  feveral fates. 
"  WJ^  beg  leave  to  fubniit  toyour 
V  y     conlideration,  a  copy  of  our 
anfwer  to  the  circular  letter  from  the 
convention  of  our  fiiier  ftate  of  New- 
York,  and   alfo  the   copy  of  an  ad- 
dreis,  winch  we   think  it   ourcktyto 
make  to   the   congrefs,  at   their  hrll 
meetin.p;.     Vv'e   flatter  ourfelves   that 
you  will  not   hehtate   in  making  a  fi- 
rnilar  application,  the  objeft  being  to 
cOablifh   our   rights    and  liberties  on 
the  moil  immutable  balis.     May  God 
have  you  in  his  holy  keeping." 

It  p-jfTed  in  the  negative.  Ayes  50. 
— Noes  72. 

And  then  the  main  queflion  being 
put,  that  (he  houfe  do  agree  with  the 
committee  of  the  whole  houfe,  in  the 
application  and  draft  of  letters,  by 
them  reported  ; 

It  was  refolved  in  the  affirmative. 
Ordered,  that  mr.   Bullitt  do  carry 
the  faid  application  and  draft  of  let- 
ters,  to   the  fenate,    and   defire  their 
concurrence. 

FROM  the  foregoing  extrafts, 
from  the  journal  of  the  houfe  of  de- 
legates, it  will  appear,  that  the  ma- 
iority  and  minority  have  differed  only 
in  the  mode  of  purhnng  amendments 
— it  becomes  the  public  to  determine 
whofe  condufl  has  been  the  moft  tem- 
perate, confident,  and  dignified,  and 
bell  adapted  to  the  attainment  of  the 
great  end — the  amendments  which  we 


[December, 


all  think   necefiary.    To   take  a  full 
view  <.  f  the  fubjeft,  it  will  be  proper 
to  recur  to  the  refolutions,  introduc- 
ed into  the  houfe  of  delegates,  by  mr. 
Henry,  and  which  were  lanttionedby 
their  approbation*.   To   a  difpadion- 
ate  enquirer,  it  rauft   appear   ilrange, 
that  a  man  of  fuch  great  endowments 
fhould  fuller  himfelf  lo  be  led  fo  far 
from  the  bounds  of  moderation,   into 
thft   violent  exprelTions    therein  con- 
tained ;  and,  under  the  pretext  of  uling 
the  bold   language  of  repubbcanifm, 
fo  far  forget  the  proper   demeanor  of 
a  good  citizen,  as  to  criminate,  in  the 
ftrongeil  term?,    the   conducl  of  the 
people  themfelves,  in   full    and   free 
convention    allembled,     by    accufing 
them  bf  having  affented  to  a  govern- 
ment, which,  "  if  it  does  not  cancel, 
renders  infecure  all  the  great,  effenti- 
al,   and    unalienable   ri-^hts   of  free- 
men."    Kow  hafly  and   ungrounded 
fuch  afperfions  are,  a   candid   aiten- 
tionto  the  condufl  of  that  auguft  body 
muft  bring  to  the  viev/  of  every  friend 
to  truth,  to  decorum,  and  to  the  peace 
and  happ'nefs   of  his  country.    But 
however  llrange  His  cond'.icl  may  ap- 
pear, it   may   be  accounted   for  from 
human  frailty  ;  accuftomed  to  govern 
the  counfcls  of  his  country,  unufed  to 
any  controul,  and  habituated   to  fee 
h  s  political  opinions  triumph  over  all 
oppofition — the  check  v^bich  he  ex- 
perienced in  the  convention,  compof- 
ed  of  our  bed  and  moil    illuflnous  ci- 
tizens, may  have  wounded   his   ambi- 
tion and  fourcd  his  temper.     But  that 
a  majority    of  the   legiflature,  chofea 
about   the    fame   time,  at  which  the 
convention  was  elefled,  and  for  very 
different  purpofes,  fhould    concur  in 
fuch  meafures,  is   wholly    inexplica- 
ble on  any  rational  or  jiiflifiable  prin- 
ciple ;    and    furnifhes    a   melancholy 
proof  of  the  unbounded  influence  of 
an  individual,    who,    to  ufe  the  mild- 
elt  !erm<;,  may  be    as   liable   to  error 
as  01  her  men.  To  accufe   the  legifla- 
ture of  an   intention  wantonly  to  in- 
fult ilie  people,  is  what  I  am  unwilling 
toco;  but  I  mud  fay,  that  they  have 
been  fatally  mifled  from   the   line  of 
their  duty,  and  the  dignified  manner 


*  Thefe  refolutions  pafTed  the  30th 
of  Oflober,  and  are  contained  in  the 
preceding  part  of  this  Ratcment. 


»7S9-] 


Statement  offals. 


4*5 


which  ought  to  have  charaflerifed  their 
j-rcceedings,  mtomeafures  which  teem 
with  the  virulence  of  party  fpint,  in- 
Head  of  being  animated  with  the  no- 
b!i  and  geiienxis  zea!  of  an  enlight- 
ened peo'jle,  knowing  their  rights, 
and  confcious  of  ttieir  freedom. 

It  :s  true,  thai  the  legiflatiire  had  a 
right  to  exercife  the  power  vefled  in 
them  by  the  confiitufion,  to  apply  to 
congrefs  to  call  nnother  general  con- 
vention. But  they  ought  to  have  ex- 
ercifed  this  r.ght  wiih decency  and  re- 
fpeft  ;  and  not  to  have  endeavoured 
to  llain  the  charaBer  of  a  convention, 
choi'en  by  the  people,  with  unufual 
folemnity  and  circumrpection,  and 
coinpofed  of"  the  beft  and  wifell  pa- 
triots of  our  country.  They  ought 
to  have  rtlicclcd,  that  this  conven- 
tion was  eletted  in  the  month  of 
March  for  a  fpecial  and  folemn  pur- 
pofe,  and  ihey,  in  the  April  follow- 
ing, for  the  ordinary  objefcis  of  legif- 
lation.  The  convention  having  de- 
ternnined  on  the  fubjetl,  v/hich  was 
fpecially  and  exclufively  con::TnItted 
to  their  decifion — ihe  iegiflatureought, 
with  nuxleft  propr.ety,  to  have  con- 
fined their  attention  to  the  legitim;ite 
objecls  of  their  appointment.  But 
how  do  they  act  ?  They  no  fooner  af- 
femble,  than  they  undertake  to  ar- 
raign the  conduft  of  ihis  auguft  affcm- 
bly — an  airernbiy  which  embraced  the 
coUetled  wifdom,  experience,  and  pa- 
triotifm  of  our  country.  Thefe  men 
— of  the  molt  unblemiflied  chaiafters, 
— of  long-tried  virtue. — and  acknow- 
ledged abilities,  are  accufed  of  trca- 
fon  againft  their  country — of  having 
facnficed  "  all  the  great,  eOential, 
and  unalienable  rights  of  freemen  ;" 
and  an  ordinary  legiflature,  "  clothed 
wuh  a  little  brief  authority,"  dares 
fay  this.  My  countrymen,  what  an 
infult  to  your  underilandings ! 

I  have  laid,  that  the  legillature  pof- 
fcffes  a  power  to  apply  to  congrefs, 
whenever  they  may  think  it  neceflary, 
to  call  a  convention.  But  they  ought 
to  exercife  this  right,  v^'iih  propriety 
and  dignity  ;  and  not  to  convert  it 
into  a  dagger,  to  11  ab  the  peice  of 
their  country  ;  or  ufe  it,  as  the  vehi- 
cle of  private  refentment  or  paity  vi- 
rulence. This  power  feems  to  have 
been  wifely  veRed  by  the  conflitution 
in  the  Icgiflatures,  to  provide  for  the 
occafional  adiTjifTien  of  fuch  am.end- 


ments,  as  experience — the  great  guidi> 
in  human  affairs — fiiould  point  out  to 
be  nereffary.  It  never,  therefore, 
could  have  been  tlie  cxpe6iation  of 
Its  Irauiers,  or  of  our  convention 
which  ratified  it,  that  any  attempt 
would  be  made  to  exercife  this  pow- 
er, before  we  had  a61ual!y  experien- 
ced the  defetts  of  the  government  from 
Its  operation.  If  our  fiate  conven- 
tion had  thought  another  general  con- 
vention necelfary,  to  introduce  the  a- 
mt'udments,  which  they  had  fuggefi- 
ed,  it  would  have  been  as  eafy  for 
tht-m,  to  have  recommended  to  our  le- 
g'flature,  and  to  the  leg'flatures  of 
the  other  Rate^:,  to  apply  i©  congrefs, 
as  foon  as  it  Ihould  alFemble,  for  an- 
other convention,  as  to  have  exprefT- 
ed  theiTifelves  in  the  terms  they  ha\  e 
ufed.  But  they  recollected,  tha<  there 
was  another  way  of  amending  the 
conllitution,  viz.  "  The  *  congrefs, 
whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houfes 
fl^all  deem  it  necellary,  fiiall  propofe 
amendments  to  this  confiitution,  which 
fliall  be  valid,  to  ail  intents  and  pur- 
pofes,  as  part  of  this  conllitution, 
when  ratified  by  the  legiflatures  of 
three-fourths  of  the  feveral  dates," 
They  therefore  were  of  opinion,  that 
they  did  enough,  in  ioleranly  enjoin- 
ing it  on  ot;r  reprefentatives  ir<  con- 
grefs, *•  to  purfue  all  reafonahle  and 
legal  methods  to  obtain  a  ratificatioti 
of  the  alterations  and  provifions, 
which  they  deemed  proper,"  Ihey 
fiw  the  impropriety  of  perpetual  con- 
ventions. They  faw  the  danger,  in 
the  prefent  ferment  of  men's  minds, 
of  coliefiing  the  violent  and  difcor- 
dar.t  opinions  of  Amcnca  to  a  point ; 
whence  the  moft  fatal  dillenfions  might 
fpread  over  our  country,  and  not  only 
cut  off  oiu- prefent  hopes,  but  oblite- 
rate r.!l  future  profpects  of  happinefs 
and  fafety.  Under  thefe  imprelhons, 
ihcy  very  prudently  determined,  that 
a  rcfort  to  an  extraordinary  aHembly, 
would  be  as  unwife  as  it  was  uHnecef- 
fary.  They  refie£led,  that  congrefs 
was  veiled  v.'ith  powers  fully  adequate 
fo  the  objeft  of  their  wifiies,  and  be- 
ing chofcn  by  the  people  themfelves, 
would  feel  the  firongeft  obligations, 
of  duty  and  intercft,  to   puilue  every 

NOTE, 

*  5lh    article  of   federal  conflitu- 
tion. 


4j6 


Account  of  a  new  bridewell. 


[December, 


m-'afure,  wlii^;h  tended  ro  the  greater 
fecuriiy  of  our   liberties,  and    the  re- 
iioration  of  general  confidence.  They 
afkid  ihetnlclves  ihele    (imple  quefti- 
oiis : — cannot  the  people  fend  as  vir- 
tuous and  wife  men  to  the  congrefs, 
as  to  a  convention  ?  And  if  congrefs 
be   compofcd    of   virtuous   and  wif^i 
men,  will  they  not  be  as  fit  to  bf  truU- 
ed  as  a  convention  ?  y\nd  if  deferv- 
ing  of  equal   confidence,  will   it  not 
prevent  delay,   fave  expenfes,  and  a- 
void  the  daui^er  of  civil  feuds,  to  fiib- 
mii  the  confidera'.ion  of  our  amend- 
ments to  congrefs  ?  Congrefs  can  traiif- 
mit  to  the    leglluures  of  the  feveral 
Hates,  at  their  nexr  felhons,  fuch   a- 
mendinenfs  as  the  colieclf^d  wifdom  of 
/ym''nca  fhail  determine  to  be  proper. 
Tlie  Ifg'fla'ures   will  ratify,  and   the 
public   confidence    be    reeilablifiied. 
li'  thi^  reafoning  be  natural,  juft,  and 
conciiifive — was  there  any  neceffity  for 
the  ulfe-.n.)ly,  in    November,  to  vary 
from  the  .n:'afures  of  the  convention, 
in  J.aie  ? — It    is  true,    indeed,    that 
fnice  June,  the   convention  of  New 
York   has   folicited    another   general 
convention.     Butfiiall  the  opinion  of 
the  coiu'eiuion  of  another  (late  be  re- 
garded more  than    that   of  our  own  ? 
Our  pct.ple,  in  convention  ail'embled, 
thought  another   general    convent'oii 
iinii-c  elTary,   if  not  dangerous.     The 
people    in  the  other  Hates  of  the  uni- 
on,   thrnigh    their   conventions,   ex- 
prclTed  fiinilar  fentiments.    And  fuch 
of  their   legiflatures,  as  have   affem- 
b!cd,  have  fpoken  the  fame  language. 
Becaufe  one  ftate  reqneiled  a  conven- 
tion, was  it  prudent  in  us  to  indulge 
them  in  a  meafure,  v^hich  might  prove 
fatal   to   our  concord,  if  nut  to   our 
fafety  ?    As   much   as    I    rcfpctl   the 
ilate  oi  New  York,  I  think,  on  this 
occafion,  we  have  carried  our  polite- 
ncfs  to  an  unjuftifiable  extent.     The 
minority,    however,   were  willing  to     1 
go  as  far  as  the  convention  had  gone  : 
■ — they   were  willing  to  go  furtlier — 
to  defire  congrefs,  to   call   a  conven- 
tion,   if,   on   a  >iew  of  all   circmn- 
flanccs,  they -fliould  deem  it  necefl'ary. 
But,  (o  repeat  it,  if  nothing  could  fa- 
tisfy  ;he  majoi'ify,   but  an  application 
for  a  convention,  v;hat  neccifity  was 
there  to  infult   our  own  convention, 
and  our  fifler  flate*;,  by  declaring  that 
they  had  adopted  a  government,  which 
cancelled  all  the  ;;i-eat,   cifential,  and 


unalienable  rights  of  freemen  ?  It 
was  wanionneis  m  the  extreme  : — it 
derogaied  from  the  character  of  our 
country;  it  fcandalifcd  the  caufe  of 
amendments  ;  and  night  eventually 
injure  it,  if  the  magnanimity  of  our 
filler  ftates  did  not  lupercede  refenr- 
ment  for  fo  ungenerous  a  wound.  It 
looked  more  like  the  impotent  revenge 
of  a  dilappomted  pariy — ihan  the  no- 
ble and  manly  effort  of  freemen. 

An  account  of  the  origin,  progrefs^ 
and  regulations^  with  a  defcriptiou 
of  the  newly  ejlablified  bridewell ^ 
or  penitentiary- houfe,  at  Wymcnd- 
ham,  fn  Norfolk,  By  fir  Thomas 
Becvor,  hart,  addreffcd  to  the 
fecretary  of  the  Bath  fociety. 
— Page  226. 

A    TABLE    OF    DIET. 

Breakfafi.  Dinner. 

Sun.  A  penny  loaf.  Hanway's  foups 
of  ox-cheek,  &c. 
a  id.  loaf, 
potatoes, 
boiled  peafe. 
a  penny  loar. 
potatoes, 
boiled  peafe. 

LETTER     III. 

Defcription  of  the  prifoti. 

Hethel,  Feb.   12,  1786. 
Sir, 

IN  compliance  with  your  requefl,  1 
now  tranfmit  you  a  defcription  of 
the  prifon  which  has  been  erecled  at 
Wymondham,  in  this  county,  the  fuc- 
cefs  of  which  has  fo  much  exceeded 
the  expeilations,  and  fo  fully  anfwered 
the  wifhcs  of  the  gentlemen  here,  as 
to  encourage  thein  to  alfer,  and  make 
additions  to  all  the  other  br;dewells 
within  their  jurifdiQion,  and  to  put 
each  of  them  under  the  fame  regu- 
ations. 

The  new  buddings,  cf  the  Wymond- 
ham bridewell,  added  to  the  former 
old  houfe  (which  is  now  appropriated 
to  the  ufe  of  the  governor)  confid  of 
two  wirgs,  which  are  attached  to  the 
old  houfe,  and  joined  by  a  building  in 
front,  containing  a  large  room,  in 
which  is  placed  a  mill  for  cutting  log- 
wood, or  any  other  wood  for  the  ufe 
of  dyers,  and  for  beating  hemp ;  toge- 
ther with  a  ilable  and  flore-rooms,  for 
lodging  the  matcrialsj  ufed  by  thepri- 


Mon. 

do. 

Tuef. 

do. 

Wed. 

do. 

Thurf. 

do. 

Vri. 

do. 

Sat. 

do. 

i78y-] 


Account  of  a  new  Bridcwctl. 


foners  in  tlieir  work.  The  whole  of 
thcfe  builJings  form  a  quadrangle,  en- 
clodng  an  area,  or  yard,  of  about 
eighty  feet  by  feventy  feet ;  in  which 
loirse  of  the  prifoiiers  are  allowed,  oc- 
cafioiially,  to  take  the  air.  Intlietwo 
wings  only  (to  both  v.{  which  there  is 
a  paffage  from  the  governor's  houfe) 
are  ihe  oitendcrs  confined  ;  and  in  each 
of  them  there  are  on  the  ground  floor 
feven  feparaie  rooms,  or  ceiis,  for 
ihe  men-priiuners,  of  fourteen  feet 
eight  inches  by  feven  feet  four  inches, 
with  a  work-room  of  twenty  feet  fix 
inches,  by  ten  feet. 

On  the  floor  above,  which  is  chief- 
ly ufed  for  the  wom2n  and  lefs  dan- 
t^erous  prifoners,  are,  in  each  wing, 
tour  feparate  room.".,  or  cells,  of  the 
fame  dimenfions  with  thofe  below  ; 
with  a  work-room  to  each  wing,  the 
lame  as  on  the  ground-floor  :  together 
•w;lh  an  infirmary,  of  ten  feet  fix 
inches  by  fourteen  feet  eight  inches, 
and  a  fcuUery,  clofet,  and  neceflary 
to  each.  The  cells,  both  above  and 
below,  are  all  arched,  to  prevent  the 
poihbiliiy  of  fire,  or  any  probable 
communication  of  infctliousdifordcr-:. 
1  hey  are  all  ten  feet  high  ;  and  the 
Vi'indows  of  thefc  rooms,  looking  in- 
to the  quadrangle,  and  being  grated, 
infide  and  outlide,  with  iron,  and  fe- 
ven feet  high  from  the  floor  of  the 
rooms,  aflord  the  piifoners  no  pofli- 
bility  of  looking  out,  or  having  the 
ieail  iniercourfe  with  any  other  pcr- 
fon.  The  cells  are  airy,  having  only 
wooden  fliutters  to  the  windows ;  and, 
hy  a  flip  or  wicket  in  the  doors,  a 
thorough  air  isa(li"tte.d,  whereby  they 
are  aiv.-avs  free  from  any  ill  fcen;. — 
This  is,  however,  with  an  exception 
to  one  cell  on  the  upper  floor,  in  each 
wing,  ^nd  to  the  inhrmaries :  for  the 
windows  of  thefe  are  glazed,  and 
have  cafements  to  open  occafionailv  ; 
being  molily  kept  for  fhe  uie  of  wo- 
men, having  mfant  children  with  them, 
and  for  the  weak  and  convalefcent 
prifoner":.  But  as  the  cor.ii ruction  of 
this  build  ng,  would  httJe  aiifwer  the 
purpofe  of  Ks  ereftion,  wuhout  a  cor- 
refpondent  management  and  condutt, 
in  the  interior  government  of  it,  good 
care  has  been  taken,  to  enforce  the 
rules,  orders,  and  regulations  eda- 
bliflied  ;  and  returns  are  regularly  made 
by  the  governor,  to  the  julliccs,  at 
every  quarter  feffions. 


A57 

The  manufaOory  enaldifhed  here 
at  prefeut,  is  that  of  ruttmg  l(<gwood 
for  the  dyers  at  Norwich,  and  beat- 
ing, heckling,  and  fp-nning  hemp. 
In  the  labour  of  hecklmg,  a  tolerable 
workman  will  earn  from  eight  to  ten 
fhiilings  per  v,'eek.  The  vi'cmen  and 
girls  fpin  it  by  a  wheel  fo  contrived  as 
to  draw  a  thread  with  each  hand  ;  by 
which  means,  two  of  them  can  earn 
atlealt  equal  wages  with  three  women, 
fpinning  with  one  hand  only.  If  thr 
buildmg  fliould  be  enlarged,  and  the 
number  of  prifoners  increafc.  fotne 
of  them  will  then  be  inliruBed  in  the 
art  of  weaving  the  yarn  made  in  the 
houfe.  At  prefent,  both  the  tow  and 
the  yarn  is  fold  to  the  dfferent  houfes 
of  indiiflry,  e/lablifl.ied  mthis  county, 
and  at  Norwich.  Jn  the  lafl  return 
of  the  governor,  to  the  quarter  feffions. 
we  had  ihe  fatist'aftion  tofipc.  THA''' 
'J'  H  E  M  O  N  E  Y  A  R  I  SING 
FROM  THE  EARNINGS  OF 
THE  PRISONERS,  WAS  OxNE 
FOUND  EIGHT  SHILLINGS 
AND  TEN  PENCE  iMORE 
THAN  DOUBLE  THE  SUM 
EXPENDED  FOR  THEIR 
M A l^N  PENANCE. 

This,  though  it  cannot  be  deem- 
ed more  than  a  L^condary  confidera- 
tion,  is  lurely  no  trifling  one — to 
derive  a  profit  from  the  labour  of  fuch 
perfons,  as  v/ere  heretofore  lofi  to,  or 
become  a  burden  upon  the  public;  and 
itflrongly  marks  the  impolicy  of  fend- 
ing thefe  unhappy  objefls  out  of  the 
ku^gdom.  This  funi  indeed  was  fur- 
ther increafed  about  five  guineas,  by 
adding  to  it  the  profit  from  ilie  trade 
account ;  but  as  to  have  this  become 
the  general  refult,  muff  depend  great- 
ly, perhaps  chiefly,  upon  the  cfioics 
of  the  governor,  and  fomewhat  on 
the  aftivity  of  the  magiffrates :  too 
much  care  cannot  be  taken  in  the  firff , 
efpecially  as  it  will  be  the  probable 
means  of  exciting  the  Liiier.  We 
have  been  fo  fortuiiatc,  as  to  meet 
with  a  governor,  who  relieves  us 
fiom  a  great  part  of  our  attention  to, 
and  diredion  of  him. 

The  filcnce  and  peaceable  demean- 
our, the  cleanhnefs  and  indui'try,  of 
thofe  unhappy  perfons  who  virc  ihein- 
habitants  of  this  houfe,  arc  really  ad- 
mirable ;  and  fuch  as  greatly  encou- 
rages  the    pleadng  cxpeflation,   that 

T  I:J  E  I  R  FUNIS  I-i  ?!  E  N  T  W  I  1. 1,  HAVE 


4^8 


Rhode  Jflii n u  mcmoricL 


[December, 


THAT  EfrZCT  UPON  THEIR  FU- 
TURE LIVES  AND  CONDUCT, 
WHICH  liVERY  HUMANE  AKD 
Jl  E  N  E  V  O  L  E  N  T  MIND  MUST  SIN- 
CERELY WISH  I' OR.  And  they 
leave  me  wiiho'Jt  a  doubt,  that  bride- 
wells, with  proper  attention  paid  to 
ihem,  may  in  fuiure  be  made  /mzKC- 
ritsofinduf.ry  and  reformctiony  in- 
Jlcad  cf  receptacles  of  idlenefs  and 
corruption,  io  effctt  thefe  purpofes, 
it  will  be  neceflary  to  provide  the 
prifoners  with  fuitable  and  conftant 
work.  This,  in  mofl  connlies,  will 
neceilarily  vary  :  but  may  be  eafily 
obtained, efpecially  if,  by  an  allowance 
to  the  governor,  out  of  their  earninjTS, 
it  be  made  liis  mtcreft,  as  well  as  his 
duty,  to  look  carefully  to  the  per- 
formance of  it.  The  allowance,  given 
at  thi^  houfe,  is,  three  pence  in  every 
Ihillin^  of  the  net  earnings ;  and  this 
is  confidered  as  a  part  of    his  falary. 

1  muit  not  omit  to  inform  you, 
that  in  this  folitary  confinement;  and 
thus  employed,  it  has  not  yet  been 
found  necejfary  to  punipi  any  cf  the 
prifoners  with  irons  \  and  that,  fince 
the  new  ercrliou  and  regulation  of 
this  prifon,  the  msgiftrates  in  ilte  vi- 
cinity, as  wellas  the  keeperof  it,  have 
t)bferved,  that  in  no  e^ual  period  of 
time,  lias  there  been  fo  few  commit- 
ments to  It, 

This  preventive  juRice,  fo  prefer- 
able to  punitive  jiiiiice,  moll  iuily  e- 
vinces  the  propriety  and  humanity  of 
the  undertaking,  and  mult  naturally 
excite  a  hope,  that  fimilar  plans  will 
be  adopted  in  every  county.  This, 
indeed,  I  am  flrongly  induced  to  be- 
lieve, will  foon  be  the  cafe,  as  I  have 
already  received  letters  from  different 
jjentlemeninGloucellerfliirr.Oxford- 
jhire,  Wilts,  Hertfordfliire  Hamp- 
fhire,  Yorklhire,  Lancaniire,  SuHolk, 
Wales,  and  Scotland,  requeuing  the 
plan,  rules,  orders,  table  of  diet,  and 
returns ;  informing  me,  that  in  their 
refpetiive  counties,  I  hey  had  deter- 
nnned  upon  building,  and  putting 
iheir  hoiiies  of  correction  under  linu- 
lar  regulations.  The  gentlemen  of 
ihe  city  of  Norwich  have  alfo  fent  a 
deputation  if  their  magillrates  to  view 
the  prifon  ;  upon  whofe  report,  they 
mean  inilantly  to  enter  upon  a  refor- 
mation of  their  own  prifons. 

THf)MAs  Bee V OR. 

[N.  B.  In  another  letter,   dated 


February   181I1,  fir  Thomas   Beevor 

has  added  the  following];  remarks  : 

"  In  proof  cf  the  cleanlinefs  and 
heakliiiiefs  of  this  prilon,  no  perfon 
who  entered  it  inhealih,  has  hithern) 
falleo  fick  in  1;.  1  have  never  had 
any  complaint  agalnti  any  one  for 
immorality  or  prophanenefs.  The 
eSeQ  of  the  folitaririefs  and  mechani- 
cal regularity  of  the  place  is  fuch,  as 
to  render  them  fo  contrite  and  fubdu- 
ed,  that  it  not  only  promiles  fair  for 
a  lafi.ng  reformation  in  thefe  poor 
unfortunate  tvretches,  but,  what  is 
a  Jlill  better  and  more  plepfng  corf- 
deration^  that  it  may  prove  a  preven- 
tive of  crimes  in  others.  Fxir,  from 
an  examination  of  the  commitments 
to  this  houfe,  before  and  fince  the 
prefent  regulation  took  place,  it  ap- 
pears, that  one-third  fewer  have  been 
confined  in  it,  fince  the  latter  period  ; 
and  it  is  fomewbat  remarkable,  that, 
except  in  one  infiance,  no  prifoner  has 
been  fecond  a  time  committed  to  it."] 

PUBLIC   PAPERS. 

The  general  aJJ'evibly  of  the  fate  of 
Rhode  Ifzndand  Prozidence  plan- 
tations, 

To  the  prejident,  the  fenate,  and  the 
houfe  of  reprcferuatives  of  the  ele- 
ven united  fates  cf  America,  in 
congrejs  afembled, 

THE  critical  fituation,  in  which 
the  people  of  this  Hate  arc  plac- 
ed, engages  ns  to  make  thefe  afliir- 
ances  on  their  behalf,  of  their  attach- 
ment and  friendfliip  to  their  filler  ilatcs 
— and  of  their  ddpofition  to  cultivate 
mutual  harmony  and  friendly  inter- 
courfe.  'i'hey  know  themfelves  to  be 
but  a  handful,  comparatively  viewed  ; 
and  although  ihcy  now  fland,  as  it 
were,  alone,  they  have  not  feparated 
themfelves,  or  departed  from  the  prin- 
( iples  of  the  confederation,  which  was 
formed  by  the  fitter  flatcs  in  their 
flruggle  for  freedom,  and  in  the  hour 
of  danger. 

They  feek,  by  this  memorial,  (o 
call  to  your  remembrance  the  hazards 
which  we  have  run — the  hardfliips  wc 
have  endured — the  treafure  wc  have 
fpent — and  the  blood  we  have  loll  to- 
gether, in  onecomm.on  caufe— and  ef- 
pecially the  objcfl  we  had  in  view — 
jeprefervation  of  our  liberty — where- 


^7^9-] 


JiAod^  IJland  rmmoria!. 


45^ 


in,  ability  confKlered,  they  may  tru- 
ly fay,  ihey  were  equal  in  exertions 
with  the  foremoU — the  cfieBs  where- 
of, in  .gre:\t  embarrafiinents  and  other 
dillrefies  conl'equent  thereon,  we  have 
finceexpenenccd  wilhfevcrity — which 
common  ful{erin;;s  and  common  dan- 
ger, we  hope  and  trull,  yet  form  a 
bond  of  union  and  friendfliip,  not  ea- 
fily  to  be  broken. 

Our  not  having  acceded  to,  or  a- 
^opted,  the  new  fyilcm  of  govern- 
ment, formed  and  adopted  by  moii  of 
our  fiHer  liates,  we  doubt  not,  has 
given  uneafinefs  to  them — ihat  v/e 
have  not  fecn  our  way  clear  to  do  it, 
confilfent  witii  our  idea  of  the  prin- 
ciples upon  which  we  all  embarked 
together,  has  aifo  given  pain  to  us — 
■wft  have  not  doubted  but  wc  might 
thereby  avoid  prefent  difficulties,  but 
we  have  apprehended  future  milchtefs. 

The  people  of  this  Hate,  from  its 
firil  fettlem?nt,  have  been  accuRom- 
ed  and  Urongly  attached  to  a  demo- 
cratical  form  of  government.  They 
have  vicv/ed,  in  the  new  conllitution, 
an  approach,  though  perhaps  but  fmall, 
towards  that  form  of  guvernmentfrom 
which  we  have  lately  diilolved  our 
connexion,  at  fo  much  hazard  andex- 
penfe  of  life  andtreafure.  They  have 
feen  with  pleafure  the  adminiltration 
thereof,  from  the  moR  important  trult 
dov/n wards,  committed  to  men  who 
have  highly  merited,  and  in  whom 
the  people  of  the  united  dates  place 
unbounded  confidence  : — yet  even  in 
this  circumllancc,  in  itfeif  fo  fortu- 
nate, tbey  have  apprehended  danger, 
by  way  of  precedent.  Can  it  be  thought 
Urange,  then,  that  with  thefe  impref- 
fions,  they  (liould  wait  to  fee  the  pro- 
pofed  fyRem  organized  and  in  ope- 
ration— to  fee  what  further  checks  and 
fecurities  would  be  agreed  to  and  ef- 
tabliflied  by  way  of  amendments,  be- 
fore they  could  adopt  it  as  a  conRi- 
tution  of  government  for  themfelves 
and  their  poRerity  ?  Thefe  amend- 
ments, we  believe,  have  already  af- 
forded fume  relief  and  fatisfaQion  to 
the  minds  of  the  people  of  this  Rate. 
And  we  earneRly  look  for  the  time, 
when  they  may,  with  clearnefs  and 
fafety,  again,  be  united  with  their 
fifter  Rates,  under  a  conftitution  and 
form  of  government,  fo  well  poifed 
as  neither  to  need  alteration,  or  be 
liable  thereto  by  a  majority  only  of 
nine  flatcs  out  of  thirteen — a  circum- 


Rance  which  may  poRibly  take  place, 
againR  the  fenfe  or  a  majority  of  the 
people  of  the  united  Rates. 

Wc  are  fenfible  of  the  extremes  to 
which  democratical  government  is 
fometimes  liable — fonieihingof  which 
we  have  lately  experienced:  but  we 
eReem  them  temporary  and  partial 
evils,  compared  with  the  lofs  of  li- 
berty and  the  r-ghts  of  a  free  people — 
neither  do  we  apprehend  they  will  be 
marked  with  feverity  by  our  fiRer 
Rates,  when  It  is  confidered,  that, 
during  the  late  troubles,  the  whole 
united  Rates,  notwithRanding  their 
joint  wifdom  and  efforts,  fell  into  the 
like  misfortune  :— -that  from  our  ex- 
traordinary exertions,  this  Rate  was 
left  in  a  fituation  nearly  as  embar- 
raRing  as  that  during  the  war  ; — that 
in  the  meafurcs  which  were  adopted, 
government  unfortunately  had  not 
that  aid  and  fupport  from  the  monied 
intercR,  which  our  fiRer  Rates  of 
New  York  and  the  Carolinas  expe- 
rienced under  R-nilar  circumllances ; 
and  efpecially  when  it  is  confidered^ 
that  upon  fome  abatement  of  that  fer- 
mentation in  the  minds  of  the  people, 
which  is  fo  common  in  thecolliHon 
of  fe^tiirsent  and  of  parties,  a  difpo- 
fition  cppears  to  provide  a  remedy 
for  the  difiiculties  we  have  laboured 
under  on  that  account. 

We  are  induced  to  hope,  that  we 
fliall  not  be  altogether  confidered  as 
foreigners,  having  no  particular  affi- 
nity or  connexion  with  the  united 
Rates.  But  that  trade  and  commerce, 
upon  which  the  profperity  of  this 
Rate  much  depends,  will  be  preferved 
as  free  and  open  between  this  and  the 
united  Rates,  as  our  different  fitua- 
tions  at  prefcnt  can  poffibly  admit  ; 
earnefily  deliring  and  propofing  to  a- 
dopt  fiich  commercial  regulations,  on 
our  part,  as  fliall  not  tend  to  defeat 
the  colletlion  of  the  revenue  of  the 
united  Rates — but  rather  to  acl  in  con- 
foriu'ty  to,  or  to  co-operate  there- 
with ;  and  defiring  alfo  to  give  the 
RrongeR  alTurances,  that  we  fhall,  dur- 
ing our  prefen:  fituation,  ufeourut- 
moR  endeavours  to  be  in  preparation, 
from  time  to  time,  to  anfwer  our  pro- 
portion of  fuch  part  of  the  intercii  or 
principal  of  the  foreign  and  domeRic 
debt,  as  the  united  Rates  fliall  judgs^ 
expedient  to  pay  and  difcharge. 

We  feel  ourfe}ves  attached  by  the 
flronjjeft  ties  of  friendfliip,   kindred, 


4^0 


Kcligivusadd)  cj's. 


[December, 


and  intereft  v/iih  our  fiikr  flates  ;  and 
we  can.iot,  without  tlie  grtatell  re- 
lutlance.  look  lo  any  ottier  qiianer 
for  iliof'e  arlvaniages  of  co;niiiercial 
intercourfe.  which  v^e  conceive  lo  be 
natural  and  reciprocal  between  them 
and  us.  SeptcDiber,    17H.9. 

..i,~<S><S>^  ■•■'>- 

An  addrcfi  of  ike  minijlcrs  cfthcfiate 
of  ConncBiuit,  convened  in  general 
n/fuciation,  to  the  people  of  the 
chiirckes  and  focieties,  under  their 
pa  ft  oral  care  : 

Friends  and hrethren, 

AMONG  the  various  ir.Rancesof 
decleulion  and  immorality,  which 
at  the  prefent  time,  ihreaien  the  very 
cxiilence  of  religon  in  this  country, 
an  increafins;  negligence  of  the  pub- 
lic worlhip  of  God,  is  one  of  the  mod 
painful  and  alarming. 

Deeply  afleBed  with  the  cuilt  of 
this  conduB,  and  clearly  convinced 
of  the  fatal  confequences  necefTarily 
involved  in  it,  this  alFociation  elleem 
it  their  indifpenfable  duty  to  bear 
their  united  tellimony  agamll  fo  per- 
nicious an  evil. 

The    fabbaih  is  folemnly  declared 


yoj  were  given  fo  them.  But  does 
not  common  fenfe  convincingly  teach 
you,  that  this  end  cannot  be  pol'ibly 
accomplilhed,  where  the  influence  of 
fuilul  example  dellroys  the  force  of 
every  virtuous  precept  and  motive  ? 
How  can  the  parents,  who  turn  their 
own  backs  upon  their  Creator,  urge, 
or  invite  their  children  to  the  arms  of 
his  mercy  ?  Self-reproved,  and  felf- 
condemned,  mull  not  their  counte- 
nances bluih,  and  their  hearts  fail,  be-, 
fore  the  meaning  eyes  of  their  inno- 
cent children,  from  whom  they  know 
their  inconfirtency  and  gudt  cannot 
be  hidden  ? 

In  what  manner  does  this  evil  afFeft 
the  political  intereils — the  effential 
well-being  of  the  community  ?  All 
the  branches  of  morality  are  indifTo- 
lubly  conneBed.  Fiom  one  breach 
of  moral  obligation  to  a  fecond,  to  a 
third,  and  to  all,  the  tranfition  is  eafy, 
nerellary  and  rapid.  Fiom  negligence 
of  the  duties  we  owe  to  God,  the 
pallage  is  fliort  to  contempt  for  thofe 
we  owe  to  men.  The  fabbaih,  in  the 
judgment  of  reafon  and  of  revelationjis 
the  great  hinge  on  which  all  thefe  du- 
ties are  turned.     When  the  ordinan- 


by  our  Creator  to  be  peculiarly  the  ces  of  this  holy  day  are  forfaken  and 
day,  and  the  fanfluary  to  be  eminently  forgotten,  the  whole  fydem  of  moral 
the  place, of  falvation.     To  the  truth    dtity,   the   weight    and    influence     of 


of  this  declaration,  reafon  and  exprtri 
ence,  whofe  diftates  uniformly  coin- 
cide with  the  dortrines  of  revelation, 
furnifh  continual  and  nnanfwerable  e- 
vidence.  Where  the  public  worfliipof 
God  isnegleBed,  God  himfelfis  foon 
forgotten,  and  the  work  of  falvation 
obllracted.  For  fpecimens  of  this 
calamity,  we  need  not  look  into  re- 
mote regions  or  ages  :  they  are  at  our 
doors.  In  how  great  and  melaacholy 
a  degree  is  it  vifible  among  the  prefent 
inhabitants  of  this  ftate  ?  We  reqiicd 
• — we  exhort  you  to  confider  the  confe- 
quences of  this  conduff .  I  s  the  falva- 
tion of  the  fold  lefs  interefling  to  you, 
than  to  thofe  who  have  gone  before 
you  ?  Andean  you  coolly  and  qireity 
confent  to  renounce  eternal  life  ?  Or 
have  you  forgotten,  that  your  Maker 
has  commanded,  that,  if  you  intend  to 
hear  his  voke  at  all,  you  fhould  not 
harden  your  hearts  on  his  holy  day  ? 

In  what  manner  will  thefe  cvds 
afFeft  yonr  children  ?  Their  religious 
education  is  the  prime  end  for  which 
they  were  given  to  you,  and  for  which 


!"al  obligation,  mull  of  courfe  be 
all'o  forgotten  ;  the  great,  the  fubilan- 
tial,  and  the  permanent  good,  of 
which  religion  is  the  only  lourcc,  is 
effeOwally  deflroyed.  The  political 
peace  and  welfare  of  a  comtnuiiity, 
the  falvation  of  the  human  foul,  the 
infinitely  benevolent  defigns  of  re- 
deeming love,  the  innuiiiion  of  the 
means  of  grace,  and  iheobederice  and 
fufFerings  of  the  Si>nof  God,  aiefruf-  ^ 
trated  and  fet  at  nought.  Thus  by  one  ; 
elfeftual  blow  of  fin,  and  the  friends 
of  fin.  are  all  the  great  and  valuable 
interefls  of  mankind  overthrown. 

Shall  thefe  evils  cxifl,  and  triumph 
in  our  own  country  ? 

Let  us  ferioufly  exhort — let  us  ear- 
neffly  conjure  you,  our  beloved  friends 
and  brethren,  to  think,  to  confider, 
and  to  determine,  how,  at  the  bar  of 
your  own  confciences,  and  before  she 
tr  bunal  of  your  Maker,  you  will  an- 
fwer  for  the  guilt  of  being  perfonally 
concerned,  in  the  promotion  of  thofe 
evils  !  ,     •■' 

That  the  author  of  our  holy  religio»ri 


17^9']      Addrcfs  delivered  in  the  national ajfembly  of  trance,  Qc.  t^&U 

may  give  you  I'ght,  repentance,  and 
reformation,  and  muliiply  to  you 
grace,  mercy,  and  peace,  is  the  hum- 
ble and  fervent  prayer  of  your  bre- 
thren in  Chrifi  Jeius. 

Voted  unaninioufJy   m  general  af- 
fociafion,  Hartford,  June  18,  1788. 
Nafh.  'X  ay  \.ok^  moderator. 
Tejl.  Cyprian  Strong,fcribe. 

-■<>-  <^  <^>  ^g>  -KV- 

Addrefs  delivered  at  the  national  aj'- 
J'embly  of  France,  on  the  jth  oJ'Scp- 
teml>er,  1789,  by  certain  female  citi- 
zens, who  came  to  7n>a.ke  an  offering 
cf  their  jewels  and  other  ornaments, 
as  a  voluntary  contribution  to- 
wards the  di/charge  of  the  public 
debts. 

MeJ/'igneurs, 

THE  regeneration  of  the  flate  is  a 
work  comiTiitied  to  the  national 
reprefentatives. 

The  liberation  of  the  flate  fhould 
be  the  care  of  every  good  cuizen. 

In  order  *o  enable  the  fenate  to  ful- 
fil a  vow,  that  was  made  by  Camil- 
lus  to  Apollo,  before  the  capture  of 
Vieum,  the  Roman  ladies  made  a  vo- 
limtary  oiTering  of  their  ornaments  to 
the  repubhc. 

But  no  vows  can  be  more  facred 
than  engagements  contracted  wuh  the 
creditors  of  the  Hate.  The  public 
^ebt  (hould  h?.  f-rupulotifly  difcharged  : 
but  the  means  fliould  be  rendered  eafy 
to  the  people. 

It  is  in  that  view,  that  feveral  ci- 
tizens, wives  or  daughters  of  ar- 
tifts,  come  to  offer  to  this  auguft 
national  alFcmbly,  thofe  ornaments, 
which  they  would  blufhlo  wear,  when 
painotifm  bids  them  lacrifice  them  to 
the  public  good.  What  woman  is 
there,  worthy  the  tule  of  citizen, 
wiio  would  not  prefer,  to  the  infipid 
parade  of  vanuy,  the  incxprelTible 
plealure  of  converting  the  ornaments 
of  her  perfon  to  fo  excellent  a  pur- 
pofe  ? 

Our  offering  is,  no  doubt,  of  fmall 
value  ;  for  among  tiie  votaries  of  the 
fine  arts,  glory,  rather  than  riches,  is 
the  jiurfuit:  our  offering  is  in  propor- 
tion to  our  means — but  rot  to  the  fen- 
timents  that  animate  ourbreaffs. 

May  our  example  be  followed  by 
many  citizens  of  cither  fex,  whofe 
circumffanccs  are  far  more  opulent 
than  ours  !  and  our  example  will,  mef- 

V.:.>L.Vl.Ny.VI. 


fcigneurs,  be  followed,  if  you  will 
but  deign  gracioully  to  accept — if  you 
will  i)rocure  the  facility  of  making — 
voluntary  contributions — by  effablifii- 
ing,  from  this  moment,  a  bank,  f«)r 
the  ibie  purpofe  of  receiving  patriotic; 
gifts,  in  money  or  jewels,  to  be  in- 
variably applied  to  the  difcharge  of 
the  national  debt. 

Reply  of  the  prefident  of  the  national 
cjfcmbly. 

THE  national  afTcmbly  beholds, 
with  inHiute  fatisfaclion,  your  gene- 
rous facnfice,  which  emanates  from 
motives  of  true  painotilm. 

May  the  noble  example  which  you 
ofler  us,  at  thisprefent  moment,  coni- 
municaie  to  all  ranks  of  citizens  the 
heroic  fentiment  from  which  it  pro- 
ceeds, and  may  it  find  as  great  a  num- 
ber of  imitators,  as  it  does  admirers  ] 

You  are  far  more  adorned  by  your 
virtues,  than  you  could  be  by  the  pre- 
cious ornaments,  which  you  facritice 
to  the  good  of  your  country.  The 
national  affembly  will  take  into  con- 
fideration  the  plan  which  you  propofe, 
with  all  the  warmth  which  it  infpires. 
A  true  copy.  Signed, 

Hekry  de  Ldngeve, 

fee.  nat.  affembly. 

Letter  from  the  king  ofSzoeden  to  bt- 
ron  Stedingk. 

*'  Dear  general, 

"  T70R  fo  you  are— enclofcd  is  the 
JL     commtirion  of  your  promotion 

— continue  to  merit  honours,  and  yoi< 

fliall  have  them. 

"  It  is   the  duty  of  good    kings   to 

patronize  good   fubjefts.     Thus  far, 

my  diity  is  my  mterefl — it   is   alfo  my 

inclination.     Thine, 

"  GUSTAVUS.'* 

RURAL  CONCERNS. 
Letter  en  the  ufe  of  plaijler  of  Pd" 
ris,  as  a  manure.  From  George 
Logan,  efq.  to  the  Philadelphia 
ccvnty  fociety  for  the  promotiom 
of  agriculture  and  domejlic  manu- 
faBures, —  P.  401. 

IT  is  generally  allowed,  that  gyp- 
fum  is  principally  compofcd  of 
calcareous  earlh,  bui  it  is  i\ot  fo  well 
3N 


i^fia 


Letter  on  the  ufe  of  plaijler  of  Paris. 


[December, 


afcertalned,  wilh   what  fubftanceitis  ed   In   proportion  to   the  quantity   of 

united,  which  yiievents  it  from  having  calcareous   earth    which    it  contains, 

the  power  of  quick  lime,  when  burnt.  Marls   alTuine  a  variety  of    colours, 

Regarding  calcareous  earth  as  form-  but   are   properly  divided   into   ihell 

ing  the  bafis  of  this  fubltance,   it  may  and  (lone  marl. 

be  neceflary  to  take  notice  of  the  dif-  Shell  marl  is  compofed  of  the  {hells 

ferent  forms  under   which   calcareous  of  Oiell  hllij  or  other  aquatic  animals, 

earths  appear.  which  are  lomeiimes  entire,   and  of- 

That  which  is  in  the  greateft  quan-  ten  decayed  or  mixed  with  other  ear- 

tity,  and  properly   called   calcareous,  thy  fuhRances. 

is  diflinguifhed  from  the  red  by  the  Examining  this  matter,  as  occur- 
cftett  which  fire  has  upon  it,  in  con-  ring  in  different  places,  it  may  be  dif- 
verting  it  into  a  quick  lime  ;  all  others  tinguiihed  into  frelh  water  marl  and 
fhould  rather  be  termed  alkaline  ah-  the  marl  of  fea-fhell'i.  The  Hril  is 
forbents.  Calcareous  earth  appears  compofed  of  a  Imall  freOi  water  wilk 
in  a  variety  of  forms;  there  are  very  or  fnail :  th;s  animal,  when  alive,  is 
confiderable  ffrata  of  it  in  the  bowels  not  eafily  difcoverable,  the  (hell  be- 
ef the  earth,  as  marble,  limeilone,  nig  much  of  the  fame  colour  as  the 
and  chalk,  which  differ  only  in  the  {tones  covered  wuh  the  water  ;  but 
decree  of  purity  or  mode  of  ccncre-  great  numbers  of  them  are  to  be  found 
tion.  in  many  fmall  brooks,  particularly  ir» 
It  is  often  found  in  veins,  {lUing  up  their  padage  through  the  low  wet 
the  rents  or  cavities  of  mountains,  and  grounds :  as  the  animal  dies,  the  fliell 
is  called  calcareous  [par;  fome  of  isdepolited. 
which  contain  a  quantity  of  this  earih,  The  {econd,  compofed  of  fea-{liells, 


but  not  in  a  pure  ffate  :  fome  are  per- 
fectly tranfparent  ;  and  from  being 
found  in  Iceland,  are  called  Iceland 
cryftals. 

The  matter  with  which  animal  and 


conftitutes  much  greater  collettions, 
and  IS  found  iiv  innumerable  places 
now  far  removed  from  ihe  fca.  That, 
moft  particularly  defcnbed  by  natu- 
raliffs,    IS   a   colleCiion   of  this   kind 


vegetable  fubffances  are  incnifted,  or  in  Touraine,  a  province  in  France, 
penetrated  by  the  waters  of  particular  The  part  of  the  country,  where  it  is 
fprings,  fo  as  to  retain  their  external  found,  is  computed  to  contain  eighty 
form,  but  lofe  their  nature,  and  be-  fquare  miles  of  furface  ;  and  wher- 
comc  {lone,  is  genepally  of  this  kind  ;  ever  they  dig  to  a  certain  depth,  they 
and  fiiews  that  this  earth  is  capable  {ind  this  colletlion  of  {hells,  compof- 
of  being  dilTolved  by  water,  and  be-  ing  a  ffrata  ot  twenty  feet  thick.  The 
ing  introduced  into  the  texture  of  a-  country  at  prefent  is  one  hundred  and 
nimal  and  vegetable  fubflances.  This  eight  miles  from  the  fea. 
earth  alfo  produces  the  large  pendu-  The  Rone  or  clay  marls  bear  more 
louscolumiis  and  cones  that  are  found  or  lefs  relemblance  to  clay;  they 
hangmg  from  the  roofs  of  large  caves,  are  very  various  in  their  colour,  ".nd 
as  in  Derby{hire.  other  appearances,  but  agree  in  con- 
The  {tony  (hells  of  all  crnftaccous  taining  a  quantity  of  ciay  united  with 
animals,  from  the  coarfeff,  to  the  co-  calcareous  earih,  fo  as  to  effervefco 
ral  and  peatl,  are  all  compofed  of  this  with  acids — the  Hone  marls  are  har- 
earth,  and  a  fmall  quantity  of  animal  der  than  the  clays,  but  upon  being  ex- 
glue.  A  vifcid  {luid  proceeds  from  pofed  to  the  atlion  of  the  fun  and 
the  furface  of  the  animal,  which  be-  froff,  they  crumble  into  powder, 
comes  a  lough  membrane,  and  gradu-  which  is  eafily  mixed  with   the   foil, 


ally    hardens   into    this   form.     Th 
Ihells  of  all   kinds  of  ajiimals,   toge- 
ther with  allcoraline  concretions,  con- 
fift    of  the   calcareous   earth,    united 
with   a   fmall 
glue. 


though  fome  of  them  require  a  very 
long  tune  before  they  are  divided  fine 
enough  to  be  mixed  completclv  with  it. 
Thefe  are  the  principal  fo'-ms  ia 
proportion  of  animal  which  calcareous  earth  is  found. 
They  all  derive  their  origin  from  the 


Marl  is  an  alkaline  earth,   but  can-  calcareous  matter  of  fliells;    for  we 

not  be  converted  to   quick  lime  :  it  is  find  relics  of  fliells  in  by  far  the  great- 

compofed  of  calcareous  earth  and  clay  :  eil  number  of  I  imeilones,  chalks,  ijyp^ 

and  its  value,  as  a  njanure,  is  ellimat-  fums,  and  marbles. 


1789.]      DirrTiionsforthe  treeding  and  management  of ftlk  worms,  463 


From  the    natural  hiftory   of  thefe 
fulfils,  and  tlieir  cttefts    in  promoting 
ve,^etat!on.  wc  may  conclude  (hat they 
contain  in    themfelves   a  certain  ncu- 
ridimcnt  to  plants,  arhn^'  froiri  a  con- 
centration of  the  aniilial   glue  exift- 
ing  in  their  original  Itate  of  fhell-fifh  ; 
Too  much   pairs   cannot  be    taken 
to  entraue  our  farmers  generally  in  the 
life  of  thefe  valuable  manures, 
I  am,  gentlemen, 
With  (jreat  refpeft, 
Your  friend, 

GKORGE  LOGAN. 

Strnfon,  October  3,    I7^'9. 
Read  be: fire    the  fociety,  0£lober 
4th,   1789. 

..^>,..;^<3^5^-<y.. 

DireCliovs  Jor   the  breeding  and  ma- 
nagemctit  ufjilk  worms,    ExtraBed 
Jrotn    the  trratifes  of  abbe   Boijjier 
de  Sauvages  and  Pulein:  and  pub- 
liflied.  anno  1770,  by  order  of  the 
Philadelphia fortety  for  promoting 
the  culture  of  Jilk. —  Page  304. 
4.  TTITHERTO  you  have    been 
Jl  jL     diit'tled,     in     feeding    the 
worms,  to  cut  or  flired  the  leaves  into 
pieces,  in  proportion  to  the  fize  of  the 
worms ;  but  now,  they  are   fo  grown, 
and  ihey  eat  fo  much,  that    this   cau- 
tion is  no  longer  neceifary,  and  would 
be  fatiguing.      Give  them  the  leaves, 
v/hole  as    they  are,  plucked  from  the 
trees,  only  remembering,  as   direfted 
in  the  12th  article  of  the  former  fec- 
tion,    to    ferve    them,    at  lirft    after 
moulting,  with  the  youngeft  and   ten- 
dered: leaves  you  have,  and  take  care 
that   their    food   be  not   wet.      The 
quantity  given  them,  fhould  always  be 
gradually  increafed  from  day    today, 
after  each  moulting,   as   has   been  al- 
ready  obferved,    till    their  appetite  is 
come  to  its  lieight  :  during  this  vora- 
cious period,  in  the  fifth  age,  they  de- 
vour twice  as  much  food  as  in  all   the 
other  ages  put  together.   At  this  time, 
their  food  ihould  confift  of  leaves  that 
have  got  their  full  growth,  but  are  not 
yet  begun  to  turn  haid  and  hufl;y, 

5.  Silk  vvorms  are  liable  to  be  fickly, 
and  it  may  be  thought  of  importance 
to  give  a  defcription  of  their  difeaies ; 
but  they  are  much  more  eafily  prevent- 
ed than  cured  ;  and  to  deicribe  a  dif- 
temper,  withi^ut  pointing  out  a  method 
of  cure,  would  be  to  little  purpofe. 
If  the  wcms  are  kept  cleauj    are  not 


crowded  too  much  together,  ate  pro- 
perly fed,  and  fecured  againft  the  per- 
nicious effetis  of  aclofe  damp  air,  and 
a  flifled  heat ;  there  is  no  great  danger 
of  their  being  vifited  with  any  kind  of 
ficknefs :  during   the  fourth  and  fifth 
ages,  efpecially,    it   is   of  importance 
to   guard    againll  (his  lad   inconveni- 
ence, a  difled    heat,   which    has  been 
already     fo     frequently     mentioned. 
Thefe  lad  ages  ufually  fall  in  with  the 
beginning    heats    of   fummer,    when 
fudden  changes  are  to  be  expettcd  in 
the  date  of  the   air,  and  in  the  wea- 
ther, which  therefore  fliould  now  be 
narrowly  watched.  If  the  air  be  damp, 
it  is  eafily  difcovered ;  but  that   fiaic- 
which  I  have  fo  often  called  a  difled 
heat,  can  only  be  perceived  by  your 
own  feeling.    In  either  of  thefe  cafes, 
the  unfriendly  difpofuion  of  the  air 
is  eafily  correfled,  and,  in  both  cafes, 
by  the  fame  means.     A  few  dry  fag- 
gots, or  a  wifp  of  draw,   kindled  into 
a  bhize  in  every  corner  of  the  room, 
will,  in  a  few  minutes,  redore  to  your 
brood   a   dry   and  a  freely  circulating 
frefii  air.     And  this  is  all  that  is  ne- 
cedary  ;  for  as  to  the  aciual  degrees  of 
heat,  which  are  indicated  by  the  ther- 
mometer,  they  may  at  all  times,  and 
without  danger, be  difregarded  ;  except 
when   the   weather   is    too   cool  ;  in 
which   cafe,  you  mud  keep  up  a   due 
warmth  of  the  air  in  your  nurfery,  by 
means  of  a  deady  fire.    And,  in  gene- 
ral, it  is  advifeable  to  keep  a  condant 
fire  in  rainy  weather.      But  here  it  is 
necedary  to  remind  the  reader,  that  I 
take   it   for  granted,  his  nurfery  has 
every  requifite  mentioned  in  the  fixth 
article  of  the  fourth  feftioii  ;  particu- 
larly, a  high  cieling  v.itJi  a  trap  door, 
or  fome  other  equivalent  opening,  o- 
ver  head,  to  keep  up  a  free  circulation 
of  air;  without  this  precaution,  a  fire 
would  do  more  harm  than  good. 

6.  If  it  fliouId  happen,  notwith- 
ftanding  all  yourcare,  that  your  brood 
continues  to  languidi  in  a  date  of  re- 
laxation, which  tarnidies  their  colour, 
makes  their  fkm  uneladic,  and  de- 
droys  their  appetite  ;  there  is  one  re- 
medy left,  which  has  lometimes  been 
found  to  do  wonders.  This  remedy 
is  the  cold  bath.  Take  your  worms 
by  handfuls  and  throw  them  into  keel- 
ersor  other  velLls  of  cold  water;  let 
them  lie  a  minute  or  two,  and  then, 
after  fweepmg  their  tables  clean,  re- 


■jj6-l     DireCli'tns  for  the  breeding  and  management  of  f  Ik  worms,  [December, 


place  them  in  their  births  as  before.* 
This  procefs  is  not  attended  v/ith  the 
danger  which  is  always  to  be  feared 
froin  a  moilt  air.  That  creates  a 
relaxation,  at  the  fame  time  that  it 
checks  the  perfpiratioii  :  but  the  cold 
bath  gives  a  new  tone  to  the  Hbres, 
and  then  it  will  be  cafy,  by  means  of 
a  fmall  brifk  fire,  to  excite  in  your 
worms  a  frefli  appetite,  and  thus  re- 
llore  them  to  life  and  vi;;our. 

7.  If  you  have  not  a  fulHccnt  pro- 
vihon  of  foad  for  the  whole  brood 
which  you  propofc  to  raife,  your  la- 
bour will  be  thrown  av/ay.  '1  he  ne- 
ceflary  proportion  fliould  therefore 
be  known  before-hand.  It  has  been 
already  obfcrved,  that,  with  good  ma- 
nagement, the  worms  that  are  bred 
from  one  ounce  of  eggs  will  yield  one 
hundred  weight  of  cocoons ;  and  it  is 
found,  in  general,  that,  to  raife  one 
pound  of  cocoons,  will  require 
twenty  pounds  of  leaves.  It  is  not  cafy 
to  give  any  very  exa^t  rules  for 
eRimating  the  quantity  of  leaves  upon 
a  tree  as  it  I'lands ;  and  yet  this  is  the 
<in!y  way  in  wh^ch  you  can,  before- 
hand, afccrtain  the  queflion,  whether 
or  no  you  have,  in  profpeH,  a  fuffi- 
cient  provifion.  The  fkill  of  making 
this  eitima  e  can  only  be  acquired  by 
habit  and  experience. 

3.  You  mud  be  careful,  at  all  time;", 
to  guard  your  brood  againll  the  rava- 
ges of  rats  ami  mi'e.  Cats  and  traps 
will  hardly  be  a  fufficient  fecuriiy.  A 
v'iip  of  cotton  or  two,  bound  round 
every  ^o\\,  a  liltle  below  the  iindcr 
tier  of  table?,  and  paid  over  now  and 
then  with  pitch  and  tar,,  may  prove  a 
barrier  which  thofe  vermin  will  not 
be  able  to  pafs. 

SECTION    VI. 

DireBions  how  to  manof^e.  when  tht 
worms  are  ready  for  /pinmrijr. 
1.  THE  voracity  of  the  filk  worm, 
in  the  hfih  age,  continues  three  or 
four  days;  in  which  time  the  worm 
arrives  at  his  utmoft  growth,  beinj^  in 
length  above  three  inches.     His  Ikin 

N  O  T  E  . 

*  In  Georgia,  when  the  worms  ap- 
pear to  be  fickly,  they  clofe  the  room, 
and  burn  fome  brown  fugar.  on  clear 
live  hickory  coals,  m  feverai  parts  of 
the  room.  Thib  is  faid  to  be  a  good 
ifcmedy. 


can  be  diflended  no  farther,  his  appe- 
tite declines,  he  accjuires,  towards  the 
head,  a  degree  of  tranlparency  ;  he 
once  more  quits  his  food  and  the  lit- 
ter, and  runs  about,  with  his  head  e- 
rett,  fecKing  a  proper  place  to  begin 
his  talk  of  Ipinning. 

2.  As  loon  as  you  difcover  this  be- 
haviour in  any  conliderable  number, 
Hop  feeding,  and  prepare  to  fnrnim 
your  brood  with  convenient  lodge- 
ments, for  the  work  which  they  are 
about  to  undertake.  Begin  at  one  end 
of  the  lower  tier  of  tables  ;  clear  away 
the  litter,  from  fide  to  fide,  as  far  as 
to  the  middle  of  the  fecond  board, 
firfl  moving  the  worms,  that  were 
Ipread  upon  this  fpace,  either  to  (he 
right  or  left,  upon  thofe  that  lie  on 
the  next  adjoining  fpace  of  the  table. 
Then  plant  a  little  hedge- row  of  fmall 
bullies,  from  fide  to  fide,  aciofs  the 
table  ;  fixing  the  foot  of  each  bulh 
upon  the  lower  inter- tie,  and  the  top 
againftthe  under  fide  of  (he  next  in- 
ter-tie above.  Thefe  bulhes,  or 
branches,  you  muft  have  in  readincfs 
before- hand.  The  foot  fliould  be 
Itripped  or  pared  fmootli  10  the  height 
of  four  or  five  inches  ;  and  the  main 
flalk  Ihould  be  left  a  liltle  longer  than 
the  twigs  that  flioot  out  from  it,  in  or- 
der that,  in  fixing  the  bnlh,  the  top 
mav  be  a  little  bent,  and  fo,  preding 
againll  the  upper  inter-tie,  may  Hand 
firm  and  Heady.  When  you  have 
completed  one  row  of  ihefc  biifhes, 
•juite  acrofs  the  table,  bring  back  the 
worms,  and  place  them  along  in  a 
range,  on  each  fide  of  your  little 
hedge-row,  in  order  that  they  may 
climb  up  and  fpin.  Then  clear  away 
another  fpace ;  plant  another  hedge, 
&c,  proceeding  thus,  till  you  have 
gone  over  all  the  tables.  All  this 
mull  be  done  with  as  much  difpatch 
as  polhble  ;  for  if  your  brood  is  not 
acconunodaled  with  a  proper  retreat, 
as  loon  as  they  are  ready  to  go  to 
work,  the  fibres  of  the  fkin,  which  is 
now  extremely  diflended,  lofe  their 
tone,  the  worms  langmfli,  without 
fpinning  at  all,  or  at  leall,  what  thcv 
do  fpin,  is  wafled  here  and  there,  and 
you  lofe  your  labour.  In  iilantmg 
thefe  little  hedge- rows,  (he  bullies 
fhculd  be  fixed  as  clofe  together  as 
they  conveniently  can  be,  that  the 
worm.smay  nor  lofe  their  time  in  feek- 
ing  where  to  climb  ;  and  on  the  upper 


17S9.]      DireSlionsfor  the  breeding  and  management  ofjilk  worms,  465 


tables,  the  rows  (hould  not  come  quite 
to  the  edge  on  either  fide,  but  a 
fpace  of  a  hand's  breadth  at  leaft 
Ihould  be  left :  for  if  any  of  the  worms 
(hould  happen  to  fall  from  the  branch- 
es, they  would  come  from  fuch  a 
height  down  upon  the  floor,  as  would 
kill  them.* 

3.  If  your  brood  be  numerous,  you 
will  now  find  the  advantage  of  hav- 
ing It  divided  inioclalies,  which  come 
to  maturity  one  after  another,  at  the 
diftanceof  two  or  three  days;  becaufe 
this  will  lefFen  the  hurry  and  fatigue 
of  making  thefe  neceCTary  accommo- 
dations, at  the  time  when  they  are 
ready  to  go  to  work.  But  you  can- 
not expect  that  even  one  clafs  fhould 
be  all  ready  at  once  •,  there  will  be  a 
fmall  part,  at  lealf,  more  tardy,  and 
which  therefore  will  want  to  be  fed 
a  little  longer.  It  would  be  embar- 
ralTing  to  feed  thefe  among  thofe  that 
are  better  employed  ;  and  therefore, 
as  foon  as  the  majority  have  begun 
to  fpin,  it  is  better  to  move  the  linger- 
ers apart,  and  feed  them  by  tli/;mfelves 
till  they  are  difpofed  to  labour,  and 
then  either  to  replace  them  on  the  ta- 
bles already  prepared,  or,  if  their 
number  is  Imall,  acconnnodate  them 
with  clean  crilp  fhivings,  flrewed  or 
fufpended  round  them,  into  which 
they  may  creep  and  go  to  work. 

4.  It  is  a  very  great  advantage  to 
let  the  fpinncrs  have  a  freely-circulat- 
ing air  ;  and  therefore,  as  ioon  as  all 
the  worms  are  mounted,  and  have 
fairly  begun  their  cocoons,  draw  out 
all  the   boards  from  every   table,  and 


*  In  Georgia,  they  provide  broad 
hanging  flielves,  to  lay  the  worms  on 
to  fpin  ;  thefe  (helves  fliould  be  rub- 
bed all  over  with  fennel,  fome  httle 
time  before  the  worms  are  ready  to 
fpin  ;  and  a  (juantay  of  fmall  white 
oak  boughs,  with  their  leaves  oji, 
fl:!ould  be  cut  about  one  week  before 
they  will  be  wanted  ;  the  reafon  of 
which  is.  that  the  leaves  may  be  dried 
and  flirivelird  a  1  ti  le,  a^amll  that  time  ; 
thef.'  boughs  or  bianches  muil  be  laid 
flea'Jil/  on  ihofc  {helves  for  the 
worms  to  fpin  amongft  ;  the  perfume 
of  the  fennel  being  very  grateful  to  the 
worms,  It  will  allure  them  to  begin 
their  work,  and  the  leaves  being  fliri- 
veiled,  will  accominDdute  them  with 
a  fuiiablc nell  to Ipintheirfilk- balls  in. 


leave  the  frame  ffanding,  with  all  the 
intervals,  between  the  crofs-pieces,  o- 
pen,  as  fo  many  pafTages  for  the  air. 
This  explains  the  ufe  of  the  conft ruc- 
tion defcribed  in  the  third  article  of 
the  fifth  feclion,  and  the  reafon  why 
the  upper  tier  is  direfied  to  be  furnifhed 
with  inter-ties,  like  the  reft,  though 
that  tier  is  not  to  be  made  ufe  of  as  a 
table.  The  inter-ties  there  ferve  o.^ly 
now  to  keep  the  hedge-rows  of  the 
next  inferior  table  firm  and  ffeady. 
This  frame  of  tables,  when  the  boards 
are  all  removed,  and  the  cocoons  fi- 
nifhed,  will  form  a  very  pretty  fpec- 
tacle  ;  it  will  be  like  fo'many  rows  of 
fmall  trees,  planted  one  on  the  top  of 
another,  and  their  little  branches 
loaded  with  golden  and  filver  fruit. 

SECTION    VII. 

Of  the  cocoons  to  be  ftt  apart  for  feed. 

1.  Before  you  begin  to  wind  off  the 
filk,  itwill  be  necellary  to  feleff  a 
fufficient  number  of  cocoons,  which 
may  furnifli  you  with  a  provilion  of 
eggs  for  a  future  brood.  With  regard 
to  the  quantity  to  be  fet  apart  for  this 
purpofe,  obferve  the  following  pro- 
portion ;  It  IS  found  by  experience, 
that,  one  time  with  another,  a  pound 
oi  cocoons  will  yield  one  ounce  of 
eggs.  It  has  been  recommended  to 
choofe  out,  for  this  ufe,  the  largelt  and 
finefl  of  your  Hock. 

a.  As  foon  as  the  moth  flies  begin 
to  come  out,  you  fhould  have  a 
clean  table  in  readinefs,  on  which 
you  are  to  place  and  couple  the 
flies.  Let  them  continue  coupled  for 
about  twelve  hours,  and  then  with 
care  feparate  the  male  from  the  fe- 
male, which  latter  will  immediately 
begin  to  lay  her  eggs.  If  thefe  fhould 
be  laid  upan  the  naked  table,  it  would 
be  impolhble  to  get  them  off  without 
breaking  the  fhells ;  it  is  therefore  re- 
commended to  cover  the  table  with  a 
piece  of  fine,  half- worn  fagathy,  or 
iome  fuch  thin  kind  of  woolen  fluff, 
from  which  the  eggs  are  more  eafily 
feparated  than  from  paper oj:  any  othf:r 
fubftance.  But,  as  the  table  is  chiefly 
deff  ined  to  another  purpofe,  it  is  alfo 
advifeable  to  fufpend  a  ffrip  of  the 
fame  fluff  upon  a  rod,  all  along 
one  fide,  and  fo  as  to  hang  down 
nearly  upon  the  edge  of  the  table  ;  antl 
as  faff  as  you  perceive  any  moth  be- 
ginning to  lay  her  eggs,  take  her  up 
gentlyj  and  put  her  upon  the  ftrip   of 


466 


Manners    of  the  early  planters   of  Neio  England,      [December, 


hanging  ftuff,  where  fiie  will  lay  her 
eg,i;s  wiihoiit  difturbancc,  and  they 
will  not  be  loiled  with  any  excremetii, 
3.  The  cocoons,  from  which  the 
moth-flies  have  come  out,  though  ihey 
are  not  fit  for  winding,  yet  are  not 
to  be  thrown  away  ;  they  may  be  card- 
ed and  fpiin  into  a  very  ferviceable 
coarfe  kind  of  lilk  ;  they  fliould  there- 
fore be  kept  as  clean  as  may  be— and 
it  fliould  be  noted,  that  the  moths  do 
rot  pierce  through  thedoubie  bails  of 
thenifeives,  but  would  lay  their  eggs 
within,  and  die  ;  fuch  double  balls  as 
will  not  wind  readily,  are,  therefore, 
laid  afide  for  feed  ;  but  as  the  ilies  or 
moths  cannot  get  thro'  of  themlelves, 
the  cocoons  {hould  be  cut  at  the  blunt 
or  thick  end,  to  open  a  palFage  for 
them,  and  to  prevent  more  walleof  the 
filk  than  is  needful. 

NATIONAL  CHARACTERS, 
MANNERS,  CUSTOMS,  &c. 

Sketch  of  the  manners,  fumptuary 
laws,  &c.  of  the  early  planters  of 
Neio  England.  From  Belknap's  hif- 
tory  of  New  Hampfiire. 

THE  drink'ugof  healths,  and  the 
life  of  tobacco,  were  forbidden, 
the  former  being  conlidercdas  an  hea- 
ihcnifli  practice,  grounded  on  the  an- 
cient libations  ;  the  other  as  a  fpecies 
oF  intoxication  and  walte  of  time.  Laws 
were  inllituted  to  regulate  the  inter- 
courfe  between  the  fexes,  and  the  ad- 
vances towards  matrimony  ;  they  had 
a  ceremony  of  betrothing,  which  pre- 
ceded that  of  marriage.  Pride  and  le- 
vity of  behaviour  came  under  the  cog- 
rifance  of  the  magiiltatc.  Not  only 
the  richnefs,  but  the  mode  of  drcfs,  and 
rut  of  the  hair,  were  fubjeM  to  the 
ilate  regulations.  Women  were  for- 
bidden to  cxpofe  their  arms  or  their 
bofoms  to  view  ;  it  was  ordered  that 
their  Heeves  (liould  reach  down  to 
their  wrill,  and  their  gowns  be  rlofed 
round  the  neck.  Men  were  obliged 
to  cut  (hort  their  hair,  that  they  might 
rot  refetnble  women.  No  perfon,  not 
worth  200I.  was  allowed  to  wear  gold 
or  filter  lace,  or  filk  hoods  and  fcarfs. 
Offences  again  ft  thefc  laws  were  pre- 
fentable  by  the  grand  jury  ;  and  thofe 
who  dreffcd  above  their  rank,  were  to 
be  afTeffed  accordingly.  Sumptuary 
laws  might  be  of  ufe  in  the  bt-ginning 
of  a  new  plantation  ;  but  thelc  pious 
rulers   had    more  in    view   ih^n  the 


political  good.  They  were  not  only 
concerned  tor  the  external  appearance 
offobneiy  and  good  01  dcr,  but  i  bought 
theinfeives  obliged,  lo  far  as  they  were 
able,  to  promote  real  religion,  and  en- 
force the  obfcrvance  of  the  divine 
precepts. 

As  thev  were  fond  of  imagining    a 
near  refemblance  between  ihe  circuin- 
liances  of  their  fettlemeni  in  this  coun- 
try, and  the  redempiion  of  Ifrae!  from 
Egypt  or  Babylon  ;  it  is  not  lirange  that 
they  (hould  alfo  lookupon  their  "  com- 
moiiwealih  as  an  inltiiution    of  God, 
for  the  prefervation  of  their  churches  ; 
and  the  civil  rulers  as    both    members 
and  fathers  of  them."     The  famous 
John    Cotton,     the  firft   minifier    in 
i^oilon,  was  the  chief  promoterof  this 
fettlement.  When  he  arrived  in  1633, 
he  found  the  people  divided    in    their 
opinions.     Some  had  been    admitted 
to  the  privileges  of  freemen  at  the  firft 
general  court,  who  were  not  in   com- 
munion with  the  churches  :  after  this, 
an  order  was  palled,    that    none    but 
members  of  (he  churches  lliould  be  ad- 
mitted   freemen  ;   when  by   all    other 
perfons  were  excluded  from  every  of- 
fice  or    privilege,     civil  or   military. 
This  great  man,  by  his  eloquence, con- 
firmed thoic  who    had   embraced  this 
opinion,  and  earnedly  pleaded,  '"  that 
the  gcivernment  might    be    confidercd 
as  a  theocracy,  wherein  the  Lord  was 
judge,   lawgiver,  and   king;   that    the 
law:,  which  he  gave  Ifrael,  might   be 
adopted,  fo  far   a^  they  were  of  moral 
and  perpetual  equity  ;   that  the  people 
might  be  confidercd  as  God's  people, 
in  covenant  wiih  him  ;  that  none   but 
perfons  of  apprt)ved  piety  and  eminent 
gifts,  Ihould  be  chofen  rulers ;  that  nii- 
niders  fhould  be  conltihcd  in  all  mat- 
ters of  religion  ;  and  that    the  magif- 
trates  Ihouldhavea  fuperintendingand 
coercive  power  over   the  c^mrches." 
At  thedchreof  the  court,  he  compiled 
a  fyllem  of  laws,  founded  chieily  on 
the  laws  of  Mofes,  which  was   conli- 
dered  by  the  legiflative   body    as   the 
gencrr.l  flandard  ;  though    they 'never 
formally  adopted  it,  and  in    fome   in- 
flances  varied  from  it. 


Charader  of  the  Creoles  of  St.   Do- 
mingo.— /*.  361.  •' 
LET  lis  now  turn    our  attention  lo 
the  female  part  of  thelc  tfi.ir.dors,  '. 
'i b  dchcacv  of  fea'.urcs   the:  l;:r.ale  • 


1789-] 


CharaEler  of  the  Creoles  of  St.  Domingo. 


467 


Creoles  join  an  elegant  !hape  and 
majiilic  walk,  which  Teem  to  be  na- 
tural to  the  women  of  warm  coun- 
tries. They  are  rarely  endowed  with 
that  exatt  fymmeiry,  which  confti- 
tutes  perfect  beauty  ;  but  they  almoft 
always  polFcfs  a  certain  comelmefs, 
which  it  is  more  difficult  to  defcnbe. 
The  women  m  Georgia  and  Greece 
are  bevrntifui  ;  but  in  St.  Domingo 
they  are  lovely.  Their  large  eyes 
exhibit  a  happy  medmm  between 
languor  and  vivacity ;  and  if  the  fe- 
verity  of  the  climate  were  not  an 
enemy  to  the  frelhnefs  of  their  com- 
plexion, it  would  be  difficult  to  de- 
fend one's  felf  agaiiifl  the  charm  of 
a  look  in  which  tendernefs  and  gaiety 
are  mingled,  without  bemg  confound- 
ed. But  they  are  no  flrangers  to  the 
airi»lances  of  the  toilette;  and  they 
know  how  topreferve  the  advantages 
which  nature  has  beliowed. 

The  thinnefs  of  their  drefs  gives 
an  air  of  greater  free<lom  to  their  mo- 
tions ;  and  the  carelefTnefs,  that  feems 
to  accompany  all  their  aflion?:,  ferves 
but  the  more  fuccefsfully  to  roufe 
thofe  voluptuous  ideas  that  are  ever 
awake. 

The  idlenefs  in  which  they  are  e- 
ducated — the  almolt  continual  heals 
they  experience — the  attentions,  of 
which  they  are  perpetually  the  ob- 
jetb — the  effects  of  a  lively  imagina- 
tion and  early  puberty — all  produce 
an  extreme  fenfibility  in  their  ner- 
vous fyllein.  This  fenfibility  produces 
an  indolence  of  difpofition,  which, 
ftruggling  with  their  natural  gaiety, 
coniiitutes  a  temperament  bordering 
on  ihe  melancholic. 

The  'dimulus  of  defire,  however,  is 
only  wanting  to  make  them  exert  all 
their  energy.  AccuRomed  to  com- 
mand, they  grow  ohflinatc,  if  coji- 
troUed;  but  when  their  wilhes  are 
gratified,  they  fink  down  to  their  u- 
fual  apathy.  Without  emulation  for 
agreeable  qualihcations,  which  it  would 
befoeafv  for  them  to  acquire,  they 
nevenhelefs  envy  thefe  in  others. 
But  the  greateft  f<iurce  of  their  un- 
eafinefs,  arifes  from  rivalffiip  in  exte- 
rior accomplifhments.  The  Creole 
women  rarely  feek  to  form  intima- 
cies with  their  own  fex  ;  but  they  are 
laviffi  of  civilities,  when  chance  brings 
ihem  together. 

They   are  tbifiinguilhed  by  an  ex- 


ceffive  tendernefs  for  their  children, 
and  a  pious   affeflion    for    their   pa- 
rents, which  they   teftify  by  the  mod 
engaging  expreihons  of  filial  refpeft. 
Love,  that  tyrant  of  feeling  hearts, 
domineers  over  thofe  of  the  Creoles. 
Amiable  from   their   fenfibility,    and 
by  the    attratlions  with   which  nature 
has  endowed  them,  they   yield  them- 
felvcs   willingly   to   that    inclination, 
which  in  them  does    not    fufficiently 
depend  on  fentiment,   to   procure  for 
its  votaries    its   higheft  gratificatiorrs. 
But    the  durability    of  their   attach- 
ments would  make   them    lefs  blame- 
able,  if  thefe   could   be  defended  on 
the  fcore  of  decency.     Happy  is  ihs 
whofe  marriage  vows  have  been  thofe 
of  love  !    adoring    her  lover   in,  her 
hufband,  her  fidelity,  which  is  more 
commonly  the  fruit  of  temperament 
than  of  virtue,  will    infure   their  mu- 
tual tranquility.     But   if  the  hulband 
has  no  other  rights  but  thofe   of  du- 
ty, let  him  beware  of  exercinng  them 
deipotically,   or  of  contemning  thofe 
that  are  due  to  his  wife  ;  for   his  ex- 
ample   will    infallibly     be    imitated. 
Their  attachment    is  always  mingled 
with  jealoufy  ;  and  in  fpite  of  the  in- 
difference which   many  of  them   feci 
for  the  hufband,  whom  convenience 
alone  has  procured,  they  cannot  par- 
don  his  infidelities,  but  are  inflamed 
at   the  difcovery  with  inconceivable 
rage.     By   a  fort  of  prefentiment  of 
the  evils  which    the  freed  women  oc- 
caiioi!  them  in  this   way,  they  agree 
in  vowing  againll  them  an  implacable 
hatred,  and  are  particularly  offended 
at  feeing  them   adorned  with  extraor- 
dinary  finery,  confidering    this   as   a 
fort   of  triumph   or  viQory  obtained 
over  them  by  thefe  dufky  Roxanas. 

Jealoufy,  which  defolates  the  uni- 
verfe,  often  occafions  the  death  of 
fiich  Creole  women  as  are  not  able  to 
bear  the  ellrangement  of  thofe  whom 
they  love  :  and  they  are  more  difpof- 
ed  to  endure  the  lofs  of  himfelf  thati 
of  his  afte£Hon. 

They  are  fo  captivated  with  dan- 
cing, that  they  give  themfelves  up  to 
it  without  referve,  in  fpite  of  the 
heat  of  the  climate  and  the  delicacy 
of  their  conftitution.  This  exercife 
feems  to  give  new  energy  to  the  fa- 
culties ;  and  they  well  know  what 
new  charms  it  adds  to  an  elegant  fi- 
gure and  graceful  Ihapc,     It  makes 


CharaEler  of  the  Creoles  of  St.  Domingo.  [December, 


them  forget  the  indolence  which  at  o- 
ther  times  they  fo  fondly  chenfli  ;  and 
fuch  is  the  delirium  with  which  the 
dance  atlefts  them,  that  a  ftranger 
would  fiippofe  It  to  be  the  predomi- 
nant plealure  of  their  hearts. 

They  are  alfo  fond  of  finging  ; 
and  little  tender  airs  are  their  favou- 
rites; but  the  old  ballad  they  are 
particularly  ])leafed  with  :  its  plain- 
tive founds  feem  to  flatter  the  lan- 
guor of  their  difpofition  ;  and  they 
give  fuch  cxpreOion  to  its  accents, 
as  captivates  the  heart,  while  it  charms 
the  ear- 

They  are  fond  of  folitude,  and 
willingly  feclude  themfelves,  even  in 
the  heart  of  towns.  This  gives  them 
an  airof  bafhfulnefs  in  fociety,  which 
never  leaves  them,  except  they  have 
been  tutored,  in  France,  to  adopt 
the  familiar  manners  of  that  nation. 

They  are  exceedingly  temperate. 
Chocolates,  fweets,  fruits,  and  par- 
ticularly coffee,  are  their  chief  food. 
But  a  tafte,  which  it  would  feem  they 
are  not  able  to  refift,  prompts  them 
torefufe  fimpl.e  and  wholefome  ali- 
ment, for  the  faftitious  feafonings  of 
European  diflies,  or  for  their  coun- 
try food  fantaftically  prepared,  and 
known  by  names  ftiU  more  fantaftic. 
Pure  water  is  their  common  drink, 
but  they  fometlmes  prefer  lemonade, 
made  of  fyrup,  and  citron  juice. 
They  eat  little  at  flated  times;  but 
whenever  they  feel  the  felicitations  of 
appetite,  they  immediately  indulge  it. 

The  Creole  women  are  of  feeble 
conftitutions ;  their  beauty  is  deli- 
cate, and  its  duration  Ihort.  The 
inactivity  and  irregularity  of  their 
domellic  life,  ill-chofen  food,  and 
paffions  almofl  always  at  work,  are 
the  caufes  of  the  fiidden  decay  of 
their  charms :  but  perhaps  the  chief 
reafon  is  the  pernicious  cuftom  of 
marrying  before  ihey  have  attained 
the  perfeftion  of  their  growth.  Be- 
ing generally  fruitful,  and  liable  to 
no  difeafe  or  danger,  either  during 
pregnancy  or  at  parturition,  they  a- 
biile  rhefe  advantages,  which  are  ow- 
ing merely  to  the  delicacy  of  their 
frame. 

It  will,  perlnps,  fnrprife  many,  to 
be  told,  that  in  a  country  where  ma- 
ternal allcttion  is  fo  exquifite,  the 
children  are  nurfed  by  flavc;.  It  is 
but  too  true,  that  if  few  women    here 


attempt  to  fuckle  their  own  chil- 
dren, very  few  are  able  to  do  it. 
This  is  occahoned  by  the  natural  de- 
bility of  their  conflitulion,  by  prema- 
ture connexion  with  our  fex,  by  the 
impropriety  of  their  food,  and  the  ge- 
neral irritability  of  their  nervous  fyf- 
tem.  But  the  child  is  kept  under 
their  eye,  and  the  nurfe  has  always 
her  liberty,  in  reward  for  her  care. 
The  mothers  make  amends  by  their 
tendernefs  and  folicitude,  for  their 
inability  to  perform  a  duty,  the  ne- 
glett  of  which  is  often  feverely  pu- 
niflied. 

The  Creole  women  never  receive 
any  education  at  St.  Domingo;  and 
when  this  IS  confulered,  their  talents 
are  aftonifliing.  1  heir  natural  good 
fenfe,  untinttured  with  prejudice, 
gives  a  certain  temper  to  their  minds, 
which,  if  it  mifguides  them  fome- 
times,  often  procures  them  a  charac- 
ter of  (lability,  which  fome  falfe  rea- 
foners  have  pretended  their  fex  was  in- 
capable of. 

In  matters  of  fentiment  and  deli- 
cacy, they  are  excellent  counfeliors. 
They  are  endowed  with  a  fort  of  in- 
flinftive  inclination  for  what  is  ho- 
nourable :  they  are  haughty  and  in- 
dignant of  what  IS  mean.  They  de- 
fpife  the  man  who  has  been  dilho- 
noured  ;  and  they  participate  the  re- 
fcntment  of  him  who  has  been  af- 
fronted. That  man  mnft  renounce 
the  title  of  a  lover,  who  can  tamely 
fubmit  to  an  injury  ;  for  they  would 
rather  weep  over  the  grave,  than  hflen 
to  the  vows,  of  a  daftard. 

They  are  naturally  affable  and  gene- 
rous, and  melt  with  compaflion  over 
whatever  ha«  the  appearance  of  mis- 
fortune or  forrow.  But  thefe  vir- 
tues they  fometimes  forget,  with  re- 
gard to  their  domeflic  (laves;  and  a 
delicate  lady,  who  can  (hed  tears  at 
the  mere  recital  of  diflrefs,  will  of- 
ten witnefs  the  infliftion  of  the  (Inpes 
which  her  paffion  has  commanded. 
It  is  necdlefs  to  fay  that  the  punilh- 
mcnt  is  fcldom  proportioned  to  the 
offence  ;  for  fhe  who  can  forget  the 
charafter  of  her  fex,  rarely  keeps 
within  bounds.  Nothing  can  equal 
the  rage  of  a  Creole  woman,  who 
chafiifes  a  (lave  whom  her  huffiand 
has  feduccd  :  and  we  would  in  vain 
attempt  to  dcfcribe  if,  in  terms  of 
f»fFicicnt  Jio.Tor. 


1789.] 


Account  of  the  celebrated  Johannes  Bruno, 


469 


Thefe  frightful  fceiies  are  but  rare, 
and  happily  they  grow  lefs  frequent 
daily.  Perhaps  the  Creoles  may  in 
time  lofe  that  inclination  for  arbitra- 
ry dominion,  which  at  prefent  they 
contrad  at  fo  early  an  age.  The  ciif- 
tomi  of  educating  a  greater  number 
in  France,  and  the  iniluence  of  phi- 
lofophical  writings,  that  plead  the 
caule  of  humanity,  and  which  they 
read  with  the  feelings  of  virtue,  will 
accompliHi  this  happy  revolution. 
They  already  foften  the  lot  of  their 
flaves  ;  they  ihew  an  attention  to  their 
children,  which  they  formerly  dif- 
dained  ;  they  vifit  the  Tick  negroes, 
and  fake  care  that  they  be  properly 
tended.  Sometimes  they  even  pre- 
pare medicines  for  them  with  their 
own  hands,  and  loothe  their  diftreffes 
with  the  gentled  expreflions  of  fym- 
pathy  and  condolence. 

Thefe,  O  lovely  fcx,  are  your  pro- 
per charms.  Sweetncfs  and  compla- 
cency are  your  diflinguiflimg  perfec- 
tions. Nature  hath  denied  youihength, 
but  (lie  hath  given  you  power  to  fort- 
ten  by  a  look,  the  lordlike  creature  you 
were  born  to  blefs.  She  hath  ma^ie 
you  to  temper  man;  to  retain  in 
ioft  captivity  his  unruly  defires  ;  to 
Itill  the  turbulence  of  his  imperious 
paflions  ;  and  to  reconcile  him,  by 
the  blandifliments  of  love,  to  the  mi- 
feries  of  life.  A  politic  religionift, 
in  imagining  aplaceof  uncealing  de- 
lights, feduced  half  the  world  to  en- 
thudalm,  by  painting  yon,  lovely  and 
complyinsi,  as  the  inhabitants  of  pa- 
radife,  and  the  mofl  exquifite  reward 
of  the  good.  Be  perfuaded,  then, 
O  amiable  fex  !  to  confine  your  do- 
minion to  the  power  of  your  charms, 
and  to  procure  the  happinefs  of  your 
fubjet]s,  by  the  allurements  of  virtue, 
and  the  fenfibilities  of  the  heart. 

Short  account  of  the  horrid  cujlom  of 
eating  human  flcfk,  among  the  in- 
habitants of  Sumatra* , 
THEY  do  not  eat  human  flefli,  as 
means  of  I'atisfying  the  cravings 
of  nature,  owing  to  a  deficiency  of 
other  food  ;  nor  is  it  fought  after  as 
a  gluttonous  delicacy,  as  it  would 
leem   among  the   New    Zealanders, 


*  Marfden's  hlftorv  of  Sumatra. 
VoL.VL  No.  VI. 


The  Battaseat  iias  a  fpecies  of  ceremo- 
ny— as  a  mode  of  Ihewmg  their  deief- 
tation  of  crimes,    by   an   ignominious 
punifliraeni,  and  as   a   horrid    indica- 
tion of  revenge  and  infult  to  their  un- 
fortunate enemies.  The  objects  of  this 
barbarous  repaft,  are  the  pnfcncrs  ta- 
ken  in  war,  and    ottenders   convi8ed 
and  condemned    for    capital    crimes. 
Perfons  of  the  former  deicription  may 
be  raiifomed  or  exchanged,  for  which 
they  often  wait  aconfiderable  time  ;  and 
the  latter  fiifier  only  when  their  friends 
cannot  redeem  them  by  the  cuflomar/ 
fine  of  twenty  bcenchaogs,or  eighty  dol- 
lars.    They  are  tried  by  the  people  of 
the  tribe  where  the  faft    was  commit- 
ted ;  but  cannot  be  executed   till   their 
own  particular  raja,  or  chief,  has  beea 
acquainted  wiih  the   fenience;    who^ 
when  he  acknowledges  the  jullice    of 
the  intended  punifliment,  fends  a  clotb 
to  put  over  the  delinquent's  head,  to- 
gether with  a  large  diili  of  fait  and  le- 
mons.    The  unhappy  objetl,  whether 
prifoner  of  war,  or  malefaftor,  is  then 
tied  to  a  flake  ;  the  people,  alTembled, 
throw  their  lances  at  him  from    a  cer- 
taindiflance,and  when  mortally  wound- 
ed, they  run  up  to  htm,  as  if  in  a  tran- 
fport  of  palTion  ;  cut  pieces    from  the 
body  with  their  knives  ;  dip  them  in 
the  difli   of  fait    and    lemon    juice; 
Oightly  broil  over  a  fire  prepared  for 
the   purpofe,  and   fwallow  the    mor- 
fels,  with  a  degree  of  favage  enthufi- 
afm.  Sometimes  (I  prefume  according 
to  the  degree  of  their  animofity   and 
refentment)  the   whole    is   devoured  ; 
and  initances  have  been  known,  where, 
with  barbarity   ftill   aggravated,  they 
tore  the  fl^fli  from    the  carcafe  witii 
their  mouths. 

BIO  GRAPH  Y. 

Some  account  of  the  celebrated  Johan- 
nes Bruno,   the  reformer  of  medi- 
cine, in  Scotland^     Written  by  Sa- 
muel Latham  Milchill,  M.  D. 
HE  was  a  man  unfortunate  enough 
to  attempt  the  fubverfion  of  ef- 
tabliflied    medical    opinions,    and   to 
propofej  in  their  flead.  new   ones  of 
his  own.     The  fate  of  Harvey,  who 
was  contradifled,  for  alTerting  the  cir- 
culation of  the  blood,  and  the  odium 
incurred  by  Sydenham,  for  introduc- 
ing cool  regimen,  in  frnall-pox,  migh* 
have  (aughi  him  how  little  the  authors 
3O 


470 


Account  of  the  ctUbrated  Joannes  Brutio. 


^December. 


of  even  ufeful  innovations  are  thank- 
ed by  their  cotemporar;es.  Yet,  un- 
daunted by  the  ievere  treatment  which 
his  predecellors  had  received,  he  de- 
termined to  publifh  to  the  world,  a  work 
thac  his  extcnhve  erudition,  intenfe  ap- 
pUcation,  and  extraordinary  ingenuity, 
bad  enabled  him  to  compofe.  The 
novelty  of  the  fubjeft,  and  the  Latin 
languagein  which  it  was  written,  made 
it  dilhcult  for  thofc  who  attempted  a 
perufal,  to  comprehend  it  ;  and  there- 
fore, few  could  with  certainty  acquire 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  whole 
fyftem,  unlefs  communicated  and  ex- 
plained by  the  author  or  his  difciples. 

Yet  fofond  were  phyficians  of  paf- 
hng  judgment  upon  it,  that  the  majo- 
rity, withoutexamination,  condemned 
the  whole  at  once,  as  triflmg  and 
whimfical,  becaufe  they  were  told  it 
thwarted  their  favourite  notions ;  and 
the  remainder,  who  fancied  they  gave 
it  a  fair  difcudion,  as  they  looked  into 
the  books  wuhout  obtaining  a  full 
and  true  account  of  their  contents, 
decided  upon  its  merits  with  all  the  un- 
fairnefs  of  ignorance  and prefumption. 

The  medical  faculty  of  the  univer- 
fity  in  Scotland,  leagued  in  firm  con- 
federacy againft  the  author  and  his 
dottrine,  treated  them  both  with  con- 
temptuous negletl,  or,  when  they  were 
mentioned,  they  were  nverely  confi- 
dered  as  a  fubjeft  to  reprobate  and  ri- 
dicule. The  ftudents  were  caution- 
ed againft  his  tenets,  as  dangerous  he- 
terodoxy, and  much  pains  were  ta- 
ken to  prevent  among  them,  apoflacy 
from  academical  faith.  Even  the 
learned  CuUen,  who  plumed  himfelf 
upon  (he  viftory  he  had  gained  by  the 
overthrow  of  Eoerhaave,  now  began 
to  dread  the  attacks  of  a  more  formi- 
dable aniagonift,  whom  he  forefavv  in 
Bruno  :  and  the  event  has  proved  that 
his  apprehenlions  were  not  groundlefs ; 
for  in  fpite  of  every  injury  and  indig- 
nity, endured  from  its  earlieft  infan- 
cy, the  new  doftrine  has  by  degrees 
acquired  Herculean  Itrength,  and  o- 
vercome  the  hydra  of  oppofition. 
The  fyftem  of  Bruno  has  been  daily 
gaining  reputation,  during  its  author's 
life,  in  proportion  to  its  extenfive  dif- 
fufion  ;  while  that  of  Cullen  laashour- 
ly  loR  its  undeferved  renown,  before 
the  death  of  its  propagator,  as  fall  as 
it  has  been  examined  among  the  accu- 
rate reafoners  of  the  age. 


Whoever  confiders  the  arguments 
employed  in  the  fird  edition  of  the 
Elementa  Med'uinae,  againft  the  Stah- 
lian  doctrine  of  plethora,  mull  ac- 
knowledge them  valid  and  unanlwera- 
ble  ;  and  with  equal  reafon  will  be 
induced  to  admire  the  elegant  ftil© 
and  interelling  truths  contained  in  the 
preface  of  the  fecond.  If  in  the  pub- 
iiflied  volumes,  he  has  beenfometimes 
obfciire,  (and  who  is  there  that  ex- 
prelfes  his  thoughts,  or  even  thinks, 
at  all  times,  with  uniform  clearnels  ?). 
it  mull  be  told  to  his  honour,  that  he 
was  always  willing  to  own  detefled 
miftakesy  and  to  alter  and  amend 
them  by  marginal  notes,  as  he  went 
along.  He  engaged  in  a  labour  too- 
mighty,  perhaps,  for  a  fingle  man  to 
accomplilh  ;  but  he  proceeded  withaf- 
tonifliing  perfeverance,  to  batter  down 
the  ill-founded  Gothic  edifice  of  phy- 
fic — to  remove  the  enormous  heap  of 
antiquated  rubbifh — and  finally  to  con- 
llrutl,  upon  amore  fccurebalis,  a  Co- 
rinthian fabric,  that  fiiould  be  beau- 
tiful to  look  at,  and  comfortable  to 
dwell  under. 

The  dehre  to  become  acquainted 
with  his  opinions  was  fo  ardent,  that 
not  all  the  united  endeavours  of  his 
enemies  could  hinder  the  curious  and 
inquifitive  youth  from  attending  hir, 
lectures.  They  commonly  heard  his 
difcourfes  at  his  own  dwelling — and 
when,  hunted  by  the  terriers  of  the 
law,  he  fled  to  the  royal  liberties  of 
Holy  rood  houfe  for  an  afylum,  they 
followed  him  there  :  and  once,  when 
he  was  confined  in  jaii,  for  a  (mali 
debt,  fo  great  was  their  attachment  to 
him,  that,  as  his  pride  would  not  per- 
mit them  to  releafe  him  by  a  fubfcrip- 
tion  of  money,  they  followed  him  una- 
nimoufly  in  a  body  to  the  place  of  con- 
finement, and  received  inftruftion,  day 
after  day,  within  thofe  dreary  walls. 
An  event  unparalleled  in  the  hiilory 
of  medicine  !  for,  although  his  adver- 
faries  maliciouflv  rejoiced  at  his  ini- 
prifonment,  at  firll  ;  yet  they  after- 
wards confeded,  that  it  added  more 
to  his  reputation  than  the  clamorous 
applaiife  of  his  fneiids, 

I  fliall  never  forget  a  morning  vifit 
he  once  made  me,  bringing  the  origi- 
nal odes  of  Anacreon  and  Sajjpho  in 
his  hand  ;  on  feveial  of  which  he  of- 
fered fuch  critical  and  explanatory  re- 
marks, as  fully  (hewed  his  proficiency 


'i'/^O-l  Account  of  Thomas  Godfrey,  471 

cy  in  Greeian  literature  ;  and  it  is  faid     Account  of  Thomas  Godfrey.— Writ- 
the    late     profefTor    Van    Doeveren  ten  by  the   rev.   Nathaniel  Evans^ 

complimented    him    very    highly,    at         ef  Gloncejier,   New  J  erf ey. 
Leyden,  on  the  clafLcal  purity  of  his    'T^hOiMAS     GODFREY     was 
Latin  converfation.  _  JL  born  in   Philadelphia,  in  the  year 

But,    notwithilanding   his   various     1736.     His    father,  who  was  of  the 
intelletlual  attainments,  he  had  faults    fame  name,  was   a   glazier  by  trade 
too    glaring    to    pafs    unnoticed,    by    and  likewife  a  citizen  of  Philadelphia  ; 
the  ftrittell  of  his  adherents  ;  and  to    a  perfon,    whofe  great  natural   capa- 
thofe   are  to    be  attributed,    in  fame    city  for  niathematics,  has  occafioned 
degree,    the   Heady  oppofition  to  his    his  name  to  be  known   in  the  learned 
dottririe    and    its    retarded    progrefs;    world :    being    (as   Bas    been    liereto- 
people  difliking    his   opinions  on   ac-    fore  fhewn   by  undeniable   evidences) 
count  of   their  averfion  to  the  man.    the  original  and  real   inventor   of  the 
At  the  recoUetHon  of  his  failings,    I    very  ufeful  and  famous  fea-quadrant 
fetch  a    figh  of   forrow,   for   in   vain    which  has  been  called  Hadley's. 
ihould  I  cover  with  a  veil  of  friend-      He  died  when  his  fon  was  very  voung, 
'fliip,  what  he  himfelf  expofed  to  view,    and  left  him  to  the  care  of  his  relations. 
But  while  I  remember  the  weakneflTes    by  whom  he  was  placed  at  an  Enplifh 
of  this   individual,    I  remember,  too,    fchool,  and  there  received  a  common 
that  perfettion   falls  not  to  the  lot  of   education  in   his  mother  tongue;  and 
mortal  man.     This,  after  all,  may   be    without  any  other  advantage  than  that, 
faid  with  truth, that  they  were  of  a  par-    a  natural  genius,  and  an  attentive  pe- 
donable  kind,  as  they  proceeded  from    rufal  of  the  works  of  the  Engliih  po- 
a   temper   naturally    benevolent,    but    cts,  he  foon   exhibited   to   the  world 
rendered  aultere  by   difappointments,    the   llrongeft  proofs  of  poetical   ca- 
vexations,   and  croGes,   which    were    pacity^ 

chiefly  brought  upon  him  through  warjt  It  is  not  to  be  wondered,  therefore, 
of  knowledge  of  the  world,  and  of  that  in  the  early  period  of  life,  he 
acquaintance  wuh  human  nature,  fhould  fee!  fuch  a  warm   impulfe   for 

He  taught  his  pupilsa  due  degree  thofe  elegant  arts,  for  which  nature  had 
of  medical  fcepticifm,. by  which  they  formed  him.  For,  befides  having  a  fine 
.dared  to  doubt  the  uifalhbility  of  anci-  ear  for  mufic,  and  an  eager  propenfi- 
ent  authority,  and  equally  to  difcredit  ty  to  poetry,  we  are  told,  that,  when 
the  unfupportcd  affertions  of  modern  very  young,  he  difcovered  a  ffrong 
dogmatifm.  He  proved  that  life  is  a  inclination  to  painting,  and  was  very 
forced  ff  ate  of  exidence,  and  traced  defirous  of  being  bred  to  that  pro- 
out  fome  of  the  laws  of  animation.  fefTion.  But  thofe  who  had  the  charge 
He  pointed  out  the  proper  diftinftion  of  him,  not  having  the  fame  honour- 
between  difeafes  of  univerfally  high  able  idea,  either  of  the  profeflion,  or 
and  low  excitement.  He  rendered  its  utility,  which  he  had,  crofled  him 
more  limple  the  praftice  of  medicine,  in  that  defire.  After  fome  time,  he 
and  call  away  many  ufelefs  and  fuper-  was  put  to  a  watch-maker,  an  inge- 
fluous  articles  of  the  fhops.  But,  on  nious  man,  in  Philadelphia  ;  but  flill 
the  hifiory  and  tre£.tment  of  local  dif-  the  mufes  and  graces,  poetry  and 
eafes,  which  compofe  fo  confiderablea  painting,  Hole  his  attention.  He  de- 
fhare  of  human  calamities,  he  has  faid  voted,  therefore,  ail  his  private  hours 
and  written  very  little  ;  and  the  difre-  to  the  cultivation  of  his  parts,  and 
fpeflful  remarks  on  moft  of  thofe  cha-  towards  the  expiration  of -his  time,  he 
rafters  whom  he  mentions,  are  another  compofed  thofe  performances  that 
of  his  capital  defefls.  He  has  alfo  in  were  publifhed,  with  fo  much  favou- 
fome  cafes,  pulhed  his  doftrine  too  rable  notice,  in  the  American  maga- 
far — but,  upon  the  whole,  it  is   much    zine. 

to  be  lamented,  that  it  is  fo  little  At  length  he  quitted  the  bufinefs^f 
iieard  of,  and  fo  much  lefs  known  watch-making,  and  got  himfelf  re- 
among  us.  commended  to  a  lieutenant's  commif- 

Fart  Schuyler^  September  23,  1788.        fmn  in  the  Pennfylvania  forces,  raif- 

ed  in  the  year  1758,  for  the    expedi- 
tion   a^alnft   Fort   Du   Quefne ;    in 


47* 


Zimto.     A  tale. 


[December, 


which  ftation  he  continued,  till  the 
campaign  was  over,  when  the  pro- 
vincial troops  were  difbandcd. 

The  (iici'eeding  fpring,  he  had  an 
OiTir  made  him,  of  being  fettled  as  a 
lactor  in  North  Carolina,  and,  being 
iinemuloyed,  he  accepted  of  the  pro- 
polal,  and  prefently  embarked  for  that 
place,  where  he  continued  upwaids 
uf  three  years. 

Mr.  Godfrey,  on  the  death  of  his 
employer,  left  Carolina,  and  return- 
ed to  Philadelphia;  but  finding  no- 
ihmg  olier,  that  was  advantageous, 
at  his  return,  he  determined  to  make 
another  voyas^'e  abroad  ;  and,  accord- 
ingly, procured  fome  fmall  commif- 
iious.  and  went,  as  a  fupercargo,  to 
the  ifldud  of  New  Providence,  where 
lie  was  for  fome  months,  but  met 
Vv'.th  no  great  encouragement.  From 
New  Providence,  he  failed,  once 
more,  to  North  Carolina  :  where, 
in  a  few  weeks  after  his  arrival,  he 
was  unexpcQcdly  fummoned  to  pay 
the  debt  of  nature,  and  death  put  a 
ludden  flop  to  his  earthly  vvander- 
i.'iL^s,  by  hurrying  him,  oif  this  Iha- 
dowv  itaie,  into  a  boundlcfs  eternity. 

lie  happened,  one  very  hot  day, 
to  take  a  ride  into  the  country,  and, 
not  being  much  ufcd  to  this  exercife, 
and  of  a  corpulent  habit  of  body, 
it  was  imagined  the  heat  overcame 
him  ;  for  the  night  following  he,  was 
ftized  wuh  a  violent  vomiting  and 
malignant  fever  ;  which  continued  fe- 
ven  or  eight  days,  and  at  lo  o'clock, 
A.  jM,  on  the  third  of  Auguti,  1763, 
put  a  period  to  his  life,  in  the  27th 
year  of  his  age. 

Thus  haflily  was  fnatched  off,  in 
the  prime  of  manhood,  this  very  pro- 
miimg  genius,  beloved,  and  lament- 
ed, by  all  who  knew  him.  The  vo- 
Knne  of  his  poems,  which  has  been 
prelented  to  the  public,  is  a  colIeHion 
i'^'i  tiiofe  fwcet  eiTufions  which  flowed 
u'itli  a  noble  wilJnefs  from  his  elevated 
foul.  Free  and  nnpremcditaied  he 
fung,  nnfl<ill'd  in  any  precepts,  but 
v'hat  wcr:°  infufed  Into  him  by  na- 
ture, his  divine  tutorefs.  The  reader 
of  his  works  inuR  judge,  whether, 
from  thefc  ufefu!  emanations,  he  dors 
rot  appear  to  have  been  animated  with 
the  genuuie  poetic  flame.  But  what- 
ever defert  he  may  be  allowed  as  a 
poet,  it  will  be  rcnder'd  ilill  more 
pprifpicuous  by  his  characier  as  a  man. 


His  f wee t  amiable  difpofition,  his  in- 
fcgrity  of  heart,  his  engaging  modef- 
ty  and  diffidence  ot  manner";,  his  fer- 
vent and  difinte reded  love  for  his 
friends,  endeared  him  to  all  thofe 
who  fliared  his  acquaintance,  and 
have  Itamped  the  image  of  him,  in 
indelible  charaflers,  on  the  hearts  of 
his  more  intimate  friends. 

MORAL     TALES. 

Zimeo. — Pnge  373. 

HERE  Zimeo  Ihipc  for  a  moment, 
then  refuming  his  (lory  : — "yes, 
my  friends,"  faid  he,  "thefemen,  to 
whom  we  had  been  prodigal  of  our 
wealth  and  of  our  confidence,  carried 
us  away,  to  fell  us  with  the  criminals^ 
they  had  purchafed  at  Benin.  I  felt 
at  once  the  mifery  of  Ellaroe,  of  Ma- 
tomba,  and  myfelf.  I  loaded  the  Por- 
tuguefe  with  reproaches  and  threats  ; 
1  bit  my  chains,  and  wiflied  I  could 
die  ;  but  a  look  from  Ellaroe  changed 
my  purpofe.  The  monftcrs  had  not 
feparated  me  from  her.  Matomba 
was  in  the  other  velfel. 

"  Three  of  our  young  men,  and  a 
young  girl,  found  means  to  put  thcrn- 
felves  to  death.  I  exhorted  Ellaroe 
to  imitate  their  example  ;  but  the  plea- 
fure  of  loving  and  of  being  beloved, 
attached  her  to  life.  The  Portuguefe 
made  her  believe  that  they  intended 
for  us  a  lot  as  happy  as  we  had  for- 
merly enjoyed.  She  hoped,  at  leaft, 
that  we  would  not  be  feparated,  and 
that  file  might  agam   find  her  father. 

"  Afterhaving,  for  fome  days,  wept 
the  lofs  of  our  liberty,  the  pleafure  of 
being  always  together  flopped  the 
tears  of  Ellaroe,  and  abated  my  de- 
fpair. 

"In  thofe  moments,  when  we  were 
not  interrupted  by  the  prefencc  of  our 
inhuman  mailers,  Ellaroe  would  fold 
me  in  her  arms,  and  exclaim,  (),  my 
friend  !  let  us  endeavour  to  fiipport 
and  encourage  one  another,  and  we 
fhall  refift  all  they  can  do  t»  us  :  af- 
fured  of  your  love,  what  have  I  to 
complain  of?  and  what  happmefs  is 
it,  that  you  would  purchafe  at  the  ex- 
penfe  of  that  which  we  now  enjoy  ? 
Thefe  words  infufed  into  me  extraor- 
dinary fortitude  ;  and  I  had  no  fear 
bur  one — that  of  being  feparated  from 
Ellaroe. 

'*  We  were    more  than   a  mouth 


1789.] 


Zimeo.     A  talc. 


473 


at  fea  :  there  was  little  wind,  and 
our  coiirl'e  was  flow  ;  at  la(t  the 
wlnrls  failed  us  entirely,  and  it  fell  a 
dead  calm.  For  lome  days,  the  Por- 
tuguefe  gave  us  no  more  food,  than 
was  barely  fufficient  to  preferve  us 
alive. 

"  Two  negroes,  determined  on 
death,  refufed  every  fpecies  of  nou- 
rifliment,  and  iecretly  conveyed  to  us 
the  bread  and  the  dates  that  were  de- 
figned  for  them.  I  hid  them  with 
care,  that  they  might  be  employed  in 
preferving  (he  life  of  Ellaroe. 

"  The  calm  continued  ;  the  f©a, 
without  a  wave,  prefented  one  vail 
immoveable  furface,  to  v/hich  our  vef- 
fel  feemed  attached.  The  air  was  as 
ftill  as  the  fea.  The  fun  and  the  flars, 
in  their  filent  courfe,  dillurbed  not  the 
profo'ind  repofe  that  reigned  over  the 
face  of  the  deep.  Our  anxious  eyes 
were  continually  direfled  to  that  uni- 
form and  unbounded  expanfe,  ter- 
minated only  by  the  heaven's  arch, 
that  feemed  to  enclofe  us  as  in  a  vaft 
tomb.  Sometimes  we  miflook  the 
undulations  of  light  for  the  motion  of 
the  waters ;  but  that  error  was  of  fliort 
duration.  Sometimes,  as  we  walked 
on  the  deck,  we  took  the  refiflance  of 
the  air  for  the  agitation  of  a  breeze  ; 
but  no  fooner  had  we  fufpended  our 
fleps.  than  the  illiilion  vanilhed  ;  and 
the  image  of  famine  recurring,  pre- 
'  fented  itfelf  to  our  minds  with  redou- 
bled horror. 

"  Our  tyrants  foon  peferved  for 
themfelves  the  prnvifions  that  remain- 
ed, and  gave  orders,  that  a  part  of 
the  blacks  fhoiild  be  facrificed  as 
food  for  the  red.  It  is  impollible  to 
fay,  whether  this  order,  fo  worthy  of 
the  men  of  your  race,  or  the  manner 
in  which  it  was  received,  affetted  me 
moil.  I  read, on  every  face,  a  greedy 
fatisfaclion,  a  difmal  terror,  a  favage 
hope.  1  faw  thole  unfortunate  com- 
panions of  my  flaveryobferve  one  ano- 
ther with  voracious  attention,  and 
the  eyes  of  tygers. 

'"  Two  voiing  girls  of  the  village  of 
Onebo,  who  had  fuffered  moft  by  the 
famine,  were  the  firft  victims.  The 
cries  of  thefe  unhappy  wretches  flill 
refound  in  my  e:5rs  ;  and  I  fee  the 
lears  ftreaming  from  the  eyes  of  their 
famiflied  companions,  as  they  devour- 
ed the  horrid  repaft. 

"  The   little  provifions,  which    I 


had  concealed  from  the  obfervatiori 
of  our  tyrants,  fupported  Ellaroe  and 
myfelf,  fo  that  we  were  fure  of  not 
being  deftined  to  the  facrifice.  I  flilt 
had  dates,  and  we  threw  into  the  fea» 
without  being  otferved,  the  horrid 
morfels  that  were  offered  to  us. 

"  1  he  calm  continuing,  defpon- 
dency  began  to  feize  even  our  tyrants  ; 
they  became  remifs  in  their  attention 
to  us  ;  they  obferved  us  (lightly,  and 
we  were  under  little  reltraint.  One 
evening,  when  they  retired,  they  left 
me  on  the  deck  with  Ellaroe.  When 
flie  perceived  we  were  alone,  flie 
threw  her  arms  around  me,  and  I 
prelTed  her  with  rapture  in  mine.  Her 
eyes  beamed  with  an  unufual  expref- 
fionof  fenfibility  and  tendernefs.  I 
had  never  in  her  prefence  experienced 
fiich  ardour,  fiich  emotion,  fuch  pal- 
pitation, as  at  that  riwment.  Long 
we  remained  thus  enfolded  in  one 
another's  arms,  unable  to  fpeak.  "  O 
thou,"faid  I  at  lall,  "  whom  I  had 
chofen  to  be  ray  companion  on  a 
throne,  thou  flialt  at  lead  be  my  com- 
panion in  death."  "  Ah,  Zimeo  !" 
faid  (he,  "  perhaps  the  great  OrifTa 
will  preferve  our  lives,  and  I  (hall  be 
thy  wife."  "  Ellaroe,"  I  replied, 
"  had  not  thefe  monfters  by  treachery 
prevailed,  Darnel  would  have  chofen 
thee  for  my  wife,  as  thy  father  had 
chofen  me  for  thy  bufband.  My  be- 
loved Ellaroe,  do  we  ftiU  depend  upon 
the  authority  of  Damel,  and  fliall  we 
now  wait  for  orders  that  we  can  never 
receive  ?  No,  no,  far  from  our  pa- 
rents, torn  from  our  country,  our  o- 
bedience  is  now  due  only  to  our 
hearts."  "  O,  Zimeo  !"  cried  fhe, 
bedewing  my  face  with  her  tears. 
"  Ellaroe,"  faid  I,  "  if  you.weep  in  a 
moment  like  this,  you  love  not  I  as  do. 
'■  Ah  !"  replied  die,  "obferve,  by  th« 
light  of  the  moon,  this  unchangeable 
ocean  ;  throw  your  eyes  on  thefe  im- 
moveable fails  ;  behold,  on  the  deck, 
the  traces  of  the  blood  of  my  two 
friends ;  confiderthe  little  that  remains 
of  our  dates,  then — O  Zimeo  !  be 
but  my  hufband,  and  I  fliall  be  con- 
tented !" 

"  So  faying,  flie  redoubled  her  ca- 
refles.  Wc  fwore,  in  prefence  of  the 
great  Orifla,  to  be  united,  whatever 
Ihould  be  our  deftiny  ;  and  we  gave 
ourfelves  up  to  numberlefs  pleafures, 
which  we  had  never  before  experi- 


474 


Zimeo.     A  talf. 


[December, 


enced.  In  the  enjoyment  of  thefe, 
we  forgot  our  (lavery  ;  the  thoughts 
of  impendingdeath,  the  lofs  of  empire, 
the  hope  of  vengeance,  all  were  forgot- 
ten, and  we  were  fenfibie  to  nothing 
but  the  blandilhments  of  love.  At 
laft,  however,  the  fweet  delirium 
ceafed  ;  we  found  ourfelvesdefenedhy 
every  flattering  illufion,  and  left  in 
our  foVmer  ftate  ;  truth  appeared  in 
proportion  as  our  fenfes  regained  their 
tranquility  ;  our  fouls  began  to  fuller 
unufual  opprefhon  ;  weighed  down  on 
every  fide,  the  calm  we  experienced 
wasawful  and  dead,  like  thefiillnefs  of 
nature  around  us. 

"  I  was  roufed  from  this  defpon- 
dcncy  by  a  cry  from  Ellaroe  ;  her 
eyes  fparkled  with  joy  ;  (he  made  me 
obferve  the  fails  and  the  cordage  agi- 
tated by  the  wind  ;  we  felt  the  motion 
of  the  waves ;  a  frcfli  breeze  fprung 
up,  that  carried  the  two  vcffels  in 
three  days  to  Porto-Bello, 

"  There  we  met  Matomba  ;  he  bath- 
ed me  with  his  tears ;  he  embraced  his 
daughter,  and  approved  of  our  mar- 
riage. Would  you  believe  it,  my 
friends  ?  the  pleafure  of  rejoining 
Matomba,  the  pleafure  of  being  the 
hufband  of  Ellaroe,  the  charms  of  her 
love,  the  py  of  feeing  her  fafe  from 
fuch  cruel  dillrefs,  fufjjended  in  me 
all  feeling  of  our  misfortunes  :  1  was 
ready  to  fall  in  love  with  bondage  ; 
Ellaroe  was  happy,  and  her  father 
feemed  reconciled  to  his  fate.  Yes, 
perhaps,  I  might  have  pardoned  the 
mongers  that  had  betrayed  us  ;  but 
Ellaroe  and  her  father  were  fold  to  an 
inhabitant  of  Porto-Bello,  and  I  to  a 
manof  your  nation,  who  carried  flaves 
to  the  Antilles. 

"  It  was  then  that  I  felt  the  extent 
of  my  mifery  ;  it  was  then  that  my  na- 
tural difpofition  was  changed  ;  it  was 
then  I  imbibed  that  pallion  for  revenge, 
that  third  of  blood,  at  which  I  myfelf 
fliudder,  when  1  think  of  Ellaroe, 
■whofe  image  alone  is  able  to  Hill  my 
rage. 

"  When  our  fate  was  determined, 
my  wife  and  her  father  threw  them- 
felves  at  the  feet  of  the  barbarians 
that  feparated  us ;  even  I  proftrated 
myfelf  before  them  :  ineffeftual  abafe- 
ment  !  they  did  not  even  deign  to 
liften  to  us.  As  they  were  preparing 
to  drag  me  away,  my  wife,  with  wild- 
nefs  in  her  eyes,    with    outlhetched 


arms,  and  flirieks  that  Hill  rend  my 
heart,  ruflied  impetuoufly  to  embrace 
me.  I  difengaged  myfelf  from  thofe 
who  held  me  ;  1  received  Ellaroe  in 
my  arms  ;  flie  infolded  me  in  hers, 
and  inftinttively,  by  a  fort  of  mechani- 
cal impulfe,  we  clafped  our  hands  to- 
gether, and  formed  a  chain  round  each 
other.  Many  cri-.-'l  hands  were  employ- 
ed, with  vain  ettorts,  to  tear  us  afun- 
der.  I  felt  that  thefe  efforts  would, 
however,  foon  prove  efteftual  :  I  was 
determined  to  rid  myfelf  of  life  ;  but 
how  leave  in  this  dreadful  world  my 
dear  Ellaroe  !  I  was  about  to  lofe  her 
forever;  I  had  every  thing  to  dread;  I 
had  nothing  to  hope  ;  my  imagina- 
tions were  defperate  ;  the  tears  ran  in 
ftreams  over  my  face  ;  I  uttered  no- 
thing but  frantic  exclamations,  or 
groans  of  defpair,  like  the  roarings  of 
a  lion,  exhauded  in  unequal  combat. 
My  hands  gradually  loofened  from 
the  body  of  Ellaroe,  and  be^an  to 
approach  her  neck.  Merciful  Orilfa ! 
the  whites  extricated  my  wife  from  my 
furious  embrace.  She  gave  a  loud 
(hriek  of  defpair,  as  we  were  feparat- 
ed ;  I  faw  her  attempt  to  carry  her 
hands  towards  her  neck,  to  accomplilh 
my  fatal  defign  ;  fiie  was  prevented  ; 
(he  look  her  lad  look  of  me.  Her 
eyes,  her  whole  countenance,  her  at- 
titude, the  inarticulate  accents  that 
efcaped  her,  all  belpoke  the  extremi- 
ties of  grief  and  of  love. 

"  I  v.-as  dragged  en  b^ard  ihevef- 
fel  of  your  nation  ;  I  was  pinioned, 
and  placed  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to 
make  any  attempt  upon  my  life  im- 
podible  ;  but  they  could  not  force  me 
to  tak^  any  fudenance.  My  new  ty- 
rants at  fird  employed  threats,  at  lall 
they  made  me  fuffcr  torments,  which 
whites  alone  can  invent ;  but  1  refided 
all. 

"  A  negro,  born  at  Benin,  who  had 
been  a  fiave  for  two  years  with  my 
new  mader,  had  compaffion  on  me. 
He  told  me  that  we  were  going  to 
Jamaica,  where  I  might  eafily  recover 
my  liberty  :  he  talked  to  me  of  the 
wild  negroes,  and  of  the  common- 
wealth they  had  formed  in  the  centre 
of  the  idand  ;  he  told  me  that  thefe 
negroes  fometimes  went  on  board 
Englidi  diips,  to  make  depredations 
on  the  Spanidi  iflands ;  he  made  me 
iinderdand,  that  in  one  of  thofe 
cruifesj  Eiiaroe  atwi  her  father  might 


t7^9-] 


Peter.     A  German  tah. 


47^ 


be  refciied.  He  awakened  in  my 
heart  the  ideas  ol'  vengeance  and  the 
hopes  of  love.  I  conlented  to  hve  ; 
you  now  fee  for  what.  I  am  al- 
ready reveng("d,  but  i  am  not  (atisfted 
till  1  regain  the  idols  of  my  heart.  If 
that  cannot  be,  1  renounce  the  light  of 
the  fun.  My  friends,  take  all  my 
riches,  and  provide  me  aveffel — " 

Here  Zimeo  was  interrupted  by 
the  arrival  of  Francifco,  fupporicd  by 
the  young  negro  who  had  tofuddenly 
retired  upon  the  fight  of  his  prince. 
No  fooner  had  Zimeo  perceived 
them,  than  helle^vto  Francifco.  "  O, 
my  father  ^.  O  Matomba  !"  cried  he, 
*'  is  it  you  ?  do  I  indeed  fee  you  a- 
gain  ?  O  Ellaroe  !'"  "  She  lives,"  (aid 
Matomba  ;  "  (he  lives,  fhe  weeps  your 
misfortunesjfliebcl'./ngs  tothisfamily." 
"  Lead  me,  lead  me," — "See,"  in- 
Jerrupted  Matomba,  fhewing  h:m 
Wilmot'sfrierKl,  "  there  is  the  man 
who  faved  us."  Zimeo  embraced  by 
turns,  now  Matomba,  now  Wilmot, 
and  now  his  friend  ;  then  with  wild 
cagernefs,  "  lead  me,"  he  cried,  '"lo 
my  love."  Marianne,  or  rather  i£l!a- 
roe,  was  approaching  ;  the  fame  negro, 
who  had  met  Matomba,  had  gone  in 
qued  of  her;  fliecame  trembling,  lift- 
ing her  hands  and  eyes  lo  heaven  ; 
and  with  tears  in  her  eyes,  in  a  taint 
voice,  {he  could  hardly  utter,  "  Zi- 
meo, Zimeo."  She  had  put  her 
child  into  the  arms  of  the  negro,  and 
after  the  firft  tranfports  and  embraces 
were  over,  Ihe  presented  the  infant  to 
her  hufband.  "  Zimeo,  behold  thy 
fon  !  for  him  alone  have  Matomba 
and  I  fupported  life."  Zimeo  took 
the  child,  and  killed  him  a  thoufand 
and  a  thoufand  times.  "  He  {hall 
not  be  a  {lave,"  cried  he;  "  the  fon 
of  my  Ellaroe  {hall  not  be  a  flave  to 
the  whites."  "  But  for  him,"  faid 
{he,  "  but  for  him,  I  'fiiould  have 
quitted  this  world,  in  which  1  could 
not  {ind  the  man  whom  my  foul 
loved."  The  moll  tender  difcourfes 
at  lalt  gave  place  to  the  fweetefl  ca- 
re{res,  which  were  only  fufpended  to 
bellow  thefe  carelfes  on  their  child. 
But  foon  their  gratitude  to  Wilmot 
arid  his  friend  engrolfed  them  wholly  ; 
and  furely  never  did  man.  not  even 
a  negro,  exprefs  this  amiable  fenti- 
ment  fo  nobly  and  {o  well. 

Zimeo,  being  informed  that  the 
Engli{h  troops  were  on  their  march. 


made  his  retreat  in  good  order.  El- 
laroe and  Matomba  melted  into  tears 
on  quitting  Wilmot.  They  would 
willingly  have  remained  his  {laves  j 
they  conjured  him  to  follow  them  to 
the  mountain.  He  promifed  to  vifit 
them  there  as  foon  as  the  peace 
{hould  be  concluded  between  the  wild 
negroes  and  the  colony.  He  kept 
his  word  ;  and  went  thither  often,  tcy 
contemplate  the  virtues,  the  love,  and 
the  friendlhipof  Zimeo,  of  Matomba, 
and  of  Ellaroe, 

Peter,     A  German  tale, 

IN  a  village  of  the  Margraviate  of 
Bareith,  in  Franconia,  lived  ahuf- 
bandinan,  whofe  name  was  Peter. 
He  was  in  po{reirion  of  the  be{l  farm 
in  the  country  ;  but  that  was  the  leaft 
part  (^f  his  riches.  Three  girls  and 
three  boys,  whom  he  had  had  by  his 
wife,  Therefa,  were  already  married, 
had  children,  andwere  all  of  them  his 
own  inmates.  Therefa,  his  wife,  was 
fcventy-eight  years  of  age  j  he  himfelf 
was  eighty  ;  and  both  were  beloved, 
ferved,  and  refpefted  by  this  numer- 
ous family,  who  had  made  it  their  bu- 
finefs  to  prolong  the  old  age  of  their 
venerable  parents.  Sobriety  and  la- 
bour during  a  long  life,  had  guarded 
them  againft  the  infirmities  of  old 
age  :  content,  loving,  happy,  and 
proud  of  their  children,  they  bleffed 
God,  and  prayed  for  their  offspring. 
One  evening,  having  paffed  the 
day  in  reaping,  the  good  old  Peter, 
Therefa,  and  his  family,  feated  on 
the  turf,  were  indulging  themfelves 
at  their  own  door.  They  were  loft 
in  contemplation  of  thofe  fweet  fum- 
mer  nights,  that  the  inhabitants  of 
cities  never  know.  "  Obferve,"  faid 
the  old  man,  "  how  that  beautiful  fky 
is  befprinkled  with  {{ars,  fome  of 
which,  falling  from  the  heavens, 
leave  behind  them  a  long  train  of 
{ire.  The  moon^  hid  behind  thefe 
poplars,  gives  us  a  pale  and  trembling 
light,  which  tinges  every  objetl  with 
an  uniform  and  foft  fplendor.  The 
breeze  is  bu{hed  ;  the  tree  feems  to 
refpefl  the  {leep  of  its  feathered  in- 
habitants. The  linnet  and  ihru{h  fleep 
wi:h  their  heads  beneath  their  wings. 
The  ring-dove  and  her  mate  repofe 
amidll  their  young,  which  have  yet 
no  other  covering  or  feathers  than 


476 


Peter.     A  German  tale. 


thofe  of  their  mother.  Nothing  in- 
terrupts this  deep  filence,  but  that 
plaintive  and  diflant  fcream,  which, 
at  equal  intervals,  ftrilces  our  ears  : 
it  is  the  cry  of  the  owl,  the  emblem 
of  the  wicked.  They  watch,  while 
others  reit  ;  their  complaints  are  in- 
ceffant,  and  they  dread  the  light  of 
heaven.  My  dearefl  children,  be  al- 
ways good,  and  you'll  be  always  hap- 
py. Sixty  long  years  have  your  mo- 
ther and  I  enjoyed  a  happy  tranqui- 
lity. God  grant  that  none  of  you 
may  ever  purchafe  it  fo  dearly." 

With  thefe  words,  a  tear  Hood  in 
the  old  man's  eye.  Louila,  one  of 
hi<5  grand-daughters,  about  ten  years 
old.  ran  and  threw  herlelf  in  his  arms. 
'•  My  dear  grandpapa,"  faid  Ihe, 
"  you  know  how  well  pleafed  we  all 
are,  when  of  an  evening  you  tell  us 
fome  pretty  llory  :  how  much  more 
delighted  fliould  we  jll  be,  if  you 
would  tell  us  your  own  !  It  is  not 
late  :  the  evening  is  mild  ;  and  none 
of  us  are  much  inclined  to  fleep." 
The  whole  family  of  Peter  feconded 
the  requell,  and  formed  themfelvcs  in 
a  feraicircle  before  him.  Lonifa  fat 
at  his  feet,  and  recommended  filence. 
Every  mother  took  on  her  knee  the 
child  whole  cries  might  diftraft  at- 
tention: every  one  was  already  hf- 
rcning  ;  and  the  good  old  man,  liroak- 
ing  Louifa's  head  wiih  one  hand, 
and  the  other  lock'd  in  the  hands  of 
Therefa,  thus  began  his  hiflory. 

"  It  is  a  long  time  ago,  my  chil- 
dren, fince  I  was  eighteen  years  of 
age,  and  Therefa  fixteen.  She  was 
the  only  daughter  of  Aimar,  the 
richeft  farmer  in  the  county.  I  was 
the  pooreft  cottager  in  the  village  ; 
but  never  attended  to  my  wants,  'till 
I  fell  in  love  with  Therefa.  I  did  all 
J  could,  to  fmother  a  palhon,  which, 
I  knew,  mull  one  day  or  other  have 
made  a  wretch  of  me.  I  was  very 
certain  that  the  little  pittance  fortune 
had  given  me,  would  be  an  eternal 
bar  in  the  way  to  my  love;  and  that 
I  muft  either  renounce  her  for  ever, 
or  think  of  fome  means  of  becom- 
ing richer.  But,  to  grow  richer,  I 
mull  have  left  the  village  where  my 
Therefa  lived  ;  that  ellort  was  above 
me ;  and  I  offered  myfelf  as  a  fer- 
vant  to  Thereia'?  father. 

"  I  was  received.  You  may  guefs 
with  what  courage  I  worked.  I  foonac- 


[December, 


quired  Aimar's  friendfhip  and  There- 
fa's  love.  All  of  you,  my  children, 
who  know  what  it  is  to  marry  from 
love,  know  too  the  heart-felt  plea- 
fure  of  reciprocity  in  every  interview, 
every  look,  every  atfion.  Therefa 
loved  me  as  much  as  flie  herfelf  was 
loved.  I  thought  of  nothrng  but 
Therefa  ;  I  worked  for  her;  I  lived 
for  her  ;  and  I  fondly  imagined  that 
happinefs  was  then  eternally  mine. 

"  I  was  foon  undeceived.  A  neigh- 
bouring cottager  afked  Therefa  in 
marriage  from  her  father.  Aimar 
went,  and  examined  how  many  acre« 
of  ground  his  intended  fon-in-lavv 
could  bring  his  daughter;  and  found 
that  he  was  the  very  hufband  that  fuit- 
ed  her.  The  day  was  fixed  for  the  fa- 
tal union. 

•'  In  vam  we  wept  ;  our  tears  were 
of  no  fervice  to  us.  The  inflexible 
Aimar  gave  Therefa  to  underlland, 
that  her  grief  was  highly  diipleafing 
to  him  ;  fo  that  reflraint  added  to  our 
mutual  wretchednefs. 

"  The  terrible  day  was  near.  W^e 
were  without  one  glimmering  of  hope. 
Therefa  was  about  to  become  the  wife 
of  a  man  Ihe  detelled.  She  was  cer- 
tain, death  mull  be  the  inevitable 
confequence.  I  was  fure  I  could 
i>ot  furvive  her:  we  made  up  our 
minds  to  the  only  way  that  was  left 
us ;  we  both  ran  off  ;  and  heaven  pu- 
nifhed  us. 

"  In  the  middle  of  the  night  ws 
left  the  village.  I  placed  Therefa 
on  a  little  horfe  that  one  of  her  un- 
cles had  made  her  a  preient  of  :  it 
was  my  deciiion,  that  there  was  nr> 
harm  in  taking  it  away,  fince  it  did 
not  belong  to  her  father.  A  fmall 
wallet  contained  herclothes  and  mine, 
with  a  trifle  of  money  that  Therefa 
had  faved.  For  my  part,  I  would 
take  nothing  with  me  ;  fo  true  it  is, 
that  many  of  the  virtues  of  youth  are 
the  offspring  of  fancy  ;  I  was  robbing 
a  father  of  his  daughter,  and  I  fcru- 
pled  at  thf  fame  time  to  carry  off  the 
value  of  a  pin  from  his  houfe. 

"  We  travelled  all  night  :  at  day- 
break we  found  ourfelves  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Bohemia,  and  preity  nearly 
out  of  the  reach  of  any  who  might 
be  in  piirfuit  of  us.  The  place  we 
fird  flopped  in,  was  a  valley,  befide 
one  of  thefe  rivulets  that  lovers  are 
fo  fond  ©f  meeting   with.     Therefa 


^7%.] 


Peter.     A  German  tale. 


i77 


alighted,  fat  down  befide  me  on  the    have    faid   the  fame  thing,   and   we 
grafs,  and  we  both  made  a  frugal  but    have  never  been  miOaken.  You  were 


delicious  meal.  When  done,  we 
turned  our  thoughts  to  the  next  ftep 
■we  were  to  take. 

"  After  a  longconverfation,  and  rec- 
koning twenty  times  over,  our  money, 
and  eiiimating  the  little  horfe  at  its 
highelt  value,  we  found  that  the  whole 
of  our  fortune  did  not  amount  to  twen- 
ty ducats.  Twenty  ducats  are  foon 
gone !  We  rcfolvcd,  however,  to 
noake  the  beft  of  our  way  to  fomc 
great  town,   that  we  might  be  lefs  ex 


fcnt  to  nurfe,  for  my  wife  could  not 
fuckleyou;  and  (he  was  inconiolablc 
on  the  occafion  :  Ihe  paffed  the  live- 
long day  working  at  the  fide  of  your 
cradle;  while  1,  by  my  attention  to 
my  duty,  was  endeavouring  to  gain 
the  efleem  and  friendfliip  of  my  offi- 
cers. 

"  Frederic,  our  captain,  was  only 
twenty  years  of  age.  He  was  dillin- 
guifliable  among  the  whole  corps,  by 
his  allability  and  his  figure.    He  took 


pofed,  in  cafe  they  were  in   fearch  of    a  hking  to  me.     I   told   him   my  ad- 


and  there  get  married  as  foon  as 
polfible.  After  ihefe  very  wife  re- 
flexions, we  took  the  road  that  leads 
to  Egra. 

"  The  church  received  us  on  our 
arrival  ;  and  we  were  married.  The 
prieft  had  the  half  of  our  little  trea- 
furefor  his  kindnefs  ;  but  never  was 
money  given  with  fo  much  good  will. 
We  thought  our  troubles  were  now 
all  at  an  end,  and  that  we  had  nothing 
more  to  fear  ;  and  indeed  we  bought 
eight  days'  worth  of  happinefs. 


ventures.  He  faw  Therefa — and  was 
interefled  in  our  fate,  lie  daily  pro- 
mifed  that  he  would  fjieak  to  Aimar 
for  us  ;  and  as  my  abfolute  depen- 
det>ce  was  on  him,  I  had  his  word, 
that  I  fhould  have  my  liberty,  as  foon 
as  he  had  made  my  father-in-law  my 
friend.  Frederic  had  already  writ- 
ten to  our  village,  but  had  had  no  an- 
fwer. 

"  Time  was  running  over  our  heads* 
My  young  captain  feemed  as  eager  as 
ever*,  but    Therefa    grew   every   day 


This  fpace    being  elapfcd,    we     more  and    more   dejefcted.     When  T 


fold  our  little  hoi fe  ;  and  at  the  end 
of  the  firft  month  we  had  abfolutely 
nothing.  What  muft  we  have  done? 
What  muft  have  become  of  us  ?  I 
knew  no  art  but  that  of  the  hufband- 
man :    and   the  inhabitants  of   great 


enquired  into  the  reafon,  (he  fpoke  of 
her  father,  and  turned  the  converfa- 
tion  off.  Little  did  I  imagine  that 
Frederic  was  the  caufe  of  her  grief. 
"  This  young  man,  wich  all  the 
heat    incident    to    youth,     oLfei-ved 


cities  look  down  with   contempt  on    Thercfa's  lovelinefs,  as   well  as  my 

the   art    that   feeds     them.     Therefa     felf.    His    virtue   was    weaker    than 

was  as  unable  as  myfelf  to  follow  any    his   pallion.     He    knew  our  misfor- 


other  bufinefs.  She  was  miferable  ; 
ftie  trembled  to  look  forward  ;  we 
mutually  concealed  from  each  other 
our  filterings — a  torture,  a  thou- 
fand  times  more  horrid  than  the  fuf- 
ferings  theinfelves.  At  length,  hav 
ing   no   other  refource,  I  enlifted  in 


tunes  ;  he  knew  how  much  we  de- 
pended on  him  ;  and  was  bold  enough 
to  give  Therefa  to  underftand  what 
reward  he  expefied  for  h's  patron- 
age. My  wife  witnelfed  her  indigna* 
tion  ;  but  knowing  my  character  td 
be  both  violent  and  jealous,  flie  with- 


to  a  regiment  of  horfe,  garrifoned  at  held  the   fatal  fecret  from  me  ;  while 

Kgra.     My  bounty  money  I  gave  to  f ,  too  credulous,  was  daily  lavifli  in 

Therefa,  who  received  it  with  a  flood  the  praifes  of  my  captain's  generofity 

of  tears.  and  friendfliip. 

"  My  pay  kept  us  from  ftarving  ;  "  One  day,  coming  off  guard,  and 

and  the  little  works  of  Therefa — for  returning    home   to    my    wife,    who 

indigence  ftimulated  her  invention — .  fliould  appear  before   my  aftoniflied 

helped  to  keep  a  cover  over  our  heads,  eyes,  but   Aimar!  "  At  lad  I   have 

About  this  time,  a  child  coming   to  found  thee,"  exclaimed  he;  "  infa- 

the  world,  linked  ouralFeilions  clofer,  mous  raviOier,  reftore  my  daughter  to 

*'  It  was  you,   my  dear  Gertrude  ;  me  !  Give  me  back  that  comfort  thou 

Therefa  and  myfelf  looked  upon  you  haft  robbed  me  of,  thou  treacherous 

as  the  pledge  of  our  conftant  love,  friend!"  I   fell  at  his   knees;  I  en- 

and  the  hope  of  our  old  age.     Every  dured  the  firft   ftorm  of  his  wrath, 

child  that  heaven  has  given  us,  we  My  tears  began  to  foften  hira ;  he 

VoL.VLjNo.VI,  3P 


478 


Peter,     A   German    tale. 


[December, 


confented  to  liften  to  me.  1  did  not 
undertake  my  own  jultihcation.  "  The 
deed  is  done,"  faid  I,  "  Therefa  is 
mine  :  flie  is  my  wife.  My  life  is  in 
your  hands  ;  piinifii  me  ;  forgive  your 
child — your  only  daughter.  Do  not 
diflionour  her  hufband  ;  do  not  let 
herfall  a  vittim  to  grief  ;  forget  me, 
that  you  may  more  efFetlually  remem- 
ber her,"  With  that,  initead  of  con- 
ducing him  to  Therefa,  1  led  him 
to  the  houfe  where  you  were  at  nurfe, 
my  girl.  "  Come,"  added  I,"  come. 
and  view  one  more,  you  muft  extend 
your  pity  to." 

"  You  were  in  your  cradle,  Ger- 
trude ;  you  were  fall  afleep ;  your 
countenance — a  lovely  mixture  of  a- 
labailer  and  vermlllion — was  the  pic- 
ture of  innocence  and  health.  Ai- 
mar  gazed  upon  you.  The  big  tear 
flood  in  his  eye.  I  took  you  up  in 
my  arms  ;  I  prefented  you  to  him  ; 
*' this  too  is  your  child,"  faid  I  to 
him.  You  then  awoke ;  and,  as  if 
infplred  by  heaven,  inllead  of  com- 
plaining, you  fmiled  full  upon  him, 
and  extending  your  little  arms  to- 
wards the  old  man,  you  got  hold  of 
his  white  locks,  which  you  twined  a- 
mong  your  fingers,  and  drew  his  ve- 
nerable face  toward.;  you.  Aimar 
fmoiherad  you  with  kilTes ;  and  caught 
me  to  his  breaft.  "  Come,"  faid  he, 
*'  my  (on,  (hew  me  my  daughter," 
extending  one  hand  to  me,  and  hold- 
ing you  on  his  arm  v/ith  the  other. 
Y'ou  may  judge  with  what  joy  I 
brought  him  to  our  houfe. 

"  On  the  roiid,  I  was  afraid  left 
the  fadden  fight  of  her  father  might 
be  too  much  for  her :  meaning  to  pre- 
vent any  ill  confequences,  I  left  Ai- 
mar with  you  on  his  arm  ;  I  ran  home, 
opened  the  door,  and  faw  Therefa 
ftruggling  with  Frederic,^  exerting  all 
her  power  to  fave  herfelf  from  his  bafe 
embraces.  As  foon  as  my  eyes  faw 
him,  my  fword  was  in  his  body. 
He  fell ;  the  blood  gufhed  ;  he  pierc- 
ed the  air  with  a  cry  of  anguifh  ; 
the  houfe  was  full  in  a  minute.  The 
j»uards  came  ;  my  fword  was  Hill  reek- 
ing; they  feized  me:  and  the  unfor- 
tunate Aimar  jull  arrived  to  fee  his 
fan-in-law  loaded  with  irons. 

"  I  embraced  him  ;  I  recommended 
to  him  my  wife,  and  my  helplefs  ba- 
by, whom  I  likewife  embraced,  and 
then  followed  my  comrades,  who  faw 
me  lodged  deep  in  &  dungeon. 


"  I  remained  there,  in  the  mofl 
cruel  flate,  two  days  and  three  nigius. 
I  knew  nothing  of  what  was  KO!r){» 
forward  :  I  was  ignorant  of  There- 
fa's  fate,  1  faw  nobody  but  an  un- 
relenting jailor,  who  ar.fwered  to  all 
myquellions,  that  I  need  not  trou- 
ble myfelf  about  any  thing  ;  for  that 
in  a  very  few  hours,  he  was  lure,  fen- 
tence  of  death  would  be  pronounced 
on  me. 

"  The  third  day  the  prifon  gates 
wer«  flung  open.  I  was  defired  to 
walk  out :  a  detachment  were  wait- 
ing for  me  ;  I  was  encircled  by  them, 
and  led  to  the  barracks  green.  From 
afar  1  perceived  the  regiment  drawn 
up,  and  the  horrid  machine  (hat  was 
to  put  an  end  to  a  wrccihed  life.  The 
idea  that  my  mifery  was  now  complet- 
ed, reftored  the  force  I  had  loft.  A 
convulfive  motion  gave  precipitancy 
to  my  ileps  :  my  tongue  of  itfelf  mut- 
tered Therefa 's  name,  while  I  walk- 
ed on  ;  my  eyes  were  wildly  m  fearch 
of  her ;  I  bled  with  anguilh,  that  I 
could  not  fee  her  ;  at  lall  I  arrived, 

"  My  fentence  was  read  ;  I  was 
given  into  the  hands  of  the  execu- 
tioner;  and  was  preparing  for  the 
mortal  blow,  when  fudden  and  loud 
ihrieks  kept  back  his  falling  arm.  I 
once  more  llared  round,  and  faw  a 
figure  half  naked,  pale,  and  bloody, 
endeavouring  to  make  way  thro'  the 
guards  that  furrounded  me.  'Twas 
Frederic.  "  Friends  !"  exclaimed  he, 
I  am  the  guilty  man  ;  I  deferve  death  ; 
pardon  the  innocent ;  I  wiflied  to  fe- 
duce  his  wife  :  he  punifhed  me  ;  he 
did  what  was  juft  :  you  muft  be  fa- 
vages,  if  you  attempt  his  life."  The 
colonel  of  the  regiment  flew  to  Fre- 
deric, in  order  to  calm  him.  He 
pointed  out  the  law  that  doomed  to 
death  whoever  railed  his  hand  againft 
his  officer.  "  I  was  not  his  officer," 
cried  Frederic ;  "  for  I  had  given 
him  his  liberty  the  evening  before  un- 
der my  hand.  He  is  no  more  in  your 
p'jwer."  The  aftomflied  officers  af- 
femblcd  together.  Frederic  and  hu- 
manity were  my  advocates  :  I  was 
brought  back  to  prifon :  Frederic 
wrote  to  the  minifter — accufed  him- 
felf — afked  my  pardon — and  obtained 
it. 

"  Aimar,  Therefa,  and  myfelf,  went 
and  threw  ourfelves  at  the  feet  of  our 
deliverer.  He  confirmed  the  prefent 
he  had  made  me  of  my  liberty,  which 


Laxi)  Cafe. 


479 


he  wifhed  to  heighten  by  others  that 
we  would  not  receive.  We  return- 
ed to  this  village,  where  the  death  of 
Aimar  has  made  me  mafter  of  all  he 
poflefFed,  and  where  Therefa  and  I 
(hall  finifh  our  days,  in  the  midft  of 
peace,  happinels,  and  you,  my  chil- 
dren." 

Peter's  children  had  crept  clofe  to 
him  durmg  the  narrative  ;  and,  though 
finiflisd,  they  ft;ll  were  in  the  atti- 
tude of  pi'ople  who  liflen  ;  the  tears 
trickled  down  their  cheeks.  "  Be 
happy,"  (aid  the  good  old  man  to 
them,  '*  heaven  has  at  lad  rewarded 
me  with  your  love."  With  that  he 
,  embraced  them  all  round  ;  Loiiifa  kifs- 
ed  him  twice  ;  and  all  the  happy  fa- 
mily withdrew  for  the  night. 

LAW  INFORMATION. 

Cajc  refpeHing  &  promife  of  marriage, 

ON  Tucfday,  came  on  to  be  tried, 
by  a  fpecial  jury,  the  caufe, 
Cammock,  per  guardian,  verfus 
M'Anuft,  for  a  breach  of  promife  of 
niartiage.  The  evidence  was  clear 
and  dc'cifive,  of  a  promife  made  by 
the  defendant,  (o  marry  mifs  Dorothy 
'Cammock,  the  plaintiff,  within  twelve 
months,  from  the  24th  of  July,  1788  : 
That  in  confequence  of  fuch  promife, 
he  was  received  into  the  lady's  family, 
and  by  the  lady  herfelf,  in  every  ref- 
pect  as  her  intended  hiifband  :  That 
he  carried  himfelf  as  the  lover  ex- 
tremely well,  till  about  May  laft, 
when  his  attcniions  to  the  lady  very 
fenfibly  declined.  Upon  application, 
his  excufe  was,  firft,  hurry  of  bufi- 
nefs  ;  but,  when  preffed  by  the  lady's 
friendsj  he  declared  abfolutely  off  the 
match,  alleging  the  very  low  flate  of 
his  finances  in  excufe,  although,  in 
fupport  of  his  addreffes,  he  had  de- 
clared himfelf  in  the  receipt  of  4000I. 
per  annum. 

The  defence  fct  up  by  mr.  M'Anuff, 
was  not  contradiftory  to  the  proTnife, 
or  the  breach  of  that  promife;  but 
that  upon  mature  deliberation,  he 
found  his  circumllances  by  no  means 
fo  promifing  as  he  at  firfl  had  flattered 
the  lady  and  himfelf  with  ;  and  made 
it  certainly  apparent  to  the  court  and 
jury,  that  it  would  not  have  been  eli- 
gible for  him,  in  thofe  circumllances, 
to  have  enhanced  his  annual  expen- 


diture, by  a  matrimonial  connexion. 
From  this  it  was  urged,  in  his  behalf, 
that,  inftead  of  condemning  his  con- 
duct, by  a  verdift  againft  him,  he  me- 
rited applaufe,  for  his  candour  in  de- 
clining his  profpefts  of  hymeneal 
felicity,  rather  than  fubjeft  a  lady, 
whom  he  admired  and  efteemed,  to -^ 
penury  and  dillrefs, — efpecially  that 
lady,  whom  he  had  taught  to  believe 
(from  mifcalculation  of  his  affairs)  (he 
Ihould  move  in  the  fphcre  of  life  her 
merits  and  refpeftable  connexions  en- 
title her  to — The  jury,  after  retiring 
about  an  hour,  found  the  defendant 
guilty,  and  affeffed  damages,  325I, 
with  cofts.    KingJion,  Sept.  is,  1789. 

~<>"  <^<^^&"<>~ 

Law  Cafe. 
The  following  caufe  was  tried  in  ike 
court  of  king's  bench,  London,  on 
Friday  May  8,  1789. 

THE  affignees  of  Vaughan  and 
CO.  bankrupts,  againft  Smith, 
Kemble  and  co. — The  plaintiffs,  as 
affignees,  brought  their  aflion  agalnll 
the  defendants,  to  recover  the  value  of 
a  quantity  of  fugars,  fold  to  the  defen- 
dants, by  Vaughan  and  co.  the  bank- 
rupts. 

The  defendants  pleaded  a  fet-oft'of 
a  bill  of  exchange  for  600I.  accepted 
by  the  bankrupts.  The  bill  was  pay- 
able to  the  order  of  William  Broad- 
hurft,  the  drawer  thereof,  and  was  by 
him  indorfed  to  meffrs.  Towgood  and 
Danvers,  who,  being  apprehenfive  of 
the  infolvency  of  Vaughan  and  co, 
and  having  heard  rumours  that  they 
were  expefled  to  flop  payment,  ap- 
plied to  the  defendants  to  difcount 
the  bill,  at  the  fame  time  communi- 
cating their  apprehenfions  as  to  Vangh- 
an  and  co.  but  intimating  that  the  de- 
fendants, if  they  took  the  bill,  could 
fecure  themfelves,  by  buying  fugars 
from  Vaughan  and  co.  Accordingly, 
the  defendants  difcounted  the  bill, 
and  foon  afterwards  bought  the  fugars, 
which  became  the  fubjetl;  of  this  ac- 
tion. 

About  three  weeks  afterwards, 
Vaughan  and  co.  became  bankrupts 
(before  the  hill  of  exchange,  in  quef- 
tion,  became  due)  and  the  affignees 
infilled,  that  the  bill  could  not  be  fet 
off  againft  the  debt  due  for  the  fugars. 
But  on  a  fpecial  cafe,  referved  for  the 


45?o 


Law  raj'e. 


[December, 


opinion  of  the  court  of  king's  bench,  a  fee  tail,  with  an  eflate  for  life,  or  a 

judgnient  was  given  in   favour  of  the  fee  tail  hmitcdio  Valiance — and  John 

defendants:  the  tranfatlion  was   de-  a  fee  funple,  with  an  executory  devife 

clarcd  to  be  perfectly  fair  and  proper,  to  Comfort  ? 

on  the  part  of  the  dc^fendants,  as  well  On  the  contrary,  the  conftruftion  in 
as  of  Towgood  and  Danvers,  who  favour  of  the  appellants,  gives  a  fame- 
had,  in  the  opinion  of  the  court,  ufed  nefs  of  arrangements,  correfpondent 
only  what  the  law  terms  "  due  dili-  with  the  fentiments  of  the  father  to- 
gence"  in  protecling  theml'elves  a-  wards  his  children.  Each  fon  took 
gamfl  the  apprehended   inlolvency  of  an  unfettered  eftate,  that  is,  a  fee  fim- 


their  debtor. 


A 


Law  Cafe.. 
London,  Dec.  18,  1788. 
T  Guildhall  was  tried  before  mr. 


pie  in  the  part  devifed  to  him — of 
courfe,  if  any  fon  "  came  to  lawful 
age,"  he  might  difpofe  of  his  Ihare  as 
he  pleafed — if  any  fon  died  "  before 
he  came  to  lawful  age,"  leaving  ifliie, 
the  ellate  went  to  that  ilTiie — but  if 
.julticeHeath,anda  fpecialjui-y,a  ^^y  fon  died  before  he  came  to  law- 
caufe  of  great  confcquencc  to  trade  in  fj,|  gge,  and  without  leaving  ilTue,  the 
general,  and  manufachirers  in  partir  ettate  went  to  the  fublliiute.  This  we 
cular.  The  aftion  was  brought  hy  believe  to  have  been  the  teltator'sde- 
melTrs.  Quintin,  of  London,  manu-  f,gn  ;  and,  we  think,  he  manifefted 
fadurers,  againft  meffrs.  Vigar,  Ste-  \^\  \^  great  prudence,  and  paternal 
phens  and  co.  carrying  on  part  of  the  impartiality, 
fame  trade   at    Briilol,    for  enticing         It  has  been 


away  three  of  their  apprentices  and  a 
journeyman,  which  being  proved  to 
the  fatisfar'tion  of  the  court  and  jury, 
a  verdict  was  given  for  the  plainiifts, 
for  300I.  It  was  agreed  and  admit- 
ted, that  the  hiring  of  a  journeyman, 
whilfl  in  the  ferv  ice  of  another  mafter, 
without  the  latter's  coni'ent,  though 
only  engaged  from  week  to  week,  was 
enticing  away,  and  therefore  actiona- 
ble ;  and  that  the  fame  law  extended 
to  fervants  of  all  denominations. 


obferved  by  the  refpon- 
dent's  council,  *'  that  this  conilruc- 
tion  would  carry  the  ellate  entirely 
from  the  defcendants  of  the  tedator, 
into  a  ftrange  family,  and  the  refpon- 
dent's  leiTor  would  fufier  the  peculiar 
hardflaip  of  being  flript  of  the  inheri- 
tance, though  he  is  heir  of  the  tefta- 
tor  and  of  the  devifee." 

It  is  impoffible  to  calculate  hard- 
lliips  of  this  kind,  amidll  the  mutabi- 
lities of  human  affairs.  It  is  to  be  re- 
membered, that  William  Bagwell, 
the  devifee   and  heir  of  the  teftaior. 


_  -      _       ,  _  ,  was  fucceeded  by  his  fon  William,  and 

Law  cafe.  Ln  the  court  of  errors  and  ,j^|^  William   by   his  two  daughters. 

appeals  of  the  fate  ofDdaware  ^j^^^  ^j^^  conaruaion  of  the  council 

Benjamin  Robin  on  and   William  Ro-  ^^^  ^^^  appellants,  allows  a  fee  fimpte 

binjon    appellants,  againjtihe  lef-  ^^^^^  j^^j^^  ^^ ^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^j  j^^ij-^^ 

feeofjolui  Adams,  rejpondent.  P.  for  feveral  generations.      About  fifty" 

39"*  years  ago,  as  appears  from  the  records 

WE  can    eafily  account  for  inac-  of  the  orphans' court,  the    mother   of 

curacies   in  the  tettator's  ex-  the  refpondent's  lefTor obtained  a  par- 

prellions,  from  fK-kiK-ls,   hurry,  want  tition  with   her   brother  William  the 

of  knowledge  or  aliillance.      But  we  fecond,  of  the  lands   devifed  by    the 

cannot  account  for  luch  an  incquility  teltator  to  William  the  firfl,   their  fa- 

of  diflributions,  as  is  required  by  the  ther,  as  of  anellatein  fee  fimple  ;  and 

conftrutHon.in  behalf.of  the  relpon-  the   land<i,    affigned   to    her   for    her 

dent.     The  tellator's  offspring  appear  {hare,  are  held  under  that  partition  to 

to  be  alike  objefcts  of  his  p.'.rental  af-  this  day.  It  would  have  been  thought 

feftion and  providing  care.  Yet,  what  at  that  time- extremely  hard,  if  it  had 

a  needleis,  ufelefs,  encumberuig  di-  heen  infifled,  that  William,  thegrand- 

verfity  of  regulations  is  imroduced,  if  father  of  the  refpondent's  Icffor,  look 

Thomas   took  a  fee  rim  pie,    with  an  in  fee  tail  the  lands  devifed  to  him  hy 

executory  devife  to  Elizabeth — Wil-  this    will  ;  that  therefore,    upon    bis 

liama  fee  tad,  with  an  eltate  for  life,  death,  the  whole  defcended  to  his  fon 

or  a  fee  tail  lumted  to  Fj;ancis — Anti  Willrain,  and  that  his  daughter  Agnej 


J7^9-] 


Law  cafe. 


4*1 


was  not  entitled,  nnder  our  intertate 
afts,  to  any  part  of  fo  large  an  eft  ate. 
Now,  the  complaint  is  direfclly  re- 
verfed,  and  the  conftru6Hon  that 
enured  to  ihe  great  benefit  of  the 
mother,  is  reprobated  by  the  fon  claim- 
ing under  her  tule.  Yet,  if  either  of 
the  daughters  of  William  the  fecond 
had  ilTue  furviving,  the  fame  interpre- 
tation of  this  will  would  now  fuit  the 
refpondent's  lelFor,  tkai  heretofore 
was  fo  advantageous  to  his  parent. 

The  true  conftruftion  of  a  will  is  to 
be  collected  from  the  words  ;  and  is 
not  to  bealTeHedby  collateral  circum- 
ftances ;  confequently,  not  by  events 
fiibfequent,  remote,  uncertain,  and 
utterly  unconnected  with  contingencies 
alluded  to  ia  the  will*.  This  rule  can- 
not be  departed  from.  Thefecurity 
of  property,  and  the  order  of  focicty, 
depend  on  an  obfervance  of  the  laws. 
Whatever  may  be  the  fenfations  of 
any  of  us,  as  a  man,  with  refpeft  to 
the  fituation  of  the  refpondent's  leflor, 
they  are  fuperfeded  by  the  duty  of  a 
judge.  They  muit  be  difregarded, 
though  I  hey  may  not  be  forgotten. 

Our  conftrutUon  of  this  will  ap- 
pears to  usj  to  be  ftrengihened  by  three 
conGderationj,  which  we  fliali  now 
mention. 

Firft.  It  is rery  credible,  that  when 
a  pcrfon  undertakes  to  make  a  will,  he 
means  to  difpofe  of  all  his  property  ; 
and,  though  we  do  not  perceive  any 
fufficient  reafons  why  this  well-found- 
ed prefumption  might  not  be  gene- 
rally adopted  as  a  guide  in  the  inter- 
pretation of  wills,  cfpecially  in  de- 
vifes  to  children  and  other  lineal  de- 
fcendants  of  the  teftator+,  where  the 

NOTES. 

*  3  Peere   Will.  259.  Salk.  232, 

P35-  3  I^"'"'"-  1,581. 

+  A  remarkable  diftinQion  taken 
between  a  devife  to  a  child,  and  a  de- 
vife  to  a  ftranger,  in  Croke,  Eliz. — 
Fuller  againft  Fuller.  In  modern 
cafes  in  law  and  equity,  132,  it  Was 
held,  that  where  a  fettleiuent  is  made 
bv  a  lineal  anceftor,  in  confideration 
of  the  marriage  of  his  fon,  all  the  re- 
mainders to  his  pofterity  are  within 
the  confideration  of  that  fettlement : 
but  when  it  is  made  by  a  collateral  an- 
ceftor, after  the  limuations  to  his  own 
children,  all  the  remainders  to  his  col- 
Jaieral  kindred  are  voluntary. 


gifts,  dlflated  by  fatherly  affeftion,  as 
its  laft  afts  of  kindnefs,  may  juftly  be 
deemed  as  defigned  to  be  the  moft  be- 
neficial totheobjefts  of  it,  if  no  re- 
ftriftion  is  declared  ;  yet  it  muft  be  ac- 
knowledged, that  we  do  not  recol- 
lefi;  any  cafe  where  it  has  been  fo 
adopted.  Judges,  however,  have  a- 
vailed  themfelves  of  fhort  and  flight 
intimations  in  wills  to  this  purport; 
have  exerted  themfelves  to  render  the 
difpofition  conimenfurate  to  the  in- 
tention ;  and  have  particularly  relied 
on  fuch  words  as  are  ufed  in  this  will, 
— "  for  my  worldly  eftate,"  &c.  to 
prove,  that  the  teftator  defigned  to  de- 
vife all  his  intereft  in  an  eftate  J.  This 
inference  appears  to  be  peculiarly  ap- 
pofite,  where  a  queftion  arifes  from 
various  terms  of  limitation,  or  expref- 
fions  tantamount,  whether  a  devifee 
takes  in  feefimple  or  in  fee  tail. 

The  refpondent's  council,  though 
ftrenuous  advocates  for  their  client's 
pretenfions,  have  been  too  candid  to 
alTert,  that  the  eftate  given  to  Wil- 
liam, and,  according  to  their  idea, 
contraftrd  to  an  eftate  tail,  fliould,  on 
failure  of  his  ilfue,  expand  into  a  fee 
limple  in  Francis.  They  fay,  "  Fran- 
cis was  to  take  the  like  eftate  that  was 
limited  to  William,  that  is.  an  eftate 
tail."  Of  courfe,  a  rcverfion  would 
remain  undifpofed  of  by  the  teftator, 
contrary  to  hisdefign,  manifefted,  not 
only  by  the  preamble  of  his  will,  bwt 
alfo  by  the  conclufion  of  it,  in  which 
laft  he  ufes  thefe  words — "  all  the  reft 
of  my  perfonal  eftate,  I  give,"  &c. 
This  claufe,  we  believe,  never  would 
have  been  reftrifled  to  his  "  perfonal 
eftate,"  if  he  had  not  been  fully  per- 
fuaded,  that  he  had  before  difpofed  of 
all  his  real  eftate.  || 

Secondly.  If  it  had  been  the  in- 
tention of  the  teftator,  to  give  an  ef- 
tate tail  to  any  of  his  fons,  what  rea- 
fon  can  be  afligned,  why  he  did  not 
ufe  plain  words  for  that  purpofe  ?  He 
well  knew  even  the  technical  terms  for 

NOTES. 

X  Cauf.  temp.  Talbot,  Ibbetfon 
againft  Beckwith,  Tanner  againft 
Morfe,  Bernardift.  Tuffnill  againft 
Page.  Cowper  35^.  1  Wilfon, 
Grayfon,  againft  Atkinfon.  3  Burr, 
Throgmorton  againft  Holliday. 

%  Cowper,  3.07,  %  Burr.  1622, 
■1623.. 


^Sa 


A  UK  dotes. 


[December, 


creating  fvich  aneRate  ;  and  repeatedly 
employed  them  in  limitations  over  to 
his  daughters,  Elizabeth  and  Comfort, 
that,  to  each  of  them,  being  "  to  her 
and  the  lawfully  begotten  heirs  of  her 
body  forever."  But,  fuch  terms  he 
never  admitted  in  the  devifetoany  of 
his  fans,  nor  indeed  to  any  of  his  un- 
married daughters. 

A  cafe  was  quoted  by  the  counfel 
for  the  refpondent,  from  Pollcxfen,  to 
ihew,  that,  where  there  is  a  variety  of 
exprefTion,  there  is  a  variety  of  inten- 
tion. That  cafe  is  very  properly  ap- 
plicable here,  for  diHerence  of  lan- 
guage, not  oiherwife  to  be  accounted 
for,  muft  certa'nly  proceed  from  dif- 
ference of  meanmg,* 

Thirdly.  It  is  inconfiftent  with  the 
teflator's  intention,  io  condnie  the 
devife  to  hisfon  William  to  be  a  fee 
tail,becaufe  it  is  inconfiUent  with  that 
meaning  which  he  himfelf  has  affixed 
to  the  words  of  the  devife.  J  It  is  ob- 
fervable,  that  the  teftator,  in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  his  will,  gives  perfonalef- 
fetts  to  the  legatees  "  and.  their  heirs 
forever."  Though  thefe  words,  in 
fuch  cafes,  are  not  necelTary  ;  yet 
fhey  inconteflably  fiiew  the  donor's 
opinion  of  their  force,  and  deinon- 
'.  lie  his  determination  to  give  the 
.  't  abfclute  edate  he  could  give. 
>  K'  fame  was  hisdetermination,  as  he 
,•  -  ;  the  fame  words,  in  the  devife  to 
f.c.  Ton  William,  and  therefore  the  fon 
took  a  fee  fimple. 

The  judgment  of  the  fupreme  court 
reverfed. 

AN  E  C  D  O  T  E  S. 
I. 

SOON  after  the  late  fir  William 
Johnfon  had  been  appointed  fuper- 
intendant  of  Indian  ailairs  in  Ame- 
rica, he  wrote  to  England  for  fome 
fuits  of  clothes  richly  laced.  When 
they  arrived,  Hendrick,  king  of  the 
five  nations  of  the  Mohawks,  was 
prefent,  and  particularly  admired 
them.  In  a  few  days,  Hendr  ck 
called  on  fir  William,  and  aci|uaint- 
ed  him  that  he  had  had  a  dream.  On 
fir  William's  enquiring  what  it  was, 
he  told  him,  he  had  dreamed  that  he 

NOTES. 

*  2  Wilfon,  3J. 

+  !j  Ab.  of  cafes  in  eq.  298.  302. 


had  given  him  one  of  thofe  fine  fuits, 
he  had  lately  received.  Sir  WiUilm 
took  the  hint,  and  immediately  pre- 
fented  him  with  one  of  the  ncbeft 
fuits.  Hendrick,  highly  pleafed  with 
the  generofuy  of  fir  William,  retired. 
Sir  William,  fome  rime  after  this, 
happening  to  be  in  company  with 
Hendrick,  told  him  that  he  had  alfo 
had  a  dream.  Hendrii.k,  being  very 
folicitous  to  knuw  what  it  was,  fir 
William  informed  hini,  hehad  dream- 
ed thai  he  (Hendrick)  had  made  him 
a  prefent  of  a  particular  traft  of  land 
(the  moft  valuable  on  the  Mohawk 
nver)  of  about  five  thonfand  acres, 
Hendrick  prefeiited  him  with  the 
land  immediately,  with  this  Ihrewd 
remark  ;  ''  now.  fir  IVilliam,  I  will 
nrver  dream  with  you  again,  feu 
dream  too  hardjor  me." 

2. 

THE  Jews  of  Gibraltar,  according 
to  annual  cuffom,  had  prepared 
a  prefent  fur  the  governor.  He  was 
by  fome  means  iiifonncd  it  v;as  but  a 
thoufandlhekins  ;  andtefufed  to  admit 
them  to  an  audience,  under  the  pre- 
text of  their  being  the  defcendants  of 
th'")fe  men  who  had  crucified  our  Sa- 
viour. They  eafily  difcovcrcd  the 
real  caufe,  and  raifcd  two  thonfand. 
He  then  received  them  very  gracioufly, 
remarking  that,  '*  they,  poor  people, 
had  no  hand  in  the  crucifixion." 

3 

DURING  lord  North's  admlnl- 
fl  rati  on,  a  difpute  happened  one 
evening  at  the  Smyrna  coiiee-houfe, 
whether  the  premier  had  any  honour. 
A  gentleman  who  had  been  heartily 
piqued  at  a  refufal  from  lord  North, 
would  not  allow  him  any  fhare  of 
it ;  whilil  another  as  warmly  efpouf- 
ed  his  having  pretenlions  to  every 
virtue.  The  fuhjetl  created  much 
warmth  on  both  fides,  and  might  per- 
haps have  terminated  very  dilagreea- 
ble  to  one  or  other  of  the  parties, 
had  not  one  of  the  company  played 
the  meditator, — and  very  archly  faid, 
— *'  There  was  no  doubt  of  his  ho- 
nour, who  had  purchafed  half  the  ho- 
nour of  the  nation."  A  general  laugh 
enfued,  at  which  my  lord's  advocate 
feemed  nettled,  and,  turning  upon  his 
heel,  faid, — '*  it  was  a  purchafc  very 
eafily  ir.ade." 


17^9-] 


AnxCdotes, 


4«a 


Philofopher 
lea,    and    a 
the  phiiofoph 
apprehenfions 


APhilofopher  and  a  wit  were  at 
fca,  and  a  high  Iwell  nfing, 
fecined  under  great 
eft  he  (hoiild  go  to 
the  bottom.  "  V\^hy,"  obferyed  the 
wit,  "that  will  f.ut  your  genius  to  a 
tittle  :  as  for  my  part,  you  know,  I 
amooiy  tor  fkinimiag  the  furface  of 
things." 

5. 

A  French  rohlenian,  who  waited  up- 
on the  late  Frederic  of  Prudia, 
at  Sans-Soiici,  exprefled  his  aftoniUi- 
mcnt  at  feeinj^  the  emperor's  porirait 
in  every  aparuneut  of  the  palace  ;  and 
afked  the  kin^  what  might  be  the 
reafon  of  his  thus  honouring  the  por- 
trait of  his, ^reateft  enemy  ? — "  Oh  !" 
faidthe  king,  "  the  emperor  is  a  bu- 
fy  and  enterprifing;  young  monarch, 
and  I  find  it  neccOTary  always  to  have 
an  eye  upon  him." 
6. 

IN  the  year  1776,  there  was  a  ge- 
neral muUer  held  in  order  to  ^'et 
people  to  turn  out.  Of  the  Turk- 
eye  battalion,  two  captains  told  their 
men  they  were  willing  to  alhft  in  gain- 
ing independence,  and  aiked  who 
would  follow  their  example  ?  an  equal 
number  of  men  from  each  of  their 
companies  offered  themfelves :  and 
one  of  the  captains  propofed  toflTing  up 
for  the  command  ;  the  propofal  being 
accepted  by  the  oilw:r,  they  proceeded 
to  decide,  when  fortune  declared  in 
favour  ot  the  propofer,  who  nobly  of- 
fered his  fellow-captain  the  command, 
faying,  "  he  would  art  as  his  lieute- 
nant." His  reafon  for  behaving  111 
this  manner,  was  (to  make  ufe  of  his 
own  words)  "  becaufe  the  other  had 
been  in  fervice,  and  was  confequently 
more  capable  of  ccmmaiiding  than 
hlmfelf,  who  had  not."  The  other 
as  nobly  refufed  t.he  proffered  fuperi- 
ority,  faying,  "  f;Trtune  has  declared 
for  you,  and  I  v*/'''}  i'l  obedience  to 
ker  diclates,  att  as  your  li^jjtenant." 

7- 

IN  the  early  part  of  \)",s  life,  mr. 
Whitfield  was  preaG\\ing  in  an 
open  field,  when  a  drummer  happened 
to  be  prelent,  who  was  determined  to 
interrupt  his  pious  bufinefs,  and  rudely 
beat  his  drum  in  a  violent  manner,  in 
Order  to  drown  the  preacher's  voice. 
Mr.  Whitfield  fpoke  very  loud,  but 
was  not  as  powerful  as  the  inilrument. 


He -therefore  called  out  to  the  drum- 
mer in  thefe  words,  "  friend,  you  and 
1  ferve  the  two  greatef!  matters  exifting 
— but  in  different  callin|5 — you  beat 
up  for  volunteers  for  king  George, 
I  for  the  Lord  Jefus — in  God's  name, 
then,  let  us  not  interrupt  each  other; 
the  world  is  wide  enough  for  both  ; 
and  we  may  get  recruits  in  abun- 
dance." This  fpeech  had  fuch  an  ef- 
fect, that  he  went  away  in  great  good 
humour,  and  left  the  preacher  in  fulj 
poifefTion  of  the  field. 
8. 
NE  day,  as  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden  was  di£tating  fome  let- 
ters to  his  fecreiary,  to  be  fent  to 
court,  a  bomb  fell  on  the  houfe, 
pierced  the  roof,  and  burft  near  the 
apartment  in  which  he  was.  One 
half  of  the  floor  was  fiiattered  to 
pieces;  but  the  kino's  clofet,  being 
partly  furrounded  by  a  thick  wall, 
fullered  no  damage ;  and,  by  an  af- 
tonifhing  piece  of  fortune,  one  of  the 
fpliniers  which  flew  about  in  the  air, 
entered  at  the  clofet  door,  which  hap- 
pened io  be  open.  The  report  of  the 
bomb,  and  the  noife  it  occauoned  in 
the  houfe,  which  feemed  ready  to  tum- 
ble, induced  ths  fecretary  to  drop  his 
pen.  "  What  is  the  reafon,"  faid 
the  king  with  a  tranquil  air,  "  that 
you  do  not  continue  writing?"  The 
fecretary  could  only  fay,  "  Ah,  fire! 
the  bomb!"  ''  Well,"  replied  the 
king,  "  what  has  the  bomb  to  do 
with  the  letter  1  am  diffatingto  you? 
Go  on  !" 

LOUIS  XIV.' one  day  faid  to 
the  duke  of  Schomberg,  "  had 
it  not  been  for  your  religion,  you  would 
have  been  long  fince  a  marfhal  of 
France."  "  Sire,"  replied  the  duke, 
"  fince  your  majelly  thinks  me  wor- 
thy of  that  rank,  I  am  fatisfied ;  I  aimed 
at  nothing  more," 

10. 

FOOTE,  on  feeing  a  nobleman, 
who  had  very  thm  arms  and  legs, 
with  a  pot  belly,  faid,  in  his  ufual 
farcallic  fpirit,  he  looked  like  a  grey- 
hound that  had  got  the  dropfy. 
II. 
N  Indian  fachem  was afkedwhe- 
her  his  fubjerts  were  free  ? 
"  Why  not  ?"  faid  he,  '•  fince  I  ray« 
fclf  am  frecj  tho'  their  king," 


AN 
/X  t! 


(  484  ) 

A        WINTER-PIECE; 

NO  W  winter  rules  the  year,  and,  wing'd  with  froft, 
The  piercing  northvveft  flies— Upon  the  plain. 
And  on  the  neighb'riiig  hills,  the  leafleis  trees 
Stand  rueful — Among  their  boughs  and  waving 
Tops,  whilUes  the  chilling  blaft — and  ruthlefs 
From  the  fap-lcft  fprig  beats  off  the  ling'ring  leaf. 
Thick  fpread,  the  fallen  foliage  flrews  the  ground  j 
And,  fet  in  motiou  by  the  whirling  gale. 
Plays  in  light  eddies  round  the  rocking  trees. 
None  of  the  feather'd  fongffers  of  the  fliade 
Are  feen,  or  heard,  fave  the  lone  wood- pecker. 
Beating  with  harden'd  bill,  the  deaden'd  ftump. 
The  cattle,  homeward  from  the  wither'd  field, 
Plod,  drooping — and,  fuppliant,  low  around 
Their  wonted  Italls.     Hufh'd  is  the  cheerful  noife 
Of  rural  life,  and  nought  is  heard,  fave,  o'er 
The  wild,  the  hunter's  gun,  loud  thund'ring  far; 
Or,  from  the  echoing  woods,  the  founding  ilrokes 
Of  wood-cutter,  felling  the  fturdy  oak. 

No  more,  at  eve,  the  twitt'ring  martins  wheel, 
With  giddy'wing,  around  the  chimney-top  ; 
Nor  through  the  dufk,  flitting  from  fpray  to  fpray^ 
The  fire- flies  glance — In  marfli  or  ftagnant  pool 
No  more  the  bullfrog  hoarfe  is  heard — nor  from 
The  grove  the  turtle  coos  her  fong  of  love. 

While  thus  the  fadden'd  year  moves  flowly  on, 
And  cheerful  friends,  with  gladd'ning  mirth  no  more 
Beguile  the  tedious  hours — let  me  dofe  fit 
By  the  warm  hearth — perufe  th'  hifloricpage, 
And  there,  deep  rapt  in  former  times,  converfe 
With  fages  of  the  ancient  world^There  mark 
How  empires  rofe,  and  by  what  means  they  fell. 

There  fee  th^  hero  on  his  courfe  to  fame 

Behold  him  lab'ring  for  the  common  good. 
The  patriot-virtues  glowing  in  his  breafl  ; 
Or  fee  him  firetch'd  on  the  enfanguin'd  plain, 
His  manly  breaft  gaPn'd  o'er  with  many  a  wound. 
And  with  his  latell  breath,  befeeching  heav'n 
To  fhed  its  bleffings  on  his  country's  caufe. 

Or,  fliould fair  fancy's  fcene  delight  me  more. 
Let  me,  enraptur'd,  read  the  mufe's  fong — 
There  catch  the  poet's  fire,  and  foarwith  him 
In  his  fublimeft  flighf? — now  fcale  the  fky — 
Wheel  round  the  fpheres — and  flretch  my  daring  wing 
To  worlds  unknown.     From  thence  deiVending 
To  the  walks  of  men — mourn,  with  the  tragic  mufc — 
Norblufli  to  weep,  oft  as  the  various  fcenes 
Of  innocence  diffrefs'd,  demand  a  tear. 

Or  in  the  palace  proud,  and  lofty  dome, 
Vifit  the  higher  circles  of  the  great, 
Where  eafy  wit,  and  polifli'd  manners  fliine— 
Or  thence,  to  fofter  fcenes  of  rural  life — 
Thofe  fweet  retreats,  the  mufe's  fav'rite  theme, 
Where  innocence,  and  fweet  contentment  dwell-— 
There  in  the  grove,  or  by  fome  purling  llream 
Hear  Damon  tune  his  pipe,  and  Phyllis  fing — 


173g.]  The  bee.  4?5 

See  flocks  and  herds  at  carelefs  random  rove. 
And  nymphs  and  fliepherds  telling  tales  of  love. 

Thus,  other  cares  apart,    let  me  pafs  oft 
Thofe  lonetome  wintry  hours,  till  from  the  fouth 
"  I,ook  out  the  joyous  fpring,  look,  out  and  fmile." 

Biadevjburg,  (Maryland)  D.  F. 


For  the  American  Mvfeum. 

THE    BEE. 

Ah  !  fee  where,  robb'd  and  murder' d  in  that  ptt^ 
Lies  the  Jlill  heaving  hive!  &c.  &c, 

Thomson', 

AS  late  I  walk'd  t'  enjoy  that  grateful  hour. 
When  early  breezes  greet  the  rifing  day, 
A  bee,  before  me,  rov'd  from  flow'r  to  flow'r. 
And  thus  (he  fadly  faid,  or  feem'd  to  fay  : 

^  Ah  !  what  will  all  this  toil  and  care  avail  ; 

"  Why  do  I  thus  o'er  hiU  and  valley  roam, 
*'  And  wearied  bear  ihro'  many  an  adverfe  gale, 

*'  The  fpoil  nectareous,  tomydiftant  home  ? 

"  When  the  tall  maple  bloffom'd,  (pride  of  trees) 
'•  My  toil  began,  with  the  firft  fmiles  of  fpring  ; 

**  And  when  the  buck- wheat  fcented  ev'ry  breeze, 
"  Departing  fummer  heard  my  reftlefs  wing. 

*'  In  vain,  alas  !  for  when  our  work  is  o'er, 
"  And  cells  o'erflowing,  all  our  cares  repay — 

**  Sulphureous  flames,  fnatch'd  from  th'  infernal  fliore, 
"  To  one  lone  grave,  fliall  fweep  our  tribe  away — 

*'  And  muft  we  toil  thro'  fummer's  fultry  hours, 
"  And  death— a  cruel  death,  be  our  reward  ! 

"  Tell,  if  thou  canft,  what  fault,  what  crime  of  ours, 
"  Tyrannic  man  !  deferves  a  fate  fo  hard  ? 

*'  For  us  no  creatures  are  condemn'd  to  bleed, 
"  And  lift  in  vain  the  pity-afliing  eye  ; 

*'  The  flowrets,  fcatter'd  o'er  the  verdant  mead, 
"  And  dews  of  heav'n,  our  guiltlefs  feaftfupply, 

*'  'Tis  true,  proteftion  thy  warm  hives  afford, 

"  For  which,  a  portion  of  our  wealth  be  thine — 

*'  With  lib'ral  hand,  take  of  our  lufcious  hoard, 
*'  Spare  !  fpare  our  lives,  our  treafures  we  refign— 

*'  Oh  !  may  the  man,  who,  deaf  to  pity's  call, 
"  Condemns  us  helplefs,  to  devouring  flames, 

"  Find  all  his  honey  turn'd  to  bittereft  gall, 

"  While  wax  impure,  provokes  his  frugal  dame* 

"  If  e'er  foft  flumber  feal  his  weary  eyes, 

"  When  night  and  filence  hold  their  gloonry  fway, 

*'  May  glaring  ghofts  of  murder'd  bees  arife, 
"  Buz  round  his  bed,  and  frighten  fleep  away  ! 

"  But  thou  !  who  doft  our  harmlefs  race  befriend, 

*'  May  fmiling  peace  forever  glad  thy  breaft, 
*'  May  balmy  fleep.  unfought,  thy  couch  attend, 
"  And  gentleft  vifions  lull  thy  foul  to  reft." 
Burlington^  OBober^  1789,' 

Vol..  VI.  No.  VI.  3Q 


4^6  ^n  elegiac  tpi/lU,  [December, 

An  elegiac epi/lct^  toritten  hy  John  OJborn*^    at  college^  in  thtyear  i7.'<5, 
upon  the  death  of  a  fijler^  aged  1 3,  and/ent  to  another  fijler  at  Lajiham, 

DEAR  filter,  fee  the  fmiling  fpring, 
In  all  its  beauties,  here  ; 
The  groves  a  thoufand  pleafures  bring, 
A  thoufand  grateful  fcenes  appear  ; 

With  tender  leaves  the  trees  are  crown'j. 
And  fcatter'd  bloffoms,  all  around, 
Of  various  dies, 
Salute  our  eyes. 
And  cover  o'er  the  fpeckled  ground. 
Now  thickets  ftiade  the  glaffy  fountains  5 

Trees  o'erhang  the  purling  fleams ; 
Whifp'ring  breezes  brufh  the  mountains  j 
Grots  are  fill'd  with  balmy  flreams. 
But,  filler,  all  the  fweets  that  grace 
The  fpring,  and  blooming  nature's  face-^ 
The  chirping  birds, 
Nor  lowing  herds. 
The  woody  hills, 
Norjnurm'ring  rills. 
The  fylvan  fhades. 
Nor  flow 'ry  meads 
To  me  their  former  joys  difpejifr, 
Though  all  their  pleafures  court  my  fepf«  : 
But  melancholy  damps  my  mind ; 
I  lonely  walk  the  field. 
With  inward  forrow  fill'd, 
And  figh  to  ev'ry  breathing  wind. 
I  mourn  our  tender  filler's  death, 

In  various  plaintive  founds ; 
While  hills  above,  and  vales  beneath, 
The  fault'ring  notes  rebound. 
Perhaps,  when  in  the  pains  of  death. 

She  gafp'd  her  lateft  breath. 
You  faw  our  penfive  friends  around, 
With  tears  bedew  the  ground, 
Our  loving  father  fland, 
And  prefs  her  trembling  hand. 
And  gently  cry,  "  my  child,  adieu  ! 
We  all  muft  follow  you." 
Some  tender  friend  did  then  perhaps  artfe. 
And  clofe  her  dying  eyes : 
Her  fliffen'd  body,  cold  and  pale, 
Was  then  convey 'd  within  the  gloomy  vale 
Of  death's  unhallow'd  (hade. 
Weak  mortals,  O  !  how  hard  our  fate  ! 
How  fiire  our  death — how  (hort  our  date ! 
We  all  are  doom'd  to  lay  our  heads 
Beneath  the  earth,  in  mournful  fhades. 

To  hungry  worms  a  prey. 
But,  loving  filler,  let's  prepare. 
With  virtue's  fieady  feet, 
That  we  may  boldly  meet 
The  rider  of  the  pale  horfe  vo'yA  of  £czt» 
Bat  why  {hould  you  and  I  forever  mourn 

NOTE. 

*  For  memoirs  of  John  Ofborn,  fee  Vol.  V,  page  587,, 


J  789.3  Americdn  i'nteltigence^  ^t/ 

Our  dear  relation's  death?  She's  gone— 
We've  wept  enough  to  prove 
Our  grief,  and  lender  love  ; 
Let  joy  fucceed,  and  fmiles  appear. 
And  let  us  wipe  off  ev'ry  tear  ; 
Not  always  the  cold  winter  lafls, 
With  fnows  and  ftorms,  and  northern  blafls: 
The  raging  feas  with  fury  toft. 
Not  always  break  and  roar  ; 
Sometimes  their  native  anger's  loft, 
The  fmooih-hufli'd  waves  glide  fofily  to  the  fhore. 

"^  The  oak. 

ALONG  fair  Schuylkill's  verdant  banks,  there  grew. 
In  vig'roiis  pride,  a  lovely  oak,  and  rear'd, 
High  (ow'ring,  its  umbrageous  verdant  head. 
In  a  delightful  mead,  faft  by  the  lapfe 
Of  an  irriguous  ftream  it  flood,  whofe  roots 
The  fofl 'ring  humor  quafF'd  ;  among  whofe  boughs 
Th'  aerial  feather'd  race  tun'd  their  foft  notes. 
And  gentle  zephyrs  play'd  ;  around,  the  gay 
Enamell'd  lawn  with  grace  attraftive  caught 
The  eye,  and  humble  cots,  and  forefts  brown, 
And  diiiant  fields  with  golden  harvefts  crown'd* 

There  fmiling  fpring  its  earlieft  influence  fhed. 
There  faded  lad  fair  {ummer's  ling'ring  bloom. 

Oft  to  whofe  fhade  repair'd  th'  athletic  youth 
Around  ;  there  mildly  pleafing  fport  ftole  faft 
Their  hours  away — their  pleafurable  hours. 

But  now,  alas  !  fair  tree,  no  more  thon  ftand'ft      — 
To  draw  attention's  gaze,  no  more  the  fwains 
Thy  beauteoufnefs  admire  ;  but  torn  up  fliecr 
By  th'  everblafting  whirlwind's  flying  wing, 
With  all  thy  boughi  pluckt  off  by  winter's  hand, 
Lieft  a  rude  truuk,  a  harbor  for  vile  worms  ; 
Half  in  the  lovely  ftream,  whofe  waters  round 
Thee  foaming,  feemthy  lofs  to  wail,  the  grace 
Of  all  the  country-village  fwains  around. 

Thus  I've  with  youthful  ftrains,  and  little  fkill, 
In  fair  aonian  art,  delightful  tree,  / 

Thy  mem'ry  fnatcht,  from  dark  oblivion's  veil,  S.  C* 

FOREIGN  INTELLIGENCE'    national  affembly  to  fit  in.    I  Ihall 

n      ■      rici  I  give  the  necefiary  orders  to  prepare  it. 

Pans,    Caober  9.  \   ^^„    f^,i,;j,^^     ^^j  ^^p^jj,^    ^h^ 

National  ajfembly,  meafures    which   mutual    confidence 

THE  following  letter  was  received  may  require, 
from  the  king:  '•  LOUIS." 

"  Genllemen,  This  letter  occaGoned  fome  debate, 

"  The  inilances  of  attachment  and  and  fome  members  argued  againft  their 

fidelity  which  I   have   received   from  removal  to  Paris, 
my  good  city  of  Paris,  and    the   invi-         It  was  put  to  the  voice,  and  by  a 

tationofthe   commons,    have   deter-  great  majority  it  v;as  decided  that  they 

mined  me  to  fix  my  permanent  abode  fliould  remove  to  Paris,   conformable 

there  ;  and  in  the  confidence   I   ha»e,  to  their  declaration  to  the  king, 
that  you  will  not  feparale  from   me,  I         Several  of  the  reprefentatives,  ima- 

invite  you   to  choofe   commiflioners,  gining  that   the    national  affembly  Is 

to  feleft  the  moft  proper  place  for  the  on  the  eve  of  being  deprived  of  their 


483 


foreign  intelligence. 


[December, 


liberty,  and,  that,  on  it<i  removal  to 
Paris^  It  will  be  dangerous  lo  manifelt 
opinions  contrary  to  thofe  ofihe  mul- 
titude, have  demanded  paiTports. 

Several  members  complained  of  the 
infiilts  offered  to  ihemfelves  and  other 
reprefentatives,  by  the  populace ;  a- 
mungoiher  things,  it  was  obfervfed, 
that  they  wanted  to  ailairmate  M. 
Tirlen,  one  of  the  deputies  who  ac- 
companied the  king  to  Paris.  One 
gentleman  afferied,  that  his  own  houfe 
■would  have  been  plundered,  had  it 
not  b'^en  for  the  national  militia — 
The  fijbjett  was  adjourned. 

C&.i^.  Several  perfons  of  diftmc- 
tion  are  taken  up  and  in  pnfon  ;  fifteen 
thoiil;ind  uniforms,  made  like  thofe  of 
the  militia,  having  been  found  in  their 
houfes,  befides  many  letters  and  papers, 
which  indicate  a  very  alarming defign. 
Several  other  perfons — among  whom 
is  faid  to  be  the  count  d'Ellaign — 
have  retired :  ard  the  report  is,  that 
upwards  of  twenty  thouland  men  have 
been  fecreily  kept  in  pay  for  fome 
time  pa!t,  who  were  to  appear  openly, 
when  things  were  ripe  for  execution. 
y\  liO  of  the  principals  in  this  affoci- 
ation  is  banded  about  :  but  their  names 
are  too  refpettable  to  announce  them, 
till  matteis  are  better  authenticated  : 
in  fliort,  all  Paris  is  alarmed  on  this 
occalion.  In  the  meantime,  the  roy- 
al family  remain  in  the  Thuilleries, 
guarded  only  bv  the  militia,  for  the 
gardes  du  corps  have  been  fent  away. 

Near  three  hundred  of  the  members 
of  the  national  affembly  have  already 
defired  leave  to  withdraw. 

All  the  barriers  are  (hut,  no  per- 
fon  being  permitted  to  go  out  of  Paris 
without  pafTports. 

The  queen  of  France  owes  the  pre- 
■fervation  of  her  life  to  the  gallant 
martinis  de  la  Fayette. 

(y^f.  17.  The  pecuniary  prefents, 
lately  madeto  the  French  national  af- 
fembly, have  been  great,  and  are  in- 
creafing  daily.  The  duke  of  Orleans 
has  given  2,500,000  livres;  M.  Nec- 
kar  100.000  livres;  I'ahbe  de  S. 
Non,  4000  livres,  one  moiety  of  his 
abbey;  M.  Nicola,  prefident  of  the 
chambres  des  compfes,  refigned  a 
pcnfion  of  10,000  hvres,  and  gave 
•2,5.000;  M.  de  Atigre,  a  refugee  in 
Fngland,  100.000  crowns.  The  in- 
valid guards,  though  poor,  prefented 
■300   livres;  the  canons  of  St.   Gen- 


vieve  fent  to  the  mint  a  filver  chan- 
delier, the  fined,  perhaps,  in  France  ; 
its  weight  548  marks,  of  eight  ounces 
each.  The  company  of  bookfellers 
gave  20,000  livres;  the  patriotic  fo- 
ciety,  of  Verfailles,  gave  88,000  li- 
vres ;  a  private  foldier,  of  the  Paris 
militia,  318;  M.  Rigand,  1000;  the 
pupils  of  an  academy,  1400,  &c, 
A  lady  of  eafy  virtue  fent  1 2,000  li- 
vres, with  the  following  note,  "  Gen- 
tlemen, 1  have  a  heart  formed  for 
love.  I  have  realized  the  enclofed  by 
my  amours,  and  I  remit  it  to  you  as 
an  offering  to  my  country.  May  my 
example  be  followed  by  my  compa- 
nions of  all  claffes."  At  Havre,  the 
citizens  have  prefented  all  their  fil- 
ver buckles,  &c.  the  governor  his 
plate:  M.  Rial,  plate  to  the  amount 
of  1,5,000  livres,  alfo  a  remittance  of 
10,000  livre;.  Thefe  facrifices,  with 
what  will  follow,  miift  foon  make  the 
treafury  of  France  refpeftable. 

061.  Qo.  Someof  the  populace,  head- 
ed by  the  women,  lately  attempted  to 
fet  fire  to  the  hotel  de  ville:  the  in- 
tended conflagration  was,  however, 
prevented  by  a  youth,  who,  at  the 
imminent  hazard  of  his  life,  rulhed  for- 
ward ;  and,  in  a  moft  furpnfing  man- 
ner, extinguifhed  the  fl»me,  which 
had  jull  caught  the  building.  On  be- 
ing defired,  by  fome  of  the  members 
of  the  national  affembly,  to  demand 
a  reward  for  his  fervice  and  intrepidi- 
ty, he  nobly  refufed  all  pecuniary 
compenfation  ;  and  requefted  only, 
that  he  might  have  the  honour  of  ha* 
ving  his  name  enrolled  in  the  Paris 
militia. 

Fr'enna,  OSloier  6. 

His  majefly,the  emperor,  has  been 
pleafedto  raife  the  prince  of  Saxe 
Cobourg,  to  the  rank  of  field  mar- 
flial,  in  recompenfe  for  the  fignal 
fervices  he  has  rendered  his  country  ; 
and  particularly,  in  the  late  viBory 
over  the  army  of  the  grand  vizir,  on 
the  22d  of  September. 

Ycfterday  evening,  another  courier 
arrived  here  from  the  prince  de  Co- 
bourg, with  the  important  news,  that 
he  had  again  attacked  and  beaten  the 
grand  vizir,  and  driven  him  back,  as 
far  as  the  Danube;  that  0000  Turks 
were  left  dead  on  the  field  :  and  that 
our  troops  look  17  pieces  of  cannon, 
300  loaded  camels,  400  biiflaloe<;.  roco 
oxen,  5000  loaded  waggons,   -o.oco 


» 789.1 


Foreign  intelligence. 


489 


tents,  with  the  whole  of  the  grand  vi- 
zir's treafure  and  equipage ;  and  that 
the  booty  was  altogether  immenfe. 

OEl."].  The  prince  of  AnhaltBern- 
boutg,  who  commands  the  van-guard 
of  the  Ruffian  army,  under  prince 
Potemkin,  lately  attacked  a  ferafkier 
of  three  tails,  at  the  head  of  a  body  of 
between  7  and  8  thouland  Spahis,  on 
their  march  to  fuccour  the  garrifon 
of  Bender,  over  whom  he  obtain- 
ed a  complete  viftory,  uearKaufcan, 
on  the  Niefter. 

Eight  hundred  of  the  enemy  were 
killed  on  ihe  fpot,  and  120  taken  pri- 
foners  ;  among  whom  is  the  Ottoman 
general.  The  artillery  has  alfo  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  Ruffians, 
London,  OBober  \o. 

After  the  naval  engagement,  in 
which  the  Swedes  manifefled  fo  much 
gallantry,  but  of  which  the  ilTue  was 
unfavourable,  the  king  ordered  new 
levies  to  be  made,  and  the  burgeffes 
to  be  embodied,  even  to  the  manu- 
fafturers  and  artifans  ;  but,  after  a 
time,  this  order  was  countermanded, 
as  the  fleet  was  foon  found  to  be  in  a 
condition  to  refill  the  utmoft  efforts  of 
the  enemy. 

0&.  12.  The  French  aflembly  have 
confirmed  the  ancient  falique  law, 
which  abfolutely  and  perpetually  ex- 
cludes all  women  from  fitting  on  the 
throne. 

The  French  are  advancing  to  fol- 
low the  example  of  the  emperor,  in 
giving  the  Jews  the  protei'-tion  of  go- 
vernment. In  Alface,  they  were 
threatened  to  be  murdered,  which  pro- 
duced this  refolution  in  the  national 
aOTembly.  It  is  believed,  that  they 
will  be  fhortly  tolerated  in  France, 
and  permitted  to  enjoy  the  rights  of 
cuizens. 

on.  13.  The  eyes  of  Europe,  which 
have  long  been  fixed  on  France,  are 
foon  likely  to  be  attracled  to  another 
qu:\rier.  Some  grand  fcenes  are  on  the 
eve  of  being  prefented  in  the  Nether- 
lands :  and  the  emperor,  if  he  be  not 
entirely  defpoiled  of  his  authority 
over  the  Belgic  provinces,  will  pro- 
bably have  his  authority  curtailed 
wiihm  the  proper  limits  of  a  count  de 
Flandres. 

061.  14.  It  is  mofl  generally  be- 
beved,  by  every  well-mformcd  perfon 
in  France,  that  it  was  his  chriflian 
majefiy's  intentions   to  have  efcaped 


to  Metz,  if  he  had  not  been  prevent- 
ed by  the  Parifians. 

061.  15.  That  the  emprefs  of  Ruf- 
fia  has  infulted  the  Englifh  flag,  is 
certain  ;  and  fo  far  has  fhe  afted  a- 
gainfl  her  own  principles,  but  cer- 
tainly not  againft  ours ;  for  denying, 
as  we  do,  that  free  bottoms  make  free 
goods,  we  cannot  juftly  complain  that 
her  cruifers  attack  our  trade.  Two 
Englifh  veflels,  loaded  with  flores, 
were  flopped  by  the  Ruffian  fhips  ; 
but  an  Englifh  cutter,  in  both  circum- 
ffances,  gave  them  liberty  ;  and  we  do 
not  learn  that  any  veffisl  has  been  car- 
ried into  port. 

OB.  17.  When  the  Farifianwomea 
attacked  the  king's  body  guards  at 
Verfailles,  a  girl  of  eighteen  years 
difcharged  a  piflol  at  the  head  of  one 
of  the  mofl  violent  of  the  foldiers, 
and  killed  him  on  the  fpot. 

Some  extraordinary  meafures  are 
expefted  in  confequence  of  the  dif- 
turbances  in  Flanders.  The  king  of 
Pruffia  has  a  large  army  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Cleves,  and  the  Dutch 
have  a  fleet  at  Flufhing,  ready  to  fe- 
cure  the  Scheldt. 

By  a  refolution  of  the  national  af- 
fembly,  the  French  king  is  hereafter 
nottobefliled  king  of  France,  but 
king  of  the  Franks  or  freemen. 

OB.  20.  The  troubles  in  Corfica 
have  been  much  exaggerated.  Some 
houfes  have  been  burnt  at  Baflia,  and 
feveral  unpopular  perfons  have  fled, 
but  nothing  has  been  done  yet  amount- 
ing to  a  revolution.  M.  de  Barin, 
commander  of  the  ifland,  is  fhut  up  in 
his  citadel,  and  has  fent  home  for  a 
reinforcement  of  eight  battalions, 
which,  however,  the  French  govern- 
ment does  not  feemdifpofed  to  grant. 

Several  of  the  princes  and  prelates 
of  Germany,  who  are  affefted  by  the 
refolutions  of  the  national  affi?mbly 
of  France  on  the  4th  of  Augufl,  fent 
mem.orials  to  his  mofl  chriflian  ma- 
jefly,  complaining  of  thoferefolutlon^, 
as  infraftions  of  folemn  treaties.  His 
majefly  returned  them  for  anfwer, 
that  it  was  riot  in  his  power  to  give 
them  any  rcdref? ;  but  he  would  refer 
them  to  the  national  aflembly,  whence, 
and  not  from  him.  the  refolutions 
had  proceeded,  of  which  they  com- 
plained. 

OB.  24.  M.  Bouche,  deputy  from 
Aix,  lately  declared,  that  the  number 


49» 


Amefiean  intelligtnce. 


[December, 


of  French  who  had  left  their  country, 
•xceeded  80,000,  and  that  their  fiib- 
fifting  revenue  might  be  flaiedat  i^  or 
to  millions. 

AMERICAN  INTEL  LICENCE. 
Bojlon,  November  18. 

It  is  acircumdance  worthy  of  re- 
ttiark,  and  at  the  fame  time  refletis 
feonour  on  Great  Britain,  that  the  art- 
ifls,  patronized  in  that  kingdom,  by 
hi»  majefty,  are  principally  Ameri- 
cans. Weft  is  hiflorical  painter  to, 
and  a  favourite  of  his  majelly — Cop- 
fey  alfo  Hands  high  in  the  royal  fa- 
vour— and  we  lately  have  feen,  that 
our  young  townfman,  Brown,  has  been 
appointed  painter  to  his  royal  high- 
iiefs,  the  duke  of  Clarence. 

Dec.  7.  We  inform,  as  evidencing 
an  increafe  of  commerce,  that  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-two  ftiips  and  vefTels 
iave  arrived  in  this  port,  fince  ths  4th 
©f  AiiguU  lall,  from  foreign  parts. 
The  number  of  veflels  building,  rig- 
ging, and  repairing,  in  this  harbour, 
and  in  the  feveral  rivers,  is  another 
evidence  of  increafmg  navigation.— «• 
*'  Fearlefs,  now,  of  hoftile  fleets, 

Commerce  fpreads  her  native  fail  ; 
Peace  the  honeli  merchant  greets — 

While  plenty  flows  on  ev'ry  gale!." 
Worcejier,  (Majf.)  Dec.  10. 

The  proprietors  ot  the  cotton  manu- 
faftory  in  this  town,  have  lately  erett- 
ed  buildings  fuitable  for  the  purpofe, 
and  taken  other  meafures  to  carry  on 
the  bufinefs  extenfively.  A  large 
quantity  of  full  ians,  jeans,  and  fome 
pieces  of  corduroy,  are  now  ready  for 
iale.  Experiments  have  been  made 
fey  purchafers,  of  the  wear  of  thefe 
cloths,  and  it  is  with  pleafure  we  can 
alFure  the  public,  that  thofe  made  in 
WoTcefter,  will  laft,  and  retain  their 
colour  and  beauty,  nearly  double  the 
time  of  thofe  of  the  fame  finenefs  and 
price,  made  m  England. 

Salem,   November  24. 

Ttis  remarkable,  that  a  horrid  plot 
of  the  negroes  of  IVIartinique  to  reco- 
ver their  liberty,  wa^difcovered  about 
the  fame  time  their  uiaHers  were  thank- 
ing heaven  for  their  own  deliverance 
from  I  he  yoke  ofdefpotifm.  Poifon, 
configuration,  and  deadly  v/eapons, 
were  the  means  by  v,fhich  they  were 
tohave  extirpated  every  white  man 
firora  the  ifland.      The  white  women 


were  to  hstve  been  faved  for  their 
wives;  and  the  mulaitoes  forftfvants. 
They  were  betrayed,  and  the  ring- 
leaders taken.  Five  of  them  have 
been  hanged,  and  he,  who  was  to 
have  been  governor  of  the  ifland, 
broke  upon  the  rack  ;  the  latter,  in 
the  agonies  of  death,  turned  his  face 
with  difdain  from  the  crofs,  which 
was  prefented  him  to  kifs  ;  and  difco- 
vered  an  equal  cotitempt  for  chrijilians- 
and  their  God, 

New    York,  December  17. 

We  hear,  that  on  Tuefday  lift,  the 
cargo  ofihe  flottp  Betfey,  John  In- 
graham,  mafter,  from  New  London, 
was  feized  by  the  coUeflor  ofthisdif- 
tnd,  in  conformity  to  the  ggih  fec- 
tion  of  the  aft  for  regulating  the  coafl- 
ing  trade — a  hoglhead  of  rum,  and 
fo'ue  other  article.*,  being  found  Oti 
board,  which  had  been  inferted  in 
the  manifcft,  after  it  had  beeh  fworh 
to  and  certified  by  xht  colletlor  ac 
New  London^ 

Charlejfoh^   Nov.  ^4. 

The  (tate  of  Virginia  will  not  make 
more  than  half  a  crop  of  tobacco  this 
feafon,  owing  to  nipping-frofts  late 
in  the  fpring. 

Notwithlianding  the  depredations 
of  Indian  parties  in  the  flate  of  Geor- 
gia, the  frontier  continues  greatly  to 
increafe  in  flrength,  a  great  number 
of  perfons  coming  there  to  fettle  from 
the  northern  Rates. 

The  drought  which  has  fo  parched 
the  furface  of  this  ftate,  exceeds  in  its 
continuance  any  other  known  by  very 
old  citizens.  Numberlefs  brooks  and 
fprings  are  entirely  dried  up,  and  the 
exhaufted,  thirfty  traveller  is  frequent- 
ly obliged  to  go  fome  miles  out  of  his 
road,  before  he  is  able  to  procure  the 
refrefliment  of  a  drink  of  water. 
Georgetown,  Dec.  a. 

A  letter  from  a  gentleman  near  Fort 
Wheeling,  dated  November  12, 1789, 
fays,  "  the  fpirit  of  emigration  10  the 
weUern  regions  rages  more  than  ever: 
upwards  of  3000  perfons  are  encamp- 
ed near  this  place,  fome  of  whom 
have  been  here  ever  hnce  July  lafl  ; 
they  are  detained  on  account  of  the 
high  freflies  in  the  river — want  of 
boats,  provifion,  &c.  Their  fituation 
is  truly  deplorable,  as  this  part  of 
the  country  is  but  thinly  fettled.  This 
large  body  of  people  with  their  horfes 
and  cattle,  have  raifed  the  price  of 


17890 


Amerkan  intdltgtncc* 


€9* 


prAvifions  to  an  alarming  fceight, 
which  has  induced  many  of  them,, 
who  were  able,  to  return,  while  o- 
thers  are  fjiending  their  iiule  all  ia  ex* 
petiatinn  to  fee  the  waters  fall." 
Phiiadilpkia^  December  si. 

A  letter  from  a  principal  houfe  in 
Amlierdam.  dated  the  24th  Septem- 
ber, 175^9,  received  at  Bolton,  informs 
'*  That  American  bonds,  bearing  5 
per  cent,  intereft,  fell  on  the  ex- 
change at  2  per  cent,  above  par,  and 
thofe  bearing  intereft  of  4  percent, 
from  96  to  gg  per  cent,  and  are  rifing. 
This  is  the  happy  etfetl  of  the  new  fe- 
deral government." 

A  letter  from  Paris,  to  a  gentle- 
man in  Newhaven,  dated  Augud 
30th,  1789,  fays,  "  it  is  extremely 
gratifying,  my  dear  fir,  to  have  fpent 
the  laft  fix  months  in  this  country — 
where,  next  to  the  American  revo- 
lution, the  greateft  and  mod  wonder- 
ful fcenes  are  unfolding.  The  pro- 
grefs  of  truth  and  reafon  is  beyond 
calculation.  We  might  have  believ- 
ed from  theory,  that  government  would 
meliorate — that  the  people  might  dif- 
coverin  time,  that  as  laws  are  made 
for  them,  they  ought  to  be  made 
by  them — that  kings  fhould  be  but  ex- 
ecutive magillrates,  and  therefore  fub- 
jeB  to  the  laws.  But  when  we  con- 
fider  the  flow  and  almod  impercep- 
tible progrefs  of  fuch  ideas  from  tl^ 
date  of  Magna  Charta  to^  the  laft  re- 
volution in  England,  their  reirogade 
motion  from  the  time  of  the  great 
Henry,  to  Louis  XVIth.  in  France, 
and  their  dormant  ftate  for  many  ages 
in  all  the  reft  of  Europe,  it  is  aflon- 
ifliingthat  fo  many  events  of  this  na- 
ture {hould  be  crowded  into  fifieen 
years.  It  is  but  fince  the  American 
war  that  the  freedom  of  thmking  has 
been  by  any  means  general  in  France. 
The  example  of  America  in  her  the- 
oretical ideas  of  liberty  has  certainly 
been  agreat  advantage  to  France.  But 
greater,  if  polfible,  will  be  her  ex- 
ample in  her  dsvelopement  of  thefe 
ideas  in  her  government.  The  con- 
ftitution  of  France,  which  is  in  a 
good  degree  of  forward  nefs,  will  beas 
nearly  like  the  American,  as  is  con- 
fiftent  with  having  an  hereditary  chief 
magiftrate.  If  they  had  not  a  king  on 
hand,  they  would  not  create  one. 
They  will  now  preferve  him  with  fuch 
powers  as  the  people  choofe  to  dele- 


gate to  their  cxetutiv«  chief.  And 
he  will  gladly  accept  of  what  ihey 
may  give  him,  acknowledging  the 
fource  from  whence  it  Hows,  ihejM 
divinum  of  his  fellow  citizens. 

'*  The  other  nations  of  Europe  hare 
now  an  example  nearer  home — anl 
they  will  foon  follow  it.  The  gof« 
pel  of  civil  liberty  will  run  and  be 
glorified — nations  are  coming  to  its 
light,  and  kings  to  the  brightnefs  of 
its  rifing.  It  cannot  be  ten  years  be- 
fore Germany,  Spain,  and  South  A- 
merica  will  be  free:  how  many  other 
ftates  will  precede,  and  how  many  fol- 
low them,  cannot  now  be  known ; 
but  all  Europe  muft  do  one  or  the  o- 
ther.  One  principal  occafional  caufc 
of  thefe  revolutions,  is  the  immenfe  na- 
tional debts  accumulated  by  the  ex- 
penfive  wars  of  the  prefent  century^ 
Spain  finds  a  deficiency  of  eighty  mil- 
lions. The  emperor's  dominions  are 
exhaufted  by  war  and  taxes.  No  fo- 
vereignin  Europe  can  impofe  a  ne«r 
tax,  without  the  confentof  the  peo- 
ple, for  France  could  not  do  it. 
Spain  muft  an"emblc  her  cortes,  or 
fubmit  to  a  bankruptcy,  either  of 
which  is  the  direft  road,  and  the  firft, 
the  beaten  road,  to  a  revolution.  Af- 
femMing  the  notables  here,  has  done 
the  fame  thing." 

Philadtlphia  difptnfary. 

The  number   of  patients  admitted 
from  December  1,  1788,  to  Decem- 
ber ij  17S9,  is  i86^ 
Of  whom  the  num- 
ber cured  is            J561 
Dead                ^^ 
Relieved           8» 
Incurable            2 

Difcharged  diforderly       19 
Removed    to    the 
hofpital  and  houfe 
of  employment  la 

Remaining    under 
care  96 

186s 


Account  of  receipts 

£. 

s* 

fif. 

and  expenditures. 

Balance  in  the  trea- 

furcr's  hands  laft  year, 

17 

13 

5 

Received  from  con- 

tributors 

421 

15 

1 

Balance  due  to    the 

treafurer  this  year 

24 

H 

4 

/.  4% 


a    10 


49» 


Marriages  and  deaths. 


[December, 


Expenditures. 

Houfe  expenfes  and 

/. 

s. 

d. 

medicines 

289 

10 

8 

Houfe  rent 

50 

0 

0 

Apothecary's  falary 

100 

0 

0 

Printing  and  ftation- 

ary 

£4 

12 

2 

jC-464 

2 

10 

..4V  <S><^  <^ -■«)■•• 

MARRIED. 

Massachusetts.  At  Hatfield. 
Deacon  Elijah  Morton  t^  mrs.  Mar- 
tha Bardow,  aged  67  ! 

New  York.  /?2  the  capital.  Mr. 
Peter  Callct  to  mifs  Sufan  Meeks. — 
Mr.  Thomas  Cadle  to  mifs  Fifh. — 
Mr.  John  Evers  to  mifs  Titus. — Dr. 
P.  Van  Noemer  to  mifs  Deborah 
Ferris. — Capt.  T.  G.  Lockhart  to 
mifs  Phebe  Oakley. 

New  }zks^\ .InElizabetk-town. 
Dr.  Ichabod  Halfey  to  mifs  Polly 
Williams.— Mr.  Caleb  Hallled  to 
mifs  Nancy  Spencer. 

Pennsylvania.  In  Philadel- 
phia. Capt.  Gwinn  to  mifs  Mary 
Lukens. — Mr.   Robert  Wharton  to 


mifs    Saionie    C.    Chancellor. Mr, 

Henri  to  mifs  Eliza  Ofborn. 

Maryland.  At  Elkton.  Mr. 
Francis  Partridge  to  mifs  Hannah 
Gilpin. — Mr.  William  Cooch  to 
mifs  Peggy  Hollingfworth. 

In  Baltimore.      Captain    William 

Hughes  to  mifs    Betfy  M'Kirdy. 

Mr.   Jofeph    Evans  to    mifs    Eliza 
Davey. 

DIED. 

Massachusetts.  At  Kittery. 
Lady  Mary  Pepperell, 

At  Afhburnham.  Mr.  Ephraim 
Stone,  aged  83,  and  his  wife,  aged  -jS. 

New  Y  o  r  k .  In  the  capital.  Mr . 
George  Carrol. 

Delaware.  Near  Lewis  Crofs 
roads.     Col.  Ifaac  Carty, 

In  Kent  county.  Mrs,  Margaret 
Miller. 

la  Wilmington.  Mrs.  Martha  A- 
dams. 

Maryland.  In  Baltimore.  Mrs. 
Margaret  Profter. 

Virginia.  In  Richmond.  Ri- 
chard Cary,  efq. 

In  the  wefiern  territory,  Hon.  S. 
H.  Parfons. 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 

ACCOUNT  of  treading  out  wheat,  by  John  Beale  Bordley,  efq.  flialJ, 
ifpoffible,  appear  in  our  next. 

Z.  B.'s  communications  are  received  and  under  confideration. 

The  aft  of  alFembly  fent  by  a  Virginia  fubfcriber,  fhall  be  inferted  when- 
ever convenience  will  allow. 

The  proceedings  of  the  philanthropic  fociety,  communicated  by  William 
Taiham,  fliall  appear  as  early  as  poffible. 

The  ode  on  peace  requires  a  little  more  of  the  limae  labor. 

EuLOGiUM  on  rum  Ihall  appear  in  our  next.  The  favours  of  the  valuable 
correfpondent  who  wrote  this  piece,  will  be  always  acceptable.  » 

A  little  retouching  would  render  the  Hip  a  valuable  depofit  in  our  poetical 
department. 

Account  of  the  trade  between  America  and  the  Weft  India  iflands — 
efTay  on  the  public  debt  of  America — eftay  on  tlie  encouragement  of  manu- 
faftures — eftay  on  the  necelTity  of  preventing  the  pra£lice  of  fmiiggling — eftay 
on  the  climate  of  New  York — exports  from  Boflon,  in  1788 — method  of 
preferving  fruit — method  of  engraving  upon  glafs — Circular  letter  from  the 
iynod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia — &c.  &c.  are  intended  for  the  next 
number. 

Several  effays,   intended  for  this  number,  are  unavoidably  poflponed. 


PROCEEDINGS    OF     CONGRESS. 


Tuefday,  May  19. 

MR,  Bo.iQinut  brought  forward  a 
plan,  for  the  arrangement  of  the 
executive  departments.  He  intro- 
duced it  by  fome  general  obfervations 
on  the  Hate  of  the  feveral  great  offi- 
ces under  the  confederation — He  ob- 
ferved,  ihat  a  new  arrangement  was 
now  neceffary,  zr,  thofe  office'!  were 
not  propsriy  any  longer  m  exigence, 
and  if  they  were,  they  could  not,  in 
th£  prcfent  (.irutture,  be  (alien  as  mo- 
dels for  a  new  eilabhfliment — He 
lliPii  moved,  as  the  firft  ciaufc  in  the 
relolution,  that  a  fecretary  of  finance 
be  appointed  for  the  purpofes,  and 
with  the  powers,  therein  detcnbed. 

Mr.  Benfon  leconded  the  general 
propohtions,  but  did  not  agree  in  the 
propristy  of  enrering  into  the  parti- 
culars of  the  arrangement,  till  the 
houfc  had  determined  the  general  quef- 
tion,  how  many  departments  fliould 
he  eftablilhed.  .  He  therefore  moved, 
as  an  amendment,  that  there  fliould 
he  three  great  departments  eflablifhed, 
for  the  aid  of  the  executive  magiitrate 
— to  wit,  the  department  of  foreign 
aliairs,  the  department  of  the  trea- 
iury.  and  the  department  of  war. 

This  motion  was,  after  fome  debate, 
withdrawn,  in  favour  of  one  made  by 
mr,  Madifon,  to  this  effect,  *'  Re- 
Iblved,  that  it  is  the  opinion  of  this 
commiitee,  there  (hould  be  eftablilh- 
ed,  for  the  aid  of  the  chief  inagif- 
Trate,  in  executing  the  duties  of  his 
fiation,  thefoUowm.  depariments.  to 
wit,  a  department  for  foreign  aflairs, 
at  the  head  of  which  fliall  be  an  offi- 
cer, called  the  fecretary  of  the  united 
flates  f.ir  foreign  affairs ;  that  there 
ihoiild  be  a  department  of  the  trea- 
fury,  at  the  head  of  which  fliall  be, 
Sec.  and  a  department  of  war,  at  the 
head  of  which  fliaii  be,  &c. — to  be 
nominated  by  the  prefident,  and  ap- 
pointed bv  him,  with  the  advice  and 
confeiu  of  the  fenate — and  removable 
by  I  he  prefident." 

It  was  moved, .^s  an  amendment  to 
this  refolution,  to  annex  another 
claufe.  providing  a  department  for 
domeffic  affairs ;  and  feveral  reafons 
were  (uggeiled,  to  prove  the  prefcnt 
and  the  increaling  necelhty  of  fuch  an 
eliablifhment.  But  this  motion  was 
afterwards,  for  the  prefent,  withdrawn. 

Vol.  VI. 


It  was  moved  ip  make  a  divifjon  of 
the  qucltion,  and  tnct  leparate  quef- 
tions  fhoild  be  taken,  on  the  fubje£l 
of  each  departir.-iit.  The  ^u  ?ll.on  on 
the  hrif  being  put,  was  carried. 

On  the  cld'.ife,  rendering  the  heads 
of  department";' removabie  by  the  pre- 
lident,  a  conliderablc  debate  arole; 

The  ohjeftions  were,  that  giving 
the  power  of  removal  lo  the  prefideiu, 
would  render  vain  and  ufeleis  the  con- 
flitutional  provihon  for  impeachment, 
and  that  it  would  convey  a  dangerous 
authority  to  the  firR  magiRraie.  It 
was  alio  obferved,  that  if  the  '  prefi- • 
dent  had  th:s  power,  it  oi;ght  at  kaft 
to  be  tempered  and  qualified  by  the 
advice  and  confent  of-  the  fenate  :  for 
It  was  proper,  that  the  fame  power, 
which  created,  fhould  remove  officers. 

In  anfwer  to  thcfe.  ohjef.iions.  it; 
was  faid,  that  the  mode  of  im-pcach- 
ments.  provided  by  the  confliuninn, 
relpeti'ed  only  officers  of  a  particular 
nature,  and  did  not  extend  t«  the  ex- 
ecutive departments  in  general  f-tbat 
the  idea  of  bringing  all  the  inferior 
officers,  employed  in  ihe  adminillra- 
tion  of  government,  before  the  fenate, 
by  impeachments,  was  too  abfard  to 
be  ad  muted  :  that  it  was  neceffiiry,  to 
the  rcfponfibility  of  the  prefident, 
that  he  {liouid  have  the  coniroul  over 
the  officrr--  of  his  own  appointment. 

It  was  alio  obferved,  as  to  the  laft 
objeftion,  that,  if  the  confent  of  the 
fenate  in  every  removal  and  change 
of  officers  was  made  necefFary,  it 
would  render  ;t  expedient  for  the  fe- 
nate to  be  conffantly  afTsrahled. 

A  quellion  was  then  iaken,  whe- 
ther the  prefident  fliould  have  the  fole 
power  of  removal,  and  it  was  carried 
in  the  affirmative  by  a  large  maiorlty. 

The  qucihon  was  then  put,  whether 
there  fhould  be  a  tieafury  department, 
and  was  carried  in  the  aihrmative. 
Adjourned. 

IVedncfdny^    May  20. 

THE  houfe  rcfoived  ufelf  into  a 
committecof  the  whole,  on  t.,e  arrange- 
ment of  the  great  departments  of  the 
executive,  mr.  Trumliiill  m  the  chair. 

Mr.  Gerry  opened  the  debate,  bv 
a  defcription  of  the  difficulties,  which 
would  attend  fuch  a  departmcnr,  under 
the  adinmin ration  of  an  individual. — ■ 
He  took  up  and  examined  the  detail 
[A] 


Proceedings  of  congrcfs. 


of  the  powers  and  duties,  propofed  by 
ihe  mover  of  the  refolution,  lo  be  an- 
nexed to  the  office  .of  fecretary  for 
the  trenfiiry  department,  and  thought, 
they  were  too  numerous  and  compli- 
cated, to  be  difcharged  and  executed 
by  any  one  man,  whom  the  united 
Hates  aflordcd. 

He  then  went  into  a  train  of  obfer- 
vations,  to  fhew  the  danger  of  cor- 
ruption in  an  office  filled  by  a  fmgle 
man,  polFelTed  of  f'.ich  great  con- 
trouling  and  uncontroulable  powers  : 
whrrea^  a  number  of  commiilioners, 
poiFdhng  equal  authority,  would  be  a 
mnmal  check  loeach  other,  and  cor- 
ruption would  be  thereby  rendered 
more  difficult. 

lie  objetted  funher,  that  the  con- 
flitut  on  had  provided  in  the  fenaie  a 
council  to  arivife  the  prefident  in  the 
execution  of  government ;  but  that  the 
creation  of  a  financier,  with  all  the 
fplendor  and  powers  of  office,  would 
be  the  eftablifcment  of  a  miniitry, 
which  would  be  a  dangerous  inllru- 
hient  in  the  hands  of  the  executive. 

Me  then  moved  for  an  amendment 
to  the  refolution,  by  finking  out  that 
part  relative  to  a  lecretary  for  the 
treafu^v  department,  and  fubllitutmg 
a  claufe  for  the  appointment  of  a 
board  of  commifTioners. 

Mr.  Gerry  was  oppofed  by  mr. 
Wadf'.vorth,  who  confined  liimfelf  to 
the  proving  the  fuperiorify.  which 
iingle  men  of  abilities  pofTcfTed  over 
boards,  in  the  tranfacbon  of  public 
b'lfinef'i.  He  reprobated  in  the  llrong- 
eit  term':  the  condutl  of  boards  of 
comrrrlfioner".  in  general,  and  efpeci- 
aliy  the  late  board  of  treafury,  not 
bccaufe  they  were  deficient  in  integri- 
ty and  talents,  but  becaufe  there  was 
A  radical  vice  in  the  very  nature  and 
principles  of  thofe  inftitutions,  which 
was  productive  of  perpetual  obilrutti- 
ons  in  the  tranfadion  of  aflPairs,  of 
want  of  harmony,  and  that  decifion 
and  dirpaich,  which  were  the  foul 
ard  fpirit  of  public  bufinef';. 

lie  drew  a  companfon  between  the 

conc'ii^.t  of  the  late  financier,  and  the 

board  of  treafury;  and  fard,  that  the 

"u.irrdlel   was  entirely  to  the  advantage 

t  t'ie  f':'"mpr,  in  every  point  of  view. 

-idcr  the  adminifl ration  of  that  man, 

lie   buhnefs   had    been   conduc'ied 

a  fimpHcity,  accuracy,  and   diC- 

which  faved  our  finances  from 


denru^lion.  Immenfc  favings  had 
been  made  m  all  the  departments,  ci- 
vil and  military,-  over  which  he  had 
had  any  controul,  and  which  before 
had  been  in  a  ftate  of  diftraction.  Un- 
der the  adminifl ration  of  tlie  late  com- 
miiiioners,  the  finances  had  been  in  a 
flate  of  darkneis  and  confufion.  Un- 
certainty, indecifion,  and  wcaknefs 
appeared  in  all  their  tranfatlions.  He 
fpoke  from  experience.  The  difficul- 
ties and  delays  he  had  met  with  in  do- 
ing bufinefs  with  boards,  convinced 
h:m  that  there  was  fome  great  defeti 
in  their  formation,  which  was  incu- 
rable. 

Mr.  Benfon  fupported  the  fame 
fide  of  the  queflion.  He  obferved 
that  all  the  arguments,  refpefting  the 
danger  of  corruption,  &c,  wouid  ex- 
tend to  the  heads  of  all  departments,  as 
well  as  the  treafury.  They  would  ex- 
tend to  the  prefident  himfelf. 

The  debate  was  continued  by  mr, 
Baldvvfin,  mr.  Madifon  and  mr.  Bou- 
dinot,  the  latter  of  whom  fpfjke  large- 
ly. 'Ihefc  oppofed  the  amendment; 
and  mr.  Bland  fupported  it. 

The  queflion  was  put  upon  the  a- 
mendment,  which  was  negatived  with- 
out a  difTenting  vote. 

Mr.  Bland  then  moved,  that  a 
claufe  fliould  be  added,  inftituting  a 
board  of  treafury,  under  the  fuperin- 
tendanceof  thefinacier.  He  had  be- 
fore in  the  courfe  of  the  debate,  ob- 
ferved, that  he  was  not  oppofed  to  the 
creating  a  minifler  of  the  finances, 
who  fliould  have  a  general  fuperin- 
tendance  over  the  finance  eflablifh- 
ment,  and  be  veiled  with  the  pvower  of 
devifing,  forming,  and  recommend- 
ing fyllems  for  the  improvement  of  the 
revenue;  but  he  wifhed  he  might  not 
pofTefs  any  immediate  controul  over 
the  revenue  iifelf.  Ke  wifhed  he 
might  have  no  authority  or  agency 
whatever,  in  the  receipts  and  difburfe- 
menis  of  money.  For  fuch  purpofes 
as  ihefe,  he  thouj.;ht  a  board  was  ne- 
cciTary — a  board,  who  (hould  poffefs 
jx)wers,  which  could  not  fafely  be 
triiRed  with  an  individual  in  lo  ele- 
vated a  flation  as  the  financier. 

On  this  motion  the  queflion  was 
pur.  and  loll. 

A  queflion  was  then  taken,  whe- 
ther tliis  officer  fhould  be  removable 
by  the  prefident;  and  it  was  carried. 

After  ibis,  a    queflion  was  taken. 


Proceedings  cf  congrefs. 


ts 


whether  tliere  fliould  be  a  department 
of  war,  at  the  head  of  which  fhoald 
be  an  officer,  to  be  called  the  fecre- 
taiy  for  the  deparment  of  war  ;  which 
was  decided  in  the  affirmative. 

Mr.  Vinmg  then  nun  ed,  that  there 
fhould  alfo  be  ellabl  Tncd  a  depart- 
ment for  domed ic  affairs,  at  the  head 
of  which,  &c.  He  liipported  his 
motion  by  a  number  of  obfcrvations, 
pointing  out  the  expediency  of  fuch  an 
cftablifhment.  I'he  motion  was  fe- 
conded  by  mr,  Boudinot  and  mr. 
Huntington. 

Mr.  Benfon  obje^ed — He  thought 
it  would  be  proper  to  poftpcne  this 
part  of  the  eilablifhment  to  a  fdture 
time.  However  exicnfive  the  ob- 
jeft  of  fuch  an  office  might  be,  he 
was  not  fure  that  the  office  itfelf  was 
necefTary.  The  duties  which  would 
propeVly  come  under  this  department, 
he  conceived,  ini^ht  be  divided  and 
difiributed  among  other  departments. 
For  inilauce,  all  domeftic  matters 
which  related  to  the  revenue,  might 
be  managed  by  the  treafury  depart- 
ment. Alldomellic  matters  of  a  mi- 
iiiary  nature  mght  be  conduced  by 
the  fecretary  at  war.  If,  however, 
fi  dillincl  department  ffiould  be  found 
iiecelFary,  it  could  be  eflabl.flied  at 
any  time. 

To  this  mr.  Vining  repli.ed,  by  e- 
numerating  a  number  of  ohjefts  which 
could  not  come  wiihtn  the  manage- 
ment of  either  department,  fuch  asihe 
numerous  and  increalmg  objetis  of  a 
territorial  nature,  and  the  extenfive 
correfpondence  between  the  federal 
government  and  its  weRern  dependen- 
cies. He  alfo  mentioned  the  propri- 
ety of  indituting  this  office  for  the 
authentication  of  public  inRruments 
of  every  kind.  At  prefent  there  was 
no  office  to  affix  the  feal  of  govern- 
ment to  the  numerous  afts  which 
would  take  place  relative  to  domellic 
regulations. 

To  this  idea  of  mr.  Vining  it  was 
anfwered,  that  for  the  purpofe  of  au- 
thenticating public  afts  by  feal,  there 
would  undoubtedly  be  an  officer  ap- 
pointed ;  but  it  would  be  very  impro- 
per to  eftabliffi  a  great  department, 
with  a  large  falary,  to  perform  fuch 
an  inconfiderable  duty.  An  officer 
would  probably  be  created  in  proper 
time,  with  a  falary  proportionate  to  the 
txtcBt  and  importance  of  the  objcQ. 


The  committee  then  rofe,  and  the 
houfe  adjourned 

Tkurfday.   May  21. 

THE  houtc  took  up  the  refolu- 
tions  of  the  committee  of  yellerday, 
rclpecting  the  executive  departments, 
and  having  conHrmed  the  fame,  pro- 
ceeded to  ballot  for  a  fpecial  com- 
mittee of  eleven,  to  prepare  and  bring 
in  a  bill  or  bills  fur  the  jjurpofe  of 
carrying  thofe  refolutions  into  effeft. 
The  committee  were  mr.  Baldwin, 
mr.  Benlon,  mr.  Madifon,  mr.  ^'^in- 
ing,  mr.  Burke,  mr.  Livermore,  mr, 
Boudinot,  mr.  Fitzfimons,  mr.  Wadf- 
worth,  mr.  Cadwallader,  and  mr. 
Gerry. 

The  committee  of  elcftions,  to 
whom  were  referred  the  feveral  pe- 
titions from  the  inhabitants  of  New 
Jerfcy,  refpcBing  the  election  in  ihat 
itate  for  reprefentatives  in  congiefs, 
reported  a  lefolution,  that  a  committee 
ffiould  be  appointed,  with  authority 
to  receive  and  hear  evidence  on  the 
fubje£l  of  thofe  petitions  ;  ihat  a  day 
ffiould  be  appointed,  on  which  this 
committee  fhould  fit  for  the  above 
purpofe  ;  and  thai  the  fpeaker  fhould 
be  requeued  to  tranfmit  a  copy  of  that 
refolution  to  the  governor  of  New- 
Jevfey,  wiili  a  requeft  that  he  would 
caufe  the  fame  to  be  publ:l)  ed  in  the 
feveral  newfpagers  of  that  ftate.  Ad- 
journed, 

Friday,   May  22. 

THE  quefiioii  of  mr. Smith's  eli- 
gibility to  a  feat,  by  reafon  of  his 
having  been  feven  years  a  citizen  of 
the  united  dates,  was  put,  and  at  ihe 
rcquefl  of  mr.  Tucker,  who  had  been 
applied  to  by  dr.  Ramfey  to  have  the 
yeas  and  nays  taken  on  the  queRion, 
it  was  determined  in  that  mode  in  mr. 
Smith's  favour,  with  only  one  difTent- 
ilig  vote.     After  this  adjudication, 

The  houfe  adjourned. 

Monday,   May  25. 

Mr.  Madiibn,  who  was,  according 
to  notice,  to  have  moved,  this  day, 
for  the  houfe  to  go  into  a  committee 
on  the"  fubje£t  of  amendments  to  the 
conftitutioh,  thought  it  expedient, 
for  a  number  of  reafons,  to  poRpone 
his  motion  for  the  prefent  ;  and  gave 
further  notice,  that  this  day  fortnight 
he  would  bring  forward   this  motion. 

Mr.  (joodhue  moved,  that  a  com- 
mittee ffiould  be  appointed  to  report 
what  compenfatior.  would  be  proper 


4l 


Proceedings  of  congrffs. 


to  be  allowed  to  the  prefident,  vice- 
prefident,   &c. 

Mr.  Paije  ihoiight  it  bell  to  go  in- 
to a  coiniiiittee  of  the  whole  on  this 
biilinefs.  The  queflion  for  ,c;oing  in- 
to a  committee  C)f  ihe  vviiole  being 
put  and  earned — the  houfe  refolved 
iriclt  into  a  comm:ttee,  and  mr. 
Tnimbul'  was  called  to  the  chair. 

A  refoliu.on  was  tlien  moved,  that 
per  annmn   be   allowed  the 
prefident,  diaring  his   continuance  in 
olhce,    to  be  paid  in  four  equal  quar- 
terly payments'. 

On  this  refolution  fome  debate 
took  place  refpecting  the  form  in 
which  the  allowance  fhould  be  made 
him — whether  the  blink  fhould  be 
filled  up  with  one  grofs  fum,  compre- 
hending a  provlfion  for  the  lupport  of 
his  houfehold  and  bis  fecretary,  or 
whether  the  allowance  fhould  be  di- 
vided into  two  branches  ;  tire  com- 
peiifa?ion  for  his  fervices,  and  the 
mdiiuenance  of  his  houf  hold.  In  the 
rourfe  of  this  df^bate,  Mr.  Lawrence 
fuagefted  twenfy-five  thoufand  dol- 
lar';, as  a  proper  fum  to  fillup  the 
hlank,  incl'icling  his  private  fecretary, 
cl.'rks,   &c. 

The  co;:im'ttee  rofe  without  com- 
ing to  any  refolution. 

Tuefday^   May  <,'6. 

THE  bill  !<iying  duties  on  ton- 
n:i;^e  was  read  the  fecond  time. 

Uii   notion  of  mr.  WliUe,   voted, 
TiiJt  thi<i  bill  be  referred    to   a   coin- 
ri)!!tee  of  the   whole— and    made   the 
order  oi  the  day  for  fo- morrow. 
IVedn^fday,   M.jy  '27. 

O  N  motion,  the  houfc  refolved 
iiLir  iiHo  a  committee  of  the  whole, 
on  a  iTporied  bill  for  inipuling  a  duty 
on  tonnage. 

A  mofon  was  made  to  mfert  in  the 
b'll,  a  claufe,  impofing  a  duty  of 
fitty  cenis  on  all  vefTcls  not  built  with- 
in the  united  fkites,  which  may  be- 
come the  property  of  clii/ens  there- 
of. This,  aficr  fome  dcba:e,  wa^ 
'  .;'  r.cd. 

It  vvds  then  moved,  to  firike  out 
ill.-;  claufe  reHrainmg  foreign  fliips 
from  being  employed  in  the  coali'iig 
trade,  which  was  negatived. 

The  committee  rofe.  and  reported 
?I.:^  fame,  as  amended,  and  it  was  or- 
d-i  -d  to  lie  on  the  tabic. 

ivl.  Fnzfimons,  from  th.e  commit- 
tee appointed  for   tliat  purpofe,  pre- 


fented  a  bill  to  regulate  th-  colleQion 
ot  the  impoll,  which  was  read,  and 
ordered  to  he  on  the  table. 

Adjourned. 

Thurfday,  May  28. 

THE  houle  met,  and  the  tonnage 
bill  was  read,  as  amended  in  the  com- 
mittee, and  agreed  to  by  the  houfe  ; 
afier  which  it  was  ordered  to  be  en- 
grofied  for  a  third  reading,  and  made, 
the  order  of  the  day  for  to-morrow. 

The  houfe  refolved  itfelf  into  a 
committee  of  the  whole,  on  the  fiate 
of  the  union,  according  to  the  ella- 
bliflied  order  of  the  day, 

Mr.  Trumbull  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  Scott,  in  a  pointed  and  argu- 
mentative fpeech,  introduced  to  the 
attention  of  the  committee,  the  necef- 
fity  of  ellablifhing  a  land  office,  for 
the  difpofal  of  the  vacant  and  unap- 
propriated lands  in  the  wefiern  terri- 
tory ;  for  which  purpofe,  he  moved 
the  committee  to  agree  to  a  refolu- 
tion, recommending  the  appointment 
of  a  felecl  committee,  by  the  houfe, 
for  the  purpofe  of  regulating  the  fame. 

H";  vv'as  fccondcd  by  mr.  V'lning, 
who  :nf:i]sd  on  the  neccihty  and  pro- 
priety oi  the  nieaiure. 

But  the  fiibjeit  appearing  of  high 
importance  to  the  committee,  it  was 
agreed  to  rife,  in  order  to  obtain 
time  for  gaining  information.  Ad- 
journed. 

Friday,  May  29. 

THE  engrolled  bill  for  laying  a 
duty  on  tonnage,  w;is  read  a  third 
lime,  and  pa  {fed  the  houfe. 

The  bill  !o  regulate  the  collection 
of  the  impofl,  was  read  a  fecond  time 
and  committed  to  a  committee  of  the 
whcle,  to  be  taken  up  on  Monday. 
Adjourned. 

Monday,  June  \ . 

Mr.  Eenfon  gave  notice,  that  he 
inicnded  to  move  a  refolution  to 
this  effcft,  that  congrefs  will  ear- 
neflly  recommend  to  the  IcgiUature  of 
Rh  )de  Hlaiid,  to  call  a  convention 
of  the  pf'ople  of  that  ilate,  in  order 
to  adopt  the  conftitution. 

Mr.  rienfon  faid,  he  had  no  other 
view  in  bringing  this  forward,  ihan 
that  tlie  united  flaies  (liould  know 
rcria'nly  and  fpcedily,  whciher  the 
ibie  nf  Rhode  ifland  intended  to  be- 
come a  member  of  ihc  union.  It 
m'tiht.  li<*  fa'd,  be  fuppofed  by  fome, 
that  that   ihits  hud   already  given  liS 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


u 


ultimatum-  But  he  would  inform  the 
houfe,  that  the  governor  of  Rhode 
IQand  had  fent  information  to  the  late 
congiefs,  that  the  conllitution  had 
been  fi.bmitted  to  the  decifion  of  the 
feveral  towns  in  that  ftate,  a  majority 
of  which  appeared  to  be  oppofed  to 
it.  That  congrofs  had  tukcn  no  no- 
tice of  this  communicatvon,  as  it  was 
confidered  as  an  improper  and  uncon- 
ftitutional  mode  of  deicnnming  on  the 
merits  of  the  coniliiution. 

Mr.  Baldwin,  from  the  commiUee 
appointed  to  2gree  upon  the  compen- 
faiion  to  be  allowed  the  prefident, 
vice  pre(ident,fenalors,  and  reprefen- 
tatives,  reported,  that  the  prelident 
fhould  be  allowed,  as  a  compenfation 
for  his  fcrvices,  twenty  thoutand  dol- 
lars per  annum,  comptehendiniJ  the 
allowance  for  his  fecretaries,  clerks, 
&,c.  and  exclufive  of  the  expenfe  of 
his  equipage,  fervants,  and  lome  other 
objetts  to  be  provided  for  and  defrayed 
from  the  public  treafury. 

That  the  vice-prefident  fliould  be 
allowed  a  falary  of  five  thoufaiid  dol- 
lars per  annum,  and  the  fenators  and 
reprefentatives,  fix  dollars  per  day, 
during  their  actual  attendance  in  con- 
grefs ;  and,  for  the  expenfes  of  tra- 
velling to  and  from  the  feat  of  go- 
vernment, fix  dollars  fur  every  twen- 
ty niiios. 

On  motion  of  mr.  Smith,  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  bring  in  a 
bill  for  the  eUabliflimeiit  of  a  fyf- 
tem  of  bankrupt  laws,  throughout 
the  united  dates. 

Then  the  houfe  adiourned. 
Tuejday.   June  ■>. 

MR.  Bald'.vin,  from  the  commit- 
tee appointed  to  bi  ing  in  a  bill  or  bills, 
purfuant  to  the  refolution  for  inllitnt- 
ing  the  three  fubordinate  executive 
departments,  reported  two  bills — one, 
for  the  arrangement  of  the  war  de- 
partment— the  other,  for  the  depart- 
ment of  foreign  affairs  ;  ihefe  bdls 
pri)vided  in  fubOmce,  fir  bringing 
under  the  direttion  of  ihefe  depart- 
ments, by  orders  from  the  prefident, 
thofe  national  objects  which  had  ccmis 
within  their  cognizance,  under  the 
old  Confedeiation. 

A  motion  was  mtroSuced  and  a- 
dopted,  that  the  comnr.ttee  which 
had  reported  the  bill  fir  coUeclitig 
the  reventir,  fiioutd  be  inilnined  to 
prepare  a  bill  or  biiU,  providing  for 


the  regiftering  of  velTels,  afcertaining 
their    tonnage,    regulating    pilotage, 
light-houfes,   &c.     Adjourned. 
Wednefday,  June  3. 

THE  bill  for  the  ellabliihment  of 
a  department  of  war,  and  the  bill  for 
the  eftabliChment  of  a  department  of 
foreign  affairs,  were  read  a  iecond 
time,  and  referred  to  a  committee 
of  the  whole  houfe,  to  be  taken  up  on 
1'uefday  next.  Adjourned. 
Thurfday\  June   4. 

MR.  Baldwin,  from  the  committee 
appointed  for  the  purpofe,  reported  a 
bill  to  eftablifli  the  treafury  depart- 
ment.    Adjourned. 

Friday,  June  5. 

A  Meffage  from  the  fenate,  which 
was  received  yefterday,  providing  for 
the  tranfmilTion  of  the  aCh  of  con- 
grefs  to  the  executives  of  the  feveral 
ftates,  was  read  a  fecond  time  and 
received  the  unanimous  concurrence 
of  the  houfe. 

The  bill  providing  for  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  treafury  department,  was 
read  a  fecond  time,  and  referred  to 
a  committee  of  the  whole  houfe. 

Mr.  Jackfon  gave  notice,  that  o'tx 
Wednefday  next,  he  Ciould  move  for 
the  appoiniment  of  a  commutee,  to 
bring  in  a  bill  for  the  eflablilhment  of 
a  fylcemof  naturalization  tor  the  unit- 
ed Hates. 

Mr.  Benfon  propofed,  that  the 
houfe  fliould  then  form  itfelf  into  a 
committee  of  the  whole,  on  the  (late 
of  the  union,  and  take  into  confider- 
ation  the  prooofed  rclolution  reipect- 
ing  Rhode  llland. 

This  occafioncd  a  fliort  difcuflion, 
which  terminated  in  taking  the  pre- 
vious r^neiiion — whether  the  houfe 
fhould  go  into  a  committee  of  the 
whole  for  the  above  purpofe?  this 
paired  in  the  negative,  and  fo  the 
propuicd  refolution  was  loft. 

Mr.  Ames  introduced  a  petition 
from  the  artilicers  and  manufafturers 
of  the  town  of  BoHoii' — which  being 
read,  was  laid  on  the  table. 

Mr.  Vining  gave  notice,  that  on 
Wednefday  next  he  would  fubmit  to 
the  hoi'fe  a  ref  ilve,  prnvidnig  for  the 
eliabliihment  of  a  fourth  fabordmate 
excc;itive  department,  to  be  denomi- 
nated; the  department  of  the  ferreta- 
ry  of  the  united  Hates  for  domeiLc 
aha^rs. 

"Thi  hcufc  thsn  adjourned. 


6] 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


Monday,  June  8. 

UPON  motion,  it  was  voted,  that 
the  feveral  petitions  from  tradefmen 
and  mannfatturers,  fiiould  be  tranl- 
raitted  to  the  fenate. 

Mr.  Madifon,  agreeably  to  notice, 
moved,  that  the  houfe  now  form  it- 
feif  into  a  comm'ffee  of  the  who!?, 
upon  the  ftate  of  the  union,  to  take 
into  con!iderat:on  the  fubjeci  of  a- 
iTiendments,  agreeably  to  the  nfch  ar- 
ticle of  the  conditution. 

Mr.  Smuh  fuggefted  the  Inexpe- 
diency of  taking  up  the  fubjeft  at  the 
prefent  moment,  in  a  cemmittee  of 
ihe  whole,  while  matters  of  the  great- 
eil  in^portance,  and  of  immediate 
confequence,  were  lying  unfiniihed. 
The  great  bufinefs  of  the  revenue  ap- 
peared to  him  to  claim  a  conllant  and 
uninterrupted  attention,  till  completed 
— he  moved,  therefore,  that  inflead 
of  referring  the  fubject  to  a  committee 
of  the  whole,  a  feleft  committee 
Ihould  be  appointed,  to  take  iiuoconfi- 
deration  the  amendments  propofed  by 
the  feveral  ftaies. 

Mr.  Jackfon — I  am  oppofed,  fir, 
to  taking  up  the  fubjet^  of  amend- 
ments to  the  conflitution,  till  we  have 
had  fome  experience  of  its  good  or 
had  qualities.  The  conflitution  mjy 
be  compared  to  a  (hip  that  has  never 
yti.  put  to  fea ;  Ihe  is  now  lying  in 
the  dock;  we  have  had  no  trial  as 
■>  et ;  we  do  not  know  how  {he  may 
i'teer ;  what  fort  of  a  helm  fhe  carries  ; 
we  cannot  determine,  with  preclfion, 
•whether  (he  fails  upon  an  even  keel 
Of  no.  Upon  experiment,  {lie  may 
prove  fanUlefs,  or  her  defeth  miy  be 
very  obvious  ;  but  the  piefeiit  is  not 
the  time  for  alterations.  Very  im- 
portant and  urgent  bufinefs  now  re- 
<}iiircs  the  attention  of  this  honourable 
bodv  ;  bu!inefs  of  fuch  confequence, 
as  that  of  revenue,  without  which  the 
conflitution  is  of  very  little  import- 
ance. Should  amendments  now  be 
taken  up,  it  will  be  months,  perhaps, 
before  we  can  get  (hrou.t<h  with  them  ; 
mean  time,  the  important  interefls  of 
our  coniiitueuis  will  befacnficed.  The 
:!taie  that  1  have  the  honour  to  repre- 
leii! ,  has  ratified  the  conflitution,  with- 
out fpecifying  any  amendments.  They 
ar°  fatisfied  with  it  in  its  prefent  form, 
lill  experience  fhall  point  out  its  de- 
fers. I  move,  therefore,  fir,  that 
the  confidcraiion  of  the  fuhjefi  of  a- 


mendinents  bs  poRponed  till  the  firft 
day  of  March,  1790. 

Mr.  Ooodhueoblerved,  that  (hough 
he  confidered  it  as  premature,  to  take 
up  the  fubjed  of  amendments  at 
the  prefent  time,  yet  he  could  not 
conceive  the  propriety  of  poflponing 
the  matter  for  fo  long  a  period.  It 
certainly  was  the  general  idea,  that  a- 
mendmentsfhould  be  confidered  ;  and 
a  regard  to  the  wiflies  of  our  confli- 
tuents,  required  that  they  fhould  be 
attended  to  as  foon  as  the  public  in- 
terefl  permitted. 

Mr.  Burke  made  fome  obje61ions 
of  fimilar  import  with  thofe  which 
fell  from  mr.  Goodhue;  and  thought 
that  the  fubject  of  the  revenue  was  of 
the  greatefl  importance  to  be  immedi- 
ately attended  to. 

Mr.  Madifon  obfefved,  that  the 
fuhjetl  had  been  poflponed  from  time 
to  time,  that  the  members  might  have 
opportunity  more  fully  to  make  up 
their  ju  joments  upon  it — a  fortnight 
had  elapied  fince  the  fird  alTigned  pe- 
riod, and  if  the  motion  for  a  further 
dillant  period  fiiould  be  adopted,  it 
would  be  conflrued  into  a  dcfign  to 
take  no  ferious  notice  ofthe  bufinefs. 
The  propofitions  for  amendir^ents  to 
the  conOiiution,  came  from  various 
quarters,  and  thofe  the  moll  refpecia- 
ble  ;  and  therefore  to  give  fome  de- 
gree of  fatisfa8ior-.  it  feemcd  necef- 
fary  that  congrefs  fiiould,  as  foon  as 
polfible.  attend  to  the  wilhes  of  iheir 
conftituems.  He  did  not  propoie 
that  a  full  inveftigation  fhould  imme- 
diately be  gone  into  ;  but  to  quiet  the 
apprehenfions  of  a  great  many  per- 
fons,  refpeding  the  fecuring  certain 
rights,  which,  it  was  fuppofed,  were 
not  fufficiently  guarded,  he  thought  it 
neceffan',  that  congrefs  fiiould  com- 
mence the  enquiry,  and  place  the 
matter  in  fuch  a  train,  as  to  infpire  a 
reafonable  h«pe  and  expeftation,  that 
full  jullice  would  eventually  be  done 
to  fo  important  a  fubjeft — He  there- 
fore renewed  his  motion  for  the  houfe 
to  go  into  a  committee  of  the  whole, 
that  the  invefligation  of  the  bufinefs 
might  at  Icafl  commence. 

Mr.  Sherman  fuppofed,  that  tak- 
ing up  the  fubjeft  of  amendments  at 
this  time,  would  alarm  more  perfons 
than  v.'ould  have  their  apprehenfions 
quieted  thereby  ;  he  thought  that  the 
necefluy   of   amendments    would   be 


Proceedings  sf  congrefs. 


b 


befl  pointed  out  by  the  defcHs,  which 
experience  might  dilcover  in  the  con- 
ftitution. 

Mr.  White  obferved,  that  the  fub- 
jett  of  amendments  was  of  very  exten- 
frve  importance :  he  fuppofed  that 
the  houfe  could  not,  with  any  pro- 
priety, defer  their  confideration  any 
longer  ;  for  akhough  the  conliitution 
had  been  fo  generally  ratiiied,  yet  it 
was  evident,  that  aherations  and 
amendments  were  expected  by  per- 
haps a  majority  of  the  people  at  large. 

Mr.  Smith  then  introduced  a  pro- 
pofition  for  the  appointm.ent  of  a  fe- 
leci  committee,  to  take  the  bufinefs 
into  confideration,  and  report. 

Mr.  Page  was  m  favour  of  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole,  and  urged  the 
propriety  of  commencing  the  enquiry 
without  any  furihcr  delay,  as  a  mea- 
fure  that  would  be  produttiveof  very 
happy  confequences. 

Mr.  Vining  was  oppofed  to  the 
ineaf'.ire,  for  feveral  reafons — the  in- 
completenefs  of  the  revenue  and  ju- 
diciary fyftems  ;  thefe,  he  urged, 
ought  to  be  finifiied  previous  to  a  dif- 
cuihon  of  amendments  :  the  judiciary 
fyftem  might  provide  a  remedy  for 
fome  of  the  deferts  complained  of — 
and  without  giving  the  conftitution 
any  operation,  it  was  impolfible  to 
determine  what  were  defetls,  or  not 
— and  what  aherations  were  necelTary. 
He  further  obferved,  that  he  conceiv- 
ed it  neceffary,  previous  to  any  dif- 
cufhon  of  the  fubjetl,  that  it  (hould 
be  afcertained,  whether  two-thirds  of 
the  houfe  and  fenate  were  in  favour 
of  entering  upon  the  bwfinefs  :  he  fup- 
pofed, that  the  voice  of  two-thirds 
was  as  requifite  to  fanftion  the  ex- 
pediency of  the  meafure,  as  it  was 
to  the  adoption  of  amendments.  He 
was  fully  of  opinion,  that  experience 
alone  could  afcertain  the  real  quali- 
ties of  the  conRitution.  The  pt^o- 
ple  are  waiting  with  anxiety  for 
the  operations  of  the  government. 
What  have  congrefs  done  ?  Have 
they  palTed  a  revenue  law  ?  Is  not  the 
revenue  daily  efcaping  us  ?  Is  it  not 
of  immenfe  confequence  to  complete 
the  fyllem  ?  Let  us  not  perplex  our- 
felves,  by  introducing  one  weighty 
and  important  queOion,  after  an- 
other, till  fome  dccifions  are  made  : 
this  mode  of  iiiirodiuing  one  piece  of 
bufinefs,  before  a  former  one  is  com- 


pleted, tends  to  confufe  the  mind,  and 
incapacitate  it  from  doing  full  juflicc 
to  any  fubject.  He  hoped,  therefore, 
that  the  houfe  would  not  go  into  a 
committee  of  the  whole  upon  this 
bufinefs, 

Mr.  Madifon  conceded  to  the  mo- 
tion for  chufing  a  feleft  committee. 
He  then  obferved,  that  he  thought  it 
would  be  attended  with  falutary  eilects,  . 
{liould  congrefs  devote,  at  the  pre- 
fent  time,  fo  much  as  one  day  to  this 
bufinefs,  to  convince  the  world,  that 
the  friends  to  the  conliitution,  were 
as  firm  friends  to  liberty  as  thofe  who 
had  oppofed  it  :  the  advocates  for  a- 
mendments  are  numerous  and  rcfpeH- 
able  :  fome  alterations  of  the  conili- 
tution  lie  with  great  weight  upon 
their  minds :  they  merit  confideration. 
He  urged  the  expediency  of  the  mea- 
fure, from  the  fituation  of  Rhode- 
Ifland  and  North  Carolina.  He  had 
no  doubt  that  it  would  conciliate  them 
towards  the  union,  and  induce  them 
to  unite,  and  again  become  branches 
of  the  great  American  family.  He 
was,  he  obferved,  in  favour  of  fundry 
alterations,  or  amendments  to  the  con- 
ftitution— he  fuppofed  that  they  could 
be  made  without  any  injury  to  the 
fyftem.  He  did  not  wifli  a  reconfider- 
ation  of  the  whole  ;  but  fuppofed  that 
alterations  might  be  made,  without 
afFefting  the  effential  principles  of  the 
conftitution,  which  would  meet  with 
unlverfal  approbation  ;  thefe,  he  pro- 
pofed,  fhould  be  incorporated  in  the 
body  of  the  conftitution.  He  then 
mentioned  the  feveral  objeftions 
which  had  been  made  by  feveral  of 
the  fiates,  and  by  the  people  at  large. 
A  bill  of  rights  had  been  the  great 
objetl  contended  for — but  this  was 
one  of  thofe  amendments  which  he 
had  not  fuppofed  very  elfential.  The 
freedom  of  the  prefs,  and  the  rights 
of  confcience,  thofe  choiceft  flowers 
in  the  privileges  of  the  people,  were 
not  guarded  by  the  Britilh  conftituti- 
on. With  refpeQ  to  thefe,  apprehen- 
fions  had  been  entertained  of  their 
infecurity  under  the  new  conftitu- 
tion; a  bill  of  rights,  therefore,  to 
quiet  the  minds  of  the  people  upon 
thefe  points,  might  be  falutary.  He 
then  adverted  to  the  feveral  bills  of 
right":,  which  were  annexed  to  the 
conflirutions  of  individual  ftates  ;  the 
great  oljetl  of  thefe  was,  to  limit  and 


8] 


Proceedings  of  cortgrcfs. 


qualify  the  pov/ers  of  government — 
to  g'lard  agauilt  the  encroachments  of 
the  execiiiive.  In  ihe  federal  govefn- 
raent,  the  executive  is  the  vvcakell — 
the  dan.i;er  lies  not  in  the  executive, 
hut  in  I  he  great  body  of  the  people — 
in  the  difpofition  which  the  majority 
always  dilcovers,  to  bear  down,  and 
depref's  the  minority. 

In  ftating  objections  which  had 
been  made  to  affixing  a  bill  of  rights 
to  the  conduution,  mr.  Madifon  ob- 
ferved,  that  objof.tions  to  a  continen- 
tal bill  of  rights,  applied  equally  lo 
its  adoption  by  the  ftates.  The  ob- 
jection to  a  bill  of  rights,  from  the 
powers  delegated  by  the  conOitulion, 
being  defined  and  limited,  has  weight, 
while  the  government  conhnes  iilcif 
to  ihofe  fpecified  limits :  but  inllances 
may  occur,  m  which  thofe  limits  may 
be  exceeded,  by  virtue  of  a  conll ruc- 
tion of  that  ciaufc,  empowcruig  con- 
grels  to  make  all  laws  neceffary  to 
carry  the  conftitution  into  execution. 
The  article  of  general  warrants  may 
be  initjnced.  It  has  been  obferved, 
that  the  conll-tution  does  not  repeal 
the  ftate  bills  of  rights  ;  to  this  it  may 
be  replied,  that  fume  of  the  fiates  are 
without  any — and  that  fome  articles 
contained  in  thofe  (hat  have  them, 
are  very  improper,  and  iniringe  upon 
the  rights  of  human  nature,  in  feveral 
refpetts.  It  has  been  faid,  that  bills 
of  rights  have  been  violated  ;  but 
does  it  follow  from  thence  that  ihey 
do  not  produce  faliuary  effecls  ?  This 
objefl'on  may  be  urged  again!!  every 
regulation  whatever.  From  ihefe,  and 
other  confiderations,  he  inferred  the 
expediency  of  a  declaration  of  rights, 
to  be  incorporated  in  the  conduution. 

Mr.  Jackfon  obferved,  that  the 
honourable  gentleman's  ingenious  de- 
tail, fo  far  from  convincing  him  of 
the  expediency  of  brmging  forward 
the  fubjetl:  of  amendments  at  this 
time,  had  confirmed  him  in  the  con- 
trary opinion  :  the  prolpeft,  which 
fuch  a  difLulfion  opened,  was  wide 
and  extenhvc,  and  would  preclude 
other  bufinefs,  of  much  greater  mo- 
ment, at  the  prcfent  junclure — he  dif- 
fered widely  from  the  geuilcman, 
with  regard  to  bills  of  rights — feveral 
of  the  dates  had  no  fuch  bill? — Rhode 
Ifland  had  none — there,  liberty  was 
earned  to  cxcefs,  and  llccntioufncfs 
triumphed — in  force  dates,  which  had 


fuch  a  nominal  fecurity,  the  encroach- 
ments upon  the  rights  ot  the  people 
had  been  mod  complained  of.  The 
prefs,  mr.  Jackfon  obferved,  is  un- 
boundedly free — a  recent  indance  of 
which  the  houle  had  witncffed,  in  an 
attack  upon  one  of  its  members.  A 
bill  of  rights  is  a  mere  ignis  fatuus^ 
amuling  by  appearances,  and  leading 
of  en  to  dangerous  conclullons.  1  re- 
peat It,  fir,  the  prefent  is  not  the  time  to 
bring  forward  amendments  :  they  muft 
be  ipeculative  and  theoretical  in  the 
very  nature  of  things,  and  may  ihem- 
felves  be  the  fubjett  of  future  amend- 
ments. This  confideration  pomts 
out,  in  the  ilronged  manner,  the  pro- 
jiriety  of  waiting  the  reiult  of  expe- 
riment, to  determine  the  merits  of  the 
rondituiion  :  to  that  let  us  refer  the 
fubject,  and  not  iofe  our  time  in  ufe- 
Lels  fpeculaiions. 

Mr.  Gerry  thought  it  unnecefiary 
to  go  into  a  committee  of  the  whole 
upon  this  fubjeft  at  the  prefent  mo- 
ment. He  did  not  think  fuch  a  dep 
neceffary  to  fatisfy  the  people,  who 
are  fully  fenfible  that  congrefs  is  now 
engaged  in  the  great  objeth  of  the- 
government.  He  widied,  however, 
that  as  early  a  day  as  polilble,  might 
be  alhgned  ;  that  the  mode  of  another 
convention  might  not  be  thought  of 
— in  which  we  might  Iofe  the  mod 
effential  parts  of  the  conduution. — he- 
obferved,  that  he  was  not  a  blind, ad-! 
mirer  of  the  lydem — there  were  de- 
fefls  as  well  as  beauties  in  it — but  as 
it  was  now  become  the  conditution  of 
the  union,  he  conceived,  that  the  fal- 
vation  of  the  country  depended  upon 
its  cdablilhinent,  amended  or  not. 
He  was  further  in  favour  of  an  early 
day,  on  account  of  North  Carolina 
and  Rhode  Ifland,  as  the  acccflion 
of  thele  dates  to  the  union  was  very 
defirable,  and  good  policy  di^iated 
that  every  proper  dep  ihould  be  taken 
to  expediie  that  event.  He  was  op- 
f  ofed  to  referring  that  matter  to  a  fe- 
!ect  commit (ee,  as  derogatory  to  the 
dignity  of  the  dates.  He  conceived 
the  \viole  of  the  amendments,  pro- 
j^ofed  by  the  feveial  conventions, 
ihoiil  1  come  immediately  before  the 
houle.  The  faiih  of  congrefs  ought 
to  be  conlidcred  as  pledged  to  take  up 
this  bufinefs  upon  the  mod  extenfive 
fcah'.  He  therefore  moved,  that  aU 
the  various   propohiions   for  amend.- 


Proceedings  of  congrejs. 


u 


merits  fliould  be  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole,  and  an  early  day 
be  alligned  to  go  into  a  full  invef- 
tigation  of  the  fubjcd — and  propofed 
the  firft  Monday  in  July. 

Several  other  gentlemen  fpoke  up- 
on the  fubjeft,  when 

Mr.  Madifon  arofe,  and  withdrew 
his  laft  motion  for  a  feleft  committee  ; 
and  then  fubmitied  to  the  houfe,  a  re- 
folve,  comprifinga  number  of  amend- 
ments, to  be  mcorporated  in  the  con- 
ftitution. 

Mr.  Liverrnore  was  oppofed  to 
this  refolve — he  conceived  it  entirely 
improper  for  any  individual  member 
to  propot'e  any  particular  number  of 
amendments,  which  do  not  take  up 
the  different  amendments  propofed  by 
the  feveral  flates. 

Mr.  Page  and  mr.  Lee  feverally 
rofe,  to  juftify  mr.  Madifon  ;  they 
thought  themfelves  under  great  obli- 
gations to  him,  and  coneeived,  that 
the  mode  he  had  adopted,  was  juft 
and  fair,  and  calculated  to  bring  the 
attention  of  the  houfe  to  a  proper 
point,  in   determining  on  the  fubjeft. 

Mr.  Madifon  obferved,  that  it  was 
necefTary  thefubjeflfliould  be  brought 
forward  in  fome  form  or  other.  Af- 
ter waiting  a  confiderable  time  for 
others  to  do  it,  he  had  thought  proper 
to  propofe  the  form  now  fubmitted 
to  the  houfe.  Newfpapers  and  pam- 
phlets were  the  repofitories  of  the  fe- 
veral amendments  ;  thofe  were  not  the 
proper  fources  ;  the  refolve  is  now 
before  the  houfe,  and  they  may  do 
what  they  thmk  proper  with  it. 

Mr.  Lawrence  moved,  that  the  re- 
folve introduced  by  mr.  Madifon, 
fliould  be  fubmitted  to  the  confidera- 
tion  of  a  committee  of  the  whole,  on 
the  Hate  of  the  union. 

This  was  carried  in  the  affirmative, 
—The  houfe  then  adjourned. 
Tuefday,  June  9. 

THE  houfe  met,  and  refolved  itfelf 
into  a  committee  of  the  whole,  on  the 
bill  for  coUefting  the  impolh 

Mr.  Trumbull  in  the  chair. 

On  motion  of  mr.  Goodhue,  the 
committee  agreed  to  add  a  claufe 
to  the  bill,  for  dividing  the  coafts, 
bays,  creeks  and  harbours  of  the  unit- 
ed ftates,  into  port  diftricts. 

It  was  afterwards  agreed,  that  a  na- 
val officer,  coUeftor,  and  furveyor, 
ftjould  be  flatioued  at  3offon  in  Maf- 

VoL.  VI, 


fachufetts,  New  York  in  New  York, 
Philadelphia  in  Pennfylvania,  Balti- 
more and  Georgetown  in  Maryland, 
Norfolk  and  Alexandria  in  Virginia, 
Charleffon  in  South  Carolina,  and 
Savannah  in  Georgia. 

The  committee  rcfe  and  reported. 
Adjourned. 

Wednefday^  June  10. 

IN  committeeof  the  whole,  on  the 
bill  to  regulate  the  coUeftion  of  the 
import.      Mr.  Trumbull  in  the  chair. 

On  motion  of  mr.  Madifon,  a  claufe 
was  inferted,  whicli  provides,  "  that 
there  fliall  be  a  furveyor  at  each  of 
the  ports  of  delivery  only,"  except- 
ing certain  ports  to  be  enumerated. 

A  motion,  introduced  by  mr,  Ames, 
was  adopted  as  a  claufe, to  be  inferred  in 
the  bill — It  provides, that  every  maffer, 
or  other  perfon,  having  chargeor  com- 
mand of  a  ftiip  or  veffel,  bound  to  any 
port  of  the  united  ftates,fhall  be  obliged 
to  produce,  on  demand,  to  any  officer, 
or  perfon  authorifed  for  the  piirpofe, 
two  manifefts,  fpecifying,  in  words,  the 
true  contents  of  the  cargo  on  board 
fuch  fliip  or  veffel  ;  one  of  which 
manifefls,  the  officer  is  to  endorfe, 
and  return  to  the  captain,  noting  the 
time,  when  the  fame  was  produced  to 
him.  The  other  he  is  to  tranfmit 
to  the  naval  officer  of  the  port,  where 
the  faid  veffel  is  bound  to. 

Thurfday^  June  11. 

THE  houfe  went  into  a  committee, 
on  the  bill  to  regulate  the  colleftion  of 
the  import.  Mr.  Trumbull  in  the 
chair. 

On  motion  of  mr.  Parker,  a  claufe 
was  added  to  the  bill,  declaring  that 
foreign  fliips  fliould  be  reftrifted  to 
certain  ports,  at  which  only,  they  may 
enter  and  difcharge  their  cargoes. 
Thefe  ports  are  yet  to  be  enumerated. 

On  motion  of  mr.  Fitzfimons,  an- 
other claufe  was  added,  reftrifling 
fliips  arriving  from  India  or  Chi- 
na, to  certain  ports,  at  which  only 
they  may  enter  and  difcharge  their  car- 
goes. Thefe  ports  are  yet  to  be  enu- 
merated. Some  farther  progrefs  was 
made  in  the  bill,  and  feveral  other  a- 
mendments  agreed  to. 

Friday,  June  12, 

THE  houfe  went  into  a  committee 
of  the  whole,  on  the  bill  to  regulate 
the  collection  of  the  import  on  goods, 
wares,  and  merchandifes,  imported 
into  the  united  ftates, 
[B] 


ic] 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


Mr.  Triimhiill  in  the  chair.  employ   themfelvw  in    difcufling  the 

Confulcrable  progrefs  was  made  in     phrafeology,   while    the  hotife  would 

be  at    liberty  to  proceed  with   other 

bufinefs. 


the  bill  ihis  day,  by  pafhng  many  of 
the  claiiles  molt  of  them  wuhymend- 
incnts.  1  he  committee  was  proceed- 
ing in  the  difculfion,  when  a  melTage 
from  the  ieiiate  was  announced.  The 
Secretary    appeared  on    the   floor   oF 


After  fome  little  further  converfati- 
on,  the  committee  rofe,and  thebill  was 
re- committed,  together  with  the  refo- 
lutions  and  claufes  agreed  to  in  com- 


the  hoafe,  and  informed,  that   he  had     mittee  of  the  whole,  to  meflfrs.  Good 


it  in  command  from  the  fenate,  to  in- 
form the  honourable  houfe,  that  they 
had  concurred,  with  amendments,  in 
the  bill  far  laying  an  impofl  on  goods, 
wares  atid  merchandifes,  imported 
.  into  the  iniited  Rates — and  hoped  for 
the  concurrence  of  the  honourable 
houfe  111  thofe  amendments.   He  then 


hue,   Fitzfimons,    Lawrence,   Burke, 
Livermore,    Sherman,  and   Jackfon. 
Adjourned. 

Monday,  June  15. 

MR.  Scott,  from  the  committee 
appointed  for  ;he  pnrpofe,  ii:ade  report 
relative  to  the  lituation  of  the  vacant 
delivered  in  the  bill,  with  a  draught  of  lands  in  the  weRern  territory,  which 
the  amendm.ents,  and  withdrew.  Thefe  was  read  and  ordered  to  lie  on  the 
amendments  were  read  to  the  houfe,     table. 

propofing  to  reduce  the  duties  oncer-         The  houfe  then   proceeded    ;b   the 
tain  articles  very  confiderably,  to  wit ;     confideration     of    the    amendments, 
melafles  from  five,  to  two  and  an  half    which  had   been  propofed  by   the   fe- 
cenis,  per  gallon,  rum  from  fifteen  to     nate,  to  the  bill   for   impofing  duties 
ten,  Madeira   win&from    twenty-five 
to  eighteen,  and  other  wines  from  fif- 
teen to  ten,   &c.  and  then    the  chair- 
man of  the  committee  having  rcfumed 
his  place,  further  progrefs    was  made 
in  dilculTiug  thebill.     Adjourned. 
Saturday,  June   13. 
THE  houfe  met,  and   refolved  it- 
felf  into  a  committee  of  the  whole,  on 
the  coileriingbilJ. 
Mr.  1  rumbiiU  in  the  cha'r. 
After  getting  through    the  principal 
of  the   commercial   regulations,  they 
came   10  conhder  a  claufe  refpetting, 


on  goods,  wares  and  merchandifes  im- 
ported inio  the  united  Hates. 

The  enacting  ftyle  of  the  bill,  V!Z. 
"  the  congrefs  of  the  united  ilates," 
was  amended  by  the  fenate,  ,  by  pto- 
pofing  to  infert  '"  the  fenate  and  re- 
prefeiuatives  of  the  united  dates. " 
This  amendment  was  non-concurred. 
That  claufe  of  the  bill  which  made 
a  difcrimination  bcween  flates  and 
kingdoms  in  alliance  with  the  united 
Rates  and  thofe  which  are  not,  with 
refpetl  to  the  duty  on  diftiiled  fpirits; 
the  fenate  propofed  fliould  be  Uruck 
the  rr!?"ner  of  (ecunng  the  payment  of    out.     A   recapitulation  oi   argiimerns 


the  dunes,  which  may  in  any  cafes  be 
bonded  amcK  fecurity.  A  long  debate 
took  place,  on  the  legal  mode  of  re- 
covering the  amount  in  cafes  of  in- 
folvencv,  ornon-payment,  at  the  con- 


ufed  in  the  former  progrcf";  of  the  bill, 
on  both  fides  of  the  quell  ion,  with  lit- 
tle variation,  took  place — the  refult 
was,  non-concurrence  wuh  the  {(?nate. 
The  following    amendments,   pro- 


dufion  of  which,  but  before  the  quef-     pofcd  by  the  (e nate,  were  alfo   non- 


tion  was;pnt  on  the  claufe, 

Mr.  Fitzfimons  moved  the  com- 
muteeto  rife,  for  the  purpofe  of  re- 
ferring the  bill  to  a  felett  committee  ; 
obferving,  that  the  commercial  regula- 
tions were  moilly  gone  through,  and 
what  remained,  related  principally  to 
law  points,  if  everv  one  of  which 
were  to  be  debated  in  the  fame  man- 
ner that  the  one  jull  confidcred  had 
Keen,  he  conjetlured  that  it  would 
tfike  them  fcven  years  to  get  through 
the  bill.  He  hopctl  gentlemen  of  le- 
gal knowledge  would  be  placed  upon 
the  committee,  and  there  they   might     Beerja'eor  porter  in  calk'^,  from  Btoj 


concurred  by  the  houfe,  viz. 

A  reduction  of  the  duty  on  fpix-ifs 
of  Jamaica  proof  from  15  to  10  cents 
T— on  other  fpirits  from  12  to  8  cents. 

The  amendment  which  provides 
for  the  reduction  of  the  duty  on  the 
follovifing  articles,  was  acceded  to, 
viz.  cents. 

Melaffcs  from  ,5     to     s^ 

Ail  wines,  except  Madeira,    15  to   10 

The  next  amendments  were  to  re- 
duce the  duties  on  the  following  arti- 
cles V17. 
Madeira  wine  from     25  to   18  cents. 


Proceedings  of  cotigrejs. 


Ut 


Cyder,  beer,  ale  or  porter  in      cents. 

bottles,  25  to   16 

Cables,  from  75  to  60 

Tarred  cordage,  from  75  to  60 

Twine  or  pickthread,  from  200  to  150 
Coal  per  biiliielj  from  3     to  1 

Theie  reduttions  were  non-concur- 
red. 

The  fenate  introduced  the  ar'ide 
indigo,  wiih  a  duty  of  bxteen  cents 
per  lb. — tins  the  hoiife  concurred  in. 
The  rext  amendment  wa"=,  to  add 
to  the  ft)llow!ng  para,5raph  refpedmg 
teas,  viz,  "  On  all  teas  nnpoited  from 
Chma  or  India,  sn  {hips  built  wutiin 
the  united  flaies,  and  belonjimg  to 
a  citizen  or  citizens  thereof" — ihis 
claufe,  VIZ,  "  or  in  Inips  or  veir-is 
built  in  fore;gn  countries,  and,  on  ihe 
.iSihof  May  lail,  the  property  of  a 
ciizenor  citizens  of  the  united  dates, 
and  fo  coniinumg  unul  the  lane  of 
.importation." 

This  was  agreed  to. 
The  next  amendment  was,  to  en- 
hance the  duty  on  all  green  teas,  other 
than  hyion,  nnported  as  aforefaid, 
from  ttn  tc>  twnelve  cents  per  pound. 
Agreed  10. 

The  next  amendment  was,  to  flrike 
out  the  following  claufe — 

'■  On  all  teas  imported  from  any  other 
country  than  China  or  India,  in  any 
fhip  or  vefiel  whatfoever,  or  from 
China  or  India  in  any  flup  or  veffel 
which  is  not  wholly  the  property  of 
a  citizen  or  citizens  of  the  united 
ftates,  as  follows  ; 

On  bohca  tea,  per  pound,  10  cents. 
On  all  foiichongor  other  black  teas, 
15  cents. 

Qr\  all  hyfon  teas,  30  cents. 
On  all  5^cen  teas,  i»  cents;"  and 
to  fubftitute — 

"  On  ter.s  imported  from  Europe,  in 
fiiips  orvc!ielsbuiltin  the  united  Rates, 
and  wholly  belonging  ro  a  citizen  or 
citizens  thereof,  or  in  ih  ps  built  in  fo- 
reign countries,  and,  on  (he  i6ih  of 
May  lad,  ihe  property  of  a  citizen  or 
citizens  of  the  united  dates,  and  fo 
continuing  till  the  time  of  importa- 
tion, VIZ. 

On  bohea  tea,  per  pound.   8  cents. 
On  fouchong  or   other  black  teas, 
13  cents. 

On  hyfon  teas,  06  cents. 
On  oth'^r  f/cen  teas,  16  cents. 
"  On  teas  imported   in   any  other 
manner. 


Bohea  tea,  per  pound  15  cents. 
Souchong,  or  other   biack  teas,  22 
cenis. 

Hyfon  teas,  45  cents. 
Oiher  green  teas,  27  cents." 
The  following  clauie  was  propofed 
by  the  fenate — "  on  all  other  goods, 
wares,  and  merchandife  imported  in 
fhips  or  vclTels  not  built  within  the 
united  dates,  and  not  wholly  the  pro- 
perty of  a  citizen  or  citizens  thereof, 
■or  in  veiTels  built  in  foreign  countries, 
and,  on  the  fixteenth  of  May  lad, 
the  property  of  a  citizen  or  citizens 
of  the  united  dates,  and  fo  continuing 
till  the  tune  of  importation,  12|  per 
cent,  ad  valorem." 

This  was  alfo  adopted. 
The  next  amendment  was,  to  infert, 
"  on  gunpowder,  and   paints   tround 
in    oil,"   ten  per  cent,  ad  valorem. — 
Adopted, 

Another  amendmenf  was,  to  en- 
hance the  duty  on  gold,  filver,  and 
plated  ware,  from  7^  per  cent,  to  10 
per  cent,  and  to  add  ttiereto  gold  and 
iilver  lace,  and  gold  and  filver  leaf — 
this  was  agreed  to. 

There  were  feveral  other  amend- 
ments to  raife  the  duties  on  articles 
enumerated,  from  74  to  10  per  cent, 
which  were  non-concurred, 

A  general  concurrence  with  the  fe- 
nate in  their  araendmenis  to  the  bill 
was  urged  by  feveral  gentlemen — they 
obferved,  that  much  time  had  already 
been  expended  in  the  difcudion  of  the 
f  ibjecl — that  further  delay  would  be 
facrihcing  the  revenue — that  there 
was  danger  of  our  lofing  the  be- 
nefit of  the  fall  importations — that 
the  high  duties  which  had  been  voted 
by  the  houfe,  were  contrary  to  the 
opinion  of  a  large  minority,  having 
been  carried  by  a  very  fmall  majority 
— to  the  minority  was  now  added,  the 
alinoil  unanimous  voice  of  the  fenate  ; 
therefore  to  rejeft  the  amendments  of 
the  fenate,  was  hazarding  the  fate  of 
the  prefent  bill.  The  fentiment  in  fa- 
vour of  low  duties  was  fanttioned  by 
the  invariable  experience  of  the  com- 
mercial world — they  were  always  pro- 
ductive of  greater  revenue  than  high 
duties,  as  the  latter  held  out  a  power- 
ful temptation  to  evade  the  laws ;  the 
public  voice,  it  was  contended,  was 
in  oppofition  to  high  duties  :  and  ac- 
counts, received  from  mercantile  cha- 
racters  in  various  parts  of  the  union. 


,a] 


Proceedings  of  congrtfi% 


confirmed  the  truth  of  this  obfervati- 
en  :  that  as  the  operation  and  fiiccefs 
of  the  laws,  in  the  firll  inlhmce,  miif} 
depend  upon  the  gensral  opinion  of 
thdr  eligibility,  it  was  ralh  to  rifk 
the  popularity  of  the  government,  in 
a  cafe  where  no  riflc  was  necedary  : 
ihat  the  duty  on  fpirits,  in  panicular, 
was  beyond  all  precedent,  and  would 
imdoHbtedly  be  evaded,  as  it  was  a 
premium  to  fmiigglers. 

On  the  other  hand  it  was  faid,  that 
the  dimes  were  in  general  conforma- 
ble to  the  fentiments  of  the  people — 
particularly  on  dittilled  fpirits — ihaton 
bulky  articles,  high  duties  could  be  re- 
alized with  fome  degree  of  certainty — 
that  the  probable  amount  of  the  pro- 
pflfed  dunes  would  fall  fliort  of  the 
■exigencies  of  the  union — the  propofed 
•dcdutbon  in  fome  cafes  would  ciinad 
jt  hfty  per  cent. — that  it  yet  remained 
to  be  ascertained  whether  h'gh  duties 
nn  noany  cafes  could  not  be  collcNed 
Y/ith  as  great  facility  as  low — ihe 
prompt  collection  of  both  being  mat- 
«er  of  fpeculation  at  prefent — ihat  it 
was  conceded  on  all  hands  that  a  re- 
venue mull  be  obtained,  or  the  coun- 
try beruined.  Direct  taxes  could  not 
.  be  thought  of  ;  and  even  the  excife 
^vould  be  unpopular — that  the  opini- 
on of  relpet^able  commercial  cliarac- 
■ers  was  in  favour  of  the  propofod  du- 
.:es :  in  particular,  the  duty  on  fpirits, 
ij;reeably  to  their  ideas,  could  be  ea- 
Ixly  coUefted,  even  if  it  had  been  fet 
at  a  higher  rate. 

Tuefday^  June  16. 

THE  houfe  proceeded  to  confider 
the  remainder  of  the  aniendmenis 
propofed  by  the  fenate  to  the  impoft 
bill — when  the  following  being  read, 
were  acceded  to,  viz. 

To  inferi  playing  cards,  at  a  duty 
of  10  cents  per  pack  : 

Cotton,  at  3  cents  per  lb. 

To  allow  a  drawback  on  brandy 
and  gencva,exported  from  the  united 
flates  : 

After  the  words  "  exported  out  of 
the  limits  of  the  united  ftate^,"  to  add 
the  following,  viz,  as  fettled  by  the 
late  treaty  of  peace. 

To  flrike  out  the  fentence  which 
provided  for  allowing  a  drawback  of  ,5 
rents  per  gallon,  on  fpirits,  ddliUod 
From  melalTes  in  the  united  Hates,  and 
cxparieci  out  of  the  fame. 


The  difcount  of  10  per  cent,  on 
goods,  wares,  and  merchandiefs,  im- 
ported in  veffels,  built  in  the,  united 
itates,  and  owned  by  a  citizen  or  citi- 
zens thereof,  was  extended  to  goods, 
&c.  imported  in  veflels  not  built  in 
the  united  Hates,  but  which  were  own- 
ed by  acitizen  or  citizens  thereof,  on 
the  16th  May  lall,  and  continued  fo 
till  the  time  of  importation  of  fuch 
goods. 

The  houfe  did  not  concur  in  the 
time  fixed  by  the  fenate  for  this  ait 
to  be  in  fi>rce,  viz.  Ihe  ill  of  July 
next — and  fubflituted  the  ill  of  Au- 
guft. 

The  houfe  then  refolved  itfelf  into 
a  committee  of  the  whole,  to  take 
into  confideration  the  bill  for  ef- 
tablifhing  an  executive  department, 
to  be  denominated  the  department  of 
foreign  affairs. 

Mr.  White  pro^jofed  that  this  claufe 
"  To  be  removable  by  the  prefident 
of  the  united  flates,"  fhould  be  llruck 
out. 

This  brought  on  an  intereflmg  de- 
bate, which  continued  till  near  half 
after  three  o'clock,  when  the  com- 
mittee rofe,  and  the  houfe  adjourned, 

IVednefday,  June  17. 

THE  houfe  met,  and  on  motion  re- 
folved itfelf  into  a  committee  of  the 
whole,  on  the  bill  for  ellabliftiing  a 
departmentof  foreign  affairs. 

Mr.  Trumbull  took  the  chair. 

And  the  motion  for  flriking  o^ut 
the  claufe  veiling  the  power  of  re- 
moving the  principal  officer  from  of- 
fice, in  the  prefident  of  the  united 
flates,  was  taken  into  confideration. 

The  debate  of  yefterday  was  refum- 
ed  with  animation,  for  more  than 
four  hours,  but  not  being  ready  for 
the  queflion,  the  committee  rofe  and 
obtained  leave  to  fit  again  tomorrow  ; 
after  which  the  houfe  adjourned. 
Thurfday,  June   18. 

ON  motion,  the  houfe  refolved  It- 
felf into  a  commitee  of  the  whole  on 
the  bill  for  eftabliftimg  a  department 
of  foreign  affairs. 

The  "debate,  which  began  the  day 
before  yefterday,  and  continued  all  day 
yefterday,  was  extended  through  the 
whole  of  this  day  ;  but  the  committee 
not  being  prepared  to  decide  the  qucf- 
tion,  arofe  about  four  o'clock,  and  the 
houfe  adjourned  till  to-morrow. 


Proceedings  of  cangnfs. 


da 


Friday ,f  June  19.  and  added,  that  he  could  not  conceive 

THE  houle  met  agreeably  to  ad-  the  propriety  of  gentlemen,  who  were 
journment,  and  formed  itfelf  into  a  eietied  only  for  t\vo  years,  wilhingtp 
committee  of  the  whole,  upon  the  extend  the  laws  of  their  enatting,  to  a 
bill  for  enablllhing  the  department  of  period  beyond  the  time,  when  ilie  iifa 
foreign  affairs.  The  motion,  which  and  defign  of  fuch  laws  (hould  exiit, 
had  been  under  debate  fmce  Tuefday, 
for  ilriking  out  the  claule  which  em- 
powers the  prefident  to  remove  of- 
ficers, (lill  under  confideration.  The 
quelhon  upon  the  motion  being  taken,     able  to  the  liability  of  government 


and  thus  ])erpetuate  the  power  aud  ui- 
lluence  of  the  houfe. 

Mr.  Ames  oppofed  the  addition  of 
the  claufe,  as  it   would  be  unfavour- 


it  palled  m  the  negative,  33  being  in 
favour  of  retaining  the  claufe,  and  20 
againll  u. 

The  committee  then  proceeded  in 
the  difcuUion  of  the  bill. 

Mr.  Benfon  propofed  the  follow- 
ing claufe  for    infertion,   viz.     That 


and  was  little  better  thaninfufmga 
premature  principle  of  mortality  luio 
the  executive  department. 

Mr.  Gerry  was  in  favour  of  a  limi- 
tation :  he  fuppofed,  that  if  the  ex- 
piration of  the  bill  was  not  provided 
for,  at  the  prefent  time,  it   would  be 


the   fecretary  of    the  department   of    extremely  difficult   to  effect  its  reduc 


foreign  affairs,  immediately  after  his 
appointment,  be  empowered  to  take 
into  his  cuffody  all  the  books  and  pa- 
pers belonging  to  the  late  department 
of  foreign  affairs,  effablifhed  by  the 
united  flates  in  congiefs  aflembled  : 
this  claufe   was  adopted. 

The  further  difciillion  of  the  bill 
produced  fome  alterations  and  amend- 
raenis,  which  being  completed,  the 
committee     rofe,   and    the    chairman 


tion,  when  the  officers  t)f  thisdepart- 
ment  fhall  have  formed  connexions 
with  foreigil  courts  ;  and,  by  means 
of  thefe  connexions,  an  extenfive 
fphere  of  buhneis,  unintereffing  to 
the  united  flates,  {hall  be  created. 

The  vote  being  taken,  it  paOTed  in 
the  negative. 

Mr.  Benfon  propofed  an  amend- 
ment, which,  he'-  conceived,  would 
more  fully    exprefs   the   fenfe    of  the 


made    report.       The  fpeaker  having    committee,  as  it  refpetied  the  conlli 


taken  the  chair,  a  melfage  was  re 
ceived  by  the  fecretary  from  the  fe- 
nate,  with  the  impoll  bill,  informing 
the  honourable  houie  that  they  infilled 
on  fome  of  the  amcndmenis  which 
they  had  propofed,  and  receded  from 
others.  Adjourned  until  Monday. 
Monday,  June  22. 
THE  order  of  the  day  being  call 


tutionality  of  the  decifiori,  which  had 
taken  place  :  the  amendment  was,  to 
rtnke  out,  in  the  fecond  claufe  of  the 
bill,  thefe  words,  "  in  cafe  of  vacan- 
cy in  the  faid  office  of  fecretary  of  the 
united  flates,  for  tlie  department  of 
foreign  affairs ;"  and  to  infert  in  lieu 
thereof,  the  following,  "  whenever  the 
faid  principal    officer  fliail  be  remov- 


ed for,    the   bill  for  eflablilhing    the  ed  by  the  prefident,  or   a    vacancy  in 

department  of  foreign   affairs,  as  re-  any  other  way  fhall  happen." 

ported    from   the   committee   of    the  This  produced  fome  debate,  and  iha 

whole,  with  the  feveral  amendments,  ayes  and  nays  being  called  for,  it  was 

were  read,  and  the  amendiTients  agreed  determined  in  the  affirmative,  as  foi- 

to  by  the  houfe.  lows,  viz. 
Mr.  Carroll  propofed   a   claufe  to 


limit  the  duration  of  the  bill  :  among 
other  reafoHs  for  the  motion,  mr.  Car- 
roll obfcrved,  that  he  ronVeived  the 
neceffity  of  fuch  an  officer,  as  is  ap- 
pointed by  the  bill,  v.rould  ceafe  in  a 


Ayes — 30. 
Mcffieurs  Ames,  Baldwin,  Ben- 
fon, Browne,  Burke,  Carroll,  Cly- 
me  r,  Contee,  Eitzfimons,  Oilman, 
Goodhue,  Griffin,  Hartley,  Hcifler, 
Lawrence,  Lee,  Leonard,  Madifon, 


fhort   time,    by  reafon  of  the  gradual     Moore,  P.  Muhlenberg,  Scot,  Sedg- 
withdrawing  of  our  intercourfe  with    v/ick,  Seney,  Sinnickfon, Smith, (Ma 


European  countries;  and,  in  th_ 
courfe  of  a  very  few  years,  all  political 
connexion  with  thofe  powers  would 
be  at  an  end,  which  would  render  the 
effablifhment  a  fuperffuous  expenfe. 

Mr.  Page  feconded  the  motion— 

Vol.  VI. 


ryland),  Sylveffer.  Thatcher,  1  rum- 
biiJI,  Vining,  Wadfworth. — Thirty, 
Nays— 18. 
Meffieurs  Cadwallader,  Coles, Ger- 
ry, Grout,  Hathorn,  Huntington,  Li- 
vermore,    Matthews,    Pace,    Parker, 


Ml 


Proceedings  o/c»ngre/s. 


Partridge,  Van  Renfcllaer,  Sherman, 
Smitl),  (S.  C.)  Stiirgis,  Sumpter, 
Tucker,  White. — Eighteen. 

It  was  then  moved  to  Ilrike  out 
thefe  words  in  the  firll  claule,  "  re- 
movable by  the  prefident  of  the 
united  dales." 

The  principal  rcafon,  a'Jigned  for 
flriking  out  theie  words,  was,  that,  as 
the  bill  now  ilands,  it  appears  to  be 
a  yrant  of  power  ;  whereas,  it  was 
pr,"funied  to  be  the  fenfe  of  the  com- 
miitee,  that  the  power  was  veded  in 
the  prefident,  by  the  conftitution.  A 
recapitiiluiion  of  arguments  upon  this 
po;ni  enfued,  and  the  queRion  was 
linalty  determiiii^d  by  ayes  and  nays. 
Some  jrentlcmen  voted  in  the  nega- 
lue,  fiippofing,  that  retaining  the 
words,  would  be  an  additional  evi- 
dcMTce  of  the  fcnfe  of  the  houfe,  that 
the  power  was  veiled  in  the  prefident. 
Ayes,  31  —  Meffrs.  Ames,  Baldwin, 
Benfon,  Brown,  Burke,  Clymcr, 
Coles,  Gerry,  Goodhue,  Griffin, 
Grout,  Hathorn,  Huntington,  Leo- 
nard, Livermor»,\ladifon,  Matthews, 
Moore,  P.  Muhlenberg,  Page,  Par- 
ker, Partridge,  Van  Renfellaer,  Scott, 
Sherman,  Smnickfon,  Snuth  (S.  C.) 
Stiirgis,  Sumpter.  Vining,  White. 

Nays,  ig — MelFrs.  Boudinot,  Cad- 
walladcr.  Carroll,  Contee,  FitzG- 
rnons,  Gilman,  Hartley,  HeiOer, 
Lawrence,  Lee,  Sherman,  Sedgwick, 
Spiiey,  Smith,  (Maryland)  Sylvefler, 
Thatcher,  Trumbull,  Tucker,  Wadf- 
worih. 

Thefe  additional  amendments  be- 
ing completed,  the  bill  paffed  to  be 
engroffed  for  a  third  reading  to-mor- 
ruw.     , 

And  then  the  houfe  adjourned. 

Tuefclay,  June  23. 
THE  committee  appointed  for  that 
purpofe,  brought  in  a  bill  for  fecuring 
to  authors  and  inventors,  the  benefits 
of  iheir  refpefti\e  publications  and 
inventions — which  was  read,  and  laid 
on  the  table. 

The  order  of  the  day  was  then  call- 
eel  for — -and  the  engrolfcd  bill,  for 
cOablilhmg  an  executive  department, 
to  be  denominated  the  department  of 
fore'gn  affairs,  was  read  a  third  time. 
Mr.  Sumpier  moved,  ihar  the  final 
confidcr-ition  of  the  bill  Ihould  be 
pollponed< 

The  vote  iipTu  this  motion  paflcd 
in  the  afiirniative. 


Mr.  Lawrence  moved,  that  the 
houle  fhould  take  into  confideration 
the  amendments  to  the  nnpofl  bill,. 
which  were  yet  to  be  decided — this 
motion  was  adopted. — 'And  the  enafct- 
ing  claule,  as  amended  by  the  fenate, 
being  read,  which  is  in  thele  words, 
*'  Be  It  enacted  by  the  fenate  and  re- 
prefentatives,"  &c.mr.  Thatcher  pro- 
pofed  ihat  ''  houle  of"  fhould  be  in- 
Icned  immediately  before  reprefcnia- 
tives — this  niotioii  was  agreed  to. 

The  next  amendment,  which  the 
fenate  had  not  receded  from,  was,  to 
ffrike  out  the  claule  which  makes  a 
difcnmination  in  the  duty  impofed 
on  dill. lied  fpirits  imported  from 
countries  with  which  the  united  Hates 
were  in  treaty,  and  from  thofe  with 
which  no  treaties  had  been. formed — it 
■was  moved  and  fcconded,th3t  the  houfe 
fhould  accede  to  the  amendment  ; 
this  produced  an  animated  debate,  in 
which  many  new  obfervations  occur- 
red, and  thofe  which  had  been  adduc- 
ed in  the  former  difcuflion,  were  re- 
peated :  the  vote  being  taken,  it  pafF- 
ed  in  the  negative — twenty-five  being 
in  favour  of  acceding,  and  twenty- 
feven  againff  it.  So  the  difcrimina- 
tion  remains  as  it  originally  flood. 

The  houfe  then  adjourned. 
IVednefday,  June  24. 

THE  engrolfed bill,  which  was  ycf- 
terday  ordered  to  lie  on  the  table,  was 
taken  up  and  read  the  third  time. 

On  the  queftion,  "  fliall  the  bill 
pafs?"  the  ayes  and  nays  were  re- 
quired by  one  fifth  of  the  members, 
and  were,  ayes  29,  nays  22  ;  ma- 
jority 7. 

The  houfe  then  took  into  confide- 
ration the  amendments  infilled  on  by 
the  fenate  to  the  bill  for  laying  an  im- 
pofl  on  certain  goods,  wares,  and  mer- 
chandize, and  after  refufing  to  concur 
therewith,  a  committee  of  conference 
was  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  honfe, 
confiiling  of  meffrs.  Boudmot,  Fiiz- 
fimons,  and  Madifon. 

The  houfe  went  into  acommitte  oi» 
the  bill  for  eftabliiliing  the  war  de- 
partment— after  agreeing  to  fome 
amendments,  they  rofe  and  reported  it 
aS  amended. 

Adjourned. 

Thurfday,  June  2,1;. 

TH  E  report  of  1  he  commi  ttcc  of  the 
whole,  on  the  bill  for  cllablifhing  the 
department  cf  war,  was  gone  through*, 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


\.^5 


and  the  bilFwas  ordered  to  he  engroff- 
ed  for  a  third  reading  to-morrow. 

The  houfi"  then  went  into  a  com- 
mittee  of  the  whole,  on  the  bill  for 
eUablifhin^r  an  executive  department, 
to  be  denominated  the  trealury  depart- 
ment, 

Mr.  Trumbull  in  the  chair. 

A  confiderable  debate  arofe  upon  the 
propriety  of  making  it  the  duty  of  the 
principal  officer  to  "digcll  and  report" 
plans  for  the  improvement  of  the  reve- 
nue, &c. 

Ihe  words  of  the  bill  were  altered, 
fo  as  to  read    "  digeft  and    prepare  ;" 
after  which  the  committee   rofe  and 
reported  progref*;.      Adjourned. 
Friday,  June  i;6. 

THE  houfe  met  this  day  purfuant 
to  adjournment,  but  the  committee  of 
conference  being  allenibled,  and  a 
great  proportion  of  the  members  at- 
tending their  deliberations,  it  was 
moved  and  carried,  to  adjourn  till 
to-morrow. 

Saturday,  June  27. 

MR.  Boudinot,of  the  committee 
appointed  to  confer  with  a  committee 
ot  the  fenate,  on  the  fubjeti  of  a- 
mendments  to  the  impott  and  tonnage 
bills,  which  amendments  had  beendif- 
agreed  to  by  the  houfe.  reported,  that 
the  committees  had  held  a  confer- 
ence, and  had  agreed  to  recommend 
an  accommodation  on  fome  of  the 
points  in  difpiRe, 

Refpedting  the  import  bill,  the  fol- 
lowing amendments  were  then  taken 
into  confideraticn,  and  agrJxed  to. 

To  reduce  the  duty  on  rum,  of 
Jamaica  proof,  from  15  to  so  cents 
per  gallon. 

Ihe  difcnminating  claufe,  laying 
a  lefs  duty  on  ruin  imported  from 
flates  or  kingdoms  in  treaty  with  the 
united  ftates,  to  be  flruck  out ;  and 
the  duty  on  all  inirits,  below  Jamaica 
proof,  reduced  from  12  to  8  cents. 

To  reduce  the  duty  on  beer,  ale, 
porter,  or  cyder,  imported  iti  calks, 
from  8  to  5  cents. 

To  reduce  the  duty  on  beer,  ale, 
poricr,  or  cyder,  imported  in  bot- 
tles, from  2^5  to  20  cents. 

To  reduce  the  duty  on  coal,  from  3 
to  2  cent<:. 

Refpefting  the  tonnage  bill,  the  fol- 
lowing amendments  were  agreed  to. 

1  hat  inllead  of  wholly  CKcluding 
fureign  fliips  from  the  eoaUing  trade, 


they  might  be    employed  in  it,  under 
certain  reilriclions. 

That  all  ihips,  built  within  the 
united  flates,  and  afterwards  the  pro- 
perty of  foreigners,  fnould  not  pay 
more  than  30  cents  per  ton. 

The  houfe  then  took  up  the  next 
amendment  of  the  fenate,  to  llrike 
out  the  difcnminating  claufe.  This 
gave  rife  to  fome  converfation,  when, 
on  the  queflion  to  ftrike  out  the 
claufe,  ihe  houfe  divided:  Ayes,  25, 
Nays,  26.      Adjourned. 

Monday,   June  29. 

THE  committee,  to  whom  was  re- 
committed the  bill  for  thecollettion  of 
the  imp<ill,  reported  a  new  bill,  which 
was  read,  and  ordered  to  be  taken  up 
in  a  committee  of  the  whole,  to- 
morrow. 

The  houfe  then  went  into  a  com- 
mittee on  the  bill  for  eilablifcing  the 
trrafury  departmenr. 

Mr.  Trumbull  in  the  chair. 

Ill  the  paragraph,  which  recites  the 
duties  to  be  performed  by  the  comp- 
troller, mr.  Sedgwick  moved  to  have 
the  following  words  11  ruck  out — "that 
all  monies,  when  colletled,  fliall  be 
paid  into  the  public  treafury,"  and  to 
jnfert,  "  for  the  regular  and  punctual 
payment  of  alt  monies  collected,  and 
an  account  thereof,  entered  on  the 
books  of  the  treafury." 

The  words  were  firuck  out,  and, 
inllead  of  the  whole  of  the  amend- 
ment, the  following  were  mfcrted, 
"  for  the  regular  and  punctual  pay- 
ment of  all  money  that  lliall  be  col* 
leded." 

Adjourned. 

Tucfday,  June  30. 

IN  committee  of  the  whole  on  the 
bill  for  eftabliCliing  the  treafury  de- 
partment ;  feveral  amendments  were 
propofed  to  this  bill,  and  adopted; 
am,ong  others  : 

That    the   treafury  fhould,  on    the 
day  of  every  feRion  of  congrefs, 
lay  before  the  houfe,  copies  of  all  ac- 
counts   fettled   with   the  comptroller, 
alfo  the  ftate  of  the  treafury. 

Bonds  to  be  given  by  the  feveral 
officers,  are  to  be  depofited  in  the 
comptroller's  office,  and  regiftered 
in  the  office  of  the  fupreme  court  ot" 
the  united  flares.  Adjourned. 
JVedneJday,  July  1. 

TH  E  houfe  met,  purfuant  to  nd- 
journment,  and  refumed  the  conhde- 


16] 


Proceedings  of  congrefs% 


ration  of  the  report  of  the  commitfee 
of  the  whole  hoiiTe,  on  the  bill  for 
eOablilhing  the  trcafury  department. 

On  motion  of  mr.  Burke,  a  claufe 
was  added,  toreflrain  the  officers  of 
that  department  from  bein.^  concern- 
ed in  trade  or  commerce — the  bill 
was  then  ordered  to  be  engrolled  for 
a  third  reading  to-morrow. 

It  was  moved  by  mr,  Gerry,  to 
recede  from  the  claufe  difcriminaiing 
between  foreign  vellels. 

1  he  yeas  and  nays  on  the  qvieftion 
being  called  by  one-fifth  of  the  mem- 
bers, were  as  follow  : 

Yeas.  Meffrs,  Ames,  Baldwin, 
Benlon,  Rnrke,  Cadwallader,  Fuz- 
iitnons,  Gerry,  Gilmore,  Goodhue, 
iJathorn,  Huntington,  Jackfon,  Law- 
rence, Lee,  Livermorc,  IVIalthews, 
Moore,  Partridge.  Sedgwick,  Sher- 
man, Sinnickfon,  Smith,  (Maryland) 
Smith,  (S.  C.)  Stone,  Syivelter, 
Thatcher.  Trumbull,  Tucker,  Wadf- 
worth,   White,  and  Wynkoop.      31. 

Nays.  Meilrs.  Boudinot,  Brown, 
Carroll,  Clymer,  Coles,  Contee, 
Gnlfin,  Grout,  Llackly,  Madifon, 
P.  Muhlenberg,  Page,  Van  Ren- 
fellaer,  Scott,  Seney,  Sturges,  Suinp- 
ter  and  Vining.  18. 

So  it  \vas  carried  in  the  affirma- 
tive. 

Mr.  Gerry  reported  a  bill  for  re- 
gulaimg  the  pilots,  and  light-houfes. 

Adjourned. 

Tkurfday,  July  2. 

THE  engrolfed  bill,  for  eflahliffi- 
inif  the  trealury  department,  was  read 
a  third  time,  and  the  blank,  m  the 
claufe,  providing,  that  the  treafurer 
{liall  give  borTd,  with  fufficient  iure- 
tics,  for  the  faithful  perforn^ance  of 
the  duties  of  his  office,  and  fur  that 
of  the  officers  under  him,  was  filled 
up  with  1,50,000  dollars;  and  the 
Mank,  in  the  claufe  providing  a  pe- 
iirilty  upon  the  fecreiary  and  other 
nlhcers,  fur  being  c(3ncerned  m  com- 
merce, fpeculations,  &c.  was  filled 
lip  with  toco  dollars  for  the  delin- 
f^iij-ncy  of  the  fecretary,  and  5000 
dollars  for  that  of  the  comptroller, 
rcgifler,   &;r. 

The  bill  was  then  palfed  by  a  large 
Knijority. 

On  motion,  mr.  Gerry's  bill  fir 
rOabliffiing  light- houfes,  and  for  au- 
thoriling  the  feveral  dates  10  create 
and  regulate  pilots,  was  ordered  to  be 


taken  up  in  a  committee  of  the  whole 

on  Wednelday  next. 

The  houfe  then  refolved  itfelf  into 
a  coninntiee  on  the  bill  to  regulate 
the  coUettion  of  the  impoH  ;  and  the 
committee,  having  made  fome  pro» 
grefs,  rofe,  and  the  houfe  adjourned. 
Friday,  July  3. 

I  N  committee  of  the  whole. 

The  bill,  to  regulate  the  cnlleftion 
of  the  impolt,  ftill  under  conOdera- 
tion. 

The  claufe,  which  reflrifts  foreigit 
fliips  to  particular  enumerated  ports, 
it  was  moved,  ffiould  be  llruck  out — • 
this  occafioned  fome  debate,  and  the 
motion  was  finally  withdrawn. 

Mr,  Gerry  then  introduced  a  mo^ 
tion,  the  purport  of  which  was,  that 
the  names  of  the  particular  ports,  that 
were  the  objett  of  the  above  motion, 
ffiould  be  (truck  out,  and  the  follow- 
ing words  fubflituted  ;  "  nor  ffiall 
any  foreign  veffi^l  enter  or  unlade:  but 
at  thofe  ports  to  which  a  collector,  na- 
val-officer, and  furveyor,  is  appoint- 
ed." This,  after  fome  converfation, 
was  negatived. 

The  committee  then  proceeded  iii 
difculhng  the  bill — feveral  ports  wera 
added  to  the  lid  of  thofe  at  which  fo- 
reign vedels  may  enter,  Ihe  com- 
mittee having  made  funher  progrefs, 
rofe — the  chairman  reported — and 
the  houfe  adjourned  till  Monday. 
Monday,  July  6. 

A  letter  to  the  fpeaker,  from  his 
excellency  Beverly  Randolph,  go- 
vernor of  Virginia,  inclofing  an  ac- 
count of  the  exports  and  imports  of 
(hat  Hate,  from  January  20,  1788,  to 
January  20,  17H9.  was  read,  and  re- 
ferred to  the  committee  appointed  to 
prepare  ertimates,  &c. 

In  committee  of  the  whole,  on  the 
bill  to  regulate  the  collertion  of  the 
impoft. 

Mr.  Trumbull  in  the  chair. 

Further  progrefs  was   made  in  the 
difcuHion  ;  the  committee  rofe  aficr 
three   o'clock,  and   had   leave   to   fit 
again  to-morrow.     Adjourned. 
Tvp/day^   Jvly  7. 

IN  committee  of  the  whole,  on  the 
bill  to  regulate  the  collection  of  the 
inipoH. 

Mr.  Trumbull  in  the  chair, 

\'^ery  confidcrahle  progrefs  was 
made  in  ihc  further  difcufhon  of  this 
leagihy  hill  this  day;  but  there  was 


Procetil.'.vgs  ofcon^rrji. 


[ir 


nM  firfficlept   time  to  finifli  it.     The 
committee  therefore  rofe. 

The  chairman  reported  progrefs, 
and  alked  leave  to  lit  again.  Ad- 
journed. 

Wcdnefday,  Jvly  8. 

THE  hoi'.fe  being  met,  they  re- 
folved  themlclves  into  a  committee  of 
the  whole  on  the  bill  for  coUctting 
the  impod  ;  bnt,  not  having  time  to 
complete  the  fams,  they  vole  and  r*"- 
ported  progrcfs,  and  the  houie  ad- 
journed. 

Thu  rfda y ,  Ju ly  9 . 

THE  houfe  in  comm;tTee,  refnm- 
ed  the  confideration  nf  the  bill  for  re- 
gulating the  colletlion  of  the  imix)(t, 
and  made  fonie  further  progrefs.  Ad- 
journed. 

Friday^   July  10, 

IN  committee  of  the  whole,  on  the 
bill  to  regulate  the  colk;i:tion  of  the 
impoft. 

The  difcuflion  of  the  bill  wa-;  com- 
pleted this  day — when  the  coinmu- 
tec  role.    Adjourned. 

Saturday,  July  11, 

TPIE  houfe,  according  to  order, 
took  up  the  report  of  the  committee 
of  the  whole  on  the  bill  for  collecting 
the  impoft,  and  having  gone  through 
and  agreed  to  the  amendmenf;  <^f  the 
fame,  ordered  it  to  be  engroded  for  a 
third  reading.  Adjourned. 
Monday,  July  13. 

THE  houfe,  on  motion  of  mr. 
Scott,  refolved  itfelf  into  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole,  upon  the  ftaie  of 
the  union — to  take  into  confideration 
the  (late  of  the  weltern  territotv. 

The  report  of  the  committee  ap- 
pointed on  a  former  dilrufnon  of  this 
fubjefi,  was  then  read  and  agreed  to, 
as  follows — 

Refolved,  That  It  is  the  opinion  of 
this  committee,  that  an  a^t  of  con- 
grefs  fhould  pafs  for  ellablilhing  a 
Jand-oflice  to  regulate  the  terms  of 
granting  vacant  and  unappropriated 
lands  in  the  weftern  territory.  Ad- 
journed. 

Tue/day,  July  14. 

THE  engroffed  bill,  to  regu- 
late the  colledion  of  the  duties  on 
goods,  wares,  and  merchandize,  im- 
ported into  the  united  flates,  was  read 
— after  which  the  houfe  proceeded  to 
fill  up  the  blanks — among  others,  the 
following  : 

All  imported  diftilled  fpifits  of  24 


degrees,    by   the  hydrometer,    to    be 
reckoned  Jamaica  proof. 

The  coli  of  goods  to  be  eftimated 
at  the  following  rates  : 

D.  C. 
The  pound  fterling  of  Great 

Britain,  4  44 

The  livre  tournois of  France,         icj 
The  florin,  or  guilder  of  the 

United  Netherlands,  39 

The  mark  banco  of  Hamburg,       33^ 
The  rixdollar  of  Denmark,        1 
The  rixdollar  of  Sweden,  1 

The  ruble  of  Ruiha,  t 

Real  plaie  of  Spain,  o   lo 

ThsmiUreof    Portugal,  1   24 

The  pound  fterl.  of  Ireland,      41a 
The  tale  of  China,  1   4)? 

The  pagoda  of  India,  1  94 

The  rupee  of  Bengal,  5,5^ 

And  all  other  currencies,  in  value 
as  near  as  may  be  to  the  faid  rates. 

All  duties  to  be  paid  in  gold  aiid 
filver.  C. 

The  gold  coin  of  France,  Spain, 

England,  and  Portugal,   and 

all  other  gold    coin  of  equal 

finenefs,     to    be    valti-d   per 

dwt.  at  89 

The  Mexican  dollar,  100 

The  crown  of  France,  1 1 1 

The  crown  of  Englaiid,  \  1 1 

And  all  other    fiUer    coin  of 

equal  finenefs,  per  oz.  lit 

The  bkinks  being  filL-d — the  quef- 
tion,  lli^ll  the  bill  pafs?  was  carried 
in  the  athrmative, 

Mr.  Fitzllmons  Introduced  a  mo- 
tion, that  leave  be  given  to  bring 
in  a  bill  to  provide  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  vveftern  territory,  agreea- 
bly to  the  afts  and  ordinances  of  the 
late  congrefs.  This  motion  was  a- 
dopted,  and  meiTrs.  FItzfimoos,  Sedg- 
wick and  Brown,  appointed  as  the 
committee. 

Another  motion  was  then  rnade  by 
mr.  Fitzfimons,  that  a  committee  be 
appointed  to  bring  in  a  bill  provid- 
ing for  the  fettlement  of  accounts  be- 
tween the  united  ftates  and  individual 
Hates,  agreeably  to  the  atis  and  or- 
dinances of  the  late  cofigrefs  ;t  his  was 
alfo  agreed  to,  and  mclTrs,  Baldwin, 
Sturgis,  and  Smith,  (of  S.  C.)  ap- 
pointed as  the  committee. 

Wednefday^  July  15'. 

THE  houfe  met  and  took  up.  for  a 
fecond  reading,  the  report  of  the  com- 
mittee of  eledion':,  reipeftingthccon- 


r^l 


Proceedings  of  covgrefs^ 


rencd  e!cM;oTi  of  New  Jerfey.  The 
object  of  ihis  repori  was,  lo  obtain  in- 
Hniftions  and  power  fiom  the  houfe 
lo  proceed  to  obtain  proof  ot  the 
fjcls  Haied  by  the  petiiioners,  relative 
to unfiir  and  illegal  proceedings  during 
the  faid  clettion. 
'  The  petitioner":,  in  favour  of  the 
{ittinj^  members,  had  applied  to  be 
heard,  by  coiinfel,  whether  the  fans, 
if  proved,  were  m:\terial  to  invalidate 
the  election  ;  and  whether  the  houfe 
Viad,  conftitutionally,  cogn'zance  of 
the  execution  of  the  election  law. 

A  long  debate  took  place  on  a  mo- 
tion made  by  inr.  Ben  Ion  to  hear  the 
petitioners  by  counfel  ;  but,  when  the 
houfe  were  coming  to  a  decifion 
fbereupon,  the  motiim  was  withdrawn. 

It  was  I  hen  propofed,  that  the  houfe 
empower  the  committee  to  fend  for 
fnch  perlons,  papers,  and  records,  as 
they  deem  expedient ;  but  on  the  quef- 
lion  being  put,  the  motion  was  ne- 
gatived. 

Another  motion  was  made  to  au- 
thorile  the  committee  to  fend  a  com- 
midicn  into  New  Jerfey,  for  taking 
depofitions  ;  but  this  met  a  fate  fimilar 
to  the  former. 

It  being  underflood  that  the  rom- 
mittee  were  to  proceed  to  obtain 
proof  in  fuch  manner  as  they  (hould 
deem  expedient,  the  bufinefs  was  fi- 
niflied  for  the  prefent,  and  the  houfe 
then  adjourned. 

Thurfday,  July  16. 

MR.  Baldwin,  of  the  committee 
appointed  to  prepare  a  bill,  providing 
for  the  fettlement  of  accounts  be- 
tween the  united  flates  and  individual 
liates,  brought  ip  h  report :  ihis  bill 
provides  for  eftablifhing  a  board  of 
three  commilTioners,  whofe  decilion  is 
to  be  final — read  and  laid  on  ihe  table. 

The  report  of  the  commUtce  on 
cpmpenfaiions,  was  next  taken  into 
connJeration. 

On  filling  up  the  blank  in  tite  ar- 
ticle which  provides  a  compenfation 
fur  the  fervices  of  the  prefident,  a 
lengthy  converfation  enfued. 

Mr.  Sherman  fiiggefted  the  expe- 
diency of  referring  the  fubjefl  to  a 
committee,  which  Ihould  confill  of  a 
member  from  ea(  h  ftate. 

Mr.  Livermore  propofed  that  the 
bl-ink  (liouldbe  filled  up  wiih  iS,ooo 
dollars :  hccbferved.  that  theexpeiiles 
cfili.e  huiifliold  of  the  prefident  of  the 


latecongrefs,  amounted,  on  an  average, 
to  about  13.000  dollars ;  he  adverted 
to  the  difference  of.  the  charges  of 
Iving  at  the  prefent  time,  compared 
wnh  what  they  were  formerly  :  he 
faid  hewas  in  favour  of  a  generous  and 
competent  allowance. 

Mr.  Tucker  propofed  that  26.000 
dollars  fliould  be  the  fum  for  the  firil 
year,  and  15,000  for  each  of  the 
ihree  fucceeding  years  :  he  fuppofed 
that  this  mode  would  be  agreeable  to 
the  conffitution,  provided  the  whole 
fum  was  voted  at  once,  and  he  con- 
ceived there  was  a  propriety  in 
making  the  grant,  for  the  firit  year^ 
larger  ihati  ft  r  ihe  following  ;  the  ave- 
rage would  be  about  the  fum  men- 
tioned by  ihe  gentleman  from  New 
Hamplhire. 

Mr.  Stone  faid.  that  he  fuppofed, 
that  25,000  dollars  woulil  be  as  finall 
a  fum  as  would  anfwer,  and  in  cafe 
that  fum  was  agreed  to,  the  executive 
would  be  Icfs  cxpenfive  to  the  peo- 
ple than  that  of  any  fimilar  govern- 
ment in  the  world  ;  and  if  it  is  confi- 
dered,  that  the  unavoidable  expenfes 
will  be  great,  and,  that  the  prefident 
will  require  the  affidancc  of  two  or 
more  fecreiaries,  to  difcharge  his 
high  and  important  truf^,  and  that  it 
cannot  be  expetled  that  perfons  in 
fuch  a  flation.  {]iould  be  in  flraiten- 
ed  or  dependent  circumffances,  this 
fum  will  not  be  f  Mind  exceffive — be- 
fides,  it  is  a  maxim  of  found  policy, 
that  executive  officers  (hould  be  in- 
dependent. 

Mr.  White.  Sir,  I  do  not  fay  that 
25,00^-1  dollars  will  be  enough — or 
that  it  is  not  fuffic'ent — but  in  oider 
to  determine  what  will  be  right.  I 
(liouldbe  glad  to  know  in  what  fl'.la 
i;  is  cxpeCied  theprtfident  (hould  bve  ? 
If  a  Rile  of  mignificeiice  and  fplen- 
dor  is  to  be  adopted,  this  liim  will  be 
too  fmall  ;  it  will  be  extremely  diffi- 
cult to  determine  upon  a  proper  fum, 
till  this  is  known. 

Mr.  Baldwin  gave  an  account  of 
the  different  ideas  of  the  gentlemen 
who  were  upon  the  committee,  by 
which  it  appeared,  that  the  fum,  in 
the  report,  was  nearly  an  average  of 
their  refpeCfivc  ideas  upon  the  fiibject. 
He  obferved,  that  ihe  fum  was  adopt- 
ed with  fonie  referciire  to  the  cha- 
racler  which  now  fills  the  chair,  and 
the     coinmitiee    thousiht    it     would 


Proceedings  cf  congrefs. 


J9 


be  perfeflly  fafe  rather  to  exceed, 
than  fall  (hort,  of  the  amount  which 
might  be  requifite. 

Ivlr.  Boiidmot  made  fimilar  obfer- 
vaiioiis,  wuh  fome  enlargement,  and 
added,  that  he  Ihould  raihcr  be  for 
increafino  than  diminifhing  the  fum. 

Mr.  VIning  laid  that  the  commit- 
tee had  no  documenis  on  which  to 
form  a  judgment — they  had  no  light 
to  guide  them — rhey  could  not  deter- 
mine what  amballadors,  and  foreign 
mmiHers  might  be  fent  to  this  coun- 
try, nor  what  expenfes,  the  prefident 
mud  necefTanly  incur  on  that  account, 
to  fiipport  the  honour  and  dignity  of 
the  flates.  He  obterved,  that  there 
are  cafes,  in  which  generohiy  is  the 
beft  economy,  and  no  lofs  is  ever  fuf- 
tamed  by  a  dec?nt  fupport  of  the  chief 
magiltrate.  There  is  a  certain  ap- 
pearance of  parade  and  external  dig- 
nity, which  it  is  neceffary  fliould  be 
kept  up.  Did  I  represent  a  larger 
flate  (faid  he)  I  would  fpeak  with 
more  confidence  upon  this  occahon. 
The  ghort  of  poverty  haunts  us — We 
are  Hunned  wuh  the  cry  of  the  pover- 
ty of  the  Hates — Ijut,  under  the  au- 
fpices  of  an  energetic  government, 
our  funds  will  be  eftabliflied,  and  in- 
crealed,  and,  I  doubt  not,  they  will 
be  fufficient  for  all  the  purpofes  of  the 
union — We  ought  not  to  confine  our 
calculations  to  the  prefent  moment. 
If  gentlemen  will  contend,  that  we 
are  not  able  (o  fupport  the  govern- 
ment in  a  proper  (hie,  why  there  is  an 
end  of  the  bulinefs  :  but  we  fliould  re- 
member, the  prefent  is  the  feafonofor- 
ganiz:ngthe  government — patient  and 
and  lengthy  inveftigation  is  requifite, 
and  the  amount  of  the  civil  liU  will 
be  thereby  increafed — But,  in  future, 
the  felhons  will  be  (hort,  and  the  burden 
of  expcnfe  greatly  diminiflied.  He 
laid,  he  wa-;  againft  any  reduction  of 
the  fum  ;  he  had  always  fuppofed  it 
too  fmall,  and  ihould  rather  propofe 
to  fill  the    blank  with  30,000  dollars. 

Mr.  Page  obferved,  that  30,000  dol- 
lars had  been  mentioned.  He  thought 
that  would  be  an  adequate  fum  ;  but 
not  for  the  purpofes  of  pomp  and  pa- 
rade. Thofe,  he  faid,  were  entirely 
out  of  the  queftion.  He  had  made  a 
calculation  upon  the  probable  necef- 
fary expenfes,  and  found,  that,  ex- 
cliifive  of  the  dignity  and  pageantry, 
which  foms  talked  of,  thi«  fum  v/ould 


be  fufficient.  He  therefore  moved  that 
the  blank  (hould  be  filhd  with  30,003 
dollars. 

The  vote  being  taken  on  mr.  Page's 
motion,  it  pafled  in  the  negative. 

It  was  then  moved,  that  the  blank 
Ihould  be  filled  with  ej.ooo — which 
was  carried  by  a  large  majority. 

Upon  the  claufe  in  the  report,  to 
allow  the  vice  prefident  5000  dollars 
per  annum,  a  debate  enlued. 

Mr.  White  laid,  he  did  not  find 
any  thing  in  the  conUitution  author;z- 
ing  a  falary  to  that  officer — He  there- 
fore moved  that  the  f.im  fhould  lie 
flruck  out,  and  the  claufe  fo  amend- 
ed, as  that  the  vice-prefident  fhould 
receive  daily  pay,  as  prefident  of  the 
fenate  only — in  which  capacity  alone, 
mr.  White  further  obferved,  fervices 
could  be  exacted  from  him — and  he 
did  not  think  they  could  conlilleiitly 
vote  any  allowance,  but  for  fervices 
afhially  performed. 

Mr.  Page  faid,  that  he  rofe  to  fe- 
cond  the  motion  of  his  colleague, 
but  from  quite  oppofite  principles.  He 
fhould  propofe  that  ,5000  dollars  he 
{truck  out  as  too  fmall  a  fum.  He 
could  not  fee  the  propriety  of  mak- 
ing fo  great  a  ditlerence  between  the 
firft  and  fecond  magi  Urates.  He 
fhould  therefore  move  that  ,5000  be 
flruck  out,  in  order  to  mfert  8000. 

Mr.  Sedgwick  obterved  that  the 
principle,  on  which  the  motion  of 
mr.  White  was  founded,  did  not  ap- 
pear 10  him  to  be  jufi.  1  he  pay  of 
the  members  is  per  dian,  becaufe 
they  are  together  only  for  a  tune. 
The  vice-prefident  is  an  officer  by 
the  conffitution,  who,  in  cafe  of  ac- 
cident, is  to  take  the  chair,  and  is 
fo  rcfide  at  the  feat  of  government ; 
from  which  it  appears  neceffary  that 
he  fliould  receive  a  permanent  falary. 

Mr.  Seney.  By  the  conflitation, 
compenfation  is  to  be  made  for  fer- 
vices performed.  The  vice-prefideut 
may  abfeiit  himfelf  during  the  whole 
time — I  am  forgiving  him  a  handfbme 
allowance,  while  employed  ;  but  I 
think  he  ought  to  be  paid,  per  diem. 

Mr.  Sherman  adverted  to  the  cir- 
cumRance  of  lieutenant-governors  le- 
ceivmg  faiaries  in  the  leveral  Hates, 
where  luch  officers  are  appointed  ; 
fo  that,  in  this  view,  the  grant  to  the 
vice-prefident  would  agree  with  the 
practice  of  the  flates  individuallyi    ll 


£o] 


Prvctedings  of  congrefs. 


appeared  to  be  necelTary,  aJfo,  inaf- 
nuicli  as  ihis  officer  would  be  taken 
oli  from  all  other  bulincl's. 

Mr.  While.  Sir,  ihe  conllitution 
has  not  pointed  out  the  vice-prcf)deiit 
as  an  oificcr  to  be  provided  far  :  it 
lays,  the  prelident  ihall  have  a  hxcd 
and  pcrnjaneni  compeiiraiion  for  his 
iei  vices,  but  IS  iilem  as  to  the  vice- 
priilident.  We  are  moe  authonfed  to 
nilttuie  linecures  for  any  man.  Whe- 
ther the  vice-prefidcnt  may,  or  may 
ro:,  purfue  any  other  buiiaefs,  1  will 
not  pretend  to  lay.  He  may,  how- 
ever, abfent  himfelf  from  the  public 
iervice,  and  who  can  call  him  to  ac- 
count ?  The  coiiftitutioii  being  iilent, 
1  think,  we  may  not  eliabliih  a  pre- 
cedent :  as  to  the  lieutenaiu-governors 
of  thefeveral  Hates,  feme  of  them  do 
not  receive  falaries, 

iVIr.  Madifon  did  nof  agree  with 
his  colleague  :  he  iaid  the  vice-preli- 
bcni  ought  to  be  placed  in  fuch  a  fitu- 
ation,  ihat  the  Hates  may  always  be 
able  lo  command  his  fervices.  The 
vice-prehdefit  may  be  taken  from  the 
exiremuy  of  the  continent.  If  he  is  to 
be  conlidered  as  the  apparent  fuccef- 
lor  to  the  prelident  in  cafe  of  accident, 
It  will  be  neceifary  that  he  fhoiild 
withdraw  his  attention  from  all  other 
purliuts.  It  is  generally  true,  that  pay 
Ihoiild  be  for  the  time  during  which 
iervices  are  performed  ;  but  it  is  not 
univerlaily  the  cafe — the  judges  of 
the  ctmrts  will  not  be  always  employ- 
ed ;  but  they  wiii  be  e-muled  to  con- 
ilant  pay. 

Mr.  Ames  ohfcrved  that  the  vice 
president's  acceptance  ot  his  appoint- 
menr,  is  a  renuiicialion  of  the  com- 
mon modes  of  obtaining  a  livelihood. 
— When  a  man  is  taken  from  the 
raafs  ot  the  people,  for  a  particular 
oKice,  he  is  entiiled  to  a  compenfa- 
lion  from  the  public.  During  the 
time  in  which  he  is  not  particularly 
employed,  he  is  fuppofed  to  be  engag- 
ed in  political  relearches,  for  the  be- 
iicht  ot  his  couniry. 

Every  man  is  eligible  by  the  con- 
nuution  to  be  chofen  to  this  office  ; 
but  if  a  competent  fupport  is  not  al- 
lowed, the  choice  will  be  confined  to 
opulent  characiers.  This  is  an  anf- 
tocratic  idea,  and  contravenes  the 
fpirit  of  the  conltitiuion. 

Mr.  Scncy.  This,  {ir,  is  a  fubjefl 
of  a  dclicaiti   nature,  and  rather  dif- 


agrceable  in  its  difcuflion  ;  but  I  con- 
(ider  it  my  duly  to  exprefs  my  fenti- 
mei.ts  freely  upon  it ;  I  have  heard  no 
arguments  to  convince  me  that  the 
vtce-prefident  ought  to  receive  an  al- 
lowance any  more  than  ihe  other  mem- 
bers of  the  legillature  ;  he  cannot  be 
compelled  to  perform  any  duty  ;  this 
IS  ciii  important  fubjett,  and  ought  to 
to  be  maiurcly  conhdered,  as  much 
depends  on  the  decihon  which  will 
now  take  place. 

Mr.  Burke  faid,  the  embarralTed  (i- 
tuation  of  our  finances  was  fuch,  as 
to  put  It  out  of  our  power  to  give  fuch 
ample  falaries  a--  we  might,  indifferent 
circuniBances,  think  neccfFary  ;  that 
the  vice-preiidf:nt  fhoiild  receive  a 
compenfation,  as  the  lecond  officer  irt 
the  government,  is  but  rcafonable:  he 
will  be  obliged  to  fu))port  an  appear- 
ance, by  living  at  the  feat  of  govern- 
ment, which  will  fiibjcft  him  to  extra 
expcnfe.  Mr.  Butke  further  ob- 
ferved,  that  the  fum  propol'ed,  might 
not  be  fully  lufficient,  but  it  was  as 
much  at  we  could  alford,  at  the  pre- 
fent  moment. 

Mr,  Ames  replied  to  the  obferva- 
tions  of  mr.  Seney,  and  pointed  out 
the  difference  between  the  fituation 
of  the  vice-prcfidentand  of  the  mem-, 
bers  of  the  legiflamie. 

Mr.  Sedgwick  added  fome  remarks 
of  a  fimilar  import,  and  further  faid, 
it  was  neceffary  that  the  members  of 
the  houfe  fhould  return  and  mix  with 
their  conllituents,  in  order  to  learn 
their  fentimenis,  their  feelings ;  and 
lo  witneis  iheir  lliuation  and  wants  ; 
that,  conlequently,  they  may  refume 
their  occupations.  But  with  refpeft  ti* 
the  vice-prehdeiii,  his  acceptance  muft 
be  coniidered  as  an  abandonment  of 
every  other  purfuit.  He  mult  rcfidc  at 
the  ieat  of  government,  and  necefia- 
rily  incur  extra  expenles  in  confe- 
quence  of  the  office  he  fuftains. 

Mr.  Stone.  I  am,  fir,  for  giving 
fuch  falaries  as  will  make  the  officers 
of  this  government  eafy  in  their  polls. 
But  we  are  confined  by  the  con- 
flilutioii.  Salaiies  are  to  be  givea 
for  fervices  performed — they  are 
confidcred  in  no  oiher  light.  We 
can  couhder  the  vice-prefident  in 
no  oiher  view  than  as  prelident  of 
thelenate.  1  am  for  his  being  paid 
per  diem  ;  but  1  am  for  giving  him  a 
generous  iuppovt.      The  fum  of  5000 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


[ct 


d<^llars  per  annum,  is  not,  I  conceive, 
enough,  1  {hould  be  in  favour  of 
fuch  a  fuin  per  diem  as  would  amount 
to  fix   h^inHied  dollars  per  annum. 

The  qiielhon  being  put  on  mr. 
White's  motion,  it  v^as  reje£i€d,  and 
the  claufe  retamed. 

In  the  claule  fixing  fix  dollars  a 
day  as  the  pay  of  the  fenators  and  re- 
prefentatives,  mr.  Sedgwick  moved 
for  a  difcrimination,  viz.  that  the  for- 
mer (honid  have  fix,  and  the  latter 
five  dollars  per  diem. 

Mr.  Jackion  oppofed  this  difcrimi- 
nation. He  obferved,  we  have  all 
alike  abandoned  our  particular  pur- 
luits  in  life,  and  are  all  equally  en- 
g-iged  in  the  iervice  of  our  country, 
and  I  can  fee  no  reafon  for  making 
any  difference  ;  can  a  fenator  eat 
more,  or  does  be  drink  better  than  a 
reprcfentative  ?  1  prefume  not ;  their 
expenfes  are  equal.  There  is  but 
one  reafon  that  can  be  alfigned  for 
this  dittintlion,  and  that  is,  the  Ce- 
rate may  fit  longer  than  the  houfe  ; 
but  as  they  will  receive  pay  accord- 
ingly, this  reafon  falls  to  the  ground. 
TThe  bufinefs  of  both  houfes  is  the 
lame,  and   the  pay  ought  to  be  alike. 

Mr.  Lee.  The  confiitution  has 
made  a  dillerence,  and  we  ought  to 
do  the  fame  :  there  is  a  degree  of  re- 
finement in  the  mode  of  elefting  le- 
rators  :  they  are  to  be  our  beflt  men, 
and  I  think  that  every  encouragement 
oib^hr  to  be  given  to  draw  forth  the 
firil  abilities.  1  he  difference  of  two 
or  three  dollars  is  but  a  trifling  dif- 
tiiiftion  to  our  venerable  fages.  At 
f  refenf,  there  may  be  young  men  in 
the  fenate  ;  but  the  time  will  come, 
when  our  moll  honourable,  grey-head- 
ed fires,  the  experienced  and  wife 
men  of  our  land  will  fill  thofe  feats  : 
old  men  are  with  difficulty  brought 
into  public  life ;  every  inducement 
fliould  therefore  be  held  out — the  ho- 
nour and  dignity  of  our  government 
are  infej^jrably  connefled,  with  fup- 
porting,  .in  a  proper  manner,  this  im- 
porfnnt  branch  of  our  legiflature.  The 
ctJiiftitution  warrants  a  diilinftion.  It 
IS  founded  on  the  beft  experience — I 
therefore  give  my  hearty  affent  to  the 
propola!  for  a  difcrimination. 

Mr.  White.  Sir,  I  am  oppofed  to 
a  difcrimination.  1  cannot  fee  the 
dirlerence  in  the  conftitution,  which 
tiie  gentleman  refers  to.     There  was 

Vot.  VI. 


an  artificial  and  political  diftinfliom 
eftabliflied  between  the  fenators  and 
the  people  in  fome  of  the  ancient 
commonwealths.  This  was  the  cafe 
at  Rome  in  particular.  The  fenators 
were  there  conlidered  as  polFelling  a 
portion  of  divinity,  and  the  relt  of 
the  people  were  not  fuffered  to  mix 
with  them.  Is  it  to  be  iuppofed,  be- 
caufe  our  fenators  have  the  fame  name^ 
that  they  are  of  a  fupenor  order  to 
their  fellow-men  ?  Whatever  may  be 
the  fentiment  here,  in  their  refpettive 
fiates,  there  is  no  diHerence  in  the  ge- 
neral eftimation  between  a- fenator  and 
a  reprefentative-v-and  why  any  dil- 
crimination  fliould  be  made  in  their 
refpe£Hve  allowances,  1  cannot  con- 
ceive. 

This  diftinflion  will  operate  againft 
the  independence  of  the  members  of 
this  houfe,  and  may,  at  fome  future 
day,  enable  the  fenate  to  carry  points, 
by  being  able  to  prolong  the  feffions, 
when  it  may  be  greatly  to  the  incon- 
venience of  the  houfe. 

Mr.  Madifon  was  in  favour  of  thtf 
difcrimination.  He  faid  it  was  evi- 
dently contemplated  by  the  conflitu- 
tion,  to  hold  out  fome  difhnttion  in 
favour  of  the  fenate,  as  an  induce- 
ment for  men  of  flayed  and  fixed  prin- 
ciples, whom  habits  of  retirement 
might  render  averfe  from  the  aftive 
fcenes  of  public  life,  to  devote  the  ex- 
perience of  their  years,  and  the  acqui- 
fitions  of  ftudy,  to  the  fervice  ot  their 
country — and  except  fomething  of  this 
kind  is  done,  we  may  find  it  difficult 
to  obtain  proper  charatters  for  the  fe- 
nate ;  as  mea  of  enterprife  and  ge- 
nius will  naturally  prefer  a  feat  in  the 
houfe,  which  will  be  confidered  as  a 
more  confp'.cuous  iituation, 

Mr.  Vining  was  oppofed  to  the 
raotion  for  difcrimination.  He  ob- 
ferved, that  wealthy  men  would,  lii 
all  probability,  be  chofen  fenators, 
and  that  the  reprefentatives  would 
not,  in  general,  be  of  that  clafs ; 
the  difcrimination,  therefore,,  if  any 
was  made,  ought  to  be  in  favour 
of  the  latter.  This  (faid  he)  is  a 
fubjeft  on  which  we  can  feel,  but 
which  is  difficult  to  difcufs.  I  am 
againfl  the  reduftion  of  the  fum  men- 
tioned in  the  report,  as  I  think  that 
fum  quite  infufficient.  Six  dollars, 
fir,  is  not  equal  to  the  expenfe  per 
day,  at  which  many  jjenilemen  live^ 


.".J 


Proceedings  cf  congrrji. 


when  at  home.  We'furelydonot  intend 
to  aiake  the  pubhc  fervice  unplcalant, 
by  reiideriniT  the  fitiiation  of  gentle- 
iD^i'  lefs  eligible.  '  As  to  diicrinnna- 
tion,  the  conilitucion  has  fufficiently 
pointed  odt  the  proper  dilhnciion. 
Mr.  Vinin,^  added  many  more  obler- 
vanons,  and  concluded  bv  faying, 
I  have  exprefled  mylelf  fully  upon 
this  occafion  :  I  am  not  afraid  that 
mv  fentiments  fhoiiid  be  known  to  my 
conlliiuents.  becaufe  I  think  their'.s 
are  aqrreable  to  my  own, 

Mr.  Seney.  I  am  lorry,  fir,  that  the 
qucHion  of  difcnmi'nation  has  been 
b:"05i,ght  before  the  houfe.  What  rea- 
fon  can  be  alfigned  for  making  (his 
diftindion?  Are  the  fervices  of  the 
fcnate  greater  than  thofeof  the  repre- 
fentatives?  I  think  not.  Gentle- 
men have  brought  forward  the  confti- 
tution  i;pon  this  occadon  ;  but  1  con- 
ceive it  is  oppofed  to  the  pruiciple 
they  mean  to  advocate.  The  indepen- 
dence of  the  feveral  branches  is  to  be 
lliirtiy  preferved  ;  this  will  deflroy 
that  independence:  if  we  eflahiifh  a 
diicriniination  in  favour  of  (he  fenate, 
■will  it  noi  naturally  tend  to  create  a 
fenfe  of  inferiority  in  the  minds  of  the 
rcprsfcncatives  ?  and  the  time  may 
come,  when  they  may  find  it  for  their 
jntereft,  to  be  entirely  fubfervient  to 
the  views  of  the  fenate.  Sir,  I  feel 
fo  fenfibly  she  impropriety  and  nncon- 
ftitutior\ality  of  this  mealiire,  tha'  if  I 
had  the  fmaileft  idea  that  it  would  corn- 
port  with  the  fentimenrs  of  a  majority 
of  the  members  of  this  houfe,  I  fh(Hild 
call  for  the  ayes  and  noes  upon  the 
quellion — but  as  I  do  not  conceive 
that  to  be  the  cafe,  I  fiiallfor  thepre- 
fent  wave  the  propofition. 

Mr.  Sedgwick  obferved,  that, when- 
ever he  had  a  motion  to  make  in  the 
houfe,  he  always  endeavoured  lo  fatisfy 
himfelfof  :he  reafonablenefs  and  pio- 
prieiy  of  the  propofition  it  contained. 
When  he  had  determined  It  wa-^  pro- 
per, the  mode  of  decidon  that  fhoiild 
be  adopted,  he  confidered  as  not  of 
very  rv^ierial  confcquence — but,  in 
flcermining  the  prefent  qiieftion,  he 
honrd  the  ayes  and  noes  would  not  be 
called.  There  i<;  (faid  he)  a  principle 
in  human,  nature,  which  revolts  from 
the  idea  of  inferiority — hence,  when  a 
propofition  is  made,  which  has  for  its 
obj'  ■  t  the  eflablifhmenr  of  fuperiorify, 
in  whatever  form  you  pleafe,  that  prin- 
ciple is  alarmed,  and  excited  to  oppo- 


fuion  ;  but,  in  difculTing  fuch  a  quef- 
tion  as  the  prefent,  we  ought  to  dir 
veil  ourlelves  ot  every  partiality  and 
prejudice,  which  may  bias  our  judg- 
ments to  adecKion,  that  will  not  bear 
the  tell  of  realt)!!  and  experience. 
The  conlhtiiLion  has,  I  conceive, 
plainly  pointed  out  the  precedence  of 
the  fenate.  There  are  tirades  in  fo- 
ciety  which  are  necelfary  to  its  very 
ex'ftence.  This  is  a  f'lf- evident  pro- 
pofit'.on — It  IS  recognized  by  every  ci- 
vilized nation.  It  is  recognized  by 
the  houle  in  the  report  before  us. 
Why  elfe  have  we  made  a  diiTerence 
between  the  prt-ddent  and  vice-prefi- 
dent  ?  Is  It  not  on  account  of  the  fu- 
perior  ftation,  and  weight  of  dignity 
of  the  former  ? — and  between  the 
vice-prehdent  and  the  fenate  ?  This 
diftiiifiion  is  alfoellablidied  inthedif- 
ference  of  the  terms  for  which  the  fe- 
nate and  the  houfe  ofreprcfentativcs  is 
chofen.  The  time,  for  which  the  fenate 
is  chofen,  points  out  the  propriety  of 
a  difference  m  the  pay  they  ought  to 
receive.  The  admimd ration  of  the 
government  will  recjuire,  that  they 
fhould  more  completely  abllratl  (hem- 
lelves  from  perfonal  purfuits.  Their 
time  w.dl  be  almofl  wholly  abforbed 
by  an  attention  to  public  duties :  they 
fliould,  therefore,  have  an  adequate 
and  independent  allowance.  They 
will  jjenerally  be  of  an  age  that  will 
preclude  them  from  all  ideas  of  ever 
engaging  in  their  feveral  profelfions, 
after  once  having  engaged  in  the  fer- 
vice of  their  country.  Their  age, 
their  wifdom  and  experience,  all  war- 
rant this  difcrimination.  Mr.  Sedg- 
wick added  many  more  obfervations 
to  fliewthe  policy  and  conlhtutionali- 
ty  of  the  difcrimination,  and  conclud- 
ed by  laying,  he  thought  the  real  dig- 
nity of  the  houfe  fo  far  from  being 
d  minifhed  by  adopting  the  propofi- 
tion, that  he  conceived  it  was  effen- 
tlally  connefted  with  it. 

Mr.  Jacklbn.  in  reply  to  the  en- 
quiry of  mr.  Sedgwick, — why  have 
we  made  a  difference  betwen  the 
prefident  and  vice-prefident  ?  obfer- 
ed,  that  the  prefident  will  be  em- 
ployed the  whole  of  his  time.  The 
vice- prefident  may  retire  to  his  farm, 
wKc-ncver  he  pleafes.  Reference  is 
had-4o  the  wifdom  of  the  fenate — but 
how  is  this  fuperior  wifdom  made  to 
appear?  If  a  diftinflion  is  to  be  made 
on  this  account,  ii  follows  that  a  dif- 


Proceedings  of  congrcfs. 


[23 


ference  fliouM  be  made  between  the  fe- 
veial  members  of  ihis  boufe,  and  alio 
between  ihofe  of  thefenate.  We  can- 
not be  too  cautious  how  we  eftabiifh  an 
undue  pre-eminence,  and  give  an  in- 
fluence and  importance  to  one  branch 
of  the  Isgiflature  over  the  other.  All 
governments  tend  to  defpotifin,  as  na- 
turally as n vers  run  into  the  lea.  Dcf- 
potilm  carries  us  points  gradually,  by 
flow  and  imperceptible  itcps.  Dcl- 
poiic  power  is  never  eilabhlhed  all  at 
once.  W'e  Uiall,  ere  we  are  aware, 
get  beyond  the  gulph,  and  then  won- 
der how  we  got  there.  The  fervices 
of  the  fenate  are  not  more  arduous 
thm  ours ;, their  proper  bulineis  is  le- 
gidation,  and  I  never  will  coni'ent  to' 
any  difcriminaiion.  Had  i  any  tdea- 
thatche  qiieflion  would  be  detciinined 
in  favour  of  difcrimination,  1  fhould 
be  for  calling  the  ayes  and  noes,  and, 
fhould  it  be  fo  dciciinined,  1  fiiall 
choofe  to  enter  my  negaiive  againll  it. 
Mr.  Page  was  in  favour  of  the  dif- 
criinination  :  he  faid,  that  in  his  o- 
pinion,  the  fenate  ought  to  have  per- 
manent falanes,  that  they  might  be 
placed  in  an  eligible  and  indepjr.dent 
fituation. 

The  propofition  for  a  difcriminatl- 
OQ  was  neg:it:vcd. 

Monday.  July  20. 
MR.  Smith  (S.  C.j  moved,  that  a 
comunttee  fliould  be  appointed  to 
bring  in  a  bill,  to  authorize  the  feveral 
flaies  to  provide  funds  for  the  fujport 
of  hofpuals  for  fick  and  difabled  lea- 
men,  and  for  the  regulation  of  their 
relpettive  harbours,  i  his  motion  was 
adopted,  and  melTrs.  Smith,  (S.  C.) 
Carroll,  and  Clymer,  appointed  the 
coirim;ttee. 

The  bill  for  eflablifiiing  an  execu- 
tive department,  to  be  denominated 
the  department  of  foreign  atlairs,  as 
amended  by  the  fenate,  was  read,  and 
the  amendments  agreed  to. 
Tuej'day^  July  21. 
THE  fpeaker  informed  the  houfe 
that  the  enrolled  bill  to  provide  for 
the  ellablifliment  of  light-houfcs,  bea- 
cons, and  buoys,  was  ready  for  the 
infpeftion  of  the  corrimittee,-  who 
fhovild  examine  and  prefent  the  fame 
to  the  prefident,  for  his  approbation 
and  fignature. 

V/tdricJday,  July  22. 
THE  houfe  went  into  a  committee 
on  the  refolution  reipecimg  the  well  - 
em  territory,  and  having  gene  ihrcugh 


it,  ordered  that  a  committee  be  ap- 
pointed to  bring  in  a  bill  in  purfuance 
of  the  fame. 

Mr.  Carroll  moved,  that  the  houfe 
now  take  up  the  report  ot  the  com- 
mittee on  the  fiibjeci  of  the  enrollment, 
attellation,  publication,  and  preferva- 
tion  of  the  acts  of  congrefs. 

Th':s  was,  however,  poilponed  on 
mr.  Vining  giving  notice  that  he 
fhould  move  for  leave  to  bring  in  a 
bill  toellabiii'li  a  domellic  depaitment. 
This  fuhjett  was  conuetlcd  with  one 
immediately  preceding,  as  this  ellab- 
lifliment would  provide  a  proper  re- 
pofitory  for  the  public  records  of  the 
legiflature,  and  many  objcHs  of  the 
report  might  be  comprehended  in  iliis 
provilion. 

Mr.  Vining  moved  a  rcfoliition, 
that  the  prefident  of  the  united  Hates 
be  authorized  and  requelled,  to  pro- 
vide a  great  and  lelTer  feal,  with  pro- 
per devices,  for  the  ufe  of  the  united 
flaies. 

After  fome  converfation,  in  which 
it  was  obferved  that  fuch  a  provifion, 
refpetting  the  great  feal,  was  necdlefs 
and  improper,  as  one  already  exifled 
— and  fonje  doubts  were  exprcllcd  as 
to  the  necelhty  of  a  pnvv  feal— it 
was  agreed  that  the  motion  fhould  he 
on  the  table. 

Mr.  Benfon  moved  a  refolution, 
that  a  commttee  fliould  be  appointed 
to  bring  in  a  bill,  to  prefcribe  the  form 
of  commiiTions  t©  be  granted  to  the 
officers  of  the  united  Hates. 

Ordered  to  lie  on  the  table. 

Mr,  Burke,  of  the  com-mittee  ap- 
pointed for  that  purpole,  preiented  a 
bill  for  allowing  a  compenlation  to 
the  prefident  and  vice- prefident  of 
the  united  liates. 

In  committee  of  the  whole. 

The  bill,  providing  for  the  fettle- 
ment  of  accounts  between  the  united 
flaies  and  individual  liates,  was  dif- 
culfcd — the  committee  then  rof^.-,  and 
the  chairman  reported,  that  the  com- 
mittee had  gone  through  the  difcuf- 
fion  of  the  bill,  without  making  any 
amendments.  It  was  then  moved  that 
the  committee  be  difchargetl  from  any 
further  conhderaiion  of  f;ild  bill — and 
that  It  be  referred  to  a  feleCt  commit- 
tee— this  palTed  in  the  aiiirmative, 
and  meffrs.  Sturges,  Baldwin,  and 
Smith,  (S.  C.)   were  appointed. 

The  houfe.  then,  on  motion  of  mr, 
Scott,  rcfoived   itlclf  into  a  comuiit- 


^3 


Proceedingi  of  congtffi. 


tec  of  tlie  whole,  to  take  into  confi- 
deration  certain  refolves  refpeQing 
the  weftern  territory — and  after  fome 
converfation,  the  following,  in  fub- 
ilance,  were  agreed  to,  viz. 

Refolved,  as  the  fenfe  of  this  com- 
mittee, that  a  land-office  ought  to  be 
eitablillied,  for  the  fale  of  vacant  and 
unappropriated  lands  in  the  weftern 
territory. 

That  the  faid  office  be  under  the 
fiiperintendence  of  the  govenror  of 
the  weilern  territory,  for  the  titne 
being — that  the  lands  to  be  fold,  be 
contained  within  the  following  li- 
mits,  Vl7- 

That  ihe   trafls   and  parcels  to  be 
difpofed  of  fhall  not  exceed 
acres. 

That  the  price  to  be  required  fliall 
be  per  acre. 

That  every  perfon,  aflually  fettled 
within  the  faid  limits,  Ihall  be  enti- 
tled to  the  pre-emption  of  a  quantity 
riot  exceeding  acres,  in- 

cluding his  feitlement. 

y\.  committee,  confifling  of  mr. 
Scoti,  mr.  Sylveiler,  and  mr.  Moore, 
M'as  then  appointed  to  brmg  in  a  bill, 
or  bills,  agreeably  to  the  faid  refo- 
lulions. 

T/iurfday,  July  23; 
THE  bill,  ellabliflaing  the  com- 
penfation  to  be  made  to  the  prefident, 
&c.  was  reported  by  the  committee 
appointed  for  that  purpofe,  and  order- 
ed to  be  eiigrolled. 

The  houle  then  refolved  itfelf  info 
a  committee  of  the  whole,  on  the 
flate  of  the  union. 

Mr.  Vining  moved  his  refolutions, 
relpcfling  the  eflabliffiment  of  a  home 
department'— comprehending  and  de- 
tailing a  variety  of  domellic  duties, 
%vhich,  he  faid.  Were  not  included 
and  provided  for,  in  any  ellablifli- 
jTient  which  had  been  already  made. 
The  general  principle  of  thefe  re- 
folutions met  with  earneft  oppofition 
from  mr.  White,! mr,  Sedgwick,  mr, 
Gerry,  and  others.  It  was  contend- 
ed, that  fuch  a  department  was  un- 
tieceiTary,  becaufe  the  funfiions,  to 
be  executed  in  it,  would  be  properly 
diftributed  among  the  offices  already 
created  ;  that  it  was  impolitic,  becaufe 
it  was  expenfive;  and  becaufe  an  in- 
crcafe  of  great  officers  would  alarm 
the  people.  It  was  faid,  that  many 
of  the  duties,  propofed  to  be  annexed 


to  the  office,  were  unimportant  in 
themfelves;  others  might  be  perform- 
ed by  the  chief  magilirate;  funie 
might  be  executed  by  the  minider  of 
foreign  affairs,  and  others  again  by 
the  fecretary  of  the  fenate,  or  the 
clerk  of  the  houfe. 

Mr.  Vining  replied  at  large  to  the 
arguments  which  were  urged  ;  and 
defended  each  claufe  of  the  refolu- 
tions. 

The  queflion  was  at  length  taken 
on  the  firft  claufe,  which  provided 
generally  for  the  ellabldhineni  of  the 
department,  and  was  negatived. 

A  motion  was  then  made  by  mr. 
Sedgwick,  that  a  committee  (houtd 
be  appointed,  to  bring  in  a  bill,  fup- 
plementary  to  the  aft  eflablifliing 
a  department  of  foreign  affairs,  pro- 
viding that  the  department  Ihould,  in 
future,  be  denominated  the  depart-' 
mentofftate,  and  that  certain  dovnef- 
tic  duties,  which  he  enumeraied, 
ffiould  be  annexed  to  the  department, 
fuch  as  keeping  the  feais,  making  out 
commnTions,  and  affixing  to  them  the 
feal  of  the  united  ffates,  &c. 

This  motion  was  negatived,  and 
the  committee  rofe  without  coming  to 
a  dccifion.     Adjourned, 

Friday^  July  1\. 

MR.  Gerry,  of  the  committee 
appointed  for  that  purpofe,  brought 
in  a  bill  to  provide  for  the  regiftenrtg 
and  clearing  of  veffels — for  regulaiinji 
their  tonnage,  and  the  coafling  trade, 
which  was  read— voted  that  100  00- 
pies  be  printed  for  the  houfc. 

The  engroffisd  bill,  for  allowing 
compcnfations  to  the  prefident  and 
vice-pie(ident,  for  their  refpeflive 
fervices,  was  read  a  third  time-r-this 
bill  provides  that  the  vice-prelident 
fiiall.  in  cafe  the  powers  and  duties 
of  the  prefident  devolve  upon  him,  re- 
ceive the  coinpenfation  allowed  to 
the  prefident,  and  his  allowance  as 
V  ce-prefident  is  then  to  ceafe.  Up- 
on motion,  it  was  voted,  that  this  bi.ll 
be  recommitted,  and  that  the  houfe 
will  refolve  itfelf  into  a  rommiitce  of 
the  whole,  for  the  pnrpofe  of  taking 
the  fame  into  confederation. 

The  committee,  to  whom  was  re- 
committed the  bill  to  provide  for  the 
fetilemcnt  of  accounts  between  the 
united  ffates  and  individual  iiaies,  re- 
ported an  amendment  to  fad  bill, 
which  empowers  the  prefident  of  ijje 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


r*5 


united  Rates  to  nominate,  and  by 
and  with  the  advice  and  confent  of 
the  fenate,  appoint  proper  perfons  to 
fill  Tuch  vacancies  as  have  taken  place, 
orniay  happen,  in  the  board  of  com- 
miilioners  of  accounts,  appointed  un- 
der the  ordinance  of  the  laie  congrefs ; 
alfo  anthorizing  faid  board  to  appoint 
a  chief  clerk,  and  fuch  other  clerks 
as  the  fervice  may  require. 

This  amendment,  after  fome  de- 
bate, was  adopted,  and  the  bill  or- 
dered to  be  engrolTed  for  a  third  read- 
ing on  Monday  next. 

In  committee  of  the  v/hole.  Mr. 
Boudmot  in  the  cha.r. 

The  engrofied  bill  for  allowiriir 
compenfations  to  the  prefident  and 
vice-preiident  was  then  read,  and  a- 
mended,  by  more  particular  fpecify- 
in,5  the  time  when  the  compenlations 
fliall  commence,  viz.  "  At  the  time 
when  they  fhall  enter  on  the  diities  of 
their  refpectivc  Rations, " 

1  he  claufe  relpefting  the  vice-pre- 
fident's  receiving  the  compenfation  of 
prefident,  in  caie  the  powers  and  du- 
ties of  that  office  fliould  devolve  upon 
him,  was  voted  to  be  ftruck  out. 

The  committee  then  rofe — and  it 
■was  ordered  that  the  bill  he  on  the 
table. 

Upon  motion  of  mr.  Fitzfimon*;, 
the  eihmate  of  fupplies  for  1789,  was 
read  and  taken  into  conhderation. 

It  was  then  voted  that  a  committee 
of  ways  and  means  be  appointed,  to 
which  the  faid  edimaie  was  referred. 

Upon  motion  it  was  voted,  that 
this  committee  confill  of  eleven — the 
ballots  being  coUetled,  the  following 
j;entlemen  were  chofen,  viz.  melfrs. 
Livermore,  Gerry,  Wadfworth,  Lau- 
rance,  Cadwallader.  Fitzfimons,  Vi- 
ninjr,  Smiih,  (M.)  Madifon,  Smith, 
(S.  C.)  and  Jacklon.  Adjourned. 
Monday,  July  27. 

TKE  engrolFed  bill  for  fettling  ac- 
counts between  the  united  Hates  and 
individual  Hates,  was  read,  and  the 
blanks  filled. 

To  the  chief  clerk  to  the  comm.if- 
fioners,  600  dollars  a  year  was  allow- 
ed, and  400  dollars  to  the  other  clerks. 

In  committee  of  the  whole  houfe, 
on  the  ord^r  uf  the  day.  Mr.  Bou- 
dmot in  the  chair. 

The  report  of  the  comimittee,  ap- 
pointed to  confer  with  a  committee 
*)f  the  fenate,  in  preparing  joijit  rules 


rules  to  be  eflabliflied  between  the  two 
houfes  for  the  enrolment,  pieferva- 
tion,  atfefiation  and  publication  of 
the  at'is  of  congrefs,  and  10  regulate 
the  mode  of  preicniing  addrefies,  and 
other  atls  to  the  prefident  of  the  unit- 
ed dates,  was  taken  up. 

On  motion  of  mr.  Sedgwick,  tha 
following  relolution  was  agreed  to, 
viz.  that  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  com- 
mittee, a  felett  committee  ought  to 
be  appointed,  to  prepare  and  report 
a  bil!,  to  provide,  without  cllabiifh- 
ing  a  new  department,  for  the  fafe 
keeping  of  the  afh,  records,  and  great 
feal  of  the  united  ilates — for  ihc  pub- 
licaiion,  prefcrvation,  and  authenti- 
cation of  the  acb  of  congrefs — for 
ertablifhing  tl>e  fees  of  oHice,  and 
prefcribiog  the  forms  of  commiHions, 
&c. — This  refolution  being  added  to 
the  report,  and  the  difculhon  belnj^ 
finiflied,  the  committee  rofe,  and  the 
chairman  reported  (he  fame,  with  the 
amendments,  which  were  acceded  to 
by  the  houfe. 

Titefday,  July  28. 

MR.  Yinmg  prefcnied  the  report 
of  the  committee  appointed  to  confi- 
der  of  and  report  aniendm^'nts  to  the 
conftitution.  The  report  bein;?  read, 
100  copies  were  ordered  to  be  printed 
for  the  life  of  the  members. 

The  bill  for  collerting  the  revenue 
was  returned  from  the  fenate  with 
amendment%  which,  being  read,  were 
feverally  agreed  to,  and  the  bill  order- 
ed to  be  enrolled. 

The  b:ll  for  regulating  the  coalliii* 
trade,  was  taken  up  in  conimiuee  of 
the  whole,  and  confidercd  ;  after 
which  the  houfe  adjourned. 

JVcdnefday,  July  29. 

THE  houle  went  into  a  committee 
on  the  bill  for  regulating  the  coaliing 
trade,  and  prefcnbing  the  manner  of 
reg'liering,  entering,  and  clearing 
velfels.  Some  progrefs  was  made  in 
the  bill,  when  the  committee  rofe, 
and  requeued  leave  to  fit  again. 

Mr,  Fitzfimons  moved  for  leave  to 
bring  in  a  bill  to fiilpcnd  the  operation 
of  the  iinpoft  and  tonnage  acls.  But 
his  m.otion  was  negatived. 

Thurjday,  July  30. 

THE  committee,  appointed  to  ex- 
amine the  enrolled  bill,  to  regulate 
the  collection  of  duties  on  t.mnagp, 
and  on  goods,  &c.  reported  that  it 
was  found  torreci,  and  laid  the  faiae 


s6] 


Proceedings  of  congrcfs. 


upon  the  tabic.  The  fpeaker  then 
figii'.d  the  bill. 

Mr.  Liverrnore  introduceJ  a  refo- 
lutioii,  that  each  member  (hould  be 
furnilhed  at  the  public  expcnfe  with 
two  newfpapers  <)f  this  city,  fvich  as 
Jic  Ihoiild  rhoofe,  and  no  more.  This 
was  laid  on  the  tabic. 

In  committee  of  the  whole — the 
dircuUion  of  the  bill  before  them 
ycfterday,  was  hmrned — the  commit- 
tee then  rofc,  and  the  chairman  le- 
porled  (he  fame  to  ihe  huuie  with  the 
various  amendmenrs  propoTed. 

A  msffage  was  received  from  the 
fenate,  by  ihen  fecretary,  mr.  Ons, 
who  informed  the  hon.  houfe,  that 
they  had  concurred  in  the  bill  for 
fettling  accomiis  beiwcen  ihe  un;;cd 
llaiL's  and  ind  vidual  ilates,  wiihout 
any  ami'ndmeafs. 

The  houfe  then  took  up  the  report 
of  the  committee  ju(l  made — many  of 
the  amendments  were  acceded  to — 
fome  of  them  negatived — and  others 
added  by  ihc  houfe,  fo  that  the  bill 
was  not  linifhed  when  they  adjourned. 

Friday,  July  3  i. 

MR.  Scott,  of  the  committee  ap- 
polnied  for  the  purpofe,  brouj>ht  in  a 
tjili  lor  elhiblilhmg  a  land  office  for 
the  weflern  lerntory  ;  which  was  read 
and  laid  on  the  table. 

Upon  motion  it  was  voted,  that  a 
flandin;T  commitiee  be  appointed  to 
examine  tlie  enrolled  bills,  and  to 
prefent  the  fame  to  ihe  prefident,  for 
Tt.s  approbation  and  fignatiire,  and  mr. 
White  and  mr.  Partridge  were  ac- 
cordingly appointed, 

Mr.  White,  of  the  committee  ap- 
pointed to  examine  into  the  meafures 
taken  by  congrefs,  and  the  fiate  of 
"Virginia,  relpefiing  the  lands  referv- 
ed  for  the  ufe  of  the  officers  and  fol- 
diers  of  faid  flate,  &c. — brought  In  a 
report,  which  was  read,  and  laid  on 
the  table. 

The  houfe  then  proceeded  in  the 
conhderatum  of  the  amendments  a- 
greed  upon  in  commit'ec,  to  the  bill 
for  regidering  and  clearing  velfeh, 
&c.  which  being  hnidied,  it  was  voted 
that  the  bill  fliould  ht-  engiolTcd  for  a 
third  reading  on  Monday  next. 

A  ineiiage  was  received  from  the 
frnatc  bv  thcr  fecretarv,  informing, 
tliat  they  had  pad'cd  the  bill  for  ella- 


blifiung  the  ireafury depariment,  with 
amendment-. 

Alio,  that  the  fenate  had  appointed 
mr.  Wingate  to  join  the  committee 
appointed  by  the  hon.  houfe  to  exa- 
mine the  enrolled  bills,  &c. 

Mr.  Sedgwick,  of  the  committee 
for  the  piirpole,  brought  in  a  bill  to 
provide  for  the  fafe  keeping  of  the 
acts,  records,  and  great  feal  of  the 
united  flates,  for  the  publication,  pre- 
fervauon,  and  authentication  of  the 
atlsof  congrcfs,  &c.  which  was  read, 
and  laid  on  the  cable.  Adjourned. 
Monday,  -Augujl  3. 

TKE  bil!  foi  regulating  the  coaft- 
ing  trade,  &c.  was  brought  in,  en- 
groifed,  and  read  a  third  time. 

Mr.  Fitzhmons  moved  to  recom- 
mit It,  in  order  to  corretl  certain 
errors  which  had  efcaped  the  hoiifes  ; 
the  bill  was  accordingly  recommitted, 
and  the  houfe  agreed  to  take  it  up  to- 
morrow. 

Mr.  Fitzfimons  then  moved  for 
leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  fupply  a  de- 
fett  in  the  impod  law.  By  that  aft, 
he  faid,  a  drawback  had  been  allowed 
on  all  fair  ufed  on  filh,  and  other  fail- 
ed provifions  exported.  As  the  law 
flood,  exporters  would  receive  a 
drawback  on  fait,  which  had  been 
imported  previoully  to  the  operation 
of  the  iinpoft,  and  confccpiently  had 
paid  no  duties  at  all.  He  wiflied, 
therefore,  to  have  it  provided,  that 
the  drawback  fhould  not  take  etiefl 
for  a  limited  time. 

This  motion  was  oppofed,  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  improper  to  pais  an 
art  to  correct  an  error  in  a  law  which 
the  congrefs  had  fo  lately  pafTcd.  It 
was  propoied  to  add  a  claufe  to  the 
bill  which  had  been  laft  read,  and  re- 
committed, providing  for  this  defect. 
To  this  mr.  Fitzfimons  confenied. 

Mr.  Benfon  introduced  a  refoluiion 
to  this  purport  :  that  a-  committee  be 
appointed,  to  join  a  committee  of  the 
fenate,  to  conlider  and  report  when 
it  will  be  convenient  for  congrefs  to 
adjourn  ;  alfo,  to  report  what  buluiefs 
now  before  congrefs  mull  necefiarily 
be  attended  to  previous  to  a  receis, 
and  what  will  be  proper  to  pollpone 
till  the  next  felfion — laid  on  the  table. 

The  bill  for  ellabliOiing  the  treafii- 
ry  department,  with  the  amendments 
propofed   by  the  fenate,  being  read, 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


[27 


tlie  amendments  were  acceded  to  in 
part — the  con/ideratioii  of  two  articles 
wa-i  pojlponed  till  to-morrow. 

The  bill  for  eflablilh-ng  li^'ht- 
houfes,  beacons,  buoys,  and  public 
piers,  as  fent  down  from  the  fenate, 
v/iih  the  amendments,  was  taken  into 
confideraiion,  and  feveral  of  the 
amendments  acceded  to  on  the  part  of 
the  houfe. 

The  bill  for  allowing  compenfations 
for  iheir  lervices  to  the  prelid-nt  and 
vice-prcfident  of  the  united  Hates, 
was  taken  up — and  on  motion  of  mr. 
Smith  (S,  C.)  a  claufe  was  added  to 
the  bill,  by  which  the  prefident  is  to 
have  the  life  of  furniture  and  other 
cfteCls,  now  in  his  poirelfion,  belong- 
ing to  the  united  fiatcs. 

The  bill  was  then  pafTcd  to  be  en- 
grolfed  for  a  third  reading  to-morrow 
— and  then  the  houfe  adjourned. 
Tut/day,  Augufl  4. 

Mr.  Heilier  prcfcntcd  a  petition 
from  the  inhabitants  of  Cumberland 
county,  Oaie  of  Pennfylvania,  pray- 
ing that  the  feiTions  of  the  federal 
courts'  may  not  be  reHricted  to  the 
city  of  Philadelphia — laid  on  the  ta- 
ble. 

The  engrofled  bill  for  allowing  a 
compenfation  to  the  prefident  and 
vice-prefident,  for  their  fervices,  was 
read  a  third  time,  and  palTed  to  be 
enaded. 

Mr.  White,  of  the  flanding  com- 
mittee to  examine  the  enrolled  bills, 
prefented  the  bill  providing  for  the 
government  of  the  wcftern  territory, 
which  the  committee  had  examined, 
and  found  correfl — the  fpeaker  then 
figned  the  fame. 

Mr.  Burke,  of  the  committee  ap- 
pointed for  the  purpofe,  brought  m  a 
bill  for  allowmg  a  compenfation  to  the 
members  of  both  houfes,  and  to  their 
refpeftive  officers :  this  bill  provides 
that  the  compenfation  fliall  be  as  fol- 
lows,   VIZ. 

To  each  member  of  the  fenate  and 
houfe,  fix  dollars  per  day. 

Speaker  of  the  houfe,  twelve  dol- 
lars per  day. 

To  ihe  fecretary  of  the  fenate,  and 
clerk  of  the  houfe,  each  fifteen  hun- 
dred dollars  a  year,  and,tvvo  dollars 
a  dav,  each,  during  the  fellion  of  the 
legiilalure  : — one  principal  clerk  to 
each,  at  three  dollars  a  day  during 
the  fcfTion— one   engrolling   clerk   to 


each,  at  two  dollars  a  day  durltig  the 

felfion. 

Serjeant-at-arms,  three  dollars  a 
day,  during  the  feffion. 

Door  keeper  to  the  houfe  and  fe- 
nate, each,  ieven  hundred  and  thirty 
dollars  a  year. 

Affillant  door  keepers,  during  the 
feiTion,  one  dollar  and  hfiy  cents  a 
day.  each. 

This  bill  was  laid  on  the  fable. 

The  houfe  then  went  into  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole,  on  the  bill  for 
regiftering  and  clearing  vefiels,  and 
regulating  the  coailing  trade. 

A  claufe  was  added  to  this  bill, 
which  provides  for  a  fufpeniion  of 
the  bounty  of  five  cents  on  every  bar- 
rel of  pickled  lifh,  every  quintal  of 
dried  fifh,  and  every  barrel  of  fahed 
proviiions,  exported  from  the  united 
flates,  as  allowed  by  the  impofl  law, 
till  after  ihe  laU  day  of  July.   1700. 

The  committee  having  finiflied  this 
bill,  the  fpeaker  refumed  tbe  chair— 
the  houfe  acceded  to  the  feveral  a- 
mendments,  and  the  bill  was  ordered 
to  be  engrolled  for  a  third  reading  to- 
morrow. 

The  houfe  then  refumed  the  confi- 
deraiion of  thofe  amendments  to  the 
treafury  bill  propofed  by  the  fenate, 
on  which  a  decilion  was  poftponed 
yelterday — a  lengthy  d.-bate  enfued 
upon  the  fubjetl,  in  which  th^  fub- 
(lance  of  the  argument  upon  the  pre- 
fident's  power  of  removing  was  re- 
peated, and  which  ternrnated  in  not: 
acceding  to  the  amendments  of  the 
fenate. 

The  houfe  adjourned  at  half  after 
three  o'clock. 

Wednefday^  Avgujl  ^. 

THE  houfe  met  purfiiaut  to  ad- 
iournment,  and  palfed  the  bill  t'br  e- 
ilablilhing  the  department  of  war,  with 
the  amendment  propofed  by  the  fe- 
nate. 

Alfo,  pafled  the  bill,  with  amend- 
ments, as  returned  by  the  fenate,  for 
regulating  the  government  of  the 
weilern  territory. 

The  bill  for  reguliting  the  coafiing 
trade,  was  read  the  third  time,  paflTed 
the  houfe,  and  ordered  to  be  tranf- 
miited   to  the  fenate  for  concurrence. 

The  report  of  the  committee,  rc- 
fpetling  the  donation  lands  in  the 
weOern  territories,  granted  by  Virgi- 
nia to  the  Virginia  troops,  iaie  in  the 


28} 


Proctcdings  of  congrefsi 


fervice  of  the  united  Rates,  was  read 
a  fecond  time  :  ordered,  that  a  hun- 
dred copies  therefore,  be  printed  for 
the  life  ofthe  members. 

Mr.  White  laid  a  motion  on  the 
table,  for  rekmding  a  refohtiion  of 
the  lale  congrels,  refperting  the  kica- 
tion  of  lands  for  the  Virginia  troops. 

The  houfe  went  into  a  committee 
ofthe  whole,  on  the  bill  for  compen- 
fatlng  the  fervice  of  the  members  of 
the  ienate  and  honfe  of  rcprelenta- 
lives,  and  their  olhcers. 

A  motion  was  made,  toftrikeovit 
fix  dollars  per  diem,  as  a  compenfa- 
tion  for  each  member. 

Mr.  Carroll  called  in  queflion  the 
propriety  of  the  motion,  fiippoling 
the  committee  not  at  liberty  to  alter 
principles  fettled  in  the  houfe. 

Mr.  Page  went  into  an  argument 
to  fhow,  that  the  fum  ought  not  to  be 
diminiflied  ;  he  thought  fix  dollars  a 
day  not  more  than  fufiicient  to  com- 
penfate  gentlemen  for  their  trouble 
and  expenfes ;  he  was  afraid  ofthe 
confequence  which  would  relult  from 
a  parhmonious  provifion  for  the  le- 
gillature  of  the  general  government. 

Mr.  Sedgwick  advocated  a  reduc- 
tion of  the  allowance,  becaufe  he 
thought  the  temper  of  the  people 
would  be  difobliged  by  the  largenefs 
of  the  fum  :  he  did  not  think  it  more 
than  a  compenfation  for  the  facrifices 
which  gentlemen  made,  in  dedicating 
thfeir  time  and  abilities  to  the  public 
fervice  ;  but  he  judged  it  to  be  more 
than  the  abilities  of  the  people  were 
able  to  fupport 

Mr.  Vining  joined  the  gentleman 
from  Maryland  (mr.  Carroll)  in  fup- 
pohng  the  motion  out  of  order;  and 
called  upon  the  chairman,  mr.  Bon- 
dinot,  to  decide  u^on  the  point  of  or- 
der, which  mr.  Boudinot  did,  by 
faying,  that  when  a  bill  was  commit- 
ted to  a  committee  of  the  whole,  e- 
very  part  of  it  was  open  to  debate  and 
alteration.  Mr.  Vining  then  pro- 
ceeded to  oppofe  a  deduBion  of  the 
coijipeufation  ;  he  thougiit  that  gentle- 
men could  not  live,  and  reciprocate 
thofe  civilities  which  common  polite- 
nefs  and  their  (ituation  required,  for  a 
lefs  fum  than  that  propofed  in  the 
bill,  Heprefumedit  was  not  the  inten- 
tion of  the  houfe,  to  embarrafs  the 
fituation  ofgenilemen,  who  were  at 
txiididerable  e.xpenfc  in  moving  their 


families  to  the  feat  of  government,-  tn 
order  to  be  more  at  liberty  to  employ 
their  attention  to  public  buhnefs,  and 
not  have  their  minds  divided  between 
their  domedic  and  public  aflairs.  He 
thought  that  coiigrefs  might  contem- 
plate a  reduction  ofthe  compenfation, 
when  they  (liould  be  removed  to  a 
place  lels  expeniive  than  the  capital 
of  one  of  the  mofl  coniiderable  fiates 
in  the  union.  When  that  event  took 
place — and  he  would  join  the  gentle- 
man from  Virginia  (mr.  White)  who 
had  dropped  a  lentiment  yefferday  of 
the  kind — m  giving  his  confent  that 
it  {hould  early  take  place — he  thought 
that  the  expenfes  of  the  civil  lift 
might  then  be  properly  reduced  ;  but 
at  preient  he  could  not  think  a  lefs 
fum,  than  thst  propofed  in  the  bill, 
was  more  than  was  abfolutely  necef- 
fary  for  the  fupport  of  the  members  , 
of  congrefs  ;  it  was  the  averaged  fum 
of  what  was  given  to  the  members  of 
the  late  congrefs. 

Mr.  Fitzfimons  thought  every  gen- 
tleman was  able  to  form  an  oijinion, 
from  the  fatls  within  his  knowledge, 
of  what  would  be  a  proper  compenfa- 
tion for   his  fcrvices  and  expenfes. 

Mr.  Sedgwick  reprobated  thefe 
fentiments,  as  tending  to  preclude  de- 
bate ;  for  they  would  apply  upon  every 
other  fubjeQ,  as  well  as  this. 

Mr.  Page  again  oppofed  the  reduc- 
tion, and  joined  in  fcntiment  witli 
mr.  Fitzhinons,  that  m.uch  argument 
was  unncceffary. 

The  quellion,  for  ftriking  out  fix 
dollars,  was  put,  and  determined  in 
the  negative,  thirty-four  to  fixteen. 

A  motion  was  made  for  reducin.fji 
the  compenfation  to  thefpeaker,  which 
met  with  a  fimilar  fate. 

The   committee,    not   having   time 
to  go  through   the  bill,  rofe,  and  re- 
ported progrefs.     Adjourned. 
Tk  u  rfday ,   Augitjl  6. 

MIv.  White,  from  the  committee 
appointed  for  the  purpofe  of  examin- 
ing the  enrollment  of  the  laws,  re- 
ported that  they  had  examined  the  act 
concerning  light  houfe;,  the  aft  for 
ellabbfliing  a  department  of  war,  and 
the  afct  relative  to  the  government  of 
the  wellern  territory  ;  that  ihoy  were 
duly  enrolled,  and  ready  for  the  fig- 
nature  ofthe  fpeaker. 

"I'hc  order  of  the  day,  for  takinir 
up  the  bill  relative  to  copy  rights  oi 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


[29 


authors  and  inventors,  was  poftponed 
till  Thurfday  next. 

Mr.  Gerry  moved  a  refolution, 
that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  re- 
port a  catalogue  of  books,  neceffary 
for  the  ufe  of  congrefs,  and  an  eiti- 
mate  of  the  amount  thereof,  and  the 
beft  mode  of  procuring  them.  The 
refolution  was  read  and  laid  on  the 
table. 

The  houfe  went  into  a  committee 
on  the  bill  for  eftablifhing  the  com- 
penfation  to  be  allowed  the  members 
of  congrefs,  and  their  officers,  and 
havmg  made  fome  amendments  to  the 
bill,  rofe  and  reported  the  fame  ;  the 
bill  was  agreed  to,  and  ordered  to  be 
engrolfcd  ;  it  now  Rands   as  follows  : 

The  wages  of  the  fpeaker  twelve 
dollars  per  day,  the  other  members 
fix  dollars  per  day,  and  two  days'  pay 
for  every  twenty  miles  diflance  from 
home. 

The  falary  of  the  Chaplains  was 
fixed  at  the  rate  of  500  dollars  per  an- 
num, during  the   feihon   of  congrefs. 

The  falary  of  the  fecretary  of  the 
fenate,  and  clerk  of  the  houfe,  at  the 
rate  of  1,500  dollars  per  annum,  and 
two  dollars  per  day,  during  the  fef- 
fions  of  congrefs. 

The  firft  clerks  under  the  fecretary 
and  clerk  of  the  houfes,  at  three 
dollars  per  day,  and  the  other  clerks 
at   two  dollars  per  day,  each. 

The  fei'jeant  at  arms,  four  dollars 
per  day,  during  the  feflTions. 

The  door-keepers,  730  dollars  per 
annum,  and  their  afliftants,  two  dol- 
lars per  day,  during  thefelTions. 

A  melfage  was  received  from  the 
fenate,  that  they  perfifted  in  their  a- 
mendments  to  the  treafury-bill,  re- 
fpefting  the  removability  of  the  fe- 
cretary by  the  prefident. 

That  they  had  agreed  to  the  refolu- 
tion of  the  houfe  for  appointing  a 
committee  to  report  what  bufinefs 
ought  to  be  fini(hed  previous  to  the 
adjournment.  Adjourned. 
Friday,  Auguji  7. 

MR.  Gerry  introduced  a  motion, 
that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  pre- 
pare and  report  a  bill  for  the  further 
encouragement  of  the  navigation 
and  commerce  of  the  united  flates. 
This  motion  was  adopted,  and  a  com- 
mittee, confiding  of  vnr.  Gerry,  mr. 
Trumbull,  andmr.  Burke,  appointed. 

The  following  meirage  was  receiv- 

Vol.  VI. 


ed   from  the    prefident^    by  general 
Knox,  VIZ. 

Genilemen  of  the  houfe  of  re- 
•  preventatives, 
THE  biihnefs  which  has  hither- 
to been  under  the  confideration  of 
congrefs,  has  been  of  i'o  much  im- 
portance, that  I  was  unwilling  to  draw 
their  attention  from  it  to  any  other 
fubjeft.  But  the  d'.fputes,  which  ex- 
ill  between  fome  of  the  united  ilates 
and  feveral  powerful  tribes  of  Indians, 
within  the  limits  of  the  union,  and 
the  hofiilities  which  have  in  feveral 
inllances  been  committed  on  the  fron- 
tiers, leem  to  require  the  immediate  in- 
terpofition  of  the  general  government. 
I  have  therefore  diref  led  I  he  feveral 
ftatements  and  papers,  which  have 
been  fubmitted  to  me  on  this  fubjeft 
by  general  Knox,  to  be  laid  before 
you  for  your  informaiion. 

While  the  meafures  of  government 
ought  to  be  calculated  to  protetl  its  ci- 
tizens from  all  injury  and  violence,  a 
due  regard  fliould  be  extended  to  thofe 
Indian  tribes,  whofe  happinefs,  in  the 
courfe  of  events,  fo  materially  de- 
pends on  the  national  jullice  and  hu- 
manity of  the  united  Hates. 

If  It  fliould  be  the  judgment  of  con- 
grefs, that  it  would  be  moll  expedient 
to  terminate  all  differences  in  the 
fouthern  diltrift,  and  to  lay  the  foun- 
dation for  future  confidence,  by  an 
amicable  treaty  with  the  Indian  tribes 
in  that  quarter,  I  think  proper  to  fug- 
geft  the  confideration  of  the  expedien- 
cy of  inllituting  a  temporary  commif- 
fion  for  that  purpofe,  to  confiit  of 
three  perfons,  whole  authority  fliould 
expire  with   the    occafion. 

Kow  far  fuch  a  meafure,  unaflifted 
by  pofts,  would  be  competent  to  the 
eftablifliment  and  prefervation  of  peace 
and  tranquility  on  the  frontiers,  is  aifo 
a  matter  which  merits  your  ferious 
confideration. 

Along  with  this  objeft,  1  am  in- 
duced to  fuggeft  another,  with  the  na- 
tional importance  and  neceflity  of 
which  I  am  deeply  imprefl^sd  ;  I  mean 
fome  uniform  and  effetiive  iyftem  for 
the  militia  of  the  united  ftates.  It  is 
iinnecefl^,irv  to  offer  arguments  in  re- 
connnendation  of  a  meafure.  on  which 
the  honour,  (afety,  and  weil-bein^  of 
our  country  fo  evidently  and  fo  eilen- 
tially  depend. 

But  it  inav  Hot  be  amifs  to  obferve, 
[E] 


3o] 


Ptoceedings  of  congrefs* 


that  I  am  particularly  anxious  it  Qiould 
reeeive  as  early  attention  as  circum- 
Itances  will  admit ;  becaule  it  is  now 
in  our  power  to  avail  oiirfslves  of 
the  miluary  knowledge  diffeminated 
throughout  the  feveral  Hates,  by  means 
ot"  the  many  well  inftruiied  officers 
and  foldiers  of  the  late  army,  a  re- 
Iburce  whch  is  daily  diminifiiing  by 
deaths  and  other  caufes. 

To  fiirter  this  peculiar  advantage  to 
pafs  away  unimproved,  would  be  to 
neglert  an  opportunity  which  will  ne- 
ver again  occur,  unlcfs,  unfortunate- 
ly, we  (liould  again  be  involved  in  a 
long  and  arduoub  war. 

G.  Washington. 
Nezu  York.  Au-rajl  7,  1789. 
Another  meliage  was  received  from 
the  prefidenl,  by  mr.  fecretary  Lear, 
with  three  acts  of  congrefs,  to  which 
the  preiident  had  affixed  his  approba- 
tion and  lignature,  viz.  the  bill  for  e(- 
tablifliing light- houfes,  beacons,  buoys, 
and  public  piers ;  the  bill  forc(labl;fl\- 
ing  the  government  of  the  wellern  ter- 
rit°5ry  ;  and  the  bill  for  ellablilhing  the 
war  department.  _  . 

The  engrolfed  bill,  for  allowing 
compenfations  to  the  members  and 
olEcers  of  the  two  houfes,  was  read  ; 
a  motion  was  then  made  by  mr.  Sedg- 
v^fick,  that  the  fame  ihould  be  recom- 
mitted ;  this  motion  was  feconded  by 
feveral  members,  which  brought  on  a 
debate. 

The  queftion,  for  the  recommit- 
ment, was  determined  in  the  affirma- 
tive ;  and  the  houfe  went  into  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole. 

The  feveral  claufes  of  the  bill  were 
then  difcuffed,  and  the  following  a- 
mendments  agreed  to,  viz.  inflead  of 
two  days'  pay  as  an  allowance  for  eve- 
ry twenty  miles  diliance  from  the  feat 
of  government,  fix  dollars,  for  every 
twenty-five  miles,  were  infcrted. 

The  allowance  of  icven  hundred 
and  thirty  collars  to  ihe  doorkeeper, 
was  (Iruck  out,  and  three  dollars  a  day, 
during  the  felfion,  for  himfelf,  and 
fuch  labourers  as  he  may  find  it  necef- 
fary  to  employ,  was  voted.  The  o- 
ther  articles  ffaiid  as  agreed  to  yeflcr- 
day  ;  the  difcuiHon  being  finiflied,  the 
committee  rofe,  and  the  chairman  re- 
ported the  amendments,  which  were 
acceded  to  by  the  houfe,  and  the  bill 
was  again  ordered  to  be  engroffed  for 
a  third  reading  on  Monday  nexi.  The 
houfe  then  adjourned. 


Saturday,  Augujl  8. 
THE  meffage  from  the  prefident, 
refpetiing  Indiasi  aiiairs  and  the  mi- 
litia of  the  union,  received  yellerday, 
was  taken  into  conhdtration  by  the 
committee  of  the  whole  houfe  on  ilie 
ftaie  of  the  union,  and  it  w^'^  ru- 
foKed, 

That  it  Is  the  opinion  of  this  ccm- 
mlttcc,  that  an  act  ought  to  pafs,  pro- 
viding for  the  neceffary  expepfes  at- 
tend ng  any  negociations  or  treaties 
which  may  be  held  wiih  die  Indian 
tribes,  or  attending  the  appointment 
of  commiffioners  for  thofe  purpofes. 

Refolved,  that  it  is  the  opinion  of 
this  committee,  that  an  ait  ought  to 
pafs,  providmg  a  proper  fyfiem  of  re- 
gulations for  the  miluia  of  the  united 
Hates. 

Thefe  refolutions  were  adopted  by 
the  houfe.  Adjourned  till  Monday. 
Monday.,  Augujl  10. 
THE  engioiTed  bill  for  allowing 
compenfations  to  the  members  of  con- 
grels,  and  the  officers  of  bothhoufes, 
was  read  a  third  time  ;  on  the  quef- 
tion,  fliall  this  bill  pafs  ?  the  yeas  and 
nays  were  called  for  by  mr.  Goodhue. 
Affirmative — Melfrs.  Baldwin,  Ben- 
foii,  Brown,  Burke,  Carroll,  Cly- 
mer,  Fitzfimons,  Gale,  Griffin, 
Hartley,  Heiiler,  Huntington,  Lau- 
ranee,  Lee,  Madifon,  Matthews, 
Moore,  P.  Muhlenberg,  Page,  Scott, 
Seney,  Smith,  (M.)  Smith,  (S.  C.) 
Stone,  Sturges,  Sumpter,  Trumbull, 
Tucker,  Vining,  and  Wadfworih.— 
thirty. 

Negative — Meflrs.  Ames,  Boudi- 
not,  Cadwallader,  Floyd,  Oerry, 
Gilman,  Goodhue,  Grout,  Hathorn, 
Leonard,  Llvermore,  Partridge,  Van 
Renfellaer,  Sedgwick,  Sylvefler,  and 
Thacher. — Fourteen. 

The  amendments  infifled  on  by  the 
fenate  to  the  treafurv  bill,  were  taken 
up,  and  a  vote  pafTfd  for  requefting 
a  conference  upon  the  fubjeft. 

The  following  meffage  from  the 
prefident,  was  delivered  to  the  hpufe 
by  general  Knox. 

Gentlemen  of  the  houfe  of  re- 

prefentaiives, 

I   H  AV  E  direfted  a  flatement  of 

the  troops  in  the  fervice  of  the  united 

flates,  10  be  laid  before  you,  for  your 

information. 

Thefe  troops  were  raifed  by  virtue 
of  ihe  refolves  of  congrefs  of  the  eoih 
ei'  Odober,   17S6.  and  the  3d  of  Oc- 


Freceedings  cf  cengrc/i. 


hi 


tober,  1787,  in  order  to  protect  the 
frontiers  from  the  depredations  of  the 
hoftile  Indians:  to  prevent  all  intru- 
fions  on  the  public  lands  ;  and  to  faci- 
litate the  fiirvey.ng  and  felling  the 
fame,  for  the  purpofe  of  reducing  the 
public  debt. 

As  thefe  important  objefts  continue 
to  require  the  aid  of  troops,  it  is  ne- 
ceiTary  that  the  eftablifhment  thereof 
fliould,  in  all  refpetb,  be  conformed, 
by  hiw,  to  the  conftitution  of  the  unit- 
ed fiaies.  G.  Washington. 
New  York,  Augujl  lo. 
A  iljt^ment  of  the  troops  now  in 
fervic!^,  accompanied  the  meffage. 

Mr.  Ciymer,  from  the  coiniTi:ttee 
app.Mnted  for  the  purpole,  brought  in 
a  bill  for  providing  for  the  expenfes 
of  the  Indian  treaties,  &c.  Ad- 
journed. 

Turfday,  Auguji  11. 
THE  bill  for  providing  for  the 
expenfes  of  iiegociations,  and  treating 
with  the  Indians,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  commiffioners  for  that  pur- 
pofe.  was  read  afecond  time,  and  re- 
ferred to  a  committee  of  the  whole 
houfe. 

The  houfe  then  refolved  itfelf  into 
a  commitiee  of  the  whole,  to  take 
the  above  bill  into  confideration. 

The  words  in  the  bill  "  that  com- 
mifhoners  not  exceeding  three"  it  was 
moved  {hoiild  be  flruck  out.  This 
motion  was  oppofed.  It  was  con- 
fended,  that  if  the  appointment  of 
commiffioners  be  left  indefinite,  and 
they  might  be  increafed  at  plcafure, 
the  united  flates  may  be  plunged  in 
great  and  heavy  expenfes.  That  palt 
experience  has  fhewn,  that  great  frauds 
and  peculations  may  be  juftly  appre- 
hended in  thefe  negociations.  That 
it  was  unconflitutional  to  vote  monies, 
except  a  "previous  eihmate  of  the  fer- 
vice  10  be  performed,  was  exhibited. 
It  was  further  faid,  that  the  right  of 
ma-king  and  judging  of  treaties,  was 
in  the  legifla'Jire  ;  that  the  motion  went 
to  divert  the  houfe  of  a  right,  veffed 
in  it  by  the  conilitution — that  the 
houfe  could  not  jullify  the  nieafure  to 
its  coniiuuents — and  that  it  would 
open  a  door  to  fuch  encroar-hmenis, 
and  eflahiifh  fuch  a  precedent,  and 
might  be  attended  with  the  worfl  con- 
lequencc; — that  the  right  of  the  houfe 
to  mlerpofe  in  the  forming  of  treaties, 
isevidcntfrom  this,  ''  that  the  power 


of  making  provifion  for  the  expenfes 
of  carrying  fhofe  treaties  in  execution, 
reds  in  the  houfe" — this  v> as  evident, 
it  was  faid,  from  this,  "  that  if  ten 
commiffioners  fliould  be  appointed, 
{fill  the  houfe  may  provide  for  fuch  a 
number  as  they  may  think   proper." 

In  fupport  of  the  motion,  it  was 
fa:d — that  it  is  entirely  improper  to 
limit  the  number  of  the  commif- 
fioners— iliat  the  contfituiion  has  cx- 
prefsly  veiled  the  power  of  forming 
treaties  in  the  executive — that,  in  fact, 
the  houle  had  nothing  further  to  do  m 
the  bufinefs,  than  to  provide  the  ne- 
celfary  lupplies — that  if  we  are  to  be 
deterred  from  adopting  the  motion  by 
the  fear  of  abufes,  the  fame  principle 
may  prevent  the  decifion  of  the  houfe, 
upon  almoif  any  qucflion  that  comes 
before  them — but  there  are  more  fe- 
rious  abufes  to  be  apprehended  from 
negleft  and  delay  in  this  bufinefs, 
than  from  the  fuppofed  fraudiilency  of 
thofe  who  may  be  appointed  commif- 
fioners. War  will  open  a  wider  door 
to  frauds  and  peculations — and  is 
not  (it  was  afked)  the  fhedding  of 
blood  a  greater  evil?  Is  not  the  de- 
flruciion  of  our  defencelefs  citizens  an 
abufe  of  a  much  more  alarming  con- 
lequence  ?  It  was  further  obferved, 
that  we  have  every  reafon  to  fuppofe, 
that  fuch  perfons  will  be  appointed, 
a:;  have  a  charatier  tofuppori — a  mag- 
nanimous p>licy,  it  is  expefted,  will 
be  adopted  by  the  new  government — 
fuch  a  policy  as  will  infpire  a  venera- 
tion and  confidence  in  the  minds  of 
the  Indian  tribes — and  if,  agreeable  to 
this  idea,  a  refpeflablecommiflion  is 
appointed  in  due  feafon,  much  expenfe 
in  future,  and  a  cruel  war,  mrv  Is  pre- 
vented. It  was  faid,  that  theconfli- 
tution  has  affigned  to  the  feveral  parts 
of  the  adminiitration,  their  refpettive 
powers.  The  power  of  forming  trea- 
ties is  not  in  the  houfe  ;  and  if  they 
nfurp  this  power,  they  may,  upon  the 
fame  principle,  affume  all  the  powers 
of  the  conflitiition  :  if  wereffrain  the 
prefident  as  to  the  number  of  com- 
niifiioners,  it  may  be  neccffary  forhun 
to  exceed  the  limitanon,  and  it  would, 
in  that  cafe,  certainly  be  his  duty  to  do 
it,  which  would  render  the  reftriflion 
nugatory. 

The  vote  being  taken,  the  motion 
for  firiking  out  the  words,  paffcd  iu 
the  affirmativej  by   a  large  majority. 


32] 


Proceedings  of  congrefi. 


A  motion  was  then  made,  that  the 
committee  fhould  rife,  and  report  the 
bill — upon  which, 

Mr.  Jackfon  rofe,  and  faid,  that  he 
conceived   it   to   be  his  indifpenfible 
duty,  to  give  the  houfe  fome  informa- 
tion   rcfpeding  the    deplorable  fitua- 
tiou   of    the  defencelefs,    plundered, 
and  wretched  inhabitants  of  the  flate 
©f  Geoioirt.    Whatever congrefs  may 
do,    reipeCting    the  i^ndmg   comnuf- 
fioners  to  treat  with  the  Creek  Indians, 
except  the  latter,  at  the  fame  time,  are 
given    to  underlland,  and  made  to  be- 
lieve, that, if  they  will  not  treat,  the  arm 
of  power  will  be  extended   to    teach 
them  juftice,  the  appointment  of  com- 
milhoners  will  be  of  no  avail.     We 
have   lately   fent  commilTioners,  who 
were  treated  w  ith  contempt — and  fi  nee 
that  time,  the  people  have  been  plun- 
dered,    their   honfes   deliroyed,    and 
numbers   of  them  butchered,   no  age 
or  fex  has  been  fpared.       IVIere  paper 
negociations   they   are   taught  to   de- 
fpife.   Congrefs  alone  can  Itrike  them 
with  awe.     To   congrefs   the   people 
look  for  redrefs — and  if  they  are  not 
fuccoured  and  relieved   by  the  union, 
they   mufl   feek  proteflion  elfe where. 
In  full  confidence  of  this  fupporc  and 
protetUon,  they  were  led  to  the  una- 
nimous  adoption  of  the  new  coniti- 
tution.     And    Ihall    their  hopes  and 
expettations  be  defeated  ?   t^riill  not. 
The  Creek  chief  has  hisemiffaries  in 
S.  and  North  Carolina,  and  in  Geor- 
gia— and  the  determination  of  this  le- 
^illature  will  be  foon  known  to  him. 
It  is  in  vain  to  think  of  giving  fecu- 
j-ity  to   the   citizens   of  Georgia,  or 
bringin/f  thefe  Indians  to  treat,  with- 
out   i:i»t'>iring     a    full    apprehenfion, 
that  a  iuHicient  force  will  be  raifed 
to  coiivmce  them  of  the  power  of  the 
united  (tates    to    bring  them  to  terms. 
Mr.  Jackfon  added  leveral  other  ob- 
iervations,  and  concluded  by  reading 
a   claufe,    which  he  moved  fliould  be 
added   to   the   bill — providing  for  the 
raifing  a    fuffjcient  military  force,  for 
the  protecllon  of  the  inhabitants    of 
ihe   liate   of    Georgia,    in    cafe    the 
Creeks    refiife  to  enter  into  a  treaty. 
This   tnotion    was   feconded,    bui, 
after  fome  debate,   it  was  withdrawn. 
The  commitiee  then  rofe,    and   the 
chairman  reported  the    bill,  with  the 
ainendmenls,  to  which  the  houfe  ac- 
ceded, and  voted  that  the  bill  be  en- 


grolTedfor  a  third  reading  to  morrow. 
Themellage  received  from  the  pre- 
fident  yellerday,  was  read,  and  refer- 
red to  a  committee  of  the  whole 
houfe  on  the  (late  of  the  union.  Mr. 
Jackfon  then  brought  forward  his 
claufe  in  the  form  of  a  refolution, 
which  was  referred  to  the  fame  com- 
mittee. 

Mr.  Wadfworth,  of  the  joint  com- 
mittee appointed  to  contider  and  re- 
port when  it  will  be  convenient  for 
congrefs  to  adjourn — alfo  to  report 
what  bufinefs,  now  before  congrefs, 
muft  be  neceffarily  attended  to,  pre- 
vious to  a  receis,  brought  in  a  report 
to  this  eftett  :  that  it  will  be  proper 
and  convenient  for  congrefs  to  ad- 
journ on  the  twelfth  of  September 
next — and  that,  poflponing  other  bu- 
finefs, till  the  next  felfion,  it  will  be 
neceffary  to  attend  to  the  following 
bills,  previous  to  the  adjournTcent,  VIZ. 
For  eflablifliing  the  treafury,  and 
judicial  departments. 

To  regulate  the  coafting  trade. 
For  allowing  compenrations  to  the 
prefident  and  vice  prefident. 

For  allowing  coinpenfations  to  the 
members,  and  officers  of  both  houfes 
ofcongrefs. 

For  providing  for  the  expenfes  of 
negociations  and  treating  with  the  In- 
dians. 

Alfo  the  reports  of  the  committees 
on  the  memorial  of  Andrew  Ellicot  ; 
and  on  the  fubjeft  of  the  amend- 
ments. 

The  bills  to  regulate  the  punlfti- 
ment  of  crimes. 

To  regulate  proceffes  in  the  fede- 
ral courts,  and  fees  in  the  fame. 
The  ialaries  of  the  judges. 
The   falaries  of  the  executive   of- 
ficers. 

And  the  bill  for  the  fafe  keepinc; 
of  the  atts,  records,  and  great  feal  of 
the  iiniied  flates. 

This  report  being  read,  the  houfe 
adjourned, 

Wednefday^  AugitJ}.  12. 
THE  cngroficd  bill,  providing  for 
the  expenfes  which  may  attend  nego- 
ciaiion',  and  treating  with  the  Indian 
tribes,  and  for  appointing commillion- 
ers  to  fuperintend  the  fame,  was  read, 
when  the  houfe  proceeded  to  fill  np 
the  blanks.  It  was  moved,  ihat  the 
f'jm  of  forty  one  thoufand  dollars  be 
infertcd  in  the  fiill  blank.     I'his  mo* 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


[33 


tlon  was  oppofed  by  mr.  Sumpter,  mr. 
Gerry,  and  mr.  Livermore.  It  was 
faid,  that  a  previous  eftiniate  of  the 
ejcpenfes  necelTary  to  be  incurred, 
cnj^ht  firll  to  be  exhibited  to  the  houfe  ; 
that  great  frauds  and  abufes  had  been 
complained  of  in  thefe  negociations ; 
that  the  whole  amount  of  the  reve- 
nue would  fall  fhort  of  the  neceffary 
expenfes  of  the  current  year,  and 
therefore  it  was  incumbent  on  the 
houfe,  to  grant  monies  with  due  cau- 
tion and  deliberation ;  that  it  could 
not  be  contended  that  fo  large  a  fum 
was  requifite,  but  on  the  fuppofition 
of  a  very  large  number  of  Indians 
attending,  and  prefents  being  provid- 
ed for  them.  It  was  urged,  that  the 
treaties  would  be  as  efficacious,  with- 
out coUefting  a  whole  nation  together  ; 
and,  the  cullom  of  giving  prefents, 
was  reprobated  by  fome  of  the  mem- 
bers, as  a  meafure  fraught  with  ufe- 
lefs  expenfe,  much  mifchief,  and  in- 
convenience. 

Mr.  Jackfon,  mr.  Hartley,  mr. 
Clymer,  and  mr.  Baldwin,  fupported 
the  motion.  The  latter  gentleman 
produced  a  flatement  of  the  expenfes 
which  would  arife  from  holding  a  trea- 
ty with  the  Creek  nation  only,  of 
which  it  was  expefted  that  one  thoufand 
five  hundred  would  attend.  It  was 
-obferved,  that  the  fiim  moved  for,  was 
to  defray  the  expenfes  of  treating  with 
the  Indian  tribes  in  general — more 
particularly  with  the  Wabaffi  nation, 
and  with  the  tribes  to  the  fouthward 
of  the  Ohio.  That,  agreeably  to  the 
f  ftimate  which  was  laid  on  the  table, 
the  whole  fum  moved  for,  would  be 
neceffary  :  but  if  tbe  houfe  chofe  fo 
have  the  treaties  condufted  upon  dif- 
ferent principles  from  what  had  been 
cuftomary,  they  could  make  fuch  al- 
terations as  they  might  fee  proper. 

The  motion  for  forty-one  thou- 
fand dollars,  being  put,  it  paffed  in 
the  ncgati\/e.  Mr.  Madifon  then 
moved,  that  the  blank  fhould  be  filled 
with  forty  thoufand  :  this  was  like- 
wife  oppofed  ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays 
called  for  on  the  queftion,  which  are 
as  follow  : 

Ayes.  Meffrs.  Baldwin,  Benfon, 
Brown,  Burke,  Cadwallader,  Cly- 
mer, Cole,  Fitzfimnns,  Gale,  Grif- 
fin, Hartley,  Huntington,  Jackfon, 
Lanrance,  I.ee,  Madifon,  Matthews, 
P.  Muhlenberg,  Page,    Scott,  Smith, 


(S.  C.)  Stone,  SylveRer,  Trumbull, 
Tucker,  Vining,  Wadfworth,  Wyn- 
koop. — Twenty-eight. 

Nays,  Meffrs.  Ames,  Boudinot, 
Carrol,  Floyd, Gerry,  Gilman, Grout, 
Heifter,  Hathorn,  Leonard,  Liver- 
more,  Moore,  Parker,  Partridge, Van 
Renfellaer,  Schureman,  Sedgwick, 
Seney,  Sherman,  Smith,  (M.)  Stur- 
gis,  Sumpter,  Thacher. — Twenty- 
three — So  the  motion  was  carried. 

The  blank  in  the  claufe  for  allowing 
a  compenfation  to  the  commiffioners, 
was  filled  with  eight  dollars  per  day, 
exclufive  of  their  atlual  expenfes  at 
the  place  of  holding  the  treaties. 
Thurfday,  Avgtijl  13. 

THE  engroffed  bill,  providing  for 
the  expenfes  of  negociations  and  treat- 
ing with  the  Indians,  &c.  was  read, 
and  paffed  to  be  enaftcd. 

Mr.  Lee  moved,  that  the  houfe 
fhould  refolve  itfelf  into  a  committee 
of  the  whole  on  the  ftaie  of  the  union, 
to  take  into  confideration  the  report 
of  the  committee  on  amendments  to 
the  conftitution. 

The  immediate  adopt'on  of  this 
motion  was  advocated  by  mr.  Madi- 
fon, mr.  Page,  and  mr.  Hartley,  and 
oppofed  by  mr.  Sedgwick,  mr.  Smith, 
(S.  C.)  mr.  Gerry,  mr,  Laurantc, 
and  mr.  Sherman.  The  latter  gen- 
tleman particularly  obfcrvcd,  that  there 
was  a  great  variety  of  bufinefs  before 
the  houfe,  which  it  is  of  the  greateH  im- 
portance ffiould  precede  the  confidera- 
tion of  all  other  ;  that  it  appears  ab- 
furd  to  make  alterations  in  a  form  of 
government,  before  it  has  an  operative 
exiftence  ;  that  it  is  of  the  firft  con- 
fequence  to  complete  the  judiciary 
bill  ;  that  without  this,  and  feveral 
other  bills,  now  pending  in  the  houfe, 
we  cannot  carry  one  of  the  revenue 
laws  into  execution  ;  not  a  breach  of 
the  laws  of  the  united  ftates  can  be 
punilhed  ;  not  a  veffel  can  be  feized.' 
The  difcuffion  of  the  fubjeft,  at  this 
moment,  will  obftruft  the  wheels  of 
(jovernment,  and  throw  every  thing 
into  confufion — mean  time  the  united 
Hates  are  without  law,  and  have  no 
authority  to  punifti  a  fingle  crime.  It 
was  further  faid,  that  few,  if  any  of 
the  ftate-affemblies  are  in  feffion,  and 
therefore  it  will  unneceffarily  confume 
the  prefent  time,  which  is  fo  precious  : 
that  the  people,  repofing  full  confi- 
dence in  the  jufticeand  wifdom  of  the 


S4] 


Proceedings  of  congrc/s. 


hoiife  that  t'nis  fu^jeS  would  have  fea- 
fonable  and  due  attention  paid  to  it, 
are  as  anxious  to  fee  the  government 
in  operation,  as  they  are  about  amend- 
ments. 

The  fpeakers  agalnft  the  motion  fe- 
vcrally  exprefTed  themfelves  in  favour 
cf  taking  up  the  fubjeft  as  foon  as  the 
judicial,  executive,  and  revenue  de- 
partments were  fo  far  completed,  that 
It  could  with  propriety  be  laid  we  had 
a  j/overnment. 

In  fupport  of  the  motion  it  was  ob- 
fsrved,  that  fince  the  fubjeft  has 
firil  been  introduced,  fo  much  lime 
has  elapfed,  that  if  it  is  not  now  taken 
up,  the  people  will  be  led  to  fuppofe, 
that  it  is  the  intention  of  con^refs  ne- 
ver to  do  any  thmg  in  the  bufinefs ; 
that  the  people  are  extremely  anxious 
upon  the  (^ibjeft,  and  nothing  fhort 
of  a  convitHon,  that  ihofe  rights, 
which  they  conceive  to  be  in  danger, 
as  the  conftitution  row  Hands,  will 
be  placed  in  a  (late  of  greater  fecurity, 
will  quiet  their  apprehenfions.  I'hat 
the  number  of  thofe  in  favour  of  a- 
amendments,  confifled  of  a  large  and 
refpeflable  proportion  of  the  citizens 
of  the  Hates,  That  the  peace  and  tran- 
quility of  the  union  depend  upon  a 
proper  attention  to  their  juft  expec- 
t:itions.  That  if  thofe  who  are  anxious 
for  amendments,  had  been  added  to 
thofe  who  openly  oppofed  ih'.' conlh- 
tution,  It  would  have  probably  met 
a  quite  different  fate.  That  except  thtfe 
amendments  are  made,  the  govern- 
ment will  want  the  confidence  of  the 
people,  and  that  energy,  which  is  ne- 
ceflary  to  its  exiftence.  That  the  fame 
reafons  for  a  poftpouement  have  re- 
peatedly been  afligned  ;  and  there  is  no 
profpeft  that  a  more  Convenient  op- 
porninity  will  offer. 

The  quellion  being  put  on  the  mot 'on 
of  mr.  Lee,  it  palled  in  the  aflirma- 
tive.  The  houft  accordingly  fornied 
into  a  committee  of  the  whole — mr. 
Boudinot  in   the  chair. 

The  report  of  the  committee  was 
then  read,  the  firft  article  of  which  is 
in  thefe  words,  viz. 

In  the  introduflorv  paragraph  cf  the 
conftitution,  before  the  words,  ''  we 
the  people,"  add,  "  government,  be- 
ing intended  for  the  benefit  of  the 
people,  and  the  rightful  eifabhfument 
thereof  being  derived  from  their  au- 
thority alone." 


M.  Sherman.  I  am  oppofed  to  this 
mode  of  making  amendments  to  the 
conititution,  and  am  for  llrikingout 
from  the  report  of  the  committee,  the 
Hrft  article  entirely.  I  conceive  that 
we  cannot  incorporate  thefe  amend- 
ments in  the  body  of  the  conftitution. 
It  would  be  mixing  brafs,  iron,  and 
clay — it  would  be  as  abfurd  as  to  in- 
corporate an  act  in  addition  to  an  adf, 
in  ihe  body  of  the  att  propofed  to  be 
amended  or  explauied  thereby,  which, 
I  believe,  was  rhever  heard  of  before. 
I  conceive  that  we  have  no  right  to 
do  this,  as  the  conilitution  is  an  acf  of 
the  people,  and  ought  to  remain  en- 
tire, whereas  the  amendments  will  be 
the  aft  of  the  feveral  legiflatures. 
Mr.  Sherman  then  read  a  propo- 
fition,  which  he  moved  lliOuld  be  fub- 
(tituted  in  place  of  the  article  in  the 
report. 

This  being  feconded,  brought  on  an 
interefting  debate,  whether  the  amend- 
ments {hoiild  be  incorporated  in  the 
body  of  the  conftitution,  or  be  made 
a  diHintf  fupplementary  ath 

Mr.  Madilon  fupported  the  former, 
and  fiiid,  that  he  did  not  coincide 
v/ith  the  gentleman  from  Connetlicut. 
I  conceive,  laid  he,  that  there  is  a 
propriety  in  incorporating  the  amend- 
ments in  the  conliitunon  itfelf,  in  the 
{everal  places  to  which  they  belong  ; 
thelyflem  will,  in  ihat  cafe,  be  uniform 
and  entire  ;  nor  is  this  uncommon.  It 
IS  true,  that  acts  are  generally  amend- 
ed by  additional  atts ;  but  this,  1  be- 
lieve, may  be  imputed  rather  to  indo- 
lence ;  this,  however,  is  not  always 
the  cafe  ;  for,  where  there  is  a  tafte 
for  poliiical  and  Ipgiflative  propriety. 
It  IS  otherwife.  If  thefe  amendments 
are  added  to  the  conftitution,  by  way 
of  fupplemenr,  it  will  embarrafs  the 
people  ;  it  will  be  difficult  for  them 
to  determine  to  what  parts  of  the  fyf- 
tem  they  particularly  refer  ;  and,  at 
any  rate,  will  create  unfavourable 
compariTons  beiwcen  the  two  parts  of 
the  intirument.  If  thefe  amendments 
are  adopted,  agreeably  to  the  plan  pro- 
pofed, they  will  jiand  upon  as  good 
found:ition  as  the  other  parts  of  ihe 
confllnition,  and  will  be  fanttioncd 
by  equally  good  authority.  1  am  not, 
however,  very  fulicitous  about  the 
mode,  fo  long  as  the  bufinefs  is  fully 
attended  lo. 

Mr,    Small,  (S.  C)    agreed  with 


Proceedings  of  congn/}. 


iS5 


mr.  Madifon,  and  read  that  claufe 
in  the  conftitution,  which  provides 
that  alteracions  and  amendments,  when 
agreed  to,  ihall  become  part  of  the 
conltitutton— from  whence  he  infer- 
red, that  It  was  evidently  the  defign 
of  the  framers  of  the  fyilem,  tliat  they 
ihuuld  be  incorpot;iie.d — nor  is  the 
houfe  at  liberty  to  adopt  any  other 
mode.  Mr.  Smith  cited  the  inliance 
of  South  Carolina,  which,  milead  of 
making  acts  in  addition  to  atts,  which 
had  been  found  extremely  perplexing, 
repealed  their  laws  generally,  in  or- 
der to  form  a  more  hmple  and  unem- 
barralfing  code. 

Mr.  Livennore  fupported  the  mo- 
tion of  mr.  Sherman — he  adverted  to 
the  cuftom  and  ufage  of  the  Britilh 
legillature,  and  of  the  feveral  (late 
alleniblies,  in  forming  laws  and  ad- 
ditional 3.Q.S.  We  have  no  right, 
he  obferved,  to  make  any  alterations 
or  interpolations  in  the  inflrument — 
it  will  be  attended  with  difficulties, 
in  Come  future  day. 

Mr,  Vining.  Adding  amendments, 
will  be  attended  with  a  variety  of  in- 
conveniences— y  will  diltort  the  fyf- 
tem — it  v/ill  appear  like  a  letter, 
which,  carelefsly  written  in  hade,  re- 
quires a  poftfcript  much  longer  than 
the  original  compohtion — this  moti- 
on is  founded  upon  the  cuilom  of  a- 
mending  atls  by  additional  atls,  to 
explain  and  amend  preceding  afls, 
a  cuftom,  which  involves  endlefs  per- 
plexities, and  has  nothing  in  reafon 
to  recommend  it, 

Mr.  Clymer  advocated  the  motion  : 
1  wifh,  lir,  that  the  conilitution  may 
forever  remain  in  its  original  form,  as 
a  monument  of  the  wildom  and  pa- 
triotifm  of  thofe  who  framed  it. 
.  Mr.  Stone  was  in  favour  of  mr. 
Sherman's  motion.  If,  fir,  fa:d  he, 
the  amendments  are  incorporated  in 
the  inllrumenc,  it  will  afTert  that  which 
is  not  true— for  this  conltitution  has 
been  figned  by  the  delegates  from  the 
feveral  flates,  as  a  true  inftrtiment — 
and  therefore,  in  this  cafe,  wc  muft 
go  further,  and  fay,  that  a  conllitu- 
tion  made  at  fuch  a  time,  was  defec- 
tive, and  George  Walhington,  and 
thofe  other  worihy  charaBers  who 
(igned  this  inflrument,  cannnot  be 
faid  to  have  figned  the  confhtution. — 
According  to  the  obfervation  of  the 
gentleiiian  from  SoLith- Carolina,    re- 


fpefting  repealing  laws,  to  make  a 
complete  act,  we  mult  repeal  the  con- 
Uitution  in  order  to  make  a  new  one  : 
— but  will  any  gentleman  fay  that  this 
legiflature  has  authority  todotbis/ 
lb  incorporate  theie  amendments, 
theconfluution  mult,  however,  be  re- 
pealed in  part,  at  leal! — the.  uiC)inent 
we  prepare  ourfelves  to  do  this,  there 
is  an  end  of  the  conftiiution,  and  lo 
the  authority  under  which  we  aft. 
Mr.  Stone  then  replied  particularly 
to  (he  interence  drawn  by  mr.  Smith, 
from  the  palfage  which  he  had  quoted 
from  the  conllitution,  and  obiervcd, 
that  the  words  could  not  imply  any 
thing  more  than  this,  that  fuch  amend- 
ments, when  adopted,  agreeably  to 
the  niodepointcil  out,  would  be  equal- 
ly binding  with  the  other  parts  of  the 
fyllem,  to  which  they  do  not  fpe dai- 
ly refer. 

Mr.  Gerry  enquired  whether  the 
mode  could  make  any  poihble  dif- 
ference in  the  validly  of  the  fyfteni, 
provided  the  fantlion  is  the  fame.  He 
conceived  it  could  not.  The  confli- 
tution,  in  my  opinion,  faid  he,  has 
provided  that  amendments  fhould  be 
incorporated.  The  words  are  exprefs, 
that  they  Ihall  become  "  part  of  this 
confliitition."  The  gentleman,  (mr. 
Stone)  fays,  we  Ihall  lofe  the  names 
of  the  worthy  gentlemen  who  fub- 
fcribcd  the  conftitutioii  :  but  I  would 
a{k,  whether  the  names  would  be  of 
any  confequence,  except  the  conftilu- 
tion  had  been  ratified  by  the  feveral 
ftates  ?  or  will  the  fyftem  be  of  no  ef- 
fect, fince  it  is  raiiiied,  if  the  names 
were  now  erafed  ?  If  we  adopt  the 
mode  propofed,  we  fhall,  in  all  proba- 
bility, go  on  to  make  fupplements  to 
fupplements,  and  thus  involve  the 
fyilem  in  a  maze  of  doubis  and  per- 
plexities. It  appears  to  tne,  that  in 
order  that  the  citizens  of  the  united 
ftates  may  know  what  the  conftitution 
is,  it  is  neceflary  that  it  be  comprized 
in  one  uniform,  entire  fyftem.  If  the 
amendments  are  incorporated,  the 
people  will  have  one  conftitution  ;  but 
if  they  are  added  by  way  of  fupple- 
ment,  they  will  have  more  than  one  : 
and  if  in  the  original  fyftem,  there 
fliould  any  claufes  be  found,  which 
are  inconfiftent  with  the  added  amend- 
ments, the  government  will  be  com- 
pounded of  oppofite  principles,  both 
jii  force  at  the  fame  time. 


36] 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


Upon  the  idea  of  gentlemen,  as  to 
the  iacrednets  of  the  original  fyflem, 
if  amendments  are  made  upon  their 
plan,  they  will  be  confidered  in  a  point 
of  light  inferior  to  the  original ;  in 
this  view,  amendments  are  of  no  con- 
fcqucnre,  and  had  better  be  omitted. 
This  would  tend  to  defeat  the  falutary 
pnrpofes  of  amendments  altogether, 
by  derogating  from  their  dignity  and 
authivrity. 

Mr.  Ldurance  was  in  favour  of  the 
mouon  mat'e  by  mr.,  Sherman  :  he 
laid,  it  appeared  to  hini  impoUible  to 
incorporate  the  ainendiueiits  in  the 
conltitution,  without  involving  very 
great  abfurdities  in  the  fuppohtion.  If 
they  fhould  be  engrafted  in  the  body 
of  the  conllituiion,  it  will  make  .it 
fpeak  a  lar.i^nage  ditterent  from  what  it 
originally  did.  What  will  become 
of  the  laws  enabled  under  the  inftru- 
ment,  as  it  originally  ftood  ?  Will  they 
not  be  vitiated  thereby  ?  The  ratifica- 
tions of  the  feveral  Hates  had  refpetl 
lo  the  original  fyftem.  It  is  true  that  a 
majority  of  them  have  propofed  amend- 
ments ;  but  this  does  not  imply  a  ne- 
cellliy  of  altering  the  origmal,  lo  as 
to  make  it  a  different  fyllem  from  that 
which  was  ratified.  The  mode,  pro- 
pofed by  the  motion,  is  agreeable  to 
cuitom  ;  it  is  the  leail  liable  to  ob- 
jeftion,  and  appears  to  me  fafe  and 
proper, 

Mr,  Benfon  obferved,  that ,  this 
queltion  was  agitated  in  the  feleft  com- 
mittee, and  the  refult  is  contained  in 
ihe  report  now  under  confideration. 
It  fliould  be  remembered,  that  the  ra- 
tifications of  feveral  of  the  Hates  en- 
30m  the  alterations  and  amendments 
in  this  way  ;  they  propofe  that  fome 
words  fhould  be  Itruck  out,  and  the 
fentences  altered,  I  do  not  conceive 
that  incorporating  the  amendments 
r.an  affetl  the  validity  of  the  original 
conllitution  :  that  will  remain  where 
u  is,  in  the  archives  of  congrefs,  un- 
altered, with  all  the  names  of  the  ori- 
ginal lubfcribers.  The  amendments 
are  provided  for  in  that  inflrument, 
a-id  completing  thole  amendments  is 
completing  the  original  fyllem — the 
records  qf  the  legiflature  will  inform 
how  this  was  done  ;  and  for  my  part, 
1  can  fee  no  difficulty  in  proceeding 
agreeably  ro  the  report  of  the  com- 
'iHiiec. 

Mr.  Page  faid*  he   fappofed    that 


the  committee  of  the  whole  is  nov^ 
ading  upon  the  conllitution  as  upon  a 
bill  :  and  they  have  a  right,  faid  he, 
to  take  up  the  fubjefl:  paragraph  by  pa- 
ragraph. 

I  am  oppofed  to  the  amendment  of 
the  preamble  of  the  conllitution,  as 
propofed  by  the  committee,  as  well 
as  to  the  motion  of  the  gentleman 
from  Connecticut,  I  could  wifli, 
therefore,  that  we  may  not  confume 
time  in  fettling  the  mere  form  of  con- 
dufling  the  bufinefs  ;  but  proceed, 
after  rejetting  the  firft  amendment,  to 
confider  thofe  that  are  lubfequent  in 
the  report, 

Mr.  Livermore  replied  tomr.  Page, 
He  faid,  that  with  refpetl;  to  the  con- 
llitution, the  committee  flood  upon 
quite  different  grounds  from  what 
they  did  when  difculfing  a  bill  ;  and 
he  contended,  that  it  is  not  in  the 
power  either  of  the  legiflature  of  the 
united  ftates,  or  of  all  the  legiflatures 
upon  the  continent,  to  alter  the  con- 
llitution, unlefs  they  were  fpecially 
empowered  by  the  people  to  do  it. 

Mr.  Jackfon  advocated  the  motion 
of  mr.  Sherman — he  faid,  if  we  re- 
peal this  conllitution,  we  fliall  per- 
haps, the  next  year,  have  to  make  ano- 
ther— and  in  that  way  the  people  will 
never  be  able  to  know  whether  they 
have  a  permanent  conllitution  or  not. 
The  conllitution,  in  my  opinion, 
ought  to  remain  facred  and  inviolate, 
I  will  refer  to  the  conllitution  of 
England.  Magna  charta  has  remain- 
ed, as  it  was  received  from  king  John 
to  the  prefent  day,  and  the  bill  of 
rights  the  fame  ;  and  although  the 
rights  of  the  people,  in  feveral  refpefts, 
have  been  more  clearly  afcertained 
and  defined,  thofe  chapters  remain  en- 
tire :  a  conftitutional  privilege  has 
lately  been  eltablifhed,  in  the  indepen- 
dency of  the  judges,  but  no  alteration 
in  the  conllitution  itfelf,  was  thought 
proper.  All  the  amendments  are 
fupplementary — the  facred  depofit  of 
Englifh  liberty  remains  untouched — 
their  great  charter  remains  unaltered, 
though  defetls  have  been'fupplied,  and 
add-ftions  made.  The  conllitution  of 
thie^  united  Hates  has  been  made  by  the 
people  ;  it  is  their  own  a8,  and  they 
have  a  right  to  do  it.  I  hi>pe  we  (half 
not  do  any  ihing  to  violate  or  mutji- 
late  it,  I  therefore  heartily 'joinin 
the  motion  for  llriking  out  the  wordj|. 


Proceedings  ef  congrcfs. 


[37 


and  adopting  the  mode   propofed    l)y 
the  [;entleni;ui  froui  Connecticut, 

Thequefiion  on  mr.  Sherman's  mo- 
tion being  taken,  it  palled  in  the  ne- 
gative, 

A  donbt  was  then  raifed,  whether 
it  was  necedaiy  that  the  article  in  the 
conditution,  which  requires  that  two 
thirds  of  the  le^iflaiure  ihould  recom- 
mend amendnitMits,  Ihuuld  be  attend- 
ed to  by  the  committee — tiiis  occafi- 
oned  a  debate — an  appeal  was  made 
to  the  chairman,  who  determined  that 
the  bufmefs,  while  before  the  com- 
mittee, (liould  be  tranfatled  in  the  u- 
fual  manner,  by  a  majority — an  appeal 
was  made  from  this  judgment  to  the 
honfe,  and  on  thequeRion  being  pur, 
whether  the  chairman's  decifion  was 
in  order,  it  pafled   in  the  affirmative. 

The  committee  then  rofe,  reported 
progrefs,  and  had  leave  to  fit  again 
to-morrow.     Adjourned, 

Friday,  Augiiji  14. 

The  houfe  went  into  a  committee 
on  the  amendments  to  theconftitution. 

Mr.  Trumbull  in  the  chair. 

The  firil  amendment  was  again 
read,  which  was,  to  prefix  to  the  in- 
iroduftory  paragraph  thefe  words — 
"  Government  being  intended  for  the 
benefit  of  the  people,  and  the  right- 
ful cllablilhment  thereof  being  deriv- 
ed from  their  authority  alone," — 

Mr,  Gerry  objetted  to  the  phrafe- 
ology  of  this  claufe;  it  might  feem  to 
imply,  that  all  governments  were  in- 
llituted  and  intended  for  the  benefit 
of  the  people,  which  was  not  true. 
Indeed,  molt  of  the  governments, 
both  of  ancient  and  modern  times, 
■were  calculated  on  very  different  prin- 
ciples. They  had  chiefly  originated 
in  fraud  or  in  force,  and  were  de- 
figned  for  the  purpofe  of  oppreflion 
and  perfonal  ainbitioM.  He  wiflied 
to  have  nothing  go  out  from  th.s  bo- 
chy,  as  a  maxim,  which  was  falfe  in 
fac^,  or  which  was  not  clear,  in  its 
condruftion.  fie  moved  (o  alter  the 
claufe,  by  infertmg  the  words  "  of 
right." — This  motion  was  negatived. 

Mr.  Tucker  objetled  to  any  amend- 
ments being  made  to  the  preamble  of 
the  conilitucion.  This,  he  faid,  was 
no  part  of  the  conllitntion ;  and  the 
Qbjeft  was  only  to  amend  the  conffi- 
tution  :  the  preamble  was  no  more  a 
fiibjert  of  amendment,  than  the  let- 
ter of  the  prefident,  annexed  fco  ijie 
conditution. 

Vol.  VI. 


Mr.  Smith  (S.  C)  in  anfwcr  to 
mr.  1  ucker,  fliewed  that  this  amend- 
ment had  been  recommended  by  three 
liates,  and  that  it  was  proper  it  Ihould 
be  made. 

Mr,  Tucker  replied,  that  he  was 
not  oppofed  to  the  principle;  but 
thought  this  was  an  improper  place  to 
exprefs  if.  It  could  be  infcx.cd  with 
propriety  in  a  bill  of  rights,  if , one 
ihould  be  agreed  on,  and  in  tiial  form 
be  prefixed  to  the  conditution:  but 
the  preamble  was  not  the  place  for  it. 

Other  gentlemen  objected  to  the 
whole  claufi^  as  it  was  unneceffary. 
fince  the  words,  "  we  the  people," 
contained  the  principle  of  the  a- 
mendment  fully.  Mr.  Shermau  ob- 
ferved,  that  if  the  conflitution  had 
been  a  grant  from  another  power,  it 
would  be  proper  to  exprefs  this  prin- 
ciple ;  but  as  the  right,  expreffed  in 
the  amendment,  was  natural,  and  in- 
herent in  the  people,  it  is  unneceffa- 
ry  to  give  any  reafons  or  any  ground 
on  which  they  made  their  conflitu- 
tion :  it  Vi'as  the  att  of  their  own  fo- 
vereign  will.  It  was  alfo  faid,  that 
it  would  injure  the  beauty  of  the  pre- 
amble. 

Mr.  Madifon  contended  for  the  a- 
mendment — he  faw  no  difficulty  in  af- 
fociating  the  amendment  with  the  pre- 
amble, without  injuring  the  proprie- 
ty or  fenfe  of  the  paragraph.  I'hough 
it  was  indifputable.  that  the  princi- 
ple was  on  all  hands  acknowledged, 
and  could  itfelf  derive  no  force  from 
exprelhng  it,  yet  he  thought  it  pru- 
dent to  infert  it,  as  it  had  been  re- 
commended by  three  refpedableffatesi 

The  queflion,  on  adopting  the  a- 
mcndment,  being  put,  was  carried  ia 
the  affirmative. 

Second  amendment;  from  art.  1, 
feft,  2,  par.  3,  ffrike  out  all.  between 
the  words  "direft"  and  "  until  fuch  :" 
and,  inllead  thereof,  infert  "  after  the 
firll  enumeration,  there  fhajl  be  one 
reprefenta'ive  for  every  thirty  thou- 
fand,  until  the  number  fliall  amouat 
to  one  hundred  ;  after  which,  the  pro- 
portion fhall  be  fo  regulated  by  con- 
grefs,  that  the  number  of  reprefenta- 
tives  fhall  never  be  lefs  than  one  hun- 
dred, or  more  than  one  hundred  and 
feventy-five  :  but  each  flate  fhall  al- 
ways have  at  lead  one  reprefentative." 

Mr.  Vining  moved,  that  a  claufe 
fhould  be  inferted  in  the  paragraph, 
providing,  that,  when  any  one  date 


S^J 


Procef  dings  of  con'^ref^t 


poircfTed  f(>r(v-five  thoufand  inhabi- 
tants, it  fhoiild  be  eruirlcd  to  two  re- 
prefeniatives. 

I  his  was  negatived  without  a  divi- 
sion. 

Mr.  Ames  then  moved  to  ftrike 
out  the  word,  "  thirty"  and  infert 
"  forty  ;"  fo  that  the  ratio  of  reprc- 
It-ntation  (hould  be  one  for  forty  thou- 
fand — he  went  into  a  train  of  reafon- 
ing  to  prove  the  fiipcrior  advantages 
cf  a  fmail  reprefentation.  He  drew 
an  ar^jument,  in  the  firft  place,  from 
ihe  fatisfaflion  which  the  people  uni- 
rcrfally  exprefTed  in  the  prclent  re- 
jMefentation,  that  their  minds  were  re- 
conciled to  it,  and  were  convinced, 
ihata  more  faithful  and  more  prompt 
difcharge  of  the  bii'inefs  of  the  union 
would  take  place,  ic  fo  fmall  an  af- 
IctTibly.  Experience  had  taught  thein, 
that  all  the  information  that  was  ne- 
ccffary — both  of  a  general  and  local 
nature — would  be  fuund  in  a  body  f)- 
milar  to  the  prefent.  He  fuggefled 
jhe  importance  of  the  expenfe  of  a 
numerous  reprefentation,  as  a  capital 
burden,  which  would  foon  become 
diifatisfaftory  to  the  people.  Ac- 
cording to  the  ratio  of  one  to  thirty 
thoufand,  the  increafe  of  the  peo- 
ple would  fwell  the  reprefentation  to 
an  enormous  mafs,  v;hofe  fupport 
would  be  infuHerable,  and  whofe  de- 
liberations would  be  rendered  almoft 
irnprafticable.  The  prefent  popula- 
tion would,  on  'the  firit  cenfus,  pro- 
duce upwards  of  one  hundred.  The 
augmentation  would  be  very  rapid  ; 
it  was  therefore  propt-r  to  fix  ihe  pro- 
portion immediately,  fo  as  to  prevent 
thefe  evils.  He  went  very  copioudy 
into  the  ufual  arguments,  to  prove 
that  all  numerous  popular  bodies  are 
liable,  in  proportion  to  their  number, 
to  fluftuations,  fermentations,  and  a 
factious  fpint.  By  enlarging  the  re- 
prefentation, the  government,  hefaid, 
would  depart  from  that  choice  of  cha- 
rafters,  who  could  bed  reprefent  the 
wifdom  and  the  interelt  of  the  united 
Hates;  and  who  would  alone  be  able 
to  fupport  the  importance  and  dignity 
of  this  branch  of  the  legiflature.  Men 
would  be  introduced,  more  liable  to 
improper  influences,  and  more  eafy 
tools  for  defigning  leaders. 

He  faid,  it  appeared  clear  to  him, 
ihar,  as  the  whole  number  was  increaf- 
ed,   the  individual  confequence — the 


pride  of  character — and ,  con  fcquen  t  ly, 
•  he  refponhbility — of  each  member 
would  be  dmiinifted.  The  refponfi- 
fibility  would  alfo  be  in  fome  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  the  condituents. 
A  reprefentative  of  a  large  body  of 
people  would  fsel,  in  a  higher  degree, 
the  weight  impofed  upon  him  ;  and  he 
would  be  thereby  the  more  interefled 
to  fupport  a  virtuous  fame,  and  redou- 
ble  his  exertions  for  the  public  good. 

He  contended,  that  the  original 
delign  of  thofe,  who  propofed  the  a- 
mendmcnt,  relpeBing  reprefentation, 
was  not  to  obtain  an  increafe,  be- 
yond what  their  firll  cenfus  would 
give  them  ;  their  intention  was,  to  fix 
a  limitation,  that  it  fhould  not  be  in 
the  power  of  congrefs,  to  diminifli  the 
reprefentation  at  any  time,  below  the 
point  of  fecurity.  Their  objeft  was 
certainly  not  augmentation. 

Mr.  Madifon,  in  reply,  infifled, 
that  the  principal  defign  of  ihefe  a- 
mendments,  was,  to  conciliate  ih« 
minds  of  the  people  :  and  prudence  re- 
quired, that  the  opinion  of  the  flares, 
which  had  propofed  the  important  a- 
naendmentin  contempjation,  fhould  be 
attended  to.  He  faid,  it  was  a  faft, 
that  fome  flates  had  not  confined  them- 
felves  to  limitation,  but  had  propofed 
an  increafe  of  the  number  ;  he  did  not 
conceive  it  to  be  very  neceflTary  in  this 
cafe,  to  invefligate  the  advantages  or 
difadvantages  of  a  numerous  reprefen- 
tation ;  he  acknowledged,  that,  be- 
yond a  certain  point,  the  number 
might  be  inconvenient.  That  point 
was  a  matter  yet  of  uncertainty.  It 
was  true,  that  numerous  bodies  were 
liable  to  fome  abufes  ;  but  if,  on  one 
hand,  they  were  prone  to  thofe  evils, 
which  the  gentleman  had  mentioned, 
they  were,  on  the  other  hand,  lets 
fufceptible  of  corruption. 

He  thought,  alfo,  that  to  fix  the  ra- 
tio at  even  40,000  for  one,  would  not 
prevent  the  abufes  which  mr.  Ames 
apprehended  :  for,  before  the  fecond 
cenfus  fhould  betaken,  it  was  proba- 
ble that  the  increafe  of  population 
would  be  fo  great,  as  to  make  the  body 
very  large.  There  was  little  choice, 
therefore,  with  a  view  to  futurity,  be- 
tween one  ratio  or  the  other  :  but  a<s 
this,  of  one  for  thirty  thoufand,  was  the 
proportion  contemplated  and  propofed 
by  the  flates,  it  was  moft  advifable  t» 
adopt  it. 


Fnceedtngs  of  congrefs. 


[39 


Mf.  Gerry,  mr.  Seclgwick,  mr.  Li- 
vermore,mr.  Jack(on,  and  mr.  Seney, 
oppofed  the  amendment  ;  and  mr. 
Ames  replied  to  them  largely.  The 
queition  being  taken,  mr.  Ame!>'s  pro- 
pofition  was  rejcfled. 

Mr.  Tucker  moved  to  fitikc  out  the 
firtt  "  one  hundred"  in  the  amend- 
ment, and  to  infert  "  two  hundred," 
and  then  to  (Irike  out  the  reii  of  the 
pgragrapli — fo  that  the  reprefcntation 
(hould  not  be  lefs  than  two  hundred  ; 
nor  fliould  congrefs  have  a  difcre- 
tion,  to  fix  any  raiio  of  increafe, 
but  that  fuch  proportion  fhould  be  a- 
dopted,  as  tokeep  the  reprefcntation 
fixed  at  two  hundred. 

After  forae  debate,  this  motion  was 
negatived. 

On  motion  of  mr.  Sedgwick,  the 
words  *'  one  hundred  and  feventy- 
five,"  were  ftruck  out,  and  "  two 
hundred"  infcrted.  And  then  the 
paragraph,  as  amended,  was  agreed  to. 

Third  amendment.  Art.  1,  fee.  2, 
par.  3 — Strike  out  all  between  the 
words  "  direfl"  and  "  and_  until 
fuch,"  and  inllead  thereof,  infert, 
"  but  no  law,  varying  the  compenfa- 
tion,  Ilialltake  effeft,  until  an  eleftion 
of  reprefentatives  (liall  have  interven- 
ed.    The  members," 

This  amendment  was  agreed  to. 

Committee  rofe — houfc  adjourned. 

Saturday,  Augvji  15. 

The  houfe  went  into  a  committee 
on  the  amendments  to  the  conftitu- 
tion, 

Mr.  Boudinot  in  the  chair. 

The  committee  took  up  the  fourth 
amendment. — "  Art.  1,  fetl.  9. — 
Between  par.  2,  and  3 — \nfcrt — 
"  no  religion  Ihall  be  eftabiifhed  by 
law,  nor  fhall  the  equal  rights  of 
confcience  be  infringed." 

Mr  Livermore  moved  to  flrike  out 
this  claufe,  and  to  fubftitute  one,  to 
the  following  eflett — "  The  congrefs 
(hall  make  no  laws  touching  religion, 
or  the  rights  of  confcience."  He  ob- 
ferved,  that  though  the  fenfe  of  both 
prov'.fions  was  the  fame,  yet  the  for- 
mer might  feem  to  wear  an  ill  face, 
and  was  fubjeft  to  mifconflruftion. 

The  quell  ion  on  this  motion  was 
carried. 

Fifth  amendment. — "  The  free- 
dom of  fpeech  and  of  the  prefs,  and 
the  right  of   the  people  peaceably  to 


affcmble  and  confult  for  their  common 
good,  and  to  apply  to  the  government 
for  rcdrefs  of  grievances,  (hall  not  be 
infringed." 

Mr.  Tucker  moved  to  infert  be- 
tween the  words  "  common  good," 
and  "and  to"  in  this  paragraph,  thefe 
words,  '■  to  inftrutl  their  reprefenta- 
tives." 

On  this  motion  a  long  debate  cn- 
fued. 

Mr.  Hartley  fa:d,  it  was  a  proble- 
matical fubjec^. — The  praftice  on  this 
principle  might  be  attended  with  dan- 
ger. 1  here  were  periods,  v;hen,  from 
various  caufcs,  the  popular  mind  was  in 
a  ftatc  of  fermentation,  and  incapable 
of  afcling  wifely. — This  had  frequently 
been  experienced  in  the  mother  coun- 
try, and  once  in  a  filler  (late.  In  fuch 
cafes,  it  was  a  happinefs  to  obtain  re- 
prefentatives, who  might  be  free  to 
exert  their  abilities  againft  the  popu- 
lar errors  and  palfions. — The  power 
of  inftrutting,  might  be  liable  to  great 
abufes ;  it  would,  generally, be  exercifed 
in  times  of  public  dillurbance,  and 
would  exprefs  rather  the  prejudices  of 
faftion,  than  the  voice  of  policy  ;  thu« 
it  would  convey  improper  influences 
into  thegovernment.  He  faid  he  had 
feen  fo  many  unhappy  examples  of  the 
influence  of  the  popular  humours  in 
public  bodies,  that  he  hoped  they 
would  be  provided  againft,  in  this  go- 
vernment. 

Mr.  Page  was  in  favour  of  the  mo- 
tion. 

Mr.  Clymer  remarked,  that  the 
principle  of  the  motion  was  a  danger- 
ous one.  It  would  take  away  all  the 
freedom  and  independence  of  the  re- 
prefentatives,aad  deflroy  the  very  fpirit 
of  reprefcntation  itfelf,  by  rendering 
congrefs  a  palFive  machine,  inflead  of 
a  deliberative  body. 

Mr.  Sherman  infilled,  that  in- 
flruttions  were  not  a  proper  rule  for  the 
reprefentative,  fince  they  were  not  a- 
dequate  to  the  purpofes  for  which  he 
was  delegated.  He  was  to  confult  the 
common  good  of  the  whole,  and  was 
the  fcrvant  of  the  people  at  large.  If 
they  (hould  coincide  with  his  ideas  of 
the  common  good,  they  would  be  un- 
necelTary  ;  if  they  contradifted  them, 
he  would  be  bound,  by  every  principle 
of  jullice,  to  difregard  them. 

Mr.  Jackfon  alfo  oppofed  the  mo- 
tion. 


4--] 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


■  Mr.  Gerry  adv^ocated  the  propo- 
fuion — he  laid,  the  power  of  inftrucU 
mi  was  efFential,  in  order  to  check  an 
adiniiiillration,  which  (hould  be  guil- 
ty of  abufes. — Such  things  would  pro- 
Liblv  happci).  He  hoped  gciulemen 
wsnld  not  arrogaic  to  theniLlves  more 
perl'ccHon  than  any  other  government 
had  been  found  to  pollefs — or  more,  at 
a'l  limes,  than  the  body  of  the  people. 
Jt  had,  he  faid,  been  always  contend- 
ed, by  the  friends  of  this  ,y;overnment, 
th.u.  the  fovereij^my  refided  in  the 
people.  That  principle  fcemed  in- 
conililent  with  what  gentlemen  now 
adertcd  ;  if  the  people  were  the  fove- 
reign,  he  could  not  conceive  why  they 
had  not  the  ritjht  to  inllrud  and  di- 
rccl  'heir  agent,  at  their  plcafure. 

Mr.  Madifon  obferved,  that  the 
cxidence  of  this  right  of  iidlrufling;, 
■was  at  lead  a  doubtful  nghi.  He 
wilhed,  that  the  amendments  which 
■were  to  go  to  the  people,  flioidd  con- 
fill  of  an  enumeration  of  fimplc  and 
acknowlctlged  principles.  Such  rights 
only  ought  to  be  expref  !y  fecured,  as 
were  certain  and  fixed. — The  Infer- 
tion  of  propofuions,  that  were  of  a 
doubtful  nature,  would  have  a  tenden- 
cy to  prejudice  the  whole  fyflem  of 
amendments,  and  render  their  adoption 
diificult.  The  right  higgefted  was 
doubtful  ;  and  would  be  fo  confidered 
by  many  of  the  Hates.  In  fome  de- 
gree, the  declaration  of  this  right 
might  be  true — in  other  refpetls  falfe. 
If  by  inllruflions  was  meant  giving 
advice,  or  cxprelling  the  wiflies  of 
the  people,  the  propofition  was  true  ; 
but  flill  was  unnecelfary,  fince  that 
right  was  provided  for  already.  The 
amendments,  already  paffed,  had  de- 
clared, that  the  prefs  fliould  be  free, 
and  that  the  people  finuld  have  the 
freedom  of  fpeech  and  petitioning  ; 
therefore  the  people  might  fpeak  to 
their  reprefentatives,  might  addrefs 
them  through  the  medium  of  the  prefs, 
or  by  petitionj'Vo  the  whole  body. 
They  might  freely  exprefs  their  wills 
by  thefe  feveral  modes.  But  if  it  was 
meant  that  they  had  any  obligatory 
force,  the  principle  was  certainly  falfe, 
Suppofe  the  reprefcntative  was  in- 
flrutlcd  to  do  any  aft  incompatible 
Nvith  the  conRitution,  would  he  be 
bound  to  obey  thofe  inllru£lions  ? 
Suppofe  he  was  direQed  to  do  what 
he  knew  was  contrary  to  the  public 
good,  would  he  be  bound  to  facrifice 


his  own  opinion  ?  Would  not  the 
vote  of  a  reprefcntative,  contrary  to 
his  inflruttions,  be  as  binding  on  the 
people  as  a  dificrent  one  ?  If  thefe 
thuip  then  be  true,  where  is  the  right 
of  the  conllituent  ?  Or,  where  is  the 
advantage  to  ref  ilt  from  ?  It  mud 
either  fuperfede  all  other  obligations, 
the  molt  facred,  or  it  could  be  of  no 
benefit  to  the  people.  The  gentlen\an 
lays,  the  people  are  the  fovercign  ; 
True,  But  Vv^ho  are  the  people  ? 
Is  every  finall  diflritl,  the  people? 
And  do  the  inhabitants  of  this  dillrltl 
exprefs  the  voice  of  the  people,  when 
they  may  not  be  a  thoufandth  part, 
and  although  their  inllructions  may 
contradict  the  fcnfc  of  ihc  whole  peo- 
ple befides  ? — Have  the  people,  in 
detached  affemblies,  aright  to  violate 
the  conlhtution,  or  control  the  aciions 
of  the  whole  fovereign  power? — 
This  would  be  fetting  up  a  hundred 
fovereignties  in  the  place  of  one, 

Mr.  Smith,  (S.  C.)  was  oppofed 
to  the  motion.  He  faid,  the  doctrine 
of  inllruftions,  in  ]')ra£tice,  would  o- 
perate  partially.  The  dates,  which 
were  near  the  feat  of  government, 
would  have  an  advantage  over  thofe 
more  didant.  Particular  indruftions 
migkt  be  necefiary  for  a  particular 
mrafure  ;  fach  could  not  be  obtained 
by  the  members  of  the  didant  dates. 
He  faid,  there  v.'as  no  need  of  a  large 
reprefentation,  if  in  all  important 
matters,  they  were  to  be  guided  by 
exprefs  inftruciions.  One  member 
from  each  date  would  ferve  every  pur- 
pofe.  It  was  inconhdent  with  the 
principle  of  the  amendment  which 
had  been  adopted  the  preceding  day. 

Mr.  Stone  dilfered  with  mr.  Ma- 
difon, that  the  members  would  not  be 
bound  by  indru^ions.  He  faid,  when 
this  principle  was  inferted  in  the  con- 
ditution,  it  would  render  indruttions 
facred  and  obligatory  in  all  cafes  ;  but 
he  looked  on  this  as  one  of  the  great- 
ed  of  evils.  He  believed  this  would 
change  the  nature  of  the  conditutioti. 
Indead  of  being  a  reprefentative  go- 
vernment, it  would  be  a  fingular  kind 
of  democracy,  and  whenever  a  quef- 
tion  arofe,  what  was  the  law,  it  WK)uld 
not  properly  be  decided  by  recurring 
to  the  codes  and  inditutions  of  con- 
grefs, but  by  coUefling  and  examming 
the  various  indruflions  of  diderent 
parts  of  the  union. 


P  roceedings  of  congrefs. 


U^ 


Several  of  the,  members  fpoke,  and 
the  debate  was  continued  m  a  defut- 
tory  manner — and  at  laft  the  motion 
was  negatived  by  a  great  majority. 
The  queftion  on  the  original  amend- 
ment was  then  put,  and  earned  in  the 
affirmative. 

Committee  rofe. 

Mr.  Ames  moved,  that  all  queRi- 
onson  the  fubj'sft  of  the  amendments, 
{liould  be  decided  m  committee  by  two 
thirds  of  the  members.  I'iiis  was  laid 
on  the  table. 

The  houfeihen  adjourned- 
Monday^  Augnjl  17. 

In  committee  of  the  whol..%  on  the 
fubjeft  of  amendments  to  the  conHi- 
tution. 

The  6th  and  7th  amendments  were 
agreed  to  without  alteration. 

In  the  8th,  on  motion  of  mr.  Lau- 
rance,  after  the  words  "  nor  (hall" 
thefe  words  were  inleried,  "  in  any 
criminal  cafes."  The  gth  was  ad'-">pt- 
«d  without  alteration.  In  the  10th, 
on  motion  of  Benfun,  after  the  words 
"  and  eiFeft^''  thcfe  words  were  in- 
fertcd,  "againlt  unreafonablefearches 
and  feizures."  1  iih,  laih,  i3ih  and 
14th  were  agreed  to  in  their  origi- 
nal form.  The  committee  then  rofe, 
and  the  houfe  adjourned. 

Tu efda y,   Augujl    18. 

The  committee  appointed  to  bring 
in  a  bill  to  regulate  the  poft-ofEce, 
brouglu  in  a  refolve,  which,  with 
the  preamble,  was  to  the  following 
cfleit,  that  as  the  (hortnefs  of  the 
time,  previous  to  the  adjournment, 
would  not  admit  of  making  the  ne- 
ceilary  arrangements,  therefore  re- 
folvcd,  that  the  poit-mailer-general 
be  direfted  to  continue  the  poil-office 
upon  the  fyflem  eilabhflied  by  the  late 
congrefs,  and  that  he  be  authorifed  to 
make  the  necellary  contr.icls,   &c. 

Mr.  Gerry  introduced  a  motion 
upon  the  fubjefl  of  amendments,  to 
this  purport,  that  fuch  amendments 
to  the  conflitution  of  the  united  dates, 
as  have  been  propofed  by  the  differ- 
ent Rates,  which  are  not  in  the  report 
of  the  felecf  committee,  be  referred 
to  a  commiuee  of  the  whole  houfe  ; 
and  that  thofe,  with  the  amendments 
propofed  by  that  committee,  be  in- 
cluded in  one  report.  This  motion 
was  introduced  by  a  lengthy  fpeech 
upon  the  fubjecl  of  amendments  at 
large,  and  was  feconded  by  mr. 
Sumpter  ;  this  brought  on  a  warm  de- 


bate, which  continued  till  near  one 
o'clock;  when  the  queftion  being  cal- 
led for,  from  various  parts  of  the 
houfe,  the  ayes  and  noes  were  requir- 
ed by  mr.  Gerry.  Upon  which,  mr. 
Vmmg  called  for  the  previous  quef- 
tion, and  the  ayes  and  noes  were  then 
required  upon  that  alfo;  this  occafi- 
oned  a  further  debate ;  at  lengrh  the 
fpeaker  directed  the  clerk  to  call  the 
ayes  and  noes  on — ihall  the  main  quef- 
tion be  put  ? 

Noes.  MefTrs.  Ames,  Baldwin, 
Benfon,  Boudmwt,  Brown,  Cadwal- 
lader,  Carroll,  Clyraer,  Fitzfimons, 
Fofter,  Gilman,  Goodhue,  Hartley, 
Heifler,  Huntington,  Laurence,  Lee, 
Madifon,  Moore,  P.  Muhlenberg,- 
Partridge,  Schureman,  Scott,  Sedg- 
wick, Sency,  Sylveller,  Sinnickfon, 
Smith  (S.  C.)  Smith  (M.)  That- 
cher, Trumbull,  Vining,  Wadfworth, 
Wynkoop. — 34. 

^  Ayes.  Mcffrs.  Burke,Co!es,  Floyd, 
Gerry,  Griffin,  Grout,  Hathorn,  Li- 
vcrmore,  Page,  Parker,  Van  Renf- 
felaer,  Sherman,  Stone,  Sturgis, 
Sumpter,  Tucker, — 16. 

1  he  houfe  then  went  into  a  com- 
mittee of  the  whole  on  the  report  of 
the  feletl  committee. 

The  five  remaining  amendments 
were  agreed  to  by  the  committee,  with 
fome  little  variation.  They  then  rofe, 
and  the  chairman  reported  their  pro- 
ceedings, which,  it  was  ordered,  fhould 
lie  on  the  table  for  the  confideration 
of  the  members. 

A  meffage  was  received  from  the 
fenate  by  their  fecretary,  informing 
the  houfe  that  ih^y  had  concurred, 
with  one  amendment,  in  the  bill  to 
provide  for  the  neceflary  expenfes  at- 
tending negociations  and  treating  with 
the  Indian  tribes,  &c. 

The  propofed  amendment  is,  to 
flrikeout  "  forty,"  and  infert  "  twen- 
ty," which  would  make  theprovifion 
for  the  expenfes  twenty  thoufand  in- 
ftead  of  forty  thoufand  dollars. 

Mr.  Tucker  prefented  a  number  of 
papers,  containing  feventeen  propof- 
ed amendments  to  the  conflitution  ; 
which  were  read  and  laid  on  the  table. 

The  committee  on  the  fubjeft  of 
the  difputed  eletiion  of  the  members 
from  New  Jerfey  brought  in  a  report, 
containing  a  (late  of  facls  refpeft- 
ing  faidele£tion,  which  was  read,  and 
then  the  houfe  adjourned. 


4^] 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


JVednefday.  Avgup  19, 
Took  up  the  bill  to  provide  for  the 
receflfary  expenles  attending  negoci- 
ations  and  treating  with  the  Indian 
tribes,  as  fent  from  the  fenaie  yeller- 
day,  and  concurred  with  iheir  amend- 
ment.    Adjourned. 

Thurfday,    Augiifc  20. 

The  fubjecl  of  amendments  refum- 
cd. 

Mr.  Ames's  proportion  was  taken 
up.  Five  or  fix  other  gentlemen 
brought  in  prcpofitions  on  the  fame 
point ;  and  the  whole,  by  mutual  con- 
lent,  were  laid  on  the  table.  The 
houfe  then  proceeded  to  the  third 
amendment  and  agreed  to  the  fame. 

The  fourth  amendment,  on  motion 
of  Mr.  Ames,  was  altered,  fo  as  to 
lead,  "  Congrefs  (hall  make  no  law 
eliablifliing  religion,  or  to  prevent  the 
free  cxercfe  thereof;  or  to  infringe 
the  rights  of  confcience."  This  was 
adopted. 

The  fifth  amendment  was  agreed  to, 

Mr.  Scott  objected  to  the  claufe  in 
the  fixth  amendment,  ''  no  perfon  re- 
ligioufly  fcrupiilous  fliallbe  compelled 
to  bear  arms."  He  laid,  if  this  be- 
comes part  of  the  confutution,  we 
can  neither  call  upon  Inch  perfons  for 
fervices  nor  an  equivalent  :  it  is  at- 
tended with  llill  further  difficulties, 
for  you  can  never  depend  upon  your 
militia.  This  will  lead  to  the  violati- 
on of  anoher  article  in  the  conihtu- 
tion,  which  fecures  to  the  people  the 
right  of  keeping  arms,  as  in  this  cafe 
you  muft  have  recourfe  to  a  flanding 
army.  I  conceive  it  is  a  matter  ot 
Icgiilative  right  altogether.  I  know 
there  are  many  fcfts  relig'.oufly  fcru- 
pulous  in  this  rcfpect  ;  I  am  not  for 
abridging  them  of  any  indulgence  by 
law;  my  defign  is  to  guard  againfl 
thofe  who  are  of  no  religion.  It  is 
faid  that  rclig'on  is  on  the  decline  ;  if 
this  is  the  cafe,  it  is  an  argument  in 
my  favour  ;  for  when  the  time  comes 
that  there  is  no  religion,  perfons  will 
more  generally  have  recourfe  to  thofe 
pretexts  to  get  excufed. 

Mr.  Boudinot  faid,  that  the  provi- 
fion  in  the  claulc,  or  fomething  like 
iij  appeared  to  be  neceffary.  What 
dependence  can  be  placed  on  men  who 
are  confcientious  in  this  refpett  ?  or 
what  iuflice  can  there  be  in  compell- 
ing tnem  to  bear  arm',  when,  if  tbcy 


are  honeft  men,  they  would  rather  die 
than  ufe  them.  He  then  adverted  to 
feveral  infiances  of  oppreffion  in  the 
cafe,  which  occurred  during  the  war. 
In  forming  a  militia,  we  ought  to  cal- 
culate for  an  effeciual  defence,  and 
not  compel  tharatters  of  this  defcrip- 
tion  to  bear  arms.  I  wifli  that  in  ef- 
tabiifiung  this  government,  we  may  be 
careful  (o  let  every  perlon  know,  that 
we  Will  not  interfere  with  any  perfon 's 
particular  religious  profeflion.  If  we 
itrike  out  this  claufe,  we  fhall  lead 
fnch  perfons  to  conclude, that  we  mean 
to  compel  them  to  bear  arms, 

Mr.  Yiningandmr.  Jackfon  fpoke 
upon  the  queftion.  The  words  "  in 
perfon"  were  added  after  the  word 
"  arms,"  and  the  amendment  was 
adopted. 

The  7th,  8th,  gth,  10th,  nth,  12th, 
13th  and  14th  amendments,  without 
any  material  alterations  were  agreed  to. 

Adjourned. 

Friday,   Augujl  21. 

The  order  of  the  day,  on  amend- 
ments to  the  conftitution,  15th  amend- 
ment under  confideration. 

Mr.  Gerry  moved  to  flrike  out 
thefe  words,  "  public  danger,"  to  in- 
fert  "  foreign  invafion."  This  was 
negatived.  It  was  then  moved  to 
flrike  out  the  lad  claufe,  "  and  if  it 
be  commuted,  &c."  to  the  end.  This 
motion  obtained,  and  the  amendment 
as  it  then  flood '\v as  adoped. 

16th  and  17th  amendments  were  ac- 
cepted, without  alterations. 

18th  amendment.  In  this  mr.  Ger- 
ry propofed  to  infert  the  word  "  ex- 
prefsly"  after  the  word  ''  powers." 
This  being  objefled  to,  the  ayes  and 
noes  were  called  for  on  the  queflion; 
and  there  appeared  for  the  affirmative 
17 — for  the  negative  32 — fo  the  quefli- 
on was  loft. 

19th  amendment.  Mr.  Sherman 
moved,  that  after  the  words  "  pro- 
hibited by  it  to  the"  "  government  of 
the  united,"  and  after  the  words  "  re- 
ferved  to  the"  "  individuals"  fiiould 
be  infertcd.  This  motion  was  acceded 
to,  and  the  claufe  was  then  adopted. 

The  report  of  the  comm.itiee  being 
gone  through,  mr.  Burke  introduced 
the  following  amendment,  viz.  "  con- 
grefs fliall  not  alter,  modify,  or  inter- 
fere in  the  times,  places,  ormanner  of 
elefting  fenators  or  reprefentatives  of 
the  united   flates,  except   when  any 


Proceedings  of  congrefs. 


[4:5 


(late  fliall  refufe,  or  ncglef),  or  be  un- 
able, from  actual  invafion  or  rebellion, 
to  make  fuch  eleftion."  i  his  broujjht 
on  a  debate,  and  the  ayes  and  noes  be- 
ing called,  there  appeared  for  the  af- 
firmative 23 — for  the  negative  28 — 
majority  agamft  the  propolition  5. 

The  confideration  of  the  amend- 
ment, which  waspoilponed  yefterday, 
was  then  refumed. 

A  variety  of  propofitions  were  read, 
and,  on  the  queltions  bein^  taken, 
were  negatived. 

The  following,  in  fubftance,  intro- 
duced by  mr.  Smith  (S.  C.)  was  a- 
dopted,  viz.  After  the  firll  ennmera- 
t.on,  there  fhall  be  one  reprelentative 
to  every  30.000  inhabitants,  till  the 
number  Ihall  amount  to  too  ;  after 
which  the  proportion  fhall  be  fo  re- 
gulated by  congrefs,  that  there  fhall  be 
one  to  every  40,000,  till  the  number 
amount  to  200;  after  which  the  num- 
ber fhall  not  be  increafed  at  alefs  rate 
than  one  for  every  50,000.  Adjourned. 
Saturday,   Augujl   22. 

The  houfewent  into  the  confidera- 
tion of  amendments  ;  mr.  Tucker 
moved  to  add  an  amendment  recom- 
mended by  the  flate  of  South  Caro- 
lina, refpefting  direft  taxes,  Oipulat- 
ing  ihat  congrefs  fhouldfirif  make  re- 
quifitions  on  the  flates  refpeiiively, 
before  they  attempt  to  obtain  revenue 
in  that  way. 

Mr.  Stone  made  a  motion  that  this 
propolition  fhould  he  on  the  table; 
this  was  negatived.  Mr.  Partridge 
then  moved  the  previous  queftion  ; 
which  wasalfonegatived.  On  the  main 
quellion  to  agree  to  the  propofition, 
the  yeas  and  nays  were  called  by  mr. 
Livermore,  who  being  fupported  by  a 
conffitutional  number,  they  were  ta- 
ken, and  were,  ayes  9 — noes  39. 

So  It  was  determined  in  the  nega- 
tive. 

Mr.  Tucker  then  prefented  another 
amendment  from  thofe  recommend- 
ed by  the  flate  of  South- Carolina,  to 
ftrike  out,  in  art.  3.  fe£t.  i,  "  Inferior 
court"  and  infert  *'  court  of  admiral- 
ty". This  was  negatived. 

Mr.  Genypropofedan  amendment, 
that  congrefs  fhould  never  effablifh  a 
company  of  merchants  with  exclufive 
privileges  of  commerce;  this  was  ne- 
gatived. 

M.  Gerry  offered  another  propo- 
fition, to  prohibit  the  officers  of  the 


general  government  from  accepting 
any  title  of  nobility  from  any  foreign 
king,  prince,  potentate,  &c.  which 
was  negatived. 

Monday,  Augujl  24. 

Mr.  FiczGmons,  of  the  committee 
appointed  to  bring  in  a  bill  forellab- 
liihing  the  falaries  of  the  officers  ii^ 
the  executive  deparimen:s,  brought  in 
a  report,  whictrwas  read  the  firfl  time. 

The  amendments  of  the  fenate  to 
the  treafury  bill,  refpefting  the  remo- 
vability of  the  iecretary  by  the  prefi- 
dent,  were  confidcred  :  and,  on  mo- 
tion of  mr.  Yining,  the  houfe  adhered 
to  their  difagreement  againfl  the  a- 
mendment  propofed  by  the  fenate. 

On  motion,  the  houfe  refolved  U- 
felfinto  a  committee  of  the  whole, 
on  the  bill  for  effablifliing  the  judi- 
cial courts  of  the  united  flates. 

Some  fmall  alteration  In  the  lan- 
guage of  the  firfl  claufe  was  moved  for. 
and  agreed  to. 

Mr.  Tucker  moved  to  flr;ke  out  the 
whole  of  the  fecond  claufe,  dividing 
the  united  flates  into  thirteen  diflri^ts. 

Mr.  Livermore  moved  to  flrlke 
out  the  third  claufe,  which  eflablifhes 
diflrlcl.  judges  and  diflrlcl  courts  ;  and 
fupported  his  motion  by  arguments, 
tending  to  fliew  that  fuch  a  regulation 
was  expenfive  andwnnecefTary  :  they 
were  expenfive,  by  reafon  of  the  long 
fuite  of  falary  officers  attending  on 
fuch  an  eflabllfhment,  the  occafion  for 
public  buildings,  fuch  as  court  houfes 
and  jails,  all  of  which  mufl  beerefted  ; 
they  were  unnecelTary,  becaufe  jufllce 
could  be  (as  indeed  was  the  cafe  at 
prefent)  as  well  admlnlflered  in  the 
flate  courts  as  in  the  diflri£l  courts ; 
but  I-f  there  was  apprehenfions  of  par- 
tiality in  their  decifions.  It  were  to  be 
remembered  that  the  adjudications  are 
fubjeft  to  appeal  and  revifion  in  the 
federal  fiipreme  court,  which  In  his 
opinion  afforded  fufficient  fecurity. 

He  moreover  faid  the  eflabllfhment 
was  invidious,  and  tending  to  blow 
the  coals  of  civil  war;  two  jarring  ju- 
rifdiftions,  a  fubverfion  of  the  old 
fyflem  of  jurlfprudence,  could  never 
be  agreeable  to  the  people  of  Ame- 
rica, who  did  not  view  courts  of  juf- 
tlce,  and  the  officers  connefled  with 
them,  in  the  mofl  favourable  light. 
What  would  thev  think  of  fuch  hete- 
rogeneous eflabliffiments  ?  He  begged 
gentlemen  to  confider  this  point  tbu* 


V,] 


r rocccdings  vj  ccu^rrjs. 


roughly  before  thpy  made    a  decifion, 
ior  miitli  depended  thereon. 

The  committee  rofe  wiihout  com- 
ing to  any  further  rerohuioii. 

ihen  the  hoiile  adjourned. 
Tuejdciy^   Augvft  z ;-.,. 

The  houle  rcfulved  iiiclf  into  a 
commiiiee  on  the  bill  to  provide  for 
the  fale  keeping  of  the  atts,  records 
and  feai  of  the  united  Hates,  for  the 
publicaiion  of  the  acls  of  congrels, 
for  the  authentication  of  records,  the 
cuiloiy  of  the  feal,  &c. 

Several  amendments  were  made, 
and  the  commitiec  rofe  without  go- 
ing through  the  bill. 

IVcdneJ'day,  Auf^iijl  26. 

The  houfe  went  into  a  commit- 
tee on  the  bill  for  annexing  to  the 
duties  of  the  fecretary  of  forei/rn  af- 
fairs, (under  the  IHle  of  fecretary 
of  Hate)  the  kreping  of  the  feals,  tak- 
ing care  of  the  archives,  &c.  and 
after  fome  time  fpent  in  the  bufinefs, 
the  co'.nniittee  went  through  and  re- 
ported the  bill  with  amendments, 
which  were  agreed  to  by  the  houfe, 
and  the  bill  was  ordered  to  be  engroll- 
cd. 

The  bill  for  regulating  the  coafting 
trade,  came  down  from  the  fenate 
wi;h  amendments — they  proceeded  to 
confider  the  fame,  but  not  having 
time  to  go  through  them,  adjourned 
until  to-morrow. 

TueJ'day^  Aitc^vjl  27. 

The  amendments  of  the  fenate  to 
the  coailing  bill  were  then  taken  into 
confideraiion — and  agreed  to  with 
fomc  fmall  variations.  The  fenate 
have  reduced  the  fees  in  this  bill  ;  a- 
mong  oihers — for 

Every  regifler  from     3  to  2  dollars. 
Sub'~c(iuent  ditto         2 to  1  &  50 cents. 
Certificate    of  en- 
rollment, idol.to  50  cents. 
Licenfe     to     irade"^ 

or  carry  on   the  j 

whale     or   bank  )-i  del. to  50  cents. 

fi{heries  for  one  | 

year,  J 

i- very  bond  for  li-^  ^^  ^^^^^^ 

ceiile  to  trade,     J 

Mr.  Gerry  ptefented  a  fupplemen- 
^r .  report  to  the  ellimate  of  the  ne- 
tcifary  fupplies  for  the  year  1789 — 
read  and  referred  to  the  committee  of 
vays  and  means. 

Mr.  Smith  (S.  C.)  of  the  commit- 
tee appointed  far  the  purpofe,  brought 


in  a  bill  providing  for  the  (.nablifhinjT; 
holpiials  for  dilabled  feamen,  and  for 
the  ie<,Hiluiion  of  harbours — v;hich  was 
read  the  Hrli  time. 

Mr.  Scoit,  agreeably  to  notice, 
moved  a  refoiution  to  the  following 
elfeft  :  That  a  place  ought  to  be  fixed 
for  the  permanent  refidence  of  the  ge- 
neral government,  as  near  the  centre 
of  population,  wealth,  ,aud  extent  of 
country,  as  isconlillent  with  the  con- 
venience of  the  Atlantic  navigation, 
ha>uig  alioa  due  regard  to  the  wedeTii 
territory.  He  then  moved  to  make 
this  motion  the  order  of  the  day  for 
Thurfday  next. 

This  motion,  which  gave   rife  to  a 
long  debate,  was  at  length  agreed  to. 
Friday^  Augiijl  28. 

Mr.  Fitzfimons  prelented  a  memo- 
rial from  the  public  creditors  of  the 
Jiateof  Fcnnfylvania.  wh.ch  was  read 
and  laid  on  the  table, 

Mr.  Trumbull  prefenied  a  memo- 
rial from  the  commanders  of  the  pack- 
ets, which  ply  between  New- York, 
and  Newport  and  Providence  in 
Rhode-Ifland,  refpefting  the  hard- 
fhips  v.'hich  they  fuller  by  rcafon  of 
that  (tale's  being  confidcred  out  of  the 
union. 

A  letter  from  the  governor  of  South- 
Carolina,  addreded  to  the  fpeaker,  in- 
clofing  an  account  of  the  exports  of 
that  Hate  from  December,  1787,  to 
December,  1788,  was  read. 

The  report  of  the  committee  on  the 
memorials  from  the  merchants  of 
Ccorge-iown  and  Alexandria,  was 
taken  up,  and  accepted,  and  the  fame 
committee  ordered  to  bring  in  a  bill 
for  the  relief  the  memorialiHs, 

The  houfe  refolved  itfelf  into  a 
committee  on  the  bill  for  eflablifliing 
the  falaries  of  the  officers  of  govern- 
ment. 

Mr.  Boudinot  iti  the  chair. 

To  the  fecretary  of  the  treafury, 
it  was  propofed  by  the  bill  to  allow 
5000  dollars  per  aimum. 

This  fum  was  reduced,  after  fome 
debate,  to  3500. 

To  the  fecretary  for  foreign  affairs 
(now  called  fecretary  for  the  depart- 
ment of  flale)  it  propofed  an  allow- 
ance of  3500  dollars — This  was  re- 
duced to  3000. 

To  the  comptroller  of  the  treafii- 
ry,  it  propofed  to  allow  3000 — this 
was  reduced  to  2000, 


Proceedings  of  eongreji. 


U.i 


To  the  auditor,  it  propofed  to 
allow  1500  dollars,  to  the  treafurer, 
1600,  and  to  the  regLlter  I250 — thefe 
fains  were  agreed  to. 

To  the  afTifiant  of  the  feci-etary  of 
the  treafury,  it  propofed  an  allowance 
it>f  1600  dollars— this  was  reduced  td 
1500. 

To  the  governor  of  the  weflerri 
territory,  it  propofed  an  allowance  of 
loco  dollars,  with  an  additional  al- 
lowance as  fuperintendant  of  Indiail 
atFairs. 

This  was  altered  ;  the  allowance  as 
fuperintendant  of  Indian  affairs  was 
ftriick  out,  and  thefalary  as  governor 
raifed  to  2500  dollars. 

A  claule  was  added,  providing  for 
the  falaries  of  the  three  judges  of  the 
weftern  territory,  allowing  to  each  of 
them  800  dollars  per  annum. 

To  the  fecretary  of  the  governor 
bf  the  weftern  territory,  the  falary 
was  fixed  at  750  dollars. 

The  remainder  of  the  bill  was  gone 
through  withoHt  any  material  amend- 
ment, when  the  committee  rofe  and 
(reported. 

The  report  Was  accepted,  and  the 
bill  ordered  to  be  engroifed  for  a  third 
reading.     Adjourned. 

Saturday,  Auguji  29; 

THE  bill  for  regulating  the  coaft- 
itig  trade  was  received  from  the  fe- 
nate,  with  the  concurrence  of  that 
body  in  the  amendments  propofed  by 
the  houfe,  to  the  artiendments  of  the 
fen  ate. 

The  engroffed  bill  for  eftablilhing 
the  falaries  of  the  executive  officers, 
was  read  a  third  time,  when  mr.  Smith 
(S.  C.)  moved  to  recommit  it,  in  or- 
der to  fupply  fome  deficiencies.  He 
obferved,  that  a  number  of  officers 
were  not  provided  for,  fuch  as  the  fo- 
reign minifters,  confuls,  &c. 

It  was,  however,  thought  improper 
to  annex  falaries  to  offices  which  the 
legiflature  had  not  exprefsly  created  or 
•tecognifed  ;  and  the  motion  was  nega- 
tived. 

The  queftion  was  then  put  on  paf- 
Cng  the  bill,  and  the  yeas  and  nays 
being  called,  it  paffed  in  the  affirma- 
tive  Ayes  27 — Noes  16. 

The  houfi:  then  refolved  itfelf  into 
2  committee  of  the  whole  on  the  ju- 
diciary bill. 

Mr.  Tucker's  motion  for  flriking 
*ut  thatfeOion  which  provides  for  the 

Vol..  VI. 


eftabliffiment  of  diflrift  judges  in  each 
flate,  was  taken  into  confideration. 
This  brought  on  a  warm  debate.  The 
motion  was  advocated  by  mr.  Liver- 
more,  mr.  Jackfon,  iilr.  Burke,  mr. 
Stone  ;  and  oppofed  by  mr.  Smith  (S. 
C.)  mr.  Benfon,  mr.  Sedgv.rick,  mr. 
Ames  and  mr.  Shermafi.  The  com- 
mittee rofe  at  four  o'clock  without 
deciding  the  qilellion,  and  the  houfe 
adjourned. 

The  importance  of  the  debate  ort 
this  fubjcft,  and  the  impollibility  of 
publifliing  the  whole  in  the  prefenc. 
numbei",  induces  us  to  defer  it  till 
the  next. 

Monday,  Augujl  31; 

THE  engi-oded  bill  for  fufpending 
fo  much  of  the  colleBibn  law,  aS 
obliged  yeffcls  bound  to  Gfeorge-town 
and  Alexandria,  on  Patowmac,  toen- 
ter  at  Yeocomicoand  St.  Mary's,  wa* 
read  a  third  time,  and  on  motion  of 
mr.  Bland,  was  recommitted,  ih  or- 
der to  receive  a  claufe  to  remedy  the 
fame  grievance,  Complained  of  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Peterlburg  and  Rich^ 
mond,  on  James  river. 

Mr.  Bland  was  added  to.  the  com- 
mittee, and  a  motion  of  Mr.  That- 
cher, refpefliiig  a  fimilar  inconveni^ 
ence  fuffered  by  ihe  inhabitants  of  ihfc 
fiver  Kennebeck,  was  referred  i<^ 
thera. 

The  petition  of  the  maflers  of  pack- 
et boats  and  others,  trading  beiweeii 
Newport  and  Providence  and  New- 
York,  prefented  by  mr.  Trumbull, 
was  referred  to  the  fame  committee. 

The  petition  of  Hugh  Williamfonj 
in  behalf  of  the  merchants  and  citi- 
zens of  North  Carolina,  complaining 
of  the  operation  of  the  tonnage  law 
on  that  Hate,  by  fubjefting  it  to  the 
duties  impofed  on  the  veflels  of  fo- 
reigners, was  read,  and  referred  to  the 
committee  oh  the  petition  from  Alex- 
andria. 

The  houfe  went  Into  a  committee 
on  the  judiciary  bill.  Mr.  Livermore 
renewed  the  debate  on  the  claufe  for 
inllituting  the  diflri£i:  courts,  by  a  ge- 
neral reply  to  the  arguments  of  mr. 
Smith,  and  others,  on  Saturday. 

The  difculfion  was  continued  in  art 
animated  manner  by  meffrs.  Stone, 
Jackfon,  Siimpter  and  Burke,  for 
flriking  out  the  claufe,  and  by  mefTrsi 
Vining,  Gerry  and  Lawrence,  againft 
it. 
[G 


4'6] 


Proceedings  of  congrcfs. 


The  quetllon  being  at  lenglh  put  on 
the  motion  for  flriking  out,  was  ne- 
gatived by  33  againft  ii. 

Tue/day,  Sept,  i. 

Ameffage  came  from  the  fenate,  with 
a  bill  providing  for  the  pimifiiment  of 
certain  crimes ;  alfo  the  bill  for  allow- 
ing certain  compcnfations  to  the  menri- 
bers  of  the  houfe  and  fenate,  and  their 
refpeftive  officers ;  in  which  the  fe- 
nate had  concurred  with  amendments. 
Wednefday,  Septemher  2. 

A  petition  from  the  citizens  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, refpefting  the  permanent 
and  temporary  refidence  of  congrefs, 
was  read. 

The  committee  to  whom  was  re- 
committed the  bill  to  relieve  the  in- 
habitants of  Georgetown  and  Alex- 
andria on  the  Patowmack,  reported 
that  ihey  had  not  thought  proper  to 
recommend  any  alteration  in  it. 

The  petition  of  the  creditors  of 


the  united  Hates,  refiding  in  (he  city 
of  Philadelphia,  was  referred  to  the 
committee  of  ways  and  means. 

Mr.  Vining  then  brought  forward 
a  motion,  relpefting  the  validity  of 
the  Jerfey  election,  viz.  "  Refolved, 
that  James  Schureman,  Lambert  Cad- 
wallader,  Elias  Boudinot,  and  Tho- 
mas Sinnlckfon,  were  duly  ele£led 
and  properly  returned  members  of  ihii 
houfe." 

The  queftion  being  taken  on  mr. 
Vining's  motion,  was  carried  in  the 
affirmative. 

A  meffage  was  received  from  the 
prefidentof  the  united  flates,  inform- 
ing the  houfe  that  he  had  approved 
and  figned  the  bill  for  regulating  the 
coafting  trade,  and   the   treafury  bill. 

The  houfe  then  took  up  the  amend- 
ments of  the  fenate  to  the  bill  for 
eftablifliing  the  compcnfation  of  the 
members  of  congrefs.     Adjourned. 


INDEX 


TO      T   H    B 


SIXTH  VOLUME. 


A 


A 

C  T  of  the  Uate  of  Con- 

necticiir,    refpefting   the 

tender  law  of  Rhode  Ifland, 

Addrefs  to  the  pubhc, 

Addrefs  of  the  governor  and 
council  of  the  ft  ate  of  North 
Carolina  to  the  prefident  of 
ihe  united  Uaies, 

Addrefs  of  ihe  fenate  and  af- 
bly  of  ihe  ftateof  New  York, 
(o  do. 

Addrefs  of  the  convention  of  the 
protedant  epifcopal  church 
in  the  flates  of  New  York, 
New  Jerfey,  Pennfylvania, 
Delaware,  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, and  South  Carolina, 
to  do. 

Addrefs  pf  a  committee  of  the 
vifitors  and  governors  of 
WafliintJton  college,   to  do. 

Addrefs  ef  the  mini  Iters  and 
elders  of  the  German  re- 
formed congregation  to  do. 

Addrefs  of  the  provincial  con- 
grefs  of  New  York,  to  do. 

Addrefs  of  the  general  affem- 
hly  of  the  prefbyterian  church 
in  the  united  flates,  to  do, 

Addrefs  to  the  national, aifcm- 
bly  of  France 

Advantages  (political)  of  Ame- 
rica, reflexions  on  the, 

Advantages  of  agriculture,  ef- 
fay  on  the, 

Adventure,  extraordinary, 


382 
383 


23 
103 


104 

222 
320 

381 
461 

389 

238 
407 


AfFefting  and  true  hiftory, 
Agriculture  and  manufa£iures, 

comparifon  between, 
Amendments  propofed  to  the 

federal  conftitution,  remarks 

on  the,  235, 

American  maple  fugarand  me- 

lafles,  remarks  on, 
American  manufaftures,  letter 

refpe£iing  the  prefent   flate 

of,, 
American  debt,  efTay  on  the, 
Anecdote  of  an  Indian, 
-  of  gov.  Dudley, 

■ of  dr.  Franklin, 

of  an  African, 

• ■  of  Blackbeard, 

• of  two  foldiers, 

—  of  Frederic  III, 

•  of  a  lover, 

of  gen.  Nalh, 

■ of  gen.  Wayne, 

• ■  of  a  French  tutor, 

of  fir  William  John- 


316 

3P3 
209 


411 


fon, 


of  the  governorof  Gib- 


raltar, 


of  lord  North, 
of  two  Americans, 
of  mr.  Whitfield, 
of  Charles  XII. 


• of  duke  Schomberg, 

of  Foote, 

of  an  Indian  Sachem, 

Anxiety,    remarks  on  various 

inferior  fources  of, 
Azakia,  a  Canadian  itory, 


236 

387 
203 
204 
20,5 
ibtd, 

411 
483 
.411 

ibid, 
ibtd. 
ibid. 

482 

ibid, 
ibid. 
483 
ibid, 
ibid, 
ibid, 
ibid, 
ibid, 

441 
?.93 


Judex. 


B 

Balfimore,  account  of  lord. 
Barbarity,  horrid  inttance  of. 
Bile  of  a  mad  dog,  mode  of 
preventing  the  dreadful  con- 
fequences  of, 
Boundaries  of  Pennfylvania, 
Bread  without  yeaft,  receipt  to 

make, 
Bridewell,  account  of  a  new, 
^runo    (Johannes)    fhort     ac- 
count of, 

c 

Calves,  mode  of  railing,  with- 
out new  milk, 

Cameleon,  account  of  the, 

Candour,  liberality,  and  pre- 
judice, remarks  on. 

Caterpillars,  mode  of  deftroy- 

Charafler  novi  generis  plantae, 
Charader   of  the    planters  of 

New-England, 
Chinefe   fuperfiition,    inftance 

of, 

Clearances  from  Baltimore,  in 
.  1788, 
Climate   of  Pennfylvania,  ac- 
count qf the,  25, 
Clover,  thoughts  on  ihe  culture  ■ 

of,       ; 

Communications  made  to  the 
Americaii  philofophical  foci- 
ety, 

Cornpenfation  for  public  fer- 
vices,  remarks  on, 

Complexion  and  figure  in  the 
human  fpecies,  effay  on  the 
varieties  of,  30,    103.    181, 

Cortex  ruber,  medical  hilioiy 
of  the, 

Courage  and  magnanimity,  re- 
lleftions  on, 

Court  of  the  preG,  account  of 
the. 

Coxcombs,  remarks  on, 

Creoles  of  St.  Domingo,  cha- 
racter of  the,  35,5, 

Lurrenrs   in  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
remarks  on  the, 

D 

Peath,  reflexions  on, 
Decrepitude  iiihrrited, 
Delaware      medical      focicty, 
■  .  conflitution  of  the, 
Difcovery  of  America,  by  the 


403 
406 


1 1  i 

4i^ 
469 


102 
3.57 

283 

«52 
193 

466 

361 
401 

206 

218 
448 

272 

279 

43.9 
466 
161 


378 
358 


Icelanders,  j^ 
DillrelTes  and  complaints  of  an 

old  bachelor,  jgo 

Drunkennefs,  oration  on,  557 

Duelling,  remarks  on,  281 
Dunkards    of    Pennfylvania, 

account  of  the,  gc 


Earthquakes,  theory  of,  64 

Educaiion  of  poor  female  chil- 
dren, refolves  refpetting  the,      212 

Education,     importance  of   a 

proper  lyftem  of,  29* 

Education  of  negro  children, 

plan  for  the,  J83 

Eleflricity,  cftefts  of,  in  para- 
lytic cafes,  ^-^ 

Elder  tree,  valuable  proper- 
ties of,  106 

Enquiry  whether  or  not  learn- 
ing be  advantageous  to  ihp 
poor,  B49 

Evans  (Nathaniel)  account  of,       405 

Exercife,  benefits  of,  45 

Exports  from  Wilmington,  in 
Delaware,  from  June  1, 
1788,  to  June  1,   1789,  108 

Exports  from    Alexandria,  in 
Virginia,  from  July  20,  1788, 
to  July  14,  1789,  ibid. 

Exports  from  Roanoak,  in  N. 
C.  from  Septembers,  1787, 
to  March  8,  1788,  401 

Exports  from  England  to  A- 
merica  for  eleven  years,  402 


Fafls,  flatement  of,  refpefling 
the  proceedings  of  the  Vir- 
ginia convention,  45;! 

Fanaticifm,    inftance    of    the 

fhocking  efFefls  of,  8  b 

Fate   of    genius,    melancholy 

indances  of  the,  40J 

Farmer  and  his   thirteen  fons, 

an  allegorical  tale,  8* 

Fences,  hedges,  &c.  thoughts 

on,  .        35* 

Finances  and  debts  of  the  uni- 
ted ftates,  thoughts  on  the,         loS 

Finances  of  Atnerica,  obferva- 

tions  on,  294 

Foibles  of  great  men,  ftriking 
inftances  of  the,  40S 

Fortifications    in   the   weflern 
country,  letter  refpefting  the        27 
136,  2^2 


Index. 


Fortitudr,  reflexions  on, 
Free  trade  and   finance,  eOTay 

on,  67,  133,  igo, 

Furs  exported  from  Canada  in 

1787  and  J788,  lift  of, 


G)afs,  remarks   on  the  manu- 
facture of, 
Godfrey  (Thomas)  account  of. 
Gout,  rellexions  on  the, 
Greek    and    Latin    languages, 

remarks  on  the  Utility  of, 
Gun  {hot  wound,   remarkable 
cure  uf  a, 

H 

Hogs,   young,   beft  mode   of 

raifing, 
pooping  cough,  receipt  for  the 

cure  of  the, 
Hufbands,  advice  to, 

I 

Ice,  receipt  for  producing. 
Jmports    into    Kingflon    from 

the  united  ftates,  from  Dec. 

31,  1786,  to  March  18,  1787, 
Iinports    into    England    from 

America,    for  eleven  years, 
Jndian   magnanimity,   inftance 

Infcnption  for  the   monument 

of  baron  de  Kalb, 
Infcription  for   the    Hancock, 

a  cannon, 
Lnflrufiions  to  the  reprefenta- 

tives  of  Bofloii, 


Ladies,  remarks  on  the, 

Late   {owing  of  wheat,  letter 

'    refpeQing  the, 

Law   cafe,   refpefting   a   will, 

215.  394»  480, 
Law  caie,    fefpecting  a  parole 

«'^''  r       ■  ■      ■ 

Law  cafe,  refpe£ling  cultivati- 
on of  land, 
Law  cafe,  refpeOing  intcre{l, 
Law  cafe,  refpefling  a  promife 

of  marriage, 
Law  cafe,   refpcfling  a  bank- 
ruptcy. 
Law  cafe,   refpeQing  appren- 
tices, 
Ledyard  (John)    Ihort  account 

Letter  from  William  Penn  to 


271 

45» 
403 


J19 

471 
211 

101 

117 


112 
376 


ego 

401 

402 

40 

3«9 

320 

32 

147 
326 

393 

ibid. 

479 

ibid. 

480 

4°j 


46 

«9« 

a  36 

I,  321s 

321 


his  friends  in  London. 

Letter  from  do,  to  the  com- 
milTioners  of  {late. 

Letter  from  general  Greene  to 
the  fociety  of  friends  at  New 
Garden, 

Letter  from  an  Indian  chief 
to  his  friend  in  the  {late  of 
New  York, 

Letter  to  a  good-natured  lady 
who  is  married  to  an  ill- 
natured  man. 

Letter  from  gen.Wafliington 
to  gen.  Gage,  32 

Letter  from  gen,  Gcge  to  gen, 
Waflnngton, 

Letter  from  the  committee  of 
Charle{lown  to  gorernor 
Campbell,  323 

Letter  from  governor  Camp- 
bell to  the  committee  of 
Charle{lown,  ibid. 

Letter  from  the  king  of  Swe- 
den to  baron  Stedingk,  ^gj 

Legal  deci{ion,  goi 

Liberty  of  confcience,    effay 

Li'.hopnagus,  account  or  a,  3^8 
Loans  (foreign)  to  the  united 

{latcs,  {latement  of  the,  1^6 

Love,  remarks  on,  377 

Lufus  naturae,  account  of  a,  g^o 

Lord'sprayer  in  Shawanefc,  318 

M 

Magnanimity,  inftance  of,  ^g6 

Male  coquetry,    contemptible 

inflance  of,  201 

Maple  fugar,   obfervations  on 

the  manufafture  of,  gg^  leo 

Married  women,  hints  for,  108 

Marriage,  remarks  on,  37  ^ 

Matrimonial  creed,  gi^ 

Meafles.  hints  on  the,  ^1 

Memorial  and  remon{lrance 
to  the  legiflature  of  Virgi- 
nia, J20 
Memorial  and  petition  of  the 
public  creditors  of  Pennfyl- 
vania,  to  congrefs.  sjo 
Memorial  of  Rhode  IHand  to 

congrefs.  458 

Method  of  preparing  a  liquor 
that  will  penetrate  into  mar- 
ble, S34 
Mifcellanenus  reflexions,  327 
Miferies  of  human  life,    re- 
flexions on  the,  318 
Monder  of  cruelty,  account  of 
a  horrid,  406 


ladex. 


;^I()rgan  (doflor  John)  account 

lyltirder,  extraordinary  difco- 
very  of. 

N 

National  pride   of  characler, 
effay  on, 

New  Madrid,  account  of  .th.e 
fettlement  at, 

North  weft  paffage  into  the  Pa- 
cific ocean, 

Number  of  churches   in  Ne,w 
York,  in  1773, 

— — r-T-  of  inhabitants  in  Con- 
nefticut,  in  1756, 

of  do,  in  1774, 

of  d.o»  in  1782, 

of  do.  in  Rhode  Ifland, 


in  1774,         _ 

of  dp.  jn  17{)3, 


353 

407 

391 
69 

S27 
302 

p3 
ibid, 
ibid. 

ibid. 
.3®  6 

3'i 


of  veffels  cleared  out 
of  Maflachufetts,  in  1787, 

O 

Gbfervations  on  the  utility  of 
funding  the  debt  of  the  uni- 
ted ilates,  .93 

'Opium,  method  of  producing,         55 

P 

Patriotifm,  efTay  on,  444 

Perfian  tale,  370 

Penitent'ary    houfe    at    Wy- 

mondhaan,  account. of  the,         223 
Peter,  a  German  tale,  475 

Philadelphia,  longitude  and  la- 
titude of,  _  25 
Piety,  the  bafi";of  virtue,               269 
Plailler   of   Paris,   advantages 

of,  as  a.  manure,  399,  461 

Plan  for  improving  the  condi- 
tion of  free  blacks,  384 
Plymouth   in    Nxiw    England, 
account   of   the    feitleinent 

at,  .bli   »4» 

Poliiical  advantages  of  Ame- 
rica, effay  on  the,  450 

Poppy  plant,  letter  on  the  cul- 
ture, of  the,  55 

Pot  and  pearl  a-fii,  hints  to  the 

msniifafiurers  of,  207 

Prejudice,  an    abfurd  one,  in 

America,  154 

Proceedings  of  the  jegiflature 
of  Virginia,  llatctnent  of 
the,  113 

Proclamation  by  lord  Dun- 
more,  3^^ 

Produce    of  fcveral    kinds   of 

gram,  302 


Profedant  religion,  impprtari^e 

of  (he. 

Pumpkins,  mode  of  preferving 
R 

Refutation  of  a  charge  piade 
by  dr.  Kippis,  againft  the 
Americans, 

Religion  paironifed  by  govern- 
ment. 

Religion  and  fuperftition  con- 
traded, 

Religiou<!  addrr'fs, 

Remarks  en  an  afperfion  of 
the  Americans,-  by  dr.  Kip- 
pis, 

Refutations  of  the  Spaniards 
for  the  enfranqhifement  of 
flaves, 

PvCply  to  an  enquiry  into  the 
niiiity  of  the  Latin  and 
Greek  languages, 

Religious  fociety,  elfay  on  the 
formation  of  a, 

Religions  bigoiry  and  intole- 
rance, remarks  on. 

Remarks  on  the  review  of  dr. 
Smith's  cfilay, 

Report  of  the  fecretary  of  the 
treafury  of  the  united  itates, 
abilrad  of  the, 

Reprefeniaiion  and  comppn- 
fation,  .remarks  on, 

Republican  government,  elTay 
on, 

Refignation,  reflexions  on, 

Refolves  of  the  convention  pf 
Virginia, 

Revenge,  frightful  Inflance  of, 

Review  of  dr.  Smith's  effay  on 
the  caufes  of  the  variety  of 
complexion  and  figure  in  the 
human    fpecies, 

Rifing  generation,  direftions 
for  the  improvement  of  the, 

Rot  in  flieep,  thoughts  on  the, 
S 

Salaniandcr,  account  of  the, 

Scaiid.il,  remarks  on. 

Scheme  of  fir  Wm.  Keith,  for 
t lie.  government  of  America, 

Scheme  for  paying  off -the  con- 
tmental  debt, 

School  for  hufbands  and  wives, 
3ia,  368 

Scurvy,  leprofy,  &c.  receipt 
for  the  cure  ot  the, 

Se!f-tormenling,  folly  of, 

Second  iTqarria^ies  of  men,  effay 
on. 


227 


116 

269 

442 
460 

429 

186 

43« 

13 

=  45 

307 

385 
282 

323 

406 

241 

240 
207 

357 

302 

164- 
48S 


aio 
373 

437 


Index. 


Silk-worms,  direftioMS  for  the 
breeduni  and  management  of, 
300,  396,  463,  150, 

Slavery,  letter  on, 

Slave's  muzzle,  defcription  of 

a, 
Smuggling,  elTay  on,  61, 

Soto  (Ferdinand  de)   expedi- 
tion of, 
Spaniards,  charafler  of  the, 
Speech  of  Wm.  Pinckney,  re- 

fpefiing  flavery, 
Speech  of  dr.  Samuel  Latham, 
Mitchill  to   an  Indian  war- 
rior. 
Stroke  of  death,  a  fragment, 
SubmifTion    to    civil   govern- 
ment,   ellay  on, 
Sugar,    method   of  making  in 

the  Weft- India  iflands, 
Sumatrans,   horrid    cuftom  of 
the, 

T 

Temperance,  eflay  onj 
Toafts given  at  York  in  Penn- 

fylvania,  ;>ii, 

Tumour  on  the  liver,  account 

of  a, 
Unfeeling  father, 

V 

Value  of  furs  exported  from 
Canada  in  the  year  1788, 

Virtue  the  happinels  of  a 
people, 

W 

V/elfh,  (ancient)  charafler  of 

the, 
Wevil,  (flying)  mode   of  de- 

(Iroying,  in  Bavaria, 
Winter,  remarks  on, 
Worms,     eafy     and   effe6lual 

mode  of  deltroying, 

z 

Zimeo,  a  Weft- India  tale,  371, 

.    Poetry, 

A 

Addrefs  to  a  lady, 

Addrefs  to  a  young  gentleman, 

Advice  from  a    matron   to  a 

young  lady, 
African  boy,  the, 
African  diltrefs,  pifture  of, 
Anfwer  to   woman's  hard  fatCj 


77 

408 
i;!o 


365 

74 

2.99 
409 

443 
210 
4-69 

379 
410 

297 
409 

4°3 
54 

362 

106 

432 

396 

472 


417 
418 

329 

tbtd. 
418 


Anacrcon's  13th  ode, 

33* 

B 

Bachelor's  wifli, 

»74 

Beauties,  the  rival, 

418 

Bee  llifled  in  honey,  verfes  on. 

ibid^ 

Belinda's  Canary  bird, 

\^i 

Bermudian, 

*54 

Bryan    and  Pereene,  a  Weft- 

1  ndia  ballad. 

335 

.  c 

Charm  for  ennui, 

33J 

Choice  of  a  hufband, 
D 
Defcription  of  Maryland, 

saa 

413 

Defcription, 

419 

E 

Epitaph  on  general  Greene, 
F 

Fable, 

8(> 

33t 

Falhion, 

42a 

Fox  witiiout  a  tail, 

331 

Frank  lover, 

G 
Gentleman,  verfes  to  a, 

4»9 

42a 

H 

Happinefs  to  be  foufldonly  in 

our  minds, 

87 

Happinefs,  true, 

88 

Happy  couple,  the, 

329 

Hymn  fung  at  a  public    exa- 

mination of  the  fcholars  be- 

longing to   the   academy  in 

Greenfield, 

171 

Hymn  to  refignation, 

I 
Impromptu, 

173 

412 

Libertine  repulfed. 

336 

Liberty, 

87 

Liberty  tree, 

M 
Modeft  requeft. 
Morning  ode, 

O 
Ode  infcribed  to  his  excellency 
the  prcfident  of  the   united 
ftates, 
Ode  on  folitude. 
Ode,* 

P 
Parties, 
Pafloral  fong, 
Piflure  of  human  life, 
Pifture  too  true, 
Public  good, 

R 
Reflexions  of  a  libertine  re- 


33« 
87 


8,5 

330 
412 

418 

334 
416 
418 
337 


Index  t 


claimed  by  ficknefsj 
Rcfcue  of  a  redbreailj 

on  the, 
Rctrofpeft  of  life 

S 
Sicknefs,  verfes  on^ 
Silence,  verfes  on, 
Song,  extenaporc, 


verfes 


Songs, 


172 

339' 
33 » 

4»7 
420 

330 
338.  S39>4«9.  420 


Timorous  lover, 


V 


Verfes  addrefled    to   a  j'oung 
ladyj 

W 

Wedding  ring,  the» 
Woman's  hard  fate, 


42^ 


419 
4»7 


•♦4"<M-<^g«S><S;  <©>  '&>>•'*'•>'  i" 


O    N 

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